Sir TIEP XUC vA GIAO LlTU V A N MINH THO'I C 6 DAI
Duong Thj Huyen Trirdng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc - DH Thdi Nguyen
TOM T A T
Tiep xiic va giao luu van minh la su tilp nhan ylu tl van minh ben ngoai ciia nhirng dan tgc chu thi thong qua nhilu con dudng va each thiic khac nhau. Moi dan tgc c6 thanh tuu van minh dgc dao ciia minh, dong gop vao nen van minh nhan loai nhirng thanh tuu dac sSc, ding thdi cung tilp thu, ke thiia nhung tinh hoa ciia cac nin van minh khac, lam phong phii them cho nin van minh cua dan tgc minh. Qua trinh tiep xiic va giao luu van minh dien ra mot each rong Ion va sau sJc tren toan thi gidi, trong pham vi timg khu vuc, khong phan biet nin van minh Idn hay nho. Trong do xuyen suit va dien hinh nhit la qua trinh tilp xuc va giao luu giua cac nin van hoa. van minh phuong Dong vdi phuong Tay. Qua trinh nay diln ra ro net nhit la trong thdi ky cl dai, tao nen nhung nen van minh da dang, phong phu, trd thanh nhung di san cua van minh nhan loai.
Til- khoa: vdn hod, vdn minh, tiep xiic vd giao hm vdn in Inh DAT VAN DE
Thdi cd dai, tren the gidi da xuat hien nhung nen van minh rue rd. Cac nha nghien ciru da chia nen van minh the gidi cd dai thanh 2 loai: van minh phuong Ddng (bao gdm van minh Ai Cap, Ludng Ha, Trung Qudc, An Do) va van minh phuong Tay (gdm va" minh Hy Lap va La Ma). Cac nen van minh da binh thanh nen nhung phong each ddc dao cua minh, khdng trdn lan vao cae nen van minh khac. Nhung giQa chung khdng he tach biet nhau ma ludn cd sir tiep xuc va giao luu vdi nhau. Su tiep xuc va giao thoa nay dien ra chain chap, nhieu khi mang tinh gian tiep do sir each biet ve dja ly va do cac phuong tien giao thdng, thdng tin lien lac khdng thuan tien. Tuy nhien, cudc gap gd Ddng- Tay da dien ra mdt each manh me thdng qua nhieu con dudng khac nhau: con dudng budn ban ciia eae thuong nhan, con dudng du ljch, con dudng truyen giao, con dudng chien tranh...
tao nen su giao luu van minh giQa eac khu vuc tren the gidi thdi cd dai. Sir tiep xuc van minh cd tac ddng vd cung to Idn tdi "sd phdn" cua cac nen van minh tren the gidi.
Mdt mat, nd thue day cac nen van minh phat trien phong phu da dang ban. Mat khac, nd se dan tdi sir "xung dot" van minh va buy diet van minh neu trong qua trinh tiep xuc ma
Tel: 0975702362: Email: cli(onghiiyen..sudhkli''c]'gmail.com
khdng cd sir giao thoa van minh. Chi cd nen van minh nao md cira de vira truyen ba nhQng thanh tuu cua minh. vira tiep thu nhung thanh tuu cua nen van minh khac tbi mdi keo dai dugc "sd phdn" va phat trien d muc do cao.
Vi vay, tiep xuc va giao luu van minh da trd thanh quy luat phat trien cua nhan loai. Do dd, viec tim hieu sir tiep xiic va giao luu giua cac nen van minh trong thdi cd dai la mdt dieu can thiet.
Trong thdi cd dai, su tiep xuc va giao luu van minh dien ra khdng don gian ma theo nhieu chieu khac nhau, dan xen vao nhau: Ddng- Ddng, Tay- Tay, Ddng- Tay... Nhung trong pham vi bai viet nay, chung tdi cbi tap trung nghien ciru su giao luu van minh giQa phuong Ddng va phuong Tay.
KET QUA CUA SU' TIEP XUC VA GIAO LUU VAN MINH
L Chinh trj
Cac qudc gia cd dai phirong Ddng theo the che quan chu chuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Vua dirng dau nha nude nam mgi quyen luc va chi phdi mgi viec trong nude.
Cdn cac qudc gia cd dai pbirong Tay lai theo the che dan cbii hon. quyen lire nam trong tay dai da sd ngudi. Tuy nhien da cd mdt thdi, hai the che chinh trj nay lai ket hgp, giao thoa vdi nhau cung tdn tai tren mdt lanh thd. Sau khi thiet lap dugc mdt qudc gia rdng Idn tren ca 3
Duong Thj Huyen Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 9 - 16 chau luc chau A- chau Au- chau Phi.
Alechxandro- da nhanh chdng bat tay vao viec td chirc bd may cai trj. Td chirc chinh quyen cua de qudc dua tren sir phdi hgp giQa che do chinh trj cua thj qudc Hy Lap vdi ngi dung chuyen che cua cac qudc gia phuo-ng Ddng.
