KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
DAIMH G I A THIJC TRAIMIi V A O E X U A T G I A I P H A P SIJ DIJIXIG D A T SAIM X U A T IMOIMG IMGHIEP T H E O HUOIMG
HAIMG H O A TREIM O f A BAIM HUYEIM M A I SOIM, TilMH SOIM L A
Nguydn Ddc Ltrc\ Cao Viet Hd'' T6MTAT
Nghien cmi xac dinh cac cay trdng va cac loai sir dung ddt (LUTs) mang tinh hang hoa cua huyen Mai Son, phan tich hieu qua va d^ xuat giai phap nang cao hieu qua sir dung dat san xuat nong nghiep theo hudng bang boa. Su dung phuong phap lay mdu ngdu nbien de chon dieu tra 200 ho td 4 xa dai diSn cho 2 tieu viing. Tren dia ban huyen Mai Son c6 5 nhom cay trdng mang tinh hang hoa la ngo, mia, san, cay an qua va ca phe che (Coffea arabica). Hai LUTs cho biSu qua kinb te cao nhat la cay an qua va ca ph& che voi gia tri gia tang dao dpng trong khoang 80-156 triSu ddng/ha/nam v^ gia tn ngay c6ng len tdi 150-363 nghin dong.
Day cung la nhung LUTs cho bieu qua xa hoi va moi tmdng cao. LUTs ngo mot vu va sSn my mang lai hieu qua kmh te va xa hfii nhung khdng ben vung ve mat moi trudng, dfi gay suy kiet dM. D6 xuat duy tri dien tich mia va sSn, md rong dien tich cay an qua va ca phg che tu dien tich ngo mpt vu. De nang cao hieu qua sir dung dat san xuat nong nghiep can: Quy boacb vung chuyen canh tap trung, ap dung ky thuat canh tac moi, tao nguon von cho san xuat, md rfing thi trudng ti6u thu. tap huan ky thuat cho ngudi dan va co nhung chinh sach hd tro kip thdi cbo phat trien ndng nghiep bang boa.
Tir khda: Bat san xuat ndngnghidp, hieu qua sir dung dat, huyen Mai Son.
I.BATVANOE
Viet Nam Id mdt nuoc ndng nghiep dat chat, ngudi ddng (dien tieh tu nhien chi hon 33 tneu ha nhung dan sd nam 2016 len tdi 92,7 tneu ngudi).
Hidn nay, dan sd ndng thdn chiem tdi 65,4% nen sdn xuat ndng nghiep ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vide dn dinh ddi sdng ngudi dan, dam bdo an ninh luong thuc vd phat trien kinh td ddt nude (Tdng cue Thdng ke,2017).
Huydn Mai Son, tinh Son La Id huyen ndng nghiep trpng diem ciia tinh. Trong nhung nam qua, ndng nghiep eua huyen da dat dugc mdt sd kdt qua ddng khich le vdi nhimg cay frong the manh nhu ngd, ca phe che, mia, san vd cay dn qua. Tuy nhien, viec chuydn ddi co cdu san xuat giua cdc tidu vung, cac xa khdng ddng ddu, thidu su chi dao b tdm vi md.
San xudt nong nghiep cdn mang tinh tu phat ddn ddn hieu qud kinh td tren mot don vi dien tich cdn thap, chua tao ra dugc nhirng vung thdm canh tap trung hieu qud, chua dap tmg dugc viec san xuat hang hod quy md ldn theo nhu cdu cua thi trudng. Danh gid hieu qud su dung dat san xuat ndng nghiep cua mdt
NCS Hoc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam Hgc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
sd cay trdng the manh huyen Mai Son, tir do de xuat gidi phap phdt tridn sdn xuat ndng nghiep theo hudng hdng hda Id viec ldm cdn thidt nhdm nang cao gid til san xuat ndng nghidp, cdi thien ddi sdng cho ngudi dan.
