MOT SCf NGUYEN TAG GIAI THICH PHAP LUAT TREN THE GI6I VANHfllNGGdilVid CHO VIET NAM
TrSn V a n g P h u *
* Giang vien Khoa Luat - Dai hpc Can Tho.
Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khda: giai thich phap luat, ap dung phap luat, thong luat
Lich su bdi viet:
Nhan bai Bien tap Duyet bai
: 26/6/2018 : 12/12/2018 : 21/12/2018
Tom tat:
Trong thyc tiln, giai thich phap luat giii vai tro quan trpng doi vdi viec ban hanh, ap dung cac quy dinh phap luat. Trong khoa hoc phap ly, giai thich phap luat la mot ITnh vyc nghien cmi thu hiit duCTC sy chii y ciia nhieu nha khoa hoc. Viec nghien cmi kinh nghiem cua cac nuoc trong giai thi'ch phap luat se mang den cho Viet Nam nhiing gai md can thiet trong viec ap dung cac nguyen tac giai thich phap luat pho bien tren tren the gioi.
Article Infomation:
Keywords statutory interpretation, li enforcement, common law Article History.
Received : 2 6 J u n 2 0 I 8 Edited • 12 Dec. 2018 Approved : 21 Dec 2018
Abstract
In practice, statutory interpretation plays an important role in the promulgation and enforcement of the legal regulations. In legal science, statutory interpretation is a field of studies that attracts the scientists' attention. That the studies of the foreign countries' experiences in law interpretation might provide Vietnam with the necessary suggestions in common law interpretation principles in the world.
1. Dat van de
"Giai tbich phap luat" statutory interpretation, la thuat ngir diing dd chi mpt qua trinh xac dinh y nghia diing cua mpt van ban luat/phap luat. Day la mdt quy trinh dupc thuc hien bdi chii ydu la co c^uan tu phap, tren ndn tang mpt sd nguyen tac nhat dinh, nham xac dinh y nghTa cua mpt quy djnh phap luat va ap dung vao giai quyet mpt vu vide cu the, trong trudng hgp quy
dinh do chua ro nghia'.
Theo Terence John Higgins, "Giai thich luat la di tim y dinh cua Nghi vidn tren CO sd xem xet ngdn tir dupc su dung"^.
Giai tbich phap luat la mpt boat dpng quan trpng trong khoa hpc phap ly, hoat dpng nay giu vai tro quan trpng trong vide ban hanh, ap dung va nghien cuu cac quy dinh phap luat. He thong phap luat Viet Nam
Oxford, Dictionary of Law, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 294.
AusUaha Govemment, Amalgamated society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 129, https://
wwwato.pov.au/law/view/document?DocID=JUD/28CLR129/00004. accessed March 7,2018
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE dupc xay dyng dua tren ndn tang luat thanh
van, do do viec ap dung phap luat se co uu didm la rd rang, thdng nhat. Tuy nhien, phap luat khi duoc ban hanh dd dieu chinh mpt quan he xa hpi nao dd tai thdi no dupe ban hanh, cho ndn, quy dinh nay se trd ndn "bat ddng", trong khi cac quan he xa hdi duoc didu chinh thi ludn "van ddng", vi vay, lay
"bat ddng" dd didu chinh "van ddng" se dan den trudng hpfp mpt sd quan he xa hpi mdi phat sinh ma pMp luat khong dieu chinh kip;
hoac khi soan thao, do ky thuat va nang lyc cac nba iam luat da khdng dy lieu dupc hdt cac tinh hudng phat sinh hoac co kha nang phat sinh tii thyc tien, dan den khd khan trong vide ap dyng phap luat dd dieu chinh cac quan he xa boi nay. Ben canh do, boat dong giai thich phap luat se can thiet trong mdt sd trudng bop sau: (i) khi ban hanh van ban, CO quan ban hanh ndi chung, co quan lap phap ndi ridng ehi dua ra nguydn tac didu chinh va dao quyen giai_ thich ciing nhu each tbuc ap dyng nguyen tac, quy dinh do vao giai quydt timg vu viec cy thd; (ii) co quan lap phap da ban hanh quy djnh nhung sau do xet thay khong cdn phu bop vdi dieu kien hien tai, nen chinh co quan nay hoac ban hanh van ban mdi dd thay the, sira ddi/
hoac giai thich quy dinb do theo hudng phii hpp vdi didu kien hidn tai; (iii) cac co quan ap dung phap luat trong qua trinh tbuc thi cdng vu ciia minh hoac phat hidn mpt hay mpt sd quy dinh nao dd chua dupe rq nghia trong ndi ham hay ngoai dien, dan den vide lung tung khi ap dung giai quyet cac vu viec cu thd va doi hdi khach quan la can su giai tbich nhijng diem chua ro do hoac trong qua b-inh ap dun^ phap luat xuat hidn nhimg vu viec, tinh tidt mdi ma dya vao cau chG ciia cac quy dinh phap luat bien tai khdng thd
giai quydt van de dang dat ra...