Hoang de Alechxandro- dugc than thanh hoa cao do, nam mgi quyen lue trong tay. NhQng ngudi than can eua Hoang de dirge giao giu cac trgng trach trong bg may nha nude.
Qua tiep xiic vdi phuong Ddng, giai cap chu nd La Ma rat thich thu vdi md hinh nha nude ehuyen che trung uong tap quyen. Hg cd mong mudn va khat vgng tap trung quyen luc vao trong tay minh. Do do, nen de che d La Ma dugc thiet lap dudi thdi vua Otaviuxo- (TK I- TK V) thay cho nen cdng hda trudc dd. Gidng nhu td chirc nha nude phuong Ddng, quyen luc tdi cao cua nen de che nam trong tay nha vua. Vien nguyen lao suy tdn dng la "qudc phu" va tang cho dng danh hieu
"Ogitxtuxa"- ddng cao ca, tdi cao. Dai hdi cdng dan va Vien nguyen lao khdng edn giQ- dugc vai trd nhu thdi ky trudc ma trd thanh cdng cu thdng trj ciia chinh quyen quan chu.
Tinh chat dan chii cua nha nude Cdng boa La Ma thdi ky trudc den nay dan bj phai nhat.
Day la budc thut lui cua van minh La Ma.
Tuy nhien. che do quan chu chuyen che trung ii'o-ng tap quyen d phuo-ng Ddng khdng the thang ndi nen dan chu tien bd eua phuo-ng Tay. Giai cap chu nd chi tiep thu nhQng mat tich cue trong he thdng td chirc nha nude phirong Ddng vi hg thay hgp vdi tham vgng cua minh luc dd, chu- khdng tiep thu toan bd nhung dac diem chinh trj cua phuo-ng Ddng.
Vua d phuong Tay cd quyen luc tdi cao nhung khdng dugc cha truyen con ndi va khdng dugc cd nhieu vg nhu vua chuyen che pbuong Ddng. Khdng phai giai cap chu nd La Ma khdng mudn ma dieu nay khdng phu hgp vdi phong tuc tap quan cua ngudi phuong Tay va Vien nguyen lao chi phdi bd may chinh quyen nen giai cap chu nd khdng dam eoi thudng che do Cdng hoa va Vien nguyen lao. Nhu vay, van minh phuong Tay da tiep thu mdt each cd chgn lgc yeu td van minh tich cue ciia phirong Ddng va loai bd nhQng yeu td khdng phu hgp vdi minh.
2. Kinh te- xa hoi
Thdng qua tiep xiic. nhieu cay trdng ciia phuong Ddng va phirong Tay da dugc trao ddi cho nhau. Nho, dua chudt, dua hau dugc chuyen tu Tay Vuc- cac nude Trung A, vao Trung Qudc. Trong tap "Ban thao cuang muc" ciia nha y dugc Ly Thdi Tran ddi Minh cd viet: "Trirang Khiin di xir Tdy Virc dem vi trdng cdy "hd qua " (Dua cua ngirdi Hd). Scat ddi thdnh hodng cjita" [6. tr.50]. Dua hau dugc dua tir Tay Vuc vao trdng phd bien d Trung Qudc. Ngoai ra, nho la san pham ndi tieng ciia phuong Tay cung dugc truyen sang Trung Qudc. ngudi Trung Qudc rat thich nho va coi day la mdt loai hoa qua quy. Ddng thdi, ngudi Tay Vuc cung du nhap nhieu san vat cd anh hudng den ddi sdng cua nhan dan nhu ndng cii, cay an qua, rau chan vjt, hd dao, thach luu. kieu mach, chanh... sau dd truyen sang cac nude Hy Lap va La Ma.
Qua eac thuong nhan, nhung ki thuat trong san xuat thii cdng nghiep va ndng nghiep cQng dugc phd bien rdng rai tren toan the gidi. Nen van minh the gidi ed dai hinh thanh va phat trien tren luu vuc cac ddng sdng Idn hoac ven bd Dja Trung Hai, nen cu dan thdi cd dai sdm biet den nghe ddng thuyen. KT thuat ddng thuyen cua ngudi Phenixi dat trinh do cao nhat. Qua budn ban, ngudi Hy Lap da hgc kT thuat ddng thuyen ciia ngudi Phenixi.
Gd dung de ddng thuyen lay tir cay tuyet tung nhap tu' Ludng Ha ve. Hg da ddng dugc nhung chiec thuyen vdi hang tram mai cheo.
Mat khac, ngudi Hy Lap cdn thiet ke thuyen cho phu hgp vdi nhieu cbiic nang khac nhau.