2. PHUONG PHAP NGHBV CUU
- Phuang phap dieu tia thu thap tai heu, sdheu thu cap: Cdc tdi hdu, sd lieu ve dieu kien tu nhidn, kinh te - xa hdi duge thu thap thdng qua cdc co quan nghidn cuu, cde phdng, ban chuyen ngdnh trong huyen Mai Son.
Phuong phap chon diem nghidn euu. chpn diem nghien cuu dai dien cho 2 tieu vung dua tren didu kien dia hinh. Tieu vung 1 (TVl) la khu vuc doi nui cao tiling binh, xen ke cac phieng bai, ldng chao (gdm 9 xa va 1 thi tran phan bd dpc qudc Id 6, dd Id:
xa Cd Ndi, Mudng Bon, Hdt Ldt, Chieng Mung, Chieng Sung, Mudng Bdng, Chieng Mai, Chieng Chan, Chidng Luong va thi tran Hdt Ldt). Dp cao tuyet ddi cua tidu viing 1 dao ddng 500 - 700 m so vdi mat nude bidn. Lua chon hai xa Mudng Bon va Co Ndi dai dien cho tieu vimg 1.
Tidu vung 2 CTV 2) Id khu vuc cd nhidu nui cao, dde, hi chia cat manh bdi cac con sdng, eoi sudi ldn va cdc day nui cao (gdm 12 xa phan bd chu ydu doc 157
qudc Id 4G, viing ho thuy dien: Chieng Ban, Ta Hoe, Phidng Pan, Na Ot, Phieng Cdm, Chidng Ve, Na Bd, Mudng Chanh, Chidng Noi, Chieng Dong, Chidng Chung, Chidng Kheo). Dp cao tuyet ddi dao ddng trong khoang 700 - 1.500 m so vdi mat nude bien.
Chpn hai xa Chieng Ban va Na Of dai dien cho tieu vimg 2.
- Phuong phap didu tra thu thap tai lieu, sd heu sa cap. Dieu tra tinh hinh su dung dat bdng phuong phap phdng van ndng hd o 4 xa dai dien eho 2 tieu viing. Cac thdng tin thu thap gdm: thdng tin chung cua ho, ket qua san xuat cua ho nam 2017. Moi xa chgn dieu tra 50 hd theo phuong phap chon mdu ngdu nhien.
- Phuongphap ti'nh toan hieu qua kinh tecua eac LUT,
Cac chi tieu danh gia hieu qua su dung ddt gdm:
Hieu qud kmh te dugc tinh bang gia tn san xuat ((jTSX), chi ehi tnmg gian (CPTG), gia tri gia tang (GTGT) vd hieu qua dong vdn (HQDV). Hieu qud xa hdi dupe tinh bang gid tii ngay cdng lao ddng (GYQT/\D) vk edng lao ddng dau tu cho 1 ha Hieu qua moi tiudng dugc tinh bang muc dp su dung phan bdn va thude bao ve thuc vat (so vdi khuyen cdo) va kha nang che phu ddt chdng xdi mdn (tinh bdng t^ le thoi gian cay che phu dat). Kha nang che phu dat <50%
dugc ddnh gia thap, 50-70% Id trung binh vd > 70% Id miic cao.
3. KET QUA NQIBV CUU VA THAO LOAN
3.1. Khai qudt didu kidn tu nhidn, kinh t^ huy^n Mai Son lidn quan ddn san xuat ndng nghiep
3.1.1. Khai quit dieu kidn tir nhien cda huyen Mai San
Huydn Mai Son cd dien tich tu nhien la 142.670,55 ha vol 22 don vi hdnh chinh, gdm 21 xa vd 1 thi trdn. Huyen cd he thdng giao thdng dudng bd tijgng ddi phat trien voi 3 qudc Id ehay qua (QL6, QL37, QL4G), 5 tinh Id va 24 km dudng giao thdng thuy tren sdng Dd, tao didu kien tiiuan lpi cho viec van chuydn vat tu ndng sdn va giao Itm hang hda
Dia hinh huyen bi chia cdt manh, phiie tap, mil dd cao xen lan doi, thung lung, ldng chao vd cao nguyen. Cd 2 he thdng nui chinh Id day mii Ddng chinh chay dpc theo hudng Tay Bde - Ddng Nam va day ehay tiieo hudng Tay Bde - Tay Nam, tao ra nhieu tidu vimg vdi cde uu the khac nhau cho phep phat tiien kinh td da dang: khu vuc cd nhidu nui cao,
ddc bi chia cdt manh bdi cdc eon sdng, con sudi Idn va eac day mil cao vd cdc day nui eao trung binh, xen ke eac phieng bai, long chdo, rat thuan lgi de phdt trien ndng nghiep va xay dung cdc khu edng nghiep.