Vi nhiing Iy do co ban trdn nen viec nghien cuu va ap dung phap luat ddi khi gap nhidu kho khan va se khd khan hon khi dat vao bdi canh cua Viet Nam. Lieu vide giai tbich phap luat ciia cac co quan ap dung phap luat, nhirng ngudi thuc hidn cdng vy bay nhiJng ngudi tham gia td tung cd dupc xem la cd gia tri phap Iy, va neu ddi tuong dang chju su didu chinh cua quy dinh do co each hieu khac vdi quy pham phap luat dang duoc ap dyng, each hieu nao se co gia tn? Ngoai ra, nhiing phuong phap, nguyen tac giai thich phap luat nao trdn the gidi cd the linh boat ap dung vao thuc tidn tai Viet Nam?
2. Mot $6 nguyen tSc giai thich phap luat tr^n the gidi
2. J Nguyen tac gidi thich phdp lupt theo he thong luat Anh - My ^
?^^nh thdm quyen gidi thich phi^ luat Mac dii CO nhieu quan diem khac nhau giiia nhirng ngudi ban hanb,_ap_dung ya nghien cim phap luat Hoa Ky ve tham quydn giai thich phap luat cua Toa an t^i Hoa Ky^, nhimg da phan cac hpc gia deu dong y rang:
Hidn phap ciia Hoa Ky da (gian tiep) trao tham quyen cho Toa an ddi vdi tat ca cac vu vide phat sinh trdn phuang dien luat phap va cdng ly, eac dieu luat eiia Hoa Ky, cac hiep udc da hoac se ky dudi tham quydn cua Chinh phu^. Toa an, dac biet la Toa tdi cao Lidn bang, cd tham quydn giai quydt "cac vu viec nay sinh tir Hidn phap - arising under this Constitution". Day la co sd cho Toa an tdi cao CO the tuyen bo cac bd luat eiia Quoc hpi la khong phii hpp vdi Hidn phap. puyen
"xem xet lai ciia Tda an" la mdt quydt dinh Hch su ciia Chanh an Toa an tdi cao John
Trong muc nay, tac gia t6ng hop cac nguyen tic giai thich phap luat duoc ap dung rpng rai tai Hoa Ky, Anh quoc va Uc- Nhi^u hpc gia nhu Charles Beard (The Supreme Court and ihe Constitution - 1912), Learned Hand {The Bill of Right - 1958), Wilham Crosskey (Politics and the Constitution - 1953). dSu manh me tranh luan rSng, khoan I DiSu 3 ciia Hign phap Hoa Ky khong co bit ky tir ngir nao quy dmh mot each ro rang ring Toa an o Hoa Ky cd tham quyen giai thich phap luat, Khoan I Di6u 3 quy dinh "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to lime ordain and establish..."