Binh thudng, thuyen dung de chuyen chd hang hoa nhung khi cd chien tranh thi trd thanh nhiing thuyen chien. Trung Quoc cung la qudc gia dau tien biet sir dung tiln de lam vat trao ddi budn ban nhirng ngu'di Hy Lap mdi la ngudi biet den kT thuat due tien dau tien tren the gidi. Theo budc chan chinh phuc ciia Alechxandro dai de, tien diic eua Hy Lap dugc trai rdng ra khap vung Dja Trung Hai.
An Do da hgc dugc kT thuat due tiln cua Hy Lap. Ngoai ra. kT thuat chi thuy tinh ciia ngudi Ai Cap cung nhanh chdng duge ngudi Hy Lap tiep thu.
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Ve trang phuc, ngudi Hy Lap quen mac hang len thd det bang Idng cuu. Khi Alechxandro tien quan sang xam luge An Do, ngudi Hy Lap da vd cung than phuc vai trang det sgi bdng eua An Do. Mdt vj tudng ciia Alechxandro la Nearchus da ta: "Ho mac qudn ddi chdm gdt, chodng tdm vai qua vai, mdt gdc qudn trin ddu being mgl thir vai sgi bdng trdng chua timg thdy a bdt cir nai ddu"
[4. tr.98]. Ngu'di Hy Lap da nhanh chdng tilp nhan loai vai bdng nay va mac trang phuc theo kieu An Do.
Su' gia Herdddt viet "Vdi thir cdy mgc hoang trong rimg. Khdng cd trdi md lgi cd len, thir len dd dep han, tdt hem thir len a ldng cim.
Ngudi An diing cdy dd di diit do " [4, tr. 159].
Do cudc chien tranh xam liigc vung Can Ddng ma ngudi La Ma biet den loai "len" 6 cay nay: "O dd- An Do- ngudi ta del thir vdi tuyet vdi khdng thdy a ddu tren the gidi, min vd nhe din mirc cd the cudn lgi cho ludn qua mdt chiic vdng nho" [4, tr. 159]. Vai lua ciia An Do duge truyen sang phiiong Tay lam cho cu dan d day vd cung thich thu, nhat la nhung chiec khan soan mdng, mjn, nhe va long lay.
Cac ngdn ngu chau Au chi bdng va cac loai vai lua, phan Idn deu ed ngudn gdc tir ngQ am An Do.
Thdng qua budn ban, nhung san pham to lua dac sac cua Trung Qudc da dugc mang den ban cho ngudi Tay A, dac biet la d La Ma.
Thdi ky dau, nhQ'ng bae de virong va nhung nha quy tdc Rdma thich to- liia Trung Qudc den muc hg can lua len va ddi chd lua dd bang vang vdi can nang tuong duong. Tuong truyen, mdt vj hoang de Rdma lan dau tien mac bd quan ao to' lua Trung Qudc di xem hat gay chan ddng khap kinh thanh Rdma. Vua Xeda (100 TCN) thudng mac ao ta lua Trung Qudc trong nhung dip thiet trieu hoac tiep sir gia nude ngoai. Cdn NQ- hoang Ai Cap Cledpatra kic dd chi dien vay Iiia Trung Quoc. Quan ao cua hg cd boa tiet trang tri vdi mau sac tuoi sang va chat lieu vai ben dep.
Ve sau mgi tang ldp trong xa hdi phuong Tay diu sir dung lua Trung Qudc de may vay ao, trang phuc. Nhir vay. qua tiep xuc vdi ngirdi
phuong Ddng. ngudi phuong Tay da tiep thu each an mac cua ngudi phuong Ddng.
Vi dm thuc, trudc kia, ngudi phuong I a^
udng rat don gian va khdng biet su' dung eac gia vj. Banh mi, luong khd dugc lam tu kia mi. lua dai mach hoac kia mach den va ca la krong thuc co' ban ciia hg. Thirc pham rat it loai. chii yeu dugc udp mudi. Trirdc day. each duy nhat de lam cho tlurc pham trd nen nggt la dung mat ong. Qua tiep xiic vdi ngudi phuong Ddng, cu dan vung Dia Trung Hai da biet each che bien nhieu mdn an ngon va biet den gia vj cua hg. Dieu dd da lam thay ddi can ban van hoa am tlurc cua vung Dja Trung Hai. Hg khdng nhung cd mdt ngudn luong thuc phong phu du loai ma cdn biet sii- dung cac gia vj cua pbuong Ddng vao viec che bien mdn an. Gia vj lam cac mdn an trd nen can ki hon, dam da va bap dan ban. Dieu nay cd the li giai vi sao tu thdi cd dai ve sau ngudi phuong Tay ludn tim mgi each sang budn ban d pbuong Ddng- xir sd cua huong lieu, gia vj.