Huyen Mai Son ndm trong vimg khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia vdi 2 mua rd ret trong nam. Mtia ddng lanh tiling vdi mua khd keo dai tir thang 11 nam trudc ddn thang 3 nam sau. Mua he ndng tning vdi mua mua tir thdng 4 den thdng 10. Nhiet dd tnmg bmh trong nam la 21*'C. Tong Itrong mua binh quan 1.410 mm/nam, mua tap tiimg vdo cdc thang 6, 7, 8.
Do am tiimg binh la 80,5%. Tdng sd gig ndng la 1.940 ngay.
Tai nguyen dat gdm 9 Ioai dat chinh: Dat phu sa ngdi sudi (Py), dat do vdng tren da set vd bien chat (Fs), dat vdng nhat tren da cdt (Fq), dat nau do tren macma bazo va trung tinh ^ ) , dat nau vdng tren macma bazo va trung tinh (Fu), dat nau do tren da vdi (Fv), ddt mim do vdng tren dd set vd bidn chat (Fh): ddt ddc tu (D), ddt den tren san pham bdi tu caebonat (Rv). Trong dd, loai dat cd dien tich ldn nhat la ddt dd vang tren da set vd bien chat (Fs), chiem khoang 31% tdng dien tich.
Nhu vay, cd the noi dat dai, khi hau, tdi nguyen nude va didu kien dia hinh eiia huyen Mai Son phii hgp cho phat tridn he sinh thdi da dang vdi nhidu loai cay trdng khac nhau.
3.1.2. Tinh hinh phat tnen kinh te eua huyen Mai Son
Mai Son la huyen trong didm phat trien kinh te cua tinh Son La. Nam 2017, tdng gid tri sdn xudt (GTSX) ti-en dia ban huyen dat 9.540,29 ty ddng (gid hidn hdnh), trong dd GTSX nganh ndng, lam, thuy san chidm 23,55%. Thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi dat 30,2 tiidu ddng/nam. Trong giai doan 2010-2016 co cau kinh td dich chuyen dan sang hudng gidm dan ty ti-png ndng - lam nghiep - thiiy sdn. Tuy nhien ddn nam 2017 ndng nghiep vdn chiem vai trd quan trpng trong nen kinh td. Cac ndng san chinh cua huyen hien tai dang dugc tieu thu qua cdc kenh chu ydu la chg tiuydn thdng (76 chg), trung tdm thuong mai vd cac cdng ty che bidn thitc an chan nudi, cdng ty chd bidn ndng san.
3.2. Xdc dinh cdc cay trdng hang hda ctia huy^n Mai Son
Theo Trdn Xuan Chau (2002) va Nguydn Van Ngoc (2015) ndng sdn sdn xudt ra khdng phdi de ddp 158 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE ling nhu can cua ngudi true tiep san xudt, ma dap
ijmg nhu cau eua xa hdi thdng qua trao ddi mua bdn tren thi trudng thi dupe gpi la san pham hdng hda hay ndng san hang hda. Dd cd the trg thdnh hdng hda cua mpt huyen, tinh, qudc gia thi cdc cay frdng dugc xdc dinh cd the tro thdnh ndng san hdng hda cdn phdi thda man it nhdt 3 dieu kien: (1) Cd ty suat hdng hda ldn va cd tndn vgng phdt tridn thi trudng;
(2) Hieu qua kinh te cao, ndng san cd chat lugng tdt;
(3) Cd sdn lugng du ldn, dien tich tap trung de cd the phat trien vung san xuat hang hda. Dien tich, san lugng cua cae cay trdng chinh cua huyen Mai Son dugc triiih bay trong bang 1, khd nang tieu thu vd thi trudng duoc trinh bay trong bang 2. Sau khi xac dinh cac cay hdng hda theo dieu kien 1 vd 3 se tien hanh ddnh gia hieu qua kmh td cua cdc cdc kieu su dung dat cd cac cay trdng bang hda (mue 3.3).
