NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI
NGUYENTiic HAI CAPXnXlllJAC DONG COANGUYENTiic Tdi TO CHliC HE THONG T O A ^ VAGOP YCAC QUYDINH TUONG ONGTRONG DI/THiiOSillADOl HIEN PHAP NAM 1992
1. Tinh than va noi dung cua nguyen tac hai cap xet xii'
Nguyen tac hai cap xet xir lan dau tien dugc de xuat va ap dung trong td chirc, hoat ddng ciia he thdng toa an tham quyen thudng d Cdng hoa Phap vao cudi the ki XVIll (sau Cach mang tu san), vdi ten ggi la "le principe du double degre de jurisdiction" (nguyen tac hai cap xet xii).*'' Cac nha each mang cua Cpng hoa Phap khdi xudng nguyen tac nay trong td chiic va hoat dgng ciia toa an nham bao dam cdng li dugc thuc hien mgt each diing dan ddi vdi ngudi dan, chdng lai che do xet xir mang tinh ddc tai, dan ap ciia che dp phong kiln. Sau dd, nguyen tac hai cap xet xii dugc xem la nguyen tac tien bd va dan trd thanh nguyen tic phd bien, dinh hudng to chirc va hoat ddng cua he thdng toa an cac qudc gia tren the gidi. Tren tinh than dan chii va bao ve nhan quyen, trai qua qua trinh ap dung va phat trien, cho den nay nguyen tac hai cip xet xir cd nhung npi dung sau day:
Thd nhdl, mdt vu viec, cho dii la vu viec dan sy, hinh sy hay hanh chinh, sau khi da dugc toa an xet xu lin dau tien (xet xir so tham), phan quylt chua cd hieu lire thi hanh ngay ma cd thl bj khang cao; khi khang cao dugc thuc hien thi phin phan quylt so tham bi khang cao ty ddng khdng cd hieu lyc thi hanh va viec xet xir lin thii hai ddi vdi ndi dung bi khang cao (xet xu phiic tham) dugc tien hanli
TS. TO VAN HOA * dudi hinh thiic gidng nhu xet xu so tham.
Xet xir mdt vu viec bao gid cung la xem xet vy viec do tren hai khia canh. CJ khia canh thir nhat, toa an xem xet va nhan dinh vu viec da xay ra nhu the nao tren thyc te. Day dugc ggi la khia canh sy kien cua vu viec. Cac tinh tiet thyc te cua vu viec dugc xac dinh dua tren chiing cii dugc cac ben tham gia td tyng dua ra. Khia canh thir hai la khia canh phap li ciia vu viec, nghTa la vdi tinh tiet thuc te da dugc xac dinh thi toa an ap dung phap luat nhu the nao de xir Ii va ra phan quyet. Theo nguyen tac hai cap xet xii, d cap xet xii phiic tham, toa an cimg phai xem xet ca hai khia canh nay ciia vy viec gidng nhu d cap xet xii so tham. Duong nhien ve mat pham vi, sy xem xet ciia toa an phiic tham se chi gidi han trong van de cd khang cao.
0 day can nhan manh rang chi d cap so tham va phiic tham, vu an mdi thyc su dugc xet xu, nghTa la chimg cir dugc can nhac de dua ra phan quyet chiia dyng he qua phap li tryc tiep ddi vdi cac ben trong vy kien. Xet xu giam ddc tham hay tai tham la thyc tiln kha phd bien trong to chiic va hoat ddng cua he thdng toa an hien dai khdng dugc coi la cap xet xir theo tinh than cua nguyen tic hai cap xet xii. Giam ddc tham va tai tham cd
" Giang vien Khoa h^nh chinh-nhi mrdc Trucrng Dai hoc LuEit H i Npi
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 7/2013
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
muc dich "chu'a ldi" ciia ban an da cd hieu lyc phap luat, cho dii la ldi ve khia canh phap li hay khia canh sy kien cua vu an, chir khong nhim muc dich tryc tiep giai quyet vu an vl mat ndi dung. Ddi tugng xem xet tryc tilp cua toa an khi xet xii giam ddc tham hoac tai thim khdng phai la ban than vu viec ma la phan quylt ciia toa an cip dudi da cd hieu lyc phap lual ddi vdi vy viec dd. Ve mat ndi dung, phan quyet ciia toa an giam ddc thim hoac tai tham thudng la kit luan ve viec phan quyet sa tham hay phuc tham da cd hieu luc phap luat cd vi pham phap luat hay khdng chii khdng phai la phan quyet tryc tiep phan xu vu viec. Ket luan giam ddc tham hay tai tham cd tac ddng tryc tiep tdi toa an cap dudi chir khdng phai ban than cac ben trong vu viec.'^'
Thd hui, mdt vy viec neu trai qua hai cap xel xir so tham va phiic tham thi toa an xet xir sa tham va toa an xet xu phuc tham ddi vdi vu viec do phai la hai toa an khac nhau. Nhiing ngudi tham gia hai hdi ddng xet xir nay ciing phai khac nhau. Neu xet xu so tham va xet xir phiic tham ddi vdi mdt vu viec deu dugc thyc hien bdi ciing tham phan thi nguyen tac hai cap xet xir se mat di y nghTa va tinh than cao nhat la bao dam cdng li cho ngudi dan. Ngay ca khi tham phan xet xu phuc tham vu viec do tham phan khac d ciing toa an vdi minh da xet xir sa tham thi viec xet xir phiic tham ciing khd cd the dugc thyc hien mdt each khach quan, do vi tham phan phiic thim cd thl bi anh hudng bdi ap lyc bao ve uy tin va mdi quan he vdi ddng nghiep trong ciing ca quan.
Do nguyen tac hai cap xet xii coi viec tdn tai cip so tham va cip phiic thim la dilu kien duang nhien de dem din cdng li va su
cdng bing cho ngudi dan nen quan h? giii'a toa an cip phiic thim va toa an cip so thim khdng phai la quan he cap tren - cap dudi.
Nguyen tic hai cip xet xii cung phu nhan quan dilm cho rang nang lyc trinh dp xet xir cua toa an so thim thap han toa an cap tren va do dd su hien dien ciia toa an phiic tham la dl chira ldi cua toa an so thim. Ve*mat li luan, sy hien dien cua toa an phiic tham chi don gian la nham giup cho ngudi dan cd ca hgi thir hai de di tim cdng li.