Nguyen van tieng Anh: Article 111(2) of the U.S Constitution. "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under _ , NGHIEN CUU I C Q 366(382)13/2019 \ _ L A P P H A P l u 9
Marshall trong vu Marbury kien Madison nam 1803^. Tham quydn nay dupc cac bpc gia khac giai thich ro hon dd la quydn Hidn dinh cho phep Toa an d Hoa Ky cd quydn dupc giai tbich Hien phap va cac dao luat do Nghi vien ban hanh^ ddng thdi, vide giai thich nay co gia tri tuong duong vdi sy giai tbich cua co quan ban hanh van ban luat do, tham chi tham quydn ciia Toa an (judicial power) con dupc hidu bao ham luon ca tham quydn tuyen vd hidu cac hanh ddng hoac quy dinh ciia co quan lap phap bo^c hanh phap ma Toa an cho rang trai vdi Hien phapl
6 Australia, mac dii trong Hidn phap khdng CO nhOng quy dinh trao cho Toa an tham quydn giai thich Hien phap, luat hay cac van ban khac, tuy nhidn, tuong ty nhu nhidu qudc gia khac, tham quydn giai tbich phap luat cua Toa an d Australia van dupc chdp nhan nhu la mdt "luat bat thanh van"' va Tham phan Hon Michael Kirby AC CMG cua Toa an tdi cao Australia giai thich:
"Trong nha nude phap quydn, trach nhiem ehinh dang ciia tham phan la quyet dinh va gidi thich gid tri, y nghTa cua quy dinh cdn tranh cdi hoac ma hd""^.
Nguyen tdc gidi thich phdp luat Tai cac qudc gia, mdi tham phan hay cac hpc gia deu co nhihig phuong phap giai thich phap luat ciia rieng minh, tuy nhidn, van CO nhirng nguyen tic giai tbich phap luat dupc chap nhan va ap dung rdng rai nhu sau'':
Mdt la, nguydn tac tidp can tir cau chii (literal rule)
Day la nguyen tac co ban cua thong luat ddi vdi boat dpng giai thich phap luat.
Cdng vide dau tidn ciia tham phan kbi bat dau giai thich luat thanh van la phai dya trdn ngii- nghTa ciia tir va cau true cau de giai thich. Ndu nghTa cua tir cdn giai thich da ro thi thim phan phai ap dung theo nghia do.
Nguydn tic nay da dupe ap dung trong vu an Fisher v. Bell (1961) QB 394.
Theo do, mpt ngudi ban bang bi bat vi da tnmg bay trong cira sd cua hang ciia minh mot con dao gam kem theo mpt tam nhan ghi gia cua con dao. Anh ta bi budc tpi ban mpt con dao va hanh vi nay dupc cho la trai vdi quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 1 Dao luat ve Han chd vii khi tan edng nam 1959 cua Anh quoc (Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959). Tuy nhidn, Thdm phan da nhan dinh rang theo cac nguydn tac chung cua luat hpp ddng, vide tnmg bay con dao khdng phai la mdt dd nghi ban ma chi don thuan la mpt Idi mdi (ddi vdi khach hang), va nhu vay ngudi ban hang trdn da khong dua ra con dao de ban va khdng vi pham khoan 1 Didu 1 Dao luat vd Han che vu khi tan cdng nam 1959'-.
Hai Id, nguydn tae vang (golden rule) Nguydn tac "vang" dupc xem la ngoai Id cua nguyen tae giai thich cau chii. Nguydn tic nay cho phep Toa an sira ngii nghia thong thudng cua tir khi giai thich theo ngii nghTa thdng thudng tao ra kdt qua ngupngnghiu (ambiguity), khdng hpp ly. Nguydn tae nay se khdng dupc ap dyng ndu quy dinh dang xem xet khdng co su mo ho, khong ro nghia.
60
theu Authority..."
Chii thich ciia Dgi so quan Hoa Ky tai Viel Nam, trong ban dich chinh thiJrc ra tiing Viet do co quan nay cung cSp, https,//thongtmphapluatdansuedu.vn/2008/01/l 6/35233/, truy cap ngay 07/3/2018.
Bamett, Randy E , The Original Meaning of the Judicial Power, Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 839, 2004, https,//scholarship.lawgeorgetowii,edu/facpub/839, accessed March 7, 2018.
Supreme Court of the United States, The Court and Constitutional Interpretation, https.//www supremecourt gov/about/
constitutional aspx, accessed March 7,2018.