Bang 1. Dien tich, san hiong TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cay trong Liia xuan (ruong) Liia mua (ruong) Lua nuong Ngo Rau cac loal Dau tuong Dau xanh, dau den Sdn
Mia Caphe Cao su Cay an qua Nhan Xoai
cac ciy ti-ong chinh cua huySn Mai Son, tinh Son La trong giai doan 2015 - 2017 DiSn tich (ha)
Nam 2015 1.092 1.583 3.566 20.727 725 600 1.468 3.445 4.237 5.554 338 1.389 712 363
Nam 2016 1.115 1.622 3.525 20.706 808 276 1.230 3.450 4.905 6.081 339 1.447 727 372
Nam 2017 L131 1.625 3.231 20.100 931 157 1.050 3.440 6.085 6.353 345 2.804 1.139 891
Dien tich tang/giam nam 2017 so voi 2015
(ha) +39 +42 -335 -627 +206 -443 -418 -5 +1.848 +799 +7 +1.415 +427 +258
San luong nam 2017 (tan)
6.084 8.975 94.287 7.661 162,0 1.108,0 57.964 417.443 7.232 2,0 5.603 2.284 1.287 Nam 2017 tai huyen Mai Son cd 6 nhdm cay
trdng cd dien tich va san lupng lon Id: liia, ngd, mia, sdn, cd phe va cay an qua. Tuy nhien, vdi dien tich Ida hien cd, sdn lugng thdc gao cua Mai Son chua dii dam bao an ninh luong thuc cho huyen nen khdng thd trd thdnh san pham hang hda.
Trong nhdm cay cd hat thi ngd la eay cd dien tich rat ldn, dugc trdng phd bien b tat cd cdc xa trong huyen va cd thi truong on dinh nen dien tich nam 2017 tuy cd gidm nhung vdn chidm tdi hon 20.000 ha.
San pham Id ngd hat chu yeu phuc vu san xuat thuc an chan nudi. Trong nghien euu cua Dd Van Ngoc vd Tran Dinh Thao (2015) ty le ngd hdng hda d Son La dat khoang 80%, trong khi b Mai Son ty le nay dat 75% (Bang 2).
Cay mia dugc huyen dmh hudng phat trien phuc vu cung cap nguyen hdu cho Nha may dutmg Mai Son. Dien tich mia cua Mai Sgn chidm tdi 75,7% dien ti'ch mia toan tiiih Son La. Hien mia dugc trdng chu ydu d 2 xa vd thi tran cua tieu vung 1, dd la cac xa Co
Ndi (2.548 ha), Chieng Luong (878 ha) vd thi ti-dn Hdt Ldt (704 ha).
Cay sdn dugc trdng b hdu het cdc xa, nhung tap trung d 3 xa cua tieu viing 2 la Chieng Noi (628 ha), Phieng Cdm (708 ha) vd Nd Ot (426 ha). Huyen Mai Son da xay dung nha may ehd bien tinh hot sdn thudc Cdng ly Cd phdn Chd bien ndng sdn BHL Son La vdi cdng sudt 53.000 tan/nam dam bdo tieu thu todn bd san cho vung nguyen heu cua huyen Mai Son vd cac huyen lan can.
cay an qua dang duoc dinh hudng phdt tnen thdnh cay trdng ndng sdn chu lire eua huyen trong nhung nam gdn day phuc vu xudt khdu vdi hai cay trdng chinh la nhan vd xodi. Dien tich canh tae theo tidu chuan VietGAP ngdy cang tang.