Nhu vay, tiep xuc va giao luu van minh thdi cd dai la mdt trong nhQng nhan td thuc day tinh hinh kinh te chinh tri, xa hdi cua cae qudc gia tren toan the gidi phat trien ngay mdt da dang va phong phu hon. Mat khac, cae thanh tuu van hda cung cd anh hudng rat Idn den van hda cua cac qudc gia khac tren the gidi.
3. Van hoa
Ve chir viet, mgi cdng ddng ngud'i trong the gidi cd dai ndi chung deu biet dung hinh ve de bieu dat thdng tin. Day la co sd dl hg tien tdi sang tao ra chu' viet. Ludng Ha, Ai Cap, Trung Qudc, An Do cd dai diigc coi la chon sinh thanh va phat trien ctia he thong chu viit dau tien cua loai ngudi. ChQ viet cua cac quoc gia cd dai pbuong Ddng chu yeu la chQ tugng hinh, chua cd sir khai quat cao.
Ngudi Phenixi d Tay A da md rdng budn ban vdi tat ca cac khu vuc tren ilie gidi trong dd cd Ludng Ha va Ai Cap. Hg da bilt dimg chu tugng hinh cua ngudi Ai Cap va chu hinh gdc cua ngudi Ludng Ha. Nhung do yeu cau cua viec giao djch qudc te. cua sir phat triln
Duong Thj Huyen Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 9 - 16 nganh thuong mai, ngudi Phenixi da cai tien
chQ- viet cho don gian va thuan tien hon. He thdng chQ- cai a, b. c da dugc phat minh tren CO- sd chQ- viet Ai Cap vao khoang the ky XIV TCN. Loai mau tir nay cd khoang 30 ky tu nbung nhieu am khac nhau, cd the dugc bieu thj bang mdt vai ky hieu. Tinh chinh xac va da dang cua chirng khien loai chQ- nay de nam bat hon nhirng loai chu hinh nem.
Trong khi dd, ngudi Hy Lap van d trong tinh trang mu chQ-. That may man cho van minh phuong Tay kbi viec budn ban da dua ngudi Hy Lap tiep xuc vdi ngudi Phenixi. Hg da tiep thu bang chQ cai cua ngudi Phenixi va dem lai sir chinh xac bon cho loai chu nay bang each thay ddi mdt sd ky tu hoan toan la phu am thanh nguyen am. Bang chu' cai cua ngudi Hy Lap da phat trien thanh hai phien ban. Mdt phien ban Tay sau dd den vdi ngudi EtOTuxco- nhQng ngudi sau nay cai quan La Ma. Ve sau, ngudi dan La Ma da bien nd thanh mau tir dirge sir diing khap the gidi phuong Tay. Phien ban phuong Ddng da trd thanh bang chQ cai chuan d chinh sir Hy Lap.
Nhd he thdng mau tir nay. ngudi Hy Lap da de lai cho bau the mdt di san van hda vd cung phong phii. nhat la trong linh vuc van hgc.
Nhu vay, da phan the gidi ngay nay sir dung ngudn nay hay ngudn khac cua bang chQ cai Phenixi theo dang ma nd tiep nhan cua ngudi Ai Cap va Lirdng Ha.
Ve khoa hoc ky thuat
Phuong Ddng dugc coi la ndi cua nen khoa hgc thdi cd dai. Noi day la noi phat tich rat nhieu nhung thanh tuu khoa hge dac sac cd gia trj den ngay nay. Tuy ra ddi d phuong Ddng, nhung thanh tuu nay lai phat trien rue rd d phuong Tay. Bdi trong qua trinh tiep xiic vdi phuong Ddng. phirong Tay da hgc tap va tiep thu nhung thanh tuu nay va khdng ngimg phat trien len mdt tam cao mdi.
Ve thien vdn vd lich phdp. dira vao sir quan sat thien van, ngudi phuong Ddng da biet lam ra lich, sdm nhat la ngudi Ai Cap. Cung gidng nhu- eac qudc gia cd dai phuong Ddng khac, ban dau ngudi Ai Cap dat ra mdt nien Ijch chia thdi gian thanh nam am ljch. mdi 12
nam cd 364 ngay, chia thanh 12 thang. Khi cam quyen d La Ma, Xeda da biet den loai ljch nay va cho day la 'nien lich vT dgi vd thdng minh nhdt the giai". Do dd, sau khi d Ai Cap ve, nam 45 TCN, Xeda da mdi nha toan hgc va thien van hgc Ai Cap Xddigien dua vao ljch Ai Cap de cai each Ijch eua La Ma bdi mot phep lam Ijch ciia nha nude trudc dd da bi quan lai La Ma thao tiing cd nhieu tieu cue. Ljch mdi cua La Ma mang ten Xeda ggi la lich Julien, dugc sii- dung phd bien d phuang Tay tir nam 45 TCN den nam 1582 sau CN. Phep Ijch nay lay mdt nam cd 365 ngay 'A, cir 4 nam lai cd mot nam nhuan, cac thang le cd 3 1 ngay, thang chan cd 30 ngay.