Thic ba, khang cao la quyen ciia ngudi dan, cd nghTa khi ngudi dan la duong sy trong vy viec da dugc xet xii so tham khdng cao mgt each hgp phap thi toa an phiic tham cd nghia vu dua vu viec (phan ban an bj khang cao) ra xet xir lai theo thii tuc phiic tham. Trong trudng nay, toa an phiic tham khdng cd quyen can nhac xem phan ban dn bi khang cao dd cd nen dugc xem xet lai hay khdng. Dieu nay khac vdi xet xir giam ddc tham va tai tham la nhO'ng thu tuc td tung ma khi cd khieu nai cua duong su thi toa an cd tham quyen cd quyen cdn nhac viec thy li.
Thie lu, sa tham va phiic tham la hai cap xet xir vu viec, khong phai la cap "chira loi"
ciia ban an da cd hieu luc phap luat nhu giam ddc tham va tai tham. Chinh vi vay, khi xir li vy viec d hai cap nay, toa an phai xet xir va dua ra phan quyet de giai quyel ve mat ndi dung ddi vdi vu viec do. Ddi vdi toa an so tham thi dieu nay la Ig tat nhien; van de can luu y d day la toa an cap phiic tham ciing phai xet xir vy viec nhu toa an cap so tham va phai ra phan quyet phan xir cho cac ben.
Toa an cap phiic tham khdng dugc huy ban an sa tham de chuyen vu an xet xii lai d cap sa tham gidng nhu giam ddc tham hay tai thim.
12 TAP CHl LUAT H p c S6 6/2013
Ciing vdi xu the day manh dan chu, phap quyen va bao v? quyen con ngudi trong nha nudc hien dai, nguyen tic hai cip xet xii dang dugc md rgng them ngi dung thir nam, the hien su phat trien d trinh do cao ciia nguyen tic. Theo dd, ngudi dan dugc quyen cd hai ca hdi di tim cdng li va toa an ciing chi cd hai CO hdi d% dem cdng li den cho ngudi dan. Qua trinh xet xii ddi vdi bat ki vu viec nao, cho dii la dan sy, hinh sy, hanh chfnh hay Iao ddng... thyc chat deu la qua trinh di tim cdng li cua cac ben. Neu chua hai ldng vdi Ian xet xir thii nhat, ngudi dan cd quyen yeu cau toa an xet xii lan thir hai (xet xir d cap phiic tham). Tuang irng vdi quyen dd cua ngudi dan. toa an cd nghTa vu va chi cd tdi da hai CO hdi de thyc hien cdng Ii. Sau khi ban an da cd hieu luc phap luat va phat sinh hau qua phap li doi vdi cac ben thl toa an hay ndi chinh xac han la nha nudc phai cd trach nhiem ddi vdi ban an dd. Sau khi ban an da cd hieu luc phap luat ma phat hi?n cd sai sdt thi ban an se bi xir lai va bj sira chiia, toa an phai thay ben bi thua kien bii dip tdn that cho cac ben da phai chiu thiet h^i do ban an da CO hieu luc phap li trude dd cua toa an gay ra. Day cung chinh la cdt loi cua van de bdi thudng nha nudc trong hoat ddng xet xu.
2. Ngoai le ciia nguyen tac hai cap xet xir Vdi linh than dan chu, bao ve quyen con ngudi, nguyen tac hai cap xet xir dang dugc ap dung kha phd biln trong td chirc cua cac he thdng toa an hien dai tren the gidi.
Nguyen tic nay cd mgt sd uu diem ldn sau:
Nguyen tic hai cip xet xii thl hien sy tdn trpng va bao ve quyen ciia ngudi dan
Moi Id ngudi dan cd quyen khdng ddng y vdi phan quyet ciia ca quan toa an va cd quyen yeu cau toa an xet xir lai. Qua dd, tinh
dan chii trong hoat ddng ciia nha nudc ciing dugc the hien ro; hai Id nguyen tac hai cap xet xii giiip viec thi hanh cdng li dugc triet d^ han. Khi cd co hgi de khang cao va dugc xii lai lan thii hai thi thdng thudng tinh thuyet phuc cua ban an cudi cimg bao gid cung cao han ddi vdi cac ben ndi rieng va xa hdi ndi chung; ba la nguyen tac hai cap xet xii gan dugc trach nhiem cua nha nudc ddi vdi viec thyc hien chirc nang tu phap ciia minh.
Ben canh uu diem tren, nguyen tic hai cap xet xii ciing cd mdt sd nhugc diem dang luu y sau; Mot la nguy6n tac hai cip xet xii gian tiep tao tam li toa an so tham la toa an cap dudi va toa an phiic tham la toa an cap tren ciia toa an sa tham; tir dd dan ldi vi6c ngudi dan cd tam li khdng tin tudng vao toa an cap sa tham va ludn cd xu hudng khdng cao len toa an phuc tham de hi vpng dugc xet xir phil hgp vdi mong mudn cua minh han.
Chinh vi tam li nhu vay da dan tdi sd lugng an bi khang cao tran lan va toa an cap sa tham de bi mat uy tin. Dac biet d cdc qudc gia phan hang tham phan theo cap xet xir cua toa an thi tham phan lam viec d toa an cap so tham mac nhien bi coi la cd trinh do chuyen mdn thap va kinh nghiem it hon tham phan toa an cap phiic tham. Vi vay, tam li khdng tin tudng vao toa an so tham va xu hudng ua chudng khdng cao phiic tham cang the hien ro net.