Huynh Thj Sinh HiSn, Bao cao chuyen At- Phap luat Ausnalia vh giai thich phap luat ciia Toa an - Lien h | phap luat Viet Nam, Truang Dai hoc C k Tho, ngay 01/3/2018
Hon Michael Kirby AC CMG, Stahitory Interpretation- The Meaning of Meaning, Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 35(0,2011, http://wwwaustlii.edu.aU/au/joumals/MelbULawRw/20ll/3.html#fnl0, accessed March 8. 2018.
Frank B Cross, The theory and pracUce of slalutory interpretation, Standford University Press, 2009, pp 10-20.
Lawteachernet, Fisher v Bell [1961] QB 394, https://www.lawteacher.nefcases/fisher-v-belI.php, accessed March 7,2018.
NGHIEN CUU . LAP P H A P - 7 S6 6(382)13/2019
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE gidi ban nay nham ban che vide lam sai lech
y chi ciia nha iam luat qua each thuc su dyng tir ngu.
Nguydn tie giai thich phap luat nay dupc ap dyng trong vu an Sigsworth, Re, Bedford v Bedford (1935;^ Chapter^ 89).
Toa an da ap dung nguyen tac vang de giai thich Dieu 46 Luat Quan ly bat dpng san nam 1925 ciia Anh qudc (Administration of Estates Act of 1925). Dieu luat nay quy dinh viec giai quyet di san ciia ngudi chdt trong trudng hop khdng co di chiic'^ va ydu cau Toa an nen "xac dinh" quydn thira kd cua ai do trong nhirng hoan canh nhat dinh. Trong vu an nay, mdt ngudi con trai da gidt me minh va sau dd ty tit. Toa an duoc yeu cau phan xu la gia dinh ciia ngudi me, hoac con chau cua ngudi con trai, ai se dupc quydn thira kd tai san la bat dpng san. Sau ciing, neu ap dung nguyen tac tir cau chii (literal rule) thi ket qua se khdng hpp ly, do d6, Toa an da ap dung nguyen tac vang de tuydn co lpi cho gia dinh cua ngudi me'"*.
Ngoai ra, nguyen tac nay co thd dupc tim thay trong mdt vu an tai Australia. Dieu 84 Luat Canh sat ciia bang Tay Uc (Police Act 1892 WA) quy dinh phat bat ky ngudi nao cho phep mpt ngudi dudi 16 tudi vao d trong nha, cira hang, phong hoac bat ky noi cdng cpng nao khac ma hp sd hiiu. Quy dinh nay tao ra mdt each bieu vd ly. Vi vay, trong vu Higgon vs. O'dea [1962] WAR 140, Toa an tdi cao ciia bang Tay Uc da xem xet muc dich cua luat va ap dung nguydn tac vang de giai thich rang: "Mdt ngudi se bi pb^t kbi cho phep va giii mpt ngudi dudi 16 tudi trong nha hoac cua hang dd tham gia cac hoat dpng danh bac"'\
Ba Id, nguyen tac sua ldi (mischief mle) Tuong ty nhu nguydn tac vang, nguyen tac sira ldi chi ap dung de giai thich luat thanh van khi ma giai thich theo cau chii tao ra sy mau thuan. Nguyen tac sira ldi se dupc ap dung khi luat thanh van ra ddi vdi muc dfch khac phuc hien trang phap ly nao do dang ton tai nhung ndu dua trdn each dien dat trong cau chii thi hien trang dd se khong dupc khac phuc. Vi vay, khi giai thich, toa an CO quydn ap dyng nguyen tac nay de sira ldi cho luat thanh van.
Nguyen tac giai tbich nay da dupc sir dung trong vu Smith vs. Hughes (1960) 1 WLR 830 theo Luat Vi pham tren dudng phd nam 1959 eiia Anb qudc (The Street Offences Act 1959 - UK). Theo do, hanh vi lang vang, cheo keo tren dudng cho muc dich mai dam la tpi pham. Bi cao cho rang, minh thyc hidn vide cheo keo de ban dam la tren ban cdng nha, chu khdng phai tren dudng, do do khong vi pham quy dinh phap luat. Tuy nhien, Toa an da ap dung nguyen tac sua Idi de giai thieb va cho rang y dinh ciia nha lam luat la dd khac phue tinh trang quay rdi tir boat ddng mai dam nen da tuyen bi cao la CO tdi'*.