Thang bai cua nam khdng nbuan cd 28 ngay, nam nbuan cd 29 ngay. Nhu vay, lich ciia ngudi La Ma cd su tiep thu lich Ai Cap ca ban hoan thien nhu ljch ngay nay.
Ve todn hgc, phuong Ddng dugc coi la cai ndi cua nen toan hge cd dai. Trung tam toan hgc Idn nhat thdi cd dai la thu vien Alechxandro va Vien ban lam khoa hge. Noi day tap trung tat ca eae nha khoa hgc tQ- Hy Lap, La Ma den hgc tap, trong dd cd mdt sd nha toan hgc ndi tieng nhu Pytago, Oelit, Talet, Acsimet... Hg tiep thu nhung thanh tuu toan hgc cua phuong Ddng va vugt qua each tinh nhan chia, cdng trir sa cap, vuon tdi su khai quat thanh nhung djnh li, djnh de, nguyen li van duge sii' dung trong toan hgc hien dai: Djnh ly Pytago, dinh ly Talet, djnh de Oclit, djnh luat Acsimet...
Ngudi Ai Cap dung hinh hgc de do dac lai dat dai ciia nha ndng sau nhung con lu hang nam do sdng Nil gay ra. Cac nude ggi mdn hinh bgc la Gieometri- tieng Hy Lap ed nghTa la sir do dac dat dai. Oclit sau mdt thdi gian du lich d day da hgc tap nhQng kien thuc hinh hgc nay, sap xep va td chirc lai hinh hgc thanh mdt mdn hgc quy cii. Ong cung don gian hda va sap xep lai cae tac pham rieng le eiia cac bae tien bdi, he thdng cac djnh ly va ehiing minh nd thanh mdt chudi logic. Trong dd ndi bat nhat la dinh de ve ty le thirc giua cac canh ciia tam giac.
Sir lien he giua cac canh eiia tam giac vudng da dugc neu trudc Pytago khoang 1000 nam vao thdi cd Babilon nhung Pytago la ngudi
dau tien chimg minh cdng tbirc dd va phat trien nd thanh mdt djnh ly ndi tieng mang ten dng: "Trong lam gidc vudng, binh phirong cgnh huyin hdng Idng binh phircmg hai cgnh gdc vudng". Day la ehia khda de xay dung nhieu dinh ly trong hinh bgc ed y nghTa vd cQng to Idn tdi ngay nay. Nhd djnh ly nay. ta tim dugc nhieu he thuc lugng trong cac binh.
Viec tinh cac canh cua tam giac thudng, chieu cao, trung tuyen cua tam giac, dudng cheo cua hinh binh hanh deu dua vao djnb ly Pytago.
Ngudi An Do da biet tdi va sir dung he thap phan ngay tu- dau cdng nguyen. He sd 10 chQ- sd trong dd cd mdt sd dirge khac tren cdt da dudi trieu vua Asdka la phat minh vT dai cua ngudi An Do, cd tac dung rat Idn tdi toan bgc the gidi cd dai. Mdt nha toan hgc chau Au sau nay da danh gia cao gia tri cua phat minh rang
"Chinh nhd An Dd md cluing la hgc dugc cdi cdch Idi tinh chi dimg cd 10 chii'sd md viit du cdc sd. Mdi chir sd vira cd mgl tri sd liiy Iheo vi Iri cita nd, vira cd mdt tri sd tuyet ddi. Y dd ti nhi md quan Ircmg. Ngdy nay chimg la cho dd Id hinh ihirdng nen khdng thdy hit cdng lao cua ngudi An. Nhimg chinh nhir nd dan gidn md ldm todn mdxi di ddng vd hi thdng sd hgc dd Id sdng kien vT dgi nhdt. Hal nhd hdc hgc thien tdi cua phirang Tdy ihcri cd dgi Acsimet vd Apdldniul md cung khdng tim ra dugc hi thdng dd thi mdi nhdn dinh ndi sdng kien cua ngudi An tdl tinh ra sao "[5, tr. 83].
Cac kien thirc toan hgc khac cua phuang Ddng nlur: Sd can, sd am, cac quy tac ve hoan vi, td hgp, sd pi = 3,1416 cung dugc cac nha khoa hgc plurong Tay tiep thu va truyen sang plurong Tay bang nhieu con dudng khac nhau. Ddng gdp vT dai cua cac nha toan hgc phuong Tay la da tiep thu cac thanh tuu toan hgc pbuong Ddng rdi khdng ngimg phat trien len lain cho "Todn hoc Ira thdnh nin tang ciia nhieu ngdnh khoa hgc khde".