Hai Id quyen ciia ngudi dan dugc khang cao va nghia vu tuong img cua toa dn phai td chirc xet xii phiic tham khi cd khang cao cung tao ra tam li ua chudng khang cao. Ddi vdi he thdng toa dn quy dinh thu tuc khdng cao phiic tham thuan tien va cac ben chi phai trd it chi phi khi theo kien thi xu hudng sir dung quyen khang cdo phiic thim cua ngudi dan cang trd nen phd bien.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S O 7/2013
NGHIEN cuu-TRAOOOI
Hai nhugc diem tren day cua nguyen tac hai cap xet xii cimg dan tdi he qua chung la he thdng toa an cd the bi qua tai. Quyen khang cdo phiic tham bi lam dung dan tdi tinh trang cdc vu viec deu trai qua hai lan xet xir ma phdn quyet cua cap phiic tham va cap sa tham ve CO ban khdng khac nhau. Su qua tai cd the anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi hieu qua va tinh kip thdi cua hoat ddng thl hanh cdng li. Chinh vi vay, mgt sd he thdng toa an ciia cac qudc gia phdt trien da quy dinh ngoai Ie nhal dinh ddi vdi nguyen tac hai cap xet xu nham giam thieu nhugc diem ciia nguyen tac nay. Theo dd, vdi nhirng vu viec don gian, tinh tiet rd rang dugc toa an xel xir d cap sa tham va ban dn sa tham cd gia tri chung tham, ma cdc ben khdng dugc khang cdo phuc tham. Ngoai le nay dugc ap dung d hau nhu tat ca he thdng toa an phat trien tren the gidi. 0 Cdng hoa Lien bang Diic (CHLB Dire), toa an cd thl khdng cho phep khang cdo phiic tham ddi vdi vu viec dan su cd gia tri dudi 600 Euro.*^' Tai Cpng hoa Phdp, vu viec kien dan su cd gid tri thap {vi du Vu kien dan sy dudi khodng 10.000 Euro hoac vu kien hdn nhan gia dinh dudi khoang 15.000 Euro) chi dugc xet xii mdl lan d cap so tham va ban an so tham cd hieu lyc thi hanh ngay sau khi tuyen. Ngay ca vu an hinh sy nghiem trgng dugc xet xii sa tham d toa hinh sy cua toa an phuc tham ciing khdng the bi khang cdo theo thii tuc phiic tham.' ' Tuy vay, can luu y la viec xet xir sa tham ddng thdi co gid tri chung thim thudng chi ap dung ddi vdi vy dn dan sy dan gidn, gia tri thip va tinh tiet da ro rang, ddi khi khdng han la tranh chip md la vin dl thuc thi hgp ddng (vidu- Khdng ddng tiln thue nha, tra tiln dien thoai...). Mirc dp dem gian va tinh rieng tu cua cac loai vu viec nay cho phep ngoai Ie
ddi vdi thil tuc phiic tham, trong khi dd, cdng li tu phap van dugc bao dam thdng qua viec tuan thu nguyen tac khac trong hoat dpng ciia toa an nhu nguyen tic xet xir cdng khai va bang Idi ndi. Cac vu an hinh sy lien quan tdi sinh menh chinh tri, cac quyen va tu do co ban ciia ngudi dan it khi dugc ap dung ngoai le doi vdi nguyen tac hai cap xet xii; neu cd thi thudng thii tuc xet xii so tham phai rat dac biet, vi du: Toa hinh su ciia toa dn phiic thim cua Cdng hoa Phap xet xii vdi sy tham gia cua bdi tham doan de giam thieu rui ro khi xem xet tinh tiet, su kien cua vu an hinh su.'^' Ngoai le thii hai ciia nguyen tac hai cap xet xir la thu hep pham vi xem xet ciia cap phuc tham. Trong he thdng toa an Hoa Ky va Australia, tea dn cap phiic thim chi xem xet khia canh phdp li cua vy viec ma khdng xem xet khia canh sy ki6n cua vy viec nhu cap so tham. Day dugc xem la bien phap nham lam cho hoai ddng xet xir ciia toa an giam bdt sir qud tai va hieu qua han, ma van khdng lam giam gid trj ciia nguyen tac hai cap xet xit.
3. Tac dong cua nguyen tac hai cap xet xir doi vdi to chiic he thong toa an
Nguyen tic hai cap xet xii la nhan to quan trgng nhat tac dgng tryc tiep tdi ca cau td chiic ciia he thdng toa an hien dai. Dieu do the hien d hai khia canh sau:
Thu nhdt, nguyen tac hai cap xet xir yeu cau mdi he thdng toa an phai xac dinh dugc cap toa dn nao la cap xet xir so tham hay phuc tham chinh va cac cap nay phai tach biet vai nhau de bao dam quyen khang cao phiic tham ciia ngudi dan dugc thyc hien cd hieu qua. Cu the hem, khi nguyen tic nay dugc dp dung, he thdng toa an thudng dugc ciu triic thdnh bon ting, xip theo thii ty tir dudi len tren: I) Toa
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2013
NGHIEN cuu-TRAOOOI
an sa tham cd tham quyen hep; 2) Toa an so tham cd tham quyen chung; 3) Toa an phiic tham va 4) Toa an tdi cao. Trong dd, toa an d tang thli nhat xet xu so tham mdl sd loai vu viec nhat dinh va thupc mgt sd ITnh vuc nhit dinh, thdng thudng la tranh chip dan sy cd gia tri thap va vy an tieu hinh vdi miic hirih phat thap. Vu an thudc tham quyen xet xir ciia toa an nay dugc liet ke trong luat, vi vay toa an nay dugc ggi la loa an so tham cd tham quyen hep. CJ mdt sd quoc gia, loa an d lang nay dugc ggi la toa an vl canh hay toa an so tham cd tham quyen hep (Cdng hoa Phdp) hay toa dn gian lugc (Nhat Ban). Toa an d tang thli hai xet xii cac loai vu viec d cap so tham song khdng thudc tham quyen xel xii ciia toa an sa tham cd tham quyen hep, tire la xet xu so tham lat ca vy viec cdn lai. Chinh vi vay, toa an d tang Ihu hai nay dugc gpi la toa dn so tham co tham quyen rdng. Toa dn d hai tang dau lien nay tao thanh cap xet xir so tham chinh trong he thong loa an hien dai.
Cap xet xir phiic tham la nhiing loa an d tang thli ba, ddc lap vdi cdc toa dn sa tham. Toa an d ting thii tu la loa an cap cao nhat trong he thdng toa an qudc gia, cd tham quyen xet xii gidm ddc tham, tai tham, giai thich phdp luat va bao dam dp dung phap luat thdng nhat trong loan bd he thdng toa an.
Mac dii nguyen tac hai cap xel xir tryc tiep dinh hinh he thdng toa an hien dai, vdi bdn ting (cip) toa an nhu trinh bay tren day song cin luu y ring nguyen lac nay khi dp dung vao td chirc he thdng toa an hien dai ciia timg qudc gia cung cd su linh hoat nhat dinh Mdl sd he thdng toa an ap dung nguyen tic nay mgt cdch iriet dk. Vi du- Cdng hoa 'Phap, cdc toa dn xet xir sa tham bao gdm tod
an so tham cd thim quyen hep va toa an sa tham cd tham quyen rpng chi x6i xir sa tham;
cac loa an phiic tham chi xet xii phiic tham.