Bdn la, nguyen tac muc dich (purpose mle) Nguyen tac giai thich phap luat nay dupc ap dyng de giai tbich mdt dieu khoan cu the nao do la phii hop vdi muc dich ciia vide ban hanh dao luat dang duoc ap dyng ("spirit" of the law). Nguyen tac muc dich chi dupc ap dung khi mpt each tidp can theo nghTa den tao ra sy mo ho hoac khong nhat quan. Muc dich (Hnh hdn - spirit) ciia dao luat dupc xac dinh bang each xem xet toan bd dao luat va muc dich cua viec ban hanh
1J Administration of Estates Act of 1925, hnps,//www.legislation gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/l 5-16/23/section/46, accessed May 10,2018
[4 Golden rule, https //ipfs.io/ipfs/QniXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDPlmXWo6uco/wiki/Golden_nile_
(law) html, accessed May 10,2018.
15 Legislation and StaUitory Interpretation, https'//studentvip-notes.s3,amazonaws,com/5116-sample pdf, accessed March 8,2018,
] 6 Lawade.com, The Mischief Rule, http://www lawade.com/the-english-legal-system/statulory-inlerpretation/the-mis- chief-rule/, accessed March 7, 2018.
— — , NGHlfeN CUU I C 4 S6 6(382)73/2019 V L A P P H A P I ^ I
d^o luat nham dieu chinh, ngan chan van de ^i. Nguyen tac nay con dupc ap dung dd khac phuc nhung nbupc diem cua nguyen tac sira ldi.
Nguyen tac tidp can theo muc dich (purposive approach) da duoc ap dung dd giai quydt vu R vs. Rogers (2007)^'^. Trong vu an nay, bi can la mot ngudi dan ong (qudc tich Anh) da diing Idi le ky thi, phan biet chiing tdc ddi vdi ba ngudi phu nii (qudc tich Tay Ban Nha) nhu: "ngudi nude ngoai dam mau - bloody foreigners" bay "cut vd dat nude ciia cac ngudi - get back to your own country" va hanh vi nay bi cao budc la trai vdi diem a khoan 1 Dieu 31 Luat Tpi pham va Rdi loan nam 1998 (Crime and Disorder Act 1998). Mac du Didu 32 Luat Tdi pham va Rdi loan nam 1998 ciia Anh qudc khdng quy dinh nhiing tir ngu dupc su dung tren la vi pham, nhung xet vd tdng thd muc dich cLia Dao luat thi ngudi dan dng ndu tren da eo hanh vi phan biet chiing tdc ddi vdi ngudi nude ngoai.
Ngoai ra, theo Tham phan Toa an tdi cao Lien bang Hoa Ky Stephen Gerald Breyer, co sau budc de xac dinh, giai tbich y nghia cua mpt quy dinh nao do vao giai quyet mot vu vide cu thd, cac budc dupc ap dung lan lupt theo trinh tu sau'^: (i) xem xet cau chii, ngdn ngii cua chinh van ban dang dupc ap dung - language; (ii) xem xet cau true cua toan van ban - structure; (iii) xem xet lich sir xay dyng va ban hanh quy dinh do - history; (iv) xem xet tien le phap (gom
ca an Id) - precedent; (v) xem xet muc dich ban hanh quy dinb do la gi - purpose; va (vi) xem xet kdt qua giai quydt se tac dpng nhu thd nao ddn chu thd dang bi ap dung phap luat, den xa hpi, ddn nha nude ndi chung - consequences''.