Vi hda hoc, thdi ed dai, nen hda hge cua Ai Cap vd cung phat trien. Nghe thuat udp xac la mdt bang chimg ndi len trinh do cao cua nghe thu cdng bda bgc Ai Cap. Dac biet chinh a khu vuc chau thd sdng Nil nay da xuat hien
mam mong dau tien ciia thQ- "Nghi thuat bl mat thieng liing" nham bien ddi kim loai khdng quy thanh vang, che tao nggc gia, che tao thudc trudng sinh. NhQ'ng dieu ghi chep cua bg dudi hinh thuc than bi, ddi khi Igt ra ngoai va da cd tac dung kich thich cac the he bac bgc nude Hy Lap cd sau nay tiep tuc tim kiem vdi mdt quy md rdng Idn hon nhieu.
Sau khi Alechxandro- Makeddnia chiem Ai Cap thi nhQng kien tluic ve "Nghi thiidt bl mat" ma cac giao si nha thd Odirit va nha thd Izida da tich luy va giQ- kin dirge hda hgp vdi triet bgc va ky thuat thu cdng Hy Lap. Luc dd, trinh do khoa hgc chua du de xac djnh vang that, vang gia nen "Nghi thudl bl mat" eua cac giao sy Ai Cap dugc cac nha bac hgc Hy Lap coi nhu mdt khoa bgc chan chinh va chang bao lau dugc phd bien rdng rai d khap mien dat Hy Lap rdi truyen sang cac nude khac d vung Dja Trung Hai.
Ngudi Hy Lap da hgc dugc nghe nhudm va cac loai thudc nhudm cua Ai Cap. Ngoai thudc nhudm vd co- cua Ai Cap, ngudi Hy Lap cdn dQng nhieu loai thudc nhudm thien nhien cd mau dd tuoi. Cdng thuc nhudm va each nhudm da dugc md ta trong cac tap sach viet 6 giai doan vien ban lam khoa hgc Alechxandro-.
Ve nghe thuat
Nghi ihitdt diiu khac cua Ai Cap cung anh hudng rd ret vdi nghe thuat dieu khac Hy Lap thdi mdi ra ddi. Hinh tugng thanh nien Kouros ddc dao cua nghe thuat dieu khac Hi Lap cd xua bat ngudn tir Ai Cap: Chang trai than thang, cao dong ddng, d tu the dirng, chan trai dua len trudc, bai canh tay ap sat vao than, ban tay nam lai. Nhung pho tugng kieu nay khdng nhQng md phdng dang dieu cua nhan vat Ai Cap ma cdn tdn trgng cac quy tac cd truyen cua nghe thuat Ai Cap, nhat la
"Nguyin ly ty li" ma nhung ngudi sang tao da ap dung tu hon hai tram nam trudc edng nguyen. Hg ehia ca the thanh 8 hinh vudng bang nhau. tir virong trieu XVI trd di thi dirge chia lain 21 binh vudng khi ma don vj do do dai la cubit dugc thay ddi. Phidiat va Pdlinhdt. hai nha dieu khac Hy Lap ndi tiing.
Duong Thj Huyen Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 9- 16 da xuat phat tQ- truyen thdng dd de tae pho
tugng Apollon, chia ca the Iam 21,1/4 hinh vudng [1, tr.607 J. Hg xem dieu khac ta hinh the con ngudi nhu mdt ban hgp xudng cac giai dieu phai ddi xirng nhau. Mgi quy luat ve can bang trong mdt buc tugng phai dugc tdn trgng nhu cac module trong kien true ma nha kien true su nao cung phai tuan thu.
Ong de lai cho ddi sau mdt ldi khuyen ran mau muc ve "nguyen ll ty le" va net dep trong dieu khac.
Cudc chinh phat cua Alechxandro- sang An Do da dua nghe thuat dieu khac Hy Lap xam nhap vao An Do. Dudi thdi Asdka, mdt trudng phai dieu khac xuat hien d mien Bac An Do mang chiit khuynh hudng cua dieu khac Hy Lap. Do vay, cac birc tirgng vdi chu de tdn giao va than hge khdng thuan khiet dang ve An nua. Tugng Dire Phat td Nhu Lai cd dang hinh va net mat gidng than Apdldng va cd ve dang mudn leo len dinh nui Oleinpo- d Hy Lap. NhQng tugng khac dau van la chu de Phat giao nhung net due deo. chain khac dang binh da cd ve li tudng boa va the tiic boa. Cac tugng than thanh An Do khac cQng dugc the hien vdi nhung khan ao krdt thudt gidng nhu eac tirgng trong den thd Hy Lap.
Nhirng phat trien dugc may the ki, trudng phai nay mat ban va nen dieu khac trd lai thuan tuy An Do.