CJ he thdng toa an lien bang ciia Hoa Ky, tham quyen ciia loa an so tham va phiic tham ciing dugc xdc dinh tuang ty nhu tren. Tuy nhien, d mdt sd qudc gia khac khdng phai liic nao toa an so tham cung chi xet xir so tham. Tai CHLB Diic hay cdc bang ciia Hoa Ky, toa an so tham cd tham quyen chung ddng Ihdi cd tham quygn xel xir phiic tham ddi vdi vu viec do toa an so tham cd tham quyen hep xel xu.'^' CJ Nhat Ban, loa an sa tham cd tham quyen chung cd tham quyen xet xir phiic tham ddi vdi mdl sd vu viec da xel xii so tham d toa an sa tham cd tham quySn hep; tuy nhien, dd chi la nhirng vu viec dan su cdn vu viec hinh sy bat budc phai dugc xet xii phuc tham bdi toa an phiic tham.* '
Thu hai, nguyen tac hai cap xet xir cung yeu cau he thong toa an dugc td chiic phii hgp vdi khdi lugng cdng viec ciia cdc cap xet xu. Tren thuc te, cau tnic ciia bat ki he thdng toa an nao cung deu dugc xay dyng tren ca sd cdc toa dn rieng le d nhimg cap phu trach tai dia ban nhat dinh. Dac biet, viec phan dinh ranh gidi dia ban thudc pham vi tham quyen cua toa dn sa tham cu the phai dugc thyc hien tren ca sd thdng ke sd lugng cac loai dn phdt sinh tren dia ban, cung nhu dac diem ve dieu kien dia li de bao ddm vu viec phdt sinh d dia ban dd cd the dugc xet xir so thdm mdt cdch kip thdi va thuan lien nhat. Dia ban nay dugc ggi la dia gidi tu phdp ciia cac toa an. Do tham quyen xet xii khde nhau nen dia gidi tu phdp cua cdc loai toa an so tham ciing khac nhau. Toa an so thim cd tham quyen han che xet xu vu viec nhd va
TAP CHf LUAT Hpc SO 7/2013
thuong xay ra hem, vi vay c6 so lucmg nhiSu hon va pham vi dia gi6i tu phap hep hon so voi toa an so thSm co thim quySn chung.
Tren li thuyet, dia gioi tu phap ciia toa an so thim CO the triing voi dia gioi hanh chinh ciia cip hanh chinh lanh tho nao do. Song dia giai hanh chinh khong the mac nhien duoc coi la dia gioi tu phap. Dia gioi hanh chinh duoc phan dinh nham muc dich quan li
hanh chinh va lanh th6; trong khi do, muc dich ctia viec phan dinh dia gicri tu phap la giup viec thi hanh cong li tren dia ban dupc thuc hien mot each hieu qua, thuan tien va gin dan nhit. Vi vay, ve khia canh khoa hgc, dia gioi tu phap khac dia gioi hanh chinh. Bang thong ke duoi day cho thiy ra s6 luomg don vi hanh chinh linh tho va s6 luong taa an 6 cip tuong ung khong tuong dong voi nhau.
Quoc gia
Cpng hoa Phap
CHLB Diic
Nhal Ban
Cap hanh chinh lanh tho Ten
Vung (region) Tinh (departement)
Huyen (arrondissement) Bang (Land) Huyen (Kreise)
Tinh (Ken)
Xa, thanh phd, hat (trong do CO Tokyo, Kobe, Hiroshima...)
So lirtfng 22 96
342 16 429
47
1180
Cap toa an Ten Toa an phiic thim (Cour d' Appel) Toa an sa tham co tham quyen rpng (Tribunal de Grande Instance)
Tea an sa thim co tham quyin hep (Tribunal d'Instance) Toa an phiic tham (Oberlandsgerichte) - Toa an sa tham co tham quyen chung (Landgericht) - Toa an sa tham c6 tham quyen han ch6 (Amstgericht) - Toa an phiic tham (High court) - Tea an sa thim co thim quyin chung (District court)
Toa an sa tham co tham quyen hep (Summary court).
So lirang 35 181
455 22 116 693 8 (+ 6 chi nhanh) 50 - tuang iing vdi 47 tinh + 3 thanh pho Idn (+ 203 chi nhanh)
438
4. Nguyen tac hai cap xet xu' vdi to chiic cua h^ tbdng toa an Viet Nam theo dinh hirdng cai each tir phap
Hien nay, he thdng toa an Viet Nam dang dugc td chiic thanh ba cap loa dn theo cac cap hanh chinh lanh thd. 6 cip thip nhit la toa dn nhan dan cap huyen, dugc td chiic d
tat ca dan vi hanh chinh lanh thd cap huyen.
Toa an nhan dan cap huyen chi cd tham quyen xet xir so thim. Ben tren toa an nhan dan cap huyen la toa an nhan dan cap tinh, dugc id chirc d tat cd dan vj hanh chinh lanh thd cap tinh, cd tham quyen xet xu so tham, phiic tham, giam ddc tham va tai tham. Cap
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 6/2013
cao nhat la Toa an nhan dan tdi cao cd thim quyin xet xii phiic thim, giam ddc thim va tai tham. Tuy cd nhiing toa dn vira cd thim quyen xet xir sa tham vira cd thim quyin xel xir phuc tham song thdng thudng mgt vu viec bao gid ciing dugc xet xii bdi toa an so tham va loa an phiic tham khde nhau. Nhu vay, d miic dp nao do to chiic cua he thdng loa dn Viet Nam hien nay da the hien npi dung CO ban ciia nguyen tac hai cap xel xii.
Phap luat thyc dinh cua Viet Nam cung da quy dinh nguyen tac hai cap xet xii tir kha sdm' ' Cac nha khoa hgc phap li Viet Nam thudng giai thich ngi ham cua nguyen tic hai cap xel xir nhu sau: Neu vy an ma ban an hoac quyel dinh so tham chua cd hieu luc phdp luat ciia toa an bi khang cao, khang nghi mdt each hgp phdp thi dugc toa an cap tren tryc tiep xet xir lai theo thu tuc phiic tham.' ' Mac dii td chiic he thdng toa an Viet Nam phan nao da the hien dugc ngi dung can ban cua nguyen tac hai cap xel xii song vdi each giai thich va quy dinh nhu vay, tren thuc te, nguyen tac nay thudng chi dugc hieu va dp dung nhu nguyen lac Id tung han la nguyen tac Id chiic ciia he thdng toa an.
Chinh nguyen lac hanh chinh lanh thd mdi la nguyen tac ndi bat hon trong td chiic he thdng loa an Viet Nam. Nguyen lac nay, chii khdng phai la nguyen tac hai cap xet xir, hien la nhan Id chinh quy dinh cau tnic ciia he thdng loa an Viet Nam. Do dp dung nguyen tic nay, tai Viet Nam, toa an nhan dan xuat hien d tit ca don vi hanh chinh lanh thd tic cip huyen trd len. Theo dd, he thdng toa dn, bao gdm ba cap theo cap hanh chinh lanh thd la: cip huy^n, cip tinh, cip trung uong.