2.2 Nguyen tdc gidi thich phdp luat theo luat hpc Phdp
Ddi vdi cac phuong phap giai thich phap luat, cac nba luat hpc Phap co quan niem tidn quydt rang, vide giai tbich phap lu^t chi dupc thuc bien khi van ban dang can vien din khdng edn ro rang, didu nay dupc the hien qua cham ngdn "In Claris non fit interpretatio - khong can giai thich nhiing gi da ro rang". Quan nidm nay dupc Giao su PortaHs khang dinh: "Khi luat ro rang, can phai tuan thii; kbi luat tdi nghTa can phai nghien cuu sau bon nhung quy dinh"^**. Bdn canh do, nhidu tham phan eiing nhu luat gia cung ung hp quan diem nay "Khi luat quy dinh rd rang thi cac tham phan bat buoc ap dung theo y nghTa ciia luat va cam nhan danh giai thich phap luat de tim hieu y cbi eiia nha lap phap, trie trudng hpp viec ap dung van ban luat dan ddn sy phi ly nhat dinh nao do"^'. Mac du vay, trong trudng hpp mpt van ban phap luat nao dd dang dupc vien dan khdng dupc rd nghTa thi boat ddng giai thich phap luat van dupc thuc hidn va dya theo cac nguydn tac sau: (i) giai thich tir y chi cua ngudi iam luat; (ii) giai thich thdng qua vide phan tich chinh ndi dung ciia van ban; (iii) giai thich thdng qua chirc nang cua
17 House of Lords, Judgments - R v. Rogers (Appellant) (On Appeal from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)), https //publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldjudgmt/jd070228/rogers.htm, accessed March 8,2018, 18 Stephen G. Breyer, Judicialreview: A Practicmg Judge's Perspective, It is constitution we are expounding - American
Constimtion Society for Law and Policy, 2009, pp. 189-195.
19 Tran Vang Phii, Van de lira ebon va ap dung phdp lu5t tai Vi^t Nam - bat cap va kien nghi, Tap chi Nha nuoc va Phap luat, s6 5/2018, n-. 17.
20 J E M Portahs, Discours preliminaire prononce lors de la presentation du projet de la commission du gouvemement, https.//www.etudiercom/sujets/discours-pr%C3%A9hminaire-prononc%C3%A9-lors-de-la-pr%C3%A9sentation-du- projet-de-la-commission-du-gouvemement/0, accessed on December 13,2018.
21 Tribunal de la Seine, 24 avr, 1952, Sem Jur, 1952, II, 7101. - S\r phi ly duoc neu U-ong an le, lien quan din quy djnh ciia sac l?nh v^ canh sat duong sat, theo do, viec giai thich cau tir sS din den viec cam cac hanh khdch len xuong tau hoa khi doan tau da dimg han : Crim. 8 mars 1938, DP 1930, 1, 101, chii thich Voinn
62
LAP P H A P ^ So 6(382) T3/2019 CUU ,KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
quy dinb tir trong van ban^^. Cy the:
(i) Nguyen tdc gidi thich theo y chi cua ngudi Idm luat/tdc gid
Vide nghien cuu y chi ciia tac gia mot van ban, ddi khi cdn dupc gpi la "phuong phap tam nguyen" hay sim tam y chi nguyen thuy cua nha lap phap (genetic method hay originalism)^\ phuong phap nay cho rang, y nghTa thyc sy eua van ban la y nghia da dupe mong mudn bdi tac gia vao thdi diem soan thao. Cdng vide ciia ngudi giai thich dupc xem nhu tuong ddng vdi cdng vide ciia mot su gia hoac nha khao cd hpc bat dau tir viec nghien ciru nhiing tu tudng co, thdi diem dupc in dau trong van ban. Vi vay, nhung lu^t gia bat dau cdng viec nghidn cuu y nghTa bang each dpc lai nhiing ban thao va nhiing tranh luan trudc khi thdng qua van ban can xem xet den.
O Phap, vide nghien ciiu y chi cua nha lap phap da dupc khuyen khich bdi Trudng phai Chu giai - Ecole de I 'Exegese, sau kbi ban banh Bp luat Dan sy nam 1804. Trong truimg hpp luat khdng ro nghia, suy nghT dau tien phai hudng den la tim kidm y cbi ciia nhiing nba phap dien hoa, qua vide xem xet nhiing ban thao de ban hanh Bp luat Dan sy, d cac tac gia bat dau the ky XIX, Tdn trpng y chi nguyen thuy cua nha lam luat, phuong phap nay chii truong tham phan phai tim bet mpi bidn phap de iam sang to y chi ay. Tuy nhien, phuong phap giai thich tir y chi ciia tac gia chi cung cap mdt hoac mpt vai y nghia cd the ciia ban van phap ly, nhung khdng the khang dinh se rut ra dupc ttr do mpt y nghia
CO the va thyc sy ciia van ban^''.