Vi kiin trite, tir thdi cd dai. kien true cua bai nen van minh Ddng- Tay eung cd sir anh budng, giao thoa vdi nhau. Ngudi pbirong Tay dat den trinh do mau muc trong nghe thuat quy hoach dd thj. Trong thdi ky Hy Lap hda, nen van minh Hy Lap dugc phd bien va truyen ba manh me sang phirang Ddng. Cac thanh thi d phuong Ddng dugc trang bj long lay. Nhung ngdi den, nha hat. san van ddng va nhung cdng thir khac lan dau dugc xay dung d day vdi Idi kien true ddc dao.
Pergainan- mdt dien hinh cua viec quy hoach dd thj, ed mdt ban thd than Ddt, mdt thu vien ndi tieng va mdt nha hat eao hon thanh phd chinh vdi mdt quang canh hung vT. Tai cac dd thi nay. ddi sdng tinh than cua ngudi dan phuong Ddng ngay cang phong phu va sinh ddng hon.
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Ngugc lai, ngudi La Ma ciing da xay dirng nhQng Khai hoan mdn gidng nhu edng thanh Isota d Ludng Ha. Day la nhung edng trinh kien true dac sac nham ca nggi nhung cdng lao to Idn, nhQng chien thang vT dai cua Hoang de. 0 La Ma cd khoang hon 300 Khai hoan mdn dugc xay dung ma dep nhat, tieu bieu nhat la Khai hoan mdn Traian. Tren cac khai hoan mdn cd trang tri cac hinh cham khac ndi rat dep. Nhung khai hoan mdn nay van edn tdn tai den ngay nay nhu nhQng chimg tich Ijch sii' ciia su giao luu van hda Ddng- Tay.
Ton giao- tin ngir&ng
Trong giai doan giao thdi trirdc va sau cdng nguyen, cac tdn giao vdi than thanh nay sinh va tdn tai kha nhieu hinh thirc te tu khac nhau.
Nghi le tdn giao ciia La Ma anh hudng nhieu den cac tinh va ngirgc lai viec thd cung cua cac tdn giao phuong Ddng cung anh hudng rat sau sac d La Ma. Tdn giao dia phuong anh hudng nhieu nhat la dao Kitd. Day la tdn giao ma ngudi La Ma sang lap tren co sd bgc tap, tiep thu tir giao li dao Do Thai d phuong Ddng.
Dao Kitd ra ddi d Palextin, do mdt so ngudi Do Thai va mdt sd dan tdc bj de qudc La Ma thdng trj d quanh vung do xay dung nen. Dao Do Thai la tdn giao cua mdt dan tdc bj ap buc nang ne nhat va cung khd nhat, phu hgp vdi nguyen vgng eua eac dan tdc bi ap birc d Palextin. Nhung dao Do Thai la tdn giao cua rieng ngudi Do Thai, khdng tilp nhan tin dl cua cac dan tdc khac. Vi thi, nhQng ngudi dai dien cua cac dan tgc khdng phai Do Thai da dua tren dao Do Thai dl xay dung nen mdt tdn giao mdi ggi ten la dao Kitd. Hg tin tudng vao sir xuat hien eua Chua ciru thi, trong dd cd giao phai eoi Chua ciiu the dd la Giexu Crit va dugc ggi la dao Kitd Christianism- tir Christos cd nghTa la Dang ciru the.
Nhu vay, dao Kitd ra ddi trong Idng dao Do Thai tu' the ki I, nhung cd mdt dilm khac so vdi dao Do Thai. Dao Kitd cung la nhat than giao nhung mdt than dd lai la Tam vj nhat thi (Chua cha (tao dung), Chua eon (ciru vdt) va Thanh than (thanh hda)). Trong dd Giexu Crit la chda con, du-gc dua xuong trSn gian dl chju dung nhung dau khd thay cho con ngudi va
de ciru vdt con ngudi. Dao Kitd khdng phai la tdn giao cua mdt dan tdc ma la mdt tdn giao the gidi cua tat ca mgi ngudi.
Dao Kitd khdng cbi tiep thu cd chgn lgc mdt sd tin ngudng cua dao Do Thai ma cdn tilp thu nhieu le nghi tdn giao cua phuong Ddng cd. Chang ban: li phuc sinh vdn la ngay le mua xuan cd d Palextin dugc cac tin dd Kitd giao ket hgp vdi nhQ-ng le cimg ciia than thuc vat; "li dn hdnh thdnh" cQng bat chudc hinh thuc le than Mitra d Ba Tir trong dd ngudi
"dn thit vd mdu" cua than de dugc gan than, ddng nhat vdi than; "li rua tgi" cd lien be vdi su- me tin d sue manh phu phep cua niidc, cd the lam cho ngudi ta tuoi tinh va nia sach khdi tdi ldi, viec tudi nude lanh vao ngudi va viec tam theo nghi le da phd bien trong cac tdn giao cd. Neu chi tiep thu dao Do Thai va cac tdn giao phuong Ddng khac thi dao Kitd cQng chi ldi keo dugc cac dan tdc d phuong Ddng khac va nhung ngudi nd le d La Ma tin theo chu chua hap dan giai cap chu nd La Ma.