Viec qud coi trpng cip hanh chinh lanh thd
trong td chiic va hoat ddng lam cho he thdng toa dn nhan dan ciia Viet Nam dang gap phai mdl sd bat cap ldn sau:
Thu nhdl, khi td chiic loa an theo cac cap hanh chinh lanh thd, vo hinh trung cap hanh chinh lanh thd da dugc lay de xdc dinh nhu cau xel xii. Dieu nay la khdng thuc sy hgp li, bdi nhu da phan lich, cap hanh chinh lanh thd dugc dat ra de phuc vu nhu cau quan li hanh chinh chii khdng phai phuc vy nhu cau xel xic. Vi vay tat yeu se dan ldi tinh trang cd toa an phai giai quyet nhieu an, tham chi la qua ldi, trong khi nhirng toa dn ciing cap khac lai giai quyel'it an do sd lugng vu an phan bd khdng deu giira cac dia phuong hanh chinh.
Thu hai, tu duy theo hanh chinh lanh thd khdng cho phep Id chiic toa an d cap xa, bdi nhu vay qud ton kem ve ngudn luc va lam cho bd may nha nudc trd nen cdng kenh, nang ne. Ket qua la he thdng toa an chi cd ba cap toa ma khong the td chiic theo bdn cdp nhu cdc he thdng toa an hien dai da phan tich d muc 3 tren day. Dieu nay tryc tiep din tdi h&u qua la trong he thdng toa dn hien nay khdng xac dinh dugc cap toi nao la cip xel xu sa tham chinh rieng biet vdi cap toa nao la cap xet xir phiic tham chinh. Theo each thirc td chiic hien nay, tang tham quyen cho toa an cap huyen ddng nghTa voi viec toa an cap tinh se la cap xet xic phiic tham chinh.
Song theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Id lung thi toa an cap tinh cung la cap xet xii so tham chinh, bdi vi toa an cip tinh cd thim quyin xet XLT chung ddi vdi hau het cac loai vu viec.'"*' Ngoai ra, toa an cap tinh ciing phai
"gdnh" ca tham quyen giam ddc tham va tai tham. Vdi linh trang nay, viec toa an.cip tinh bi qud tdi va hoat dpng khdng dugc hieu qua nhu mong mudn la dieu dl hiiu.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 7/2013 17
NGHIEN ciru-TRAO BOI
Thu ba. Id chiic toa dn theo cip hanh chinh lanh thd gian tilp tao ra tam li cho ring he thdng toa an dugc sap xep theo thir bae cao thip gidng nhu thii bae trong he thdng hanh chinh. Theo dd, toa dn so thim bi coi la toa an cap dudi cua loa an phiic tham, trong khi phdi hieu rdng hai cap toa an nay la ddc lap vdi nhau, cap toa nay khdng phai la cip tren ciia cap loa dn kia va ngugc lai.
Chinh vi vay, ngudi dan se c6 tam li "coi nhe"
toa dn cap so tham va cd xu hudng khang cdo len cap phiic tham nhu viec khieu nai hanh chinh. Chinh quy dinh cua phdp luat td tung hien hanh cung tryc tiep gay ra tam li nhu vay cho ngudi dan.'
Nhiing phan tich tren cho thay ca cau Id chirc theo cap hanh chinh lanh thd hien lai ciia he thdng toa an Viet Nam cd nhieu bat cap, chua that sy phii hgp vdi tinh than va ndi dung cua nguyen tdc hai cap xet xir, qua dd lam cho nguyen tac dac thii ndy khdng phat huy dugc het uu diem cua nd. Nguyen nhan chinh gay ra nhiing bat cap dd la viec qua de cao cap hanh chinh lanh thd trong td chirc va hoat ddng cua nganh loa an, trong khi it chu trpng tdi uu diem cua nguyen lac hai cap xet xu.
De khac phuc bat cap neu Iren trong td chiic he thdng loa an, Chien lugc cai cdch tu phdp da xac dinh xay dyng he thdng toa an Viet Nam gdm bdn cip:''^'
Mgi Id cap toa an nhan dan so thim khu vuc cd tham quyin xel xii sa thim hiu hit cdc vu viec thudc tham quyin ciia toa an (nhu tod an nhan dan cap huyen hien nay) va timg budc md rdng thim quyin xel xu khilu kien hanh chinh. Toa an nhan dan khu vuc thanh lap d mpt hoac mdl sd don vi hanh chinh cip huyen trong ciing dem vi hanh
chinh cap tinh.
Hai Id cip toa dn nhan dan tinh, thanh phd tryc thudc trung uang td chiic d cac tinh, thanh phd true thudc trung uang, cd tham quyen xel xir phiic tham ban dn, quyet dinh sa thim ciia toa an nhan dan sa tham khu vuc cd khang cdo, khang nghi va xel xii sa thim mgt sd vu an khdng thudc tham quyen cua loa an nhan dan so tham khu vuc thudc dia hat cua linh.
Ba la cap loa an nhan dan cap cao xet xii phiic thim ban dn, quyel dinh sa tham ciia loa an nhan dan cap tinh cd khang cao, khdng nghi va giam ddc tham, tai tham ban an, quyet dinh ciia toa dn cap dudi da cd hieu luc phap luat nhung lai hi khang nghi. Theo dd, se cd ba toa an nhan dan cap cao dugc phan bd d ba mien.
Bon la Toa an nhan dan tdi cao xet xir giam ddc tham, tai tham, tdng ket kinh nghiem xet xir, hudng dan dp dung thong nhal phap luat. Toa an nhan dan tdi cao dugc td chirc tinh ggn, bao gdm tham phan la nhiing ehuyfin gia dau nganh ve phdp lual, cd kinh nghiem xet xii va cd uy tin cao trong xa hgi.