(ii) Nguyen tdc gidi thich thdng qua viec phdn tich ndi dung cua chinh vdn bdn
Phuong phap nay cd hai each: (i) sy giai thich theo cau chii va (ii) sy giai thich tdng the toan bp van ban. Ddi vdi cac nha ngdn ngii hpc, giai thich theo cau chii duoc xac dinh la giai thich theo ngii nghia luan (semantic) hoac theo eu phap bpc^^ Phuong phap nay nham vao viec xac dinh y nghTa cua van ban bang each chu y den dac tinh tir vyng. Ben canh do, neu phuong phap giai thich theo cau chir khdng tim ra dupc y nghTa van ban, ngudi ta thudng giai thich theo xem xet vi tri, mdi lien he giiia chinh quy dinh do vdi toan bd van ban chira dung no^^.
(iii) Nguyen tdc gidi thich thdng qua chuc ndng cua quy dinh tie trong vdn bdn dang vien ddn
Su xae dinh nghTa cua mdt quy dinh CO the duoc tien hanh bang each nghien cim chuc nang ciia chinh van ban do. Vi vay, ddi khi phuong phap nay cdn duoc goi la giai thich theo muc dich luan (teleology), Cach giai thich nay tach khdi tinb chat bop cu phap va tu vyng ciia chinh van ban de xem xet boi canh ap dung ciia n6. Phuong phap giai thich nay quan tam ddn "nhu cau xa hpi, tu tudng duong dai, luat so sanh, lich sir...
vi dieu nay se mang lai y nghTa cho sy phat trien ciia nhimg dinh chd phap ly"^^
Nhiing ngudi iing hd phuong phap giai thich nay cho rang, phuong phap tim hidu y chi ciia ngudi lam luat va y nghTa tir trong chinh ndi dung ciia van ban se khdng
22 Doan Nguyen Phii Cuong, Mot vai khia canh ciia phuong phap giai thich phap luat theo luat hoc Phap, Ky yeu Hoi thao "Giai thich phap luat ciia Toa an Viet Nam hien nay, Khoa Luat - Dai hoc Can Tho, thang 6/2018, tr. 93-99.
23 Vu van Mau, Dan lu^tkhdi lu^n,Nxb B6Qu6c gia giao due, Sai Gon, 1961, tr, 313-315,
24 Doan Nguyen Phii Cuong, Mot vai khia canh ciia phuong phap giai thich phap luat theo luat hoc Phap, Ky yeu Hoi thao
"Giai thich phap luat ciia Toa an Viel Nam hien nay", Khoa Luat - Dai hoc Cin Tho, thang 6/2018, tr. 96.
25 Theo dinh nghTa ciia Nguyen Thien Giap, Khai niem ngSn ngu hoc, Nxb Dai hpc Qu5c gia Ha Noi, 2010, tr. 158-159, Cii phap hoc la bp mon khoa hoc nghien ciru ciu tnic ciia cau van, tire la nghien cuu nhiiTig quy luat chi ph3i each thuc cac tir va cu doan ket hop v6i nhau de tao thanh cau van, hoac nghien cim moi quan he lan nhau giira cac yeu to trong cau van
26 C. Perelman, L, Olbrechts-Tyteca, Traite de rargiimentation, la nouvelle rhetorique. Editions de Universite libre de Bruxelles, coll. "UB lire Fondamentaux", 2008, tr 175,
27 rCe-jj'. Methodes d'interpretationet sources en droit pnvepoiitif, op, cU ,i9i9.2eed,i i. iri3,ir67 CUV
-LAP PHAP
63
dap ung dupc didu kien, hoan canh mdi cua xa hdi. Vi vay, ap dung phuong phap nay se giup bii dap cac khoang trdng. Id hong phap luat khi chd co quan lap phap ban hanh quy djnh mdi.