Dan dan, nhQng tu tu'dng triet hgc duy tam khac ki cua Seneco-, Phild cung dugc phd bien rdng rai d de qudc La Ma, da tao nen co- sd. tir tu'dng, li luan cua giao li Kitd giao.
Ph.Enghen da nhan xet.- "Sir hdn hgp cua thdn dcio phucmg Ddng dd dugc phd biin hod. nhdl Id thdn hgc Do Thdi, vdi nin hiin triet Hy Lgp da dirac dung tuc hod, nhdl Id triil hgc khac kt- dd gdp phdn Igo nen li()c thuyit Kitd gido "[5, tr.244].
KET LUAN
Sir tiep xuc va giao luu van minh Ddng- Tay thdi cd dai dat co' sd cho sir tiep xuc va giao luu van minh cua nhan loai trong cac thdi ki tiep theo. Qua trinh nay dien ra lau dai khien ta khd cd the phan biet rach rdi: ai chinh la chu nhan duy nhat cua cac thanh tuu van hda dd. Viec phan biet van minh pluiong Ddng va van minh phuong Tay chi la tuong ddi. Dieu nay da bac bd hoan toan quan diem cua mdt so sir gia phuong Tay cho rang phuang Tay la van minh tien bd, phuong Ddng la lac hau, da man. Van minh phuong Tay thdi cd dai xuat hien mudn hon van minh phirong Ddng vai
thi ky nhung lai phat trien riic rd va nhanh chdng mdt phan dua tren ea sd tiep thu nhung thanh tuu cua van minh phuong Ddng.
Con ngudi nay cang van minh thi qua trinh tiep xuc va giao luu ngay cang duge rut ngan ve khoang each, nhat la trong xu the toan cau hien nay. Van de hdi nhap vdi nen van minh nhan loai de phat trien da trd thanh van de sdng cdn cua cac qudc gia cham phat trien trong dd cd Viet Nam. Khdng hdi nhap nhanh vdi trinh do phat trien cua the gidi thi khdng the phat trien. nhung hdi nhap ma "hod tan ", danh mat minh cung la mdt nguy eo- Idn. Ban linh ciia mdt nen van minh trudc ngudng cira hdi nhap hien nay dugc thu thach hon bao gid het. Chung ta can chu ddng tim hieu sir da dang ve van hda ciia cac dan tdc khac. tiep thu nhung gia trj van minh chung cua nhan loai de gdp phan vao muc tieu dan giau nude manh. xa hdi cdng bang, van minh va bao ve, phat huy nhung tinh hoa cua van bda dan tdc.
Lam sao de vira bdi nhap, phat trien ma van giQ gin dugc ban sac van hoa phuong Ddng, phat buy nhQng net dep ve dao li dan tdc trong quan he gia dinh xa hdi, trong nep sdng lanh manh gian dj, trong nghia vu ddi vdi Td qudc va ddng bao chinh la bai hgc sau sac rut ra tu viec nghien ciiu qua trinh tiep xuc va giao kru giira cac nen van minh trong Ijch sd nhan loai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I]. .Almanach nhirng nen vdn minh the gldl (2006). Nxb Van hoa Thong tin. Ha Ngi.
[2]. Arnold Toynbee (2002), Nghien ciru ve hch su- Mot cdch ihirc dien glal, Nha xuat ban Giao due. Ha Ngi.
[3]. Nguyen Quoc Hiing (1993), Nhimg min vdn minh rue rd- co xua, Tap I, Nxb Quan dgi nhan dan. Ha Ngi.
[4]. Luang Ninh (chu bien) (2005). Lich su thi gldl cd dgi. Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi.
[5]. Vu Duong Ninh (chii bien, 2000), Lich su vdn minh the gldl, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi.
[6]. Ngo Minh Oanh (2005), Tliip xiic vd giao hm vdn minh Irong lich su nhdn logi, Nxb Giao due, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
Duang Thi Huyin Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 84(08): 9-16
SUMMARY
THE CONTACT AND EXCHANGE CIVILIZATION IN ANCIENT TIMES Duong Thi Huyen College of Sciences - TNU The contact and exchange of civilization is receipt factors outside civilization of the subject people by paths and different ways. Each ethnic has unique achievements of their civilization, contributes excellent achievements to human civilization, simultaneous also acquiring, inheriting the quintessences of other civilization, enriches civilization of their ethnic. The process of contact and exchange civilization took place in broad and deep worldwide, within each region, regardless of big or small civilization. In which, the most thoroughly and typical is the process of contact and exchange between cultures, civilization in the East and the West. This process occured most evidient in ancient times, created the diverse, abundant civilizations, became herritage of human civilization.
Keywords: culture, civilization, contact and exchange civilization
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