Nhu vay, cau tnic he thdng tod an mdi se bao gdm bdn "tang" ve mat hanh chinh-lanh tho va cd su phan dinh kha rd rang giiia cap toa an sa tham va phiic tham. Cau tnic nay ciing xac dinh ro cap toa an nao la cap phiic tham chinh. Thuc te, cau tnic he thdng tod an bdn cap khdng phai la cau tnic xa la vdi Viet Nam. Hien phdp nam 1946 va Sic lenh cua Chii tich Chinh phu lam thdi Viet Nam dan chii cdng hod sd 13 ngay 24/1/1946 v8 td chiic cdc toa dn va cdc ngach thim phan da quy dinh ve he thdng toa an bdn cip, bao gdm: Toa an sa cap, loa an de nhi cap, toa thugng tham va toa dn tdi cao. Trong do, toa
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 6/2013
NGHIEN cilu - TRAO OOI
an so cap x^t xir so tham, toa dn de nhi cip xet xii sa tham va phiic tham, tod thugng tham xet xir phiic tham, Toa dn tdi cao giam ddc xet xii trong toan he thdng loa an. Nhu vay, ddi mdi td chiic he thdng toa dn thanh bdn cap la phuang an khdng chi phu hgp vdi thyc tien tren the gidi ma cdn the hien tinh ke thira cua he thdng toa an Viet Nam.
vin dk d day la chuyen ddi td chiic toa an trong timg cap theo dinh hudng cai cdch tu phap nhu the nao de vira dap img yeu cau va phat huy het uu diem ciia nguyen lac hai cap xet xir ddng thdi van bdo dam sy van hanh tron tru ciia he thdng tod dn. De bao dam dugc cac yeu cau nay can luu y mdt sd van de sau:
Thu nhdt, theo dinh hudng cai cdch tu phdp, toa an so tham khu vuc - cap toa an thip nhit se dugc thanh lap d mgt hoac mdt sd don vi hanh chinh cap huyen. Tham quyen cua tod an nay ve co ban tuang ty nhu tham quyen loa an nhan dan cap huyen hien nay.
vl mat lanh thd, tham quyen ciia toa an so thim khu vuc se bao gdm dia ban mdt hoac mdt sd huyen; ve mat ndi dung, tham quyen cua toa an so tham khu vyc se bao gdm cdc vu viec lir dan gian tdi kha phire tap. Vi du Trong ITnh vuc hinh sy, toa an sa tham khu vyc cd diim quyin xet xu cdc tdi tir it nghiem trpng, nghiem trgng tdi rit nghiem ypng cd miic dn cao nhit len ldi chung than hoac tii hinh. Nhu v$y, theo djnh hudng cai each tu phdp, nhilu khd ndng tod an sa thim khu vyc yong he thong toa an khdng hin la toa dn cd thim quyin han che nhu md hinh he thdng toa dn hien dai da trinh bay tren day. Viec phdn dinh thim quyin xel xii ciia toa dn so thim khu vyc thudc pham vi ciia cdc nganh luat td tung. Tuy nhien, ve nguyen tac, tham
quyen nay chi bao gdm vu viec it nghiem trpng, cd gid tri tranh chap hay miic dn tdi da thip, cd ban chat khdng phiic tap. Day la yeu td quan trpng bao dam hoat ddng cua tda dn gan gui vdi ngudi dan. Cang nang cao tham quyen ciia toa dn so tham khu vyc se cang lam cho toa dn nay ndi rieng va he thdng tda dn ndi chung trd nen xa dan hon. He thdng toa dn nlu khdng cd kha nang giai quyel mpt each kip thdi tranh chap phat sinh cho dii la nhimg tranh chap nhd cua ngudi dan thi ciing khdng phdi la he thdng tod an hieu qua. Vi du:
Thdi ki Hiln phdp nam 1946, loa an sa cap cd tham quyen xet xir sa tham ddi vdi vy an hinh su cd miic an phat tdi da 5 ngay tii va cdc vu viec dan sy, thuang sy cd gid ngach tdi da 450 ddng (thdi gia nam 1946)."^'
Vdi xu hudng sd lugng toa an sa tham khu vuc se it ban toa an nhdn dan cap huyen hien nay, trong khi dja ban phu trdch va thim quyin xet xii cdc vy viec cua mdi tod an lai dugc md rdng thi nguy co xa dan trong hoat dgng ciia cap toa dn ca sd nay la dieu khd trdnh khdi. Dk ngdn ngira nguy co nay, cd the tham khao kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Bdn trong viec td chirc he thdng toa dn. Theo dd, se thanh lap chi nhanh ciia loa an nhan dan so thim khu vuc d dia ban can thiel de ngudi dan cd thl dl ddng tilp can toa dn va dugc thi hanh cdng li, ngay ca ddi vdi tranh chap nhd hode vy an it nghiem trgng. Viec thanh lap chi nhanh ciia toa an sa tham khu vyc d dau vd phu trach dia ban ndo phai dugc thyc hien sau khi da cd nghifin ciru thau dao ve tan suat vy dn d mdi khu vyc va linh chat cua cdc loai vu viec. 0 mdi chi nhanh, loa dn so tham khu vyc cd the chi can cd mgt hoac hai tham phdn va xet xir vu viec vi canh hoac
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S 6 7/2013
I NGHIEN c i f u -
tranh chip dan sir nhd trong nhan dan. CJ try sd chinh ciia toa an nhan dan so tham khu vuc cd thl cd nhieu tham phan han va xet xir so thim theo hdi ddng ddi vdi vu viec nghiem trpng, phiic tap han.
Thu hai, de giam tai nhiing vu viec phiic thim khdng can thiet, phap luat vfi td tung ciing can cd quy dinh cho phep toa an sa tham khu vuc cd tham quyfin xet xu chung tham mpt sd loai vu viec, dac bifit la vu vific vi canh hoac dan sy cd gia tri tranh chap nhd. Vi du Thdi ki Hien phap nam 1946, loa an so cap cd tham quyen xel xur chung tham vu vific danh bae tir 0,5 den 9 ddng, vu vific thuang sy tir 150 ddng trd xudng; tod an dfi nhi cap cd quyen xet xir chung tham cdc vu vific dan su va thuang sy cd tri gid tir 750 ddng trd xudng hoac lifin quan tdi bat dgng san trj gid tir 150 ddng trd xudng (thdi gia nam 1946).'''*' Thd ba, loa dn nhan dan cap linh trong mo hinh de xuat tren day la loa dn so tham tham quyen chung, day la noi tap trung an so tham khd va cd tinh tiet phiic tap. Toa an nay vira xet xii so tham vira xel xii phiic thim trfin dia ban mgt tinh. Vdi dac dilm dd, cdng vific xet xir ciia toa an nhan dan cip tinh dfi rai vao linh trang qud tai. Chinh vi vay, d cap toa an nay cung cd thl thanh lap chi nhdnh tai mdt sd dia ban trong tinh nfiu thiy cin thill. Tuong ty, toa an nhan dan cip cao vdi tham quyin chuyen xet xir phuc thim la nai ngudi dan phdi ty minh dfin dl khang cao.