3. Mpt s6 goi md cho Vidt Nam Nhiing kinh nghiem ve giai tbich phap luat cua cac nude tren the gidi dem den cho chung ta mot sd gpi md sau day:
Mot Id, Hidn phap nen co nhu'ng quy dinh cy thd vd tham quyen giai thieb pMp luat va sau do la Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat ndn quy djnh ro cac nguydn tac giai thich va gidi ban cua viec ap dung cac nguyen tac nay. Theo do, Hien phap va Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nen quy dinh ro tham quydn ciia Toa an nhan dan, dac biet la ciia Toa an nhan dan tdi cao trong vide "giai thich - hudng dan" each hidu va ap dung thdng nhat cac quy pham phap luat cdn chua ro nghTa.
Hai Id, trdn co sd nghien ciru va ap dung CO chpn Ipc cac nguyen tac giai thieb phap luat phd bien trdn the gidi, cac co quan huTj quan can bo sung quy djnh ve trinh ty, thil tyc giai thich, cac nguyen tac giai thich luat, phap luat ma Toa an ciing nhu cac co
quan dupc trao quyen khac phai tuan thii trong qua trinh giai quydt vu viec dan sy, vu an hiiib sy, hanh chinh... Chang ban nhu, CO thd tham khao quan didm cua Stephen Gerald Breyer (Giao su Luat hpc ya la Tham phan Toa an tdi cao Hoa Ky) vd sau budc dd xac dinh, giai tbich y nghTa ciia mdt quy dirih nao do vao giai quyet mot vu viec cu thd, cac budc duoc ap dung lan lupt theo trinh tu sau^^: (i) xem xet cau chii, ngdn ngir cua chinh van ban dang dupe ap dyng - language; (ii) xem xet cau tnic cua toan van ban - structure; (iii) xem xet lieb su xay dyng va ban banh quy dinh do - history; (iv) xem xet tidn Id phap (gdm ca an le) - precedent;
(v) xem xet muc dich ban hanh quy dinh do la gi - purpose; va (vi) xem xet ket qua giai quydt se tac dpng nhu the nao den cbii the dang bi ap dung phap luat, den xa hdi, den nha nude noi chung - consequences^^.
Ba Id, xac dinh rd nhiing loai van ban nao, CO quan nao co tham quydn giai tbich nhiing loai van ban do, hidu lyc phap ly ciia vide giai tbich va giai quyet nhu thd nao trong trudng hpp co nhieu each giai thich khac nhau giiia cac co quan co Uen quan de van dd hay ITnh vyc doH
HOAN THIEN QUY DINH V E B M PHAP...
(Tiep theo Irang 57)
"thong tin sai sy that hoac gay nham lan" ma chua CO quy dinb ve bidn phap khac phyc hau qua "budc cai chinh thdng tin sai sy that hoac gay nham lan" de kip thdi bd sung bidn phap nay iam co sd cho vide ap dung trong thyc tien, tir do gop phan nang cao hieu qua ciia cong tac xir phat va khac phuc hau qua do VPHC gay ra.
Thu tu, can xem xet bai bd cac bidn phap khac phuc bau qua "bupc khdi phuc lai
tinh trang ban dau" va "bidn phap bupc loai bd ydu td vi pham trdn bang hoa, bao bi hang boa, phuong tien kinh doanh, vat pham" quy dinh tai Didu 3 Nghi dinh sd 176/2013/ND-CP.
Ben canh do, can bd sung 02 bien phap la
"bupc dieu chuyen lai vi tri cdng tac" va
"bupc hoan tra toan bd sd tidn chenh lech"
dd bao dam sy thdng nhat giiia cac quy dinh trong cung mdt van ban, tao co sd phap ly cho vide ap dung bidn phap khac phuc hau qua nay ddi vdi cac VPHC ve y tdB
28 Stephen G. Breyer, Judicial review: A Practicing Judge's Perspective, It is constitution we are expounding - American Constitution Society for Law and Pohcy, 2009, pp 189-195
29 TrSn Vang Phu. Van de lira chon va ap dung phap luat tai Viet Nam - bat c^p va kien nghj. Tap chi Nha nuoc va Phap luat, s6 5/2018, tr 17.