Vdi sd luong chi cd ba toa an cip cao trong cd nudc cd the la qua il va gay khd khan cho vific di lai cua ngudi dan, dac bifit trong dilu kien ca sd ha ting nhu hien nay. Vi vay, viec thanh l^p chi nhdnh toa an cip cao ciing cd thfi cin thifit, Tuy nhien, trude khi quyll dinh
thanh l|ip chi nhanh ciia tod an cap cao hay loa an nhan dan cap tinh deu phai nghien ciiu kl ludng vfi tin suat va dac diem ciia vu vifc tai cac dia phuang hoac tai cac toa an.
Thd tu, mac dii viec ddi mdi cau tnic tl chiic cua he thdng toa an phai dugc thuc hien tren ca sd tdn trgng ca cau td chiic va bd tri nhan su hifin hanh song chac chan se dan tdi sy xao Iron ldn ve mat id chiic va nhdn sir hifin tai. Vi vay, dfi vific ldi cau tnic dugc kha thi can cd bien phap vfi mat nhan su phii hpp ddi vdi cac tham phan duang nhiem. Do anh hudng ciia nguyen tac to chiic theo cap hanh chinh lanh thd nen cdch phan ngach tham phan hien nay ciing khdng hgp li va sy dieu chinh trude ca cau phan ngach nay cd the giiip cho viec tai cau tnic he thdng toa an dugc tien hanh thuan Igi han.
Hien nay, cac ngach tham phdn dugc chia thanh ba loai: A3, A2, Al xep tic tren xudng dudi. Loai A3 gdm cac thdm phan Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, loai A2 gom cac tham phdn toa an nhan dan cap tinh va loai A1 gdm cac thdm phdn toa an nhan dan cap huyfin. Trong mdi loai cd nhifiu bdc va tuong ling vdi mdi bdc la he sd luong khac nhau.''^' Nhin chung, miic luang dugc xep tinh tifin tir bae thap nhit cua nhdm (Al) len dfin bae cao nhat cua nhdm (A3). Theo each thiic phan loai nay, cdc thim phan d toa an nhan dan cap huyfin mac nhifin bi coi la tham phan cap thap va cap do tang din len tdi Toa dn nhan dan tdi cao. Difiu dd vd hinh trung lam tang thfim tam li vl toa an cip trfin, cap dudi gdn vdi tham phan cip trfin, cip duoi va dilu nay se gay khd khan cho qua trinh tai cau tnic loa an, vi tat yeu se cd nhu cdu dieu chuyen thim phdn. Hon nCra, each phan lo^i
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SQ,6/2013
NGHIEN CL(U-TRAO 66l
nhu vay khdng phii hgp vdi nguyfin tic hai cap xel xir va nguyen tac tham phdn ddc lap, vdn coi mdi cap loa Id cac cap ddc lap vdi nhau, khdng cd cap toa nao cao hon cap toa nao ve mat ehuyfin mdn.
De khac phuc van de ndy nfin difiu chinh viec gan cap tham phdn vdi cap toa an, tiic la chi xdc djnh cdp thdm phan theo trinh dp vd tham nien cdng tdc. Thyc ra, day chi la su difiu chinh \e mat hanh chinh vi khdng cd thay ddi so vdi cap bae hp dang cd hifin tai.
Sau khi dieu chinh nhu vdy, vfi nguyen lac, cd thfi cd tham phdn thupc nhieu cap khac nhau ciing lam viec Irong mdl loa dn va nhu vay cd the difiu ehuyfin tham phan cung de dang hon nhdm phuc vy cho vific hoan thifin td chirc todn bd he thdng tod dn.
5. Gop y ve quy dinh tai khoan 6 Dieu 108 Du' thao
Lan dau tifin nguyen tdc hai cap xet xir da dugc quy dinh tai Dy thdo nhu sau: "Che dg xci xd sa thdm vd phuc ihdm duac bdo ddm" (khoan 6 Difiu 108). Cdc ban hien phdp trude day va Hien phap nam 1992 hifin hanh deu khdng cd quy dinh rifing vfi nguyen tac hai cap xel xir. Ve mat phap luat thyc dinh, nguyen tic ndy mdi chi dugc chinh thiic quy dinh trong Luat td chirc toa dn nhan dan nam 2002.''^' Nhu vay, cd the thay da cd su phat trifin trong nhan thirc \ e vai trd va tdm quan trpng ciia nguyfin tdc hai cap xet xir vdi tu each la nguyfin tac can ban trong td chiic vd hoat dpng ciia he thdng tod dn nhan dan ciia Viet Nam. Vific quy dinh tryc tifip nguyfin tac hai cip xet xii trong Hien phdp se nang cao tdm quan trpng cua nguyen tac nay, qua dd tao nen tang hien dinh can thifit cho viec trifin khai tinh thin ciia nguyen tac trong qua trinh cai each tu phap trong thdi gian ldi.
Mac dii vay, trfin co sd phan lich, binh luan tren day ve ngi ham va tinh than cua nguyen tac hai cap xel xir, quy dinh cua Dy thao van can dugc siia ddi, hoan thien them d mdt sd difim sau:
Thu nhdt, vfi mat kT thudt lap phdp, cdch thiic hanh van ciia quy dinh nay dang dugc don gian hod mdt each qud miic. Xdy dung cac quy pham cua hifin phdp sao cho dem gian de mpi ngudi deu cd the hifiu dupc Id difiu can thiet song trong mdt sd trudng hgp, sy don gidn hoa qud mirc cd thfi ddn ldi hieu nham hoac giai thich sai lech ve tinh than ciia quy dinh. Trong trudng hgp nay, nfiu ndi
"che do xet xic sa thdm vd phuc thdm dugc bdo ddm" thi viec xel xir giam ddc tham va tdi tham lieu cd dugc bao ddm hay khdng?
Mat khac, van phong cua quy dinh nhu vay khong the hien dugc day la nguyfin tac ma loa an phai luan ihii trong id chirc va hoat ddng cua minh. Vi vay, trong trudng hgp nay nfin diing thudt ngu: ehuyfin ngdnh phap li dfi ngudi dan hieu dugc rang do la nguyen tac trong td chirc va hoat dpng ciia he thdng toa dn. Con ndi ham ciia nguyfin lac thi dfi cho nha khoa hpc phan lich, lam rd trong cac nghifin ciiu ciia minh.
Thu hai, quy djnh ciia Dy thdo cdn tni lieu trudng hgp ngoai le cua nguyen tac hai cap xet xii. Nhu phan tich d muc 2 trudng hgp ngoai lfi la tdt yfiu khi dp dung nguyfin tdc hai cap xet xii trong td chiic vd hoat ddng cua bat ki he thdng tod an hifin dai ndo, bao gdm cd he thdng loa dn ciia Viet Nam. Xay dyng quy pham trong Hien phap theo hudng ngan ggn, siic tich la dieu can thiet. Tuy nhien, quy pham ciia hifin phap cung phdi du bao qudt dfi dinh hudng vific sira ddi Ludt td chirc toa dn nhan dan sau na> Thifiu sy trii
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 7/2013 21
lieu vl trudng hpp ngoai le se dan tdi su giai thich Cling nhic nguyen tdc va cd the gay can Ird cho vific quy dinh vfi trudng hgp ngoai le ciia nguyen tdc hai cap xet xir lam anh hudng ldi tinh hifiu qua cua viec thi hanh cdng li.
Vdi cac gdp y nfiu trfin, quy dinh tai khodn 6 Dilu 108 Dy thdo nfin sua thanh:
"6. Td chiic va hoat ddng ciia toa an theo nguyfin tdc hai cap xet xir, trie trudng hgp do ludt dinh" hoac
"6. Nguyfin tdc hai cap xet xii dugc bao dam, trir trudng hgp do luat dinh".
( l ) X e m : Andrew West, Yvon Desdevises, He thong phdp ludt Phdp (French legal system). Reed Elsevier (UK) Lid, 1998, tr 76.
(2) Vi du Dieu 11 Luat to chiJc toa an nhan dan nam 2002 cua Viet Nam quy dinh: "Doi vdi bdn dn, quyel dinh c ua tud dn da cd hieu luc phdp ludt md phdi hien CO vi phgm phdp lugt hoge cd tinh ttet mdi ihi duac xem xet lai theo trinh tu gidm doc thdm hoge tdi thdm du phdp ludt to lung quy dinh".
(3).Xem- Peler Murray, RolfSturner, Tu phdp ddn su Dik: (German civil justice). Carolina academic press, 2004, tr. 374
(4).Xem' John BelL Cdc nguyen tdc ciia phdp lugt Phdp (Principles of French Law), Oxford university Press, 1998, tr. 51; Andrew West, sdd, tr. 76.
(5).Xem'Andrew West, sdd, tr 83.
(6).Xem. To Van Hoa, Judtctgl independence - A legal research un il 's theoretical aspects, practices from Germany, the United Stgtes of America, France.
Vietnam and recommendations for Vietnam {Tinh doc Idp ciia tod dn - nghien ciru phdp it vi khia canh U ludn. thuc tien d Dice, Hoa Ky, Phdp, Viet Nam vd khuyen nghi vdi Viel Nam), Jurisforiaget I Lund, 2006, tr. 144- 1 6 1 , 2 8 6 - 3 1 2 .
(7).Xem. Toa an toi cao Nhat Ban, h(tp.//www.courts.
go.jp/english/system/system/index html#*OI (cap nhat nam 2012).
(8), Dllu 9 Luat to chu'c to^ an nSm 1960 quy dinh:
"Tod dn nhdn ddn thuc hanh chi do hai cdp xet xic.
Duang sir co quyin chong ban dn hode quyit dinh cua lod dn nhdn ddn xu sa thdm len lod dn nhdn ddn
tren mdt cdp ". Trong phap !uat hien hanh, nguyen ISc n^y duac quy djnh nhu sau: "Tod dn thuc hi^n che do hai cdp xefxu. Bdn dn quyet dinh sa thdm cua tod dn CO the bi khdng cdo, khdng nghi theo quy dinh ctia phdp ludt td tyng Doi vdi bdn dn, quyet dinh sa thdm bl khdng cdo, khdng nghi thi vu an phdi dugc xet xu phitc thdm. Bdn dn, quyet dmh phuc thdm co hiiu luc phdp ludt" (Dilu 11 Luat t l ch&c toa Sn nam 2002).
(9) Xem: Nguyen Cong Binh, "Nguyen ti<i bao dam vi?c xdt xir hai cap trong to tung dan su"", Tgp chi lugt hQC. s6 3/1999, tr. 3, 4, 24; Vu Gia Lam, "D6i mdi t6 chiic he t h i n g toa dn nhim nang cao hieu qua thtrc hien nguyen tic hai cap xet xu", Tgp chi lugt hoc, so 6/2007, tr. 49 - 57; Triin Van Do, "Tir nguydn tac hai d p xet xir den vi?c to chiic toa &n cac cap", Tgp chi nghien cuu lap phdp, so 10/2004; Trin Van Do,
"Nguyen tac hai cap x6t xii va viec kp dung nguyen tac do vao viec lo chiic toa &n cac cap". Tap chi nhd nuac vd phdp ludt, sfi 5/2007.
(10).Xem: Dilu 34 Bp luat tfi tung dSn su nam 2011;
khoan 2 Diau 170 Bfi luat t6 tung hinh su nam 2003.
(11). Dieu 34 Bfi luat tfi tung dan sir nam 2011 va khoan 2 Dilu 170 Bfi luat tfi tung hinh sir nam 2003 deu quy djnh to4 Sn nhSn dSn cSp tinh co quyfin ISy vu an cua toa an cap iud'i len de giai quyfit.
(12).Xem. Nghi quydt cua B Q chinh tri s6 49/NQ-TW ngSy 02/6/2005 \i Chien IUQC cai each tu phap; Ket luan ciia Bo chinh trj s6 79/KL-TW ngSy 28/7/2010 ve De an dfii m6i tfi chiic va hoat dfing ciia toa Sn, vien kiem sSt va c o quan dilu tra.
(13). Tiat thli nhat. Tilt thii hai, Chuang thii nhSt SSc lenh cua Chti tjch Chinh phii Vifit Nam dan chu c§ng • hoa sfl 51 ngay 17/4/1946 v l tham quyin cua cSc toa Sn vS su phan cfing giiia cac nhan vien trong toa Sn.
(14). Tilt thli nhSt, Tilt thii hai, Chuang thii nhat S k lenh cua Chii tjch Chinh phu Viet Nam dan chii cpng hoa sfi 51 ngay 17/4/1946 ve thSm quyin ciia cac toa Sn va su phan cong giiia cac nhan vien trong toa an.
(15).Xem: Nghi quylt cua Uy ban thud'ng vu Qufic hpi s6 730/2004/NQ-UBTVQH11 ngSy 30/9/2004 vl vific phe chuin bang luong chiic vu, bang phu cSp chiic vu dfli vai cSn bp ISnh dao cua Nha nuac; bSng luong chuyen mfin nghiep vu nganh toa Sn, nganh kiem sSt dupc sua dfii, bfi sung nam 2009.
(16).Xem. D i l u 11 LuSt tfi chiic toS Sn nhan dan nam 2002.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S O 6/2013