Cdc cay rau, dau dd cd dien tich, san lugng khdng lon, san pham dugc tieu thu chu yeu phuc vu nhu cdu cua ngudi dan dia phuong thdng qua cde chg truyen thdng, chua cd didu kien phdt tndn thanh cdy hdng hda.
^ Tir thoi Phap thudc, cay ca phe che da dugc khdng dinh la eay ti-dng mang lai hieu qud kinh td cao, thich hgp vdi khi hau thd nhuong cua Mai Son.
Dien tich ea phe che nam 2017 cua Mai Son chiem tdi 87,85% dien tich cd phe ehe todn tinh Son La. Hien nay, dien tich cay ea phe ehe dang dugc ddu tu phdt trien manh vdi he thdng tudi nhd gipt, gidng cay sach
henh, canh tac tiieo VietGAP. Hien tai huyen cung da xay dung Nha may Phuc Sudi Son La tai xa Chidng Mung (Mai Son), cho phep sdn xudt khep kin tir qua ea phe tuoi theo phuong phdp udt vdi cdng suat 20.000 tan qua tuoi/nam, dam bao tieu thu toan bd cd phe cho viing nguyen lieu.
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Bang2.Tyl6h!ln Ten san pham
Liia xuan Liia miia Liia nuong
Ngo Rau cac loai Dau d6 cac loai
San Mia Caphe Cao su Nhan
Xoai
g hoa v^ phuong thiic ti^u thu Ty le hang hoa (%) Su dung trong
gia dinh 90 40 80 25 25 12 5 0 0 0 1 1
Ban 10 60 20 75 75 88 95 100 100 100 99 99
cac nong san chinh ciia huy^n Mai Son Miic dp tieu thu
Di DJ D4 Di Trung binh Tmng binh Trung binh
DS D4 kho Trung binh Tmng binh
Doi tiiong mua Tieu thuong Tieu thuong Tieu thuong Tieu thuong, cong ty Tieu thuong, tu ban
Tieu thuong Tieu thuong Congty Congty Congty Tieu thirong TiSu thuong Nhu vay, neu xet tren ed eac phuong dien: dien
tich ldn va tap trung, san lugng Idn, khd nang tidu thu dd va thi truong heu thu dn dinh thi cd the xae dinh c6 5 nhdm cay eo kha nang phdt tridn thanh eay trong hdng hda cho huyen Id ngd, mia. sdn, cd phe che va cay an qua (nhan vd xodi).
3.3. Danh gid hidu qua su dung dat ctia cac cky trdng hdng hoa
3.3.1. Cae loai su dung dat ed cae cay tidng hang hda a Mai Son
Ket qua dieu tra ve hien trang cdc loai su dung dat ndng nghidp cho thay, cae cay trdng hdng hda cua huyen Mai Son duge trdng trong 5 loai vd 7 kieu sir dung ddt. Chi tidt dugc trinh bdy trong bdng 3.
Bang 3. Cdc loai Loai su dung dat
(LUX) 1. Liia - mau 2. Chuyen mau 3. Cay an qua 4. Cay cong nghiep hang nam
5. Cay cong nghiep lau nam
sir dung d^t cua cdc cdy trdng hdng h6a huy$n Mai Son ndm 2017 Kieu su dung dat
1 2 3 4
JU
6 7
Liia mua - ngo thu Ngo xuan he
Nhan Xoai San Mia Ca phe che
Dito tich (ha) T V l
492,00 11.676,70
902,00 738,95 911,60 5.382,00 2.009,50
TV2 0 7.931,30
237,00 152,05 2.538,40 703,00 4.343,50 Dat san xuat nong nghiep (SXNN)
Tdng 492,00 19.661,00
1.139,00 891,00 3.450,00 6.085,00 6.353,00 49.302,09
Ty le so vol dat SXNN (%)
1,00 39,88
2,31 1,81 7,00 12,34 12,89 100,00 (Ngudn: Phong Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong tiion huyen Mat Son, 2018) Tir s6 lieu trong bang 3 ta thay tong dien tich cac dat chinh, kieu sir dung dat ngo xudn he chiem toi loai sir dung dat chinh da chitm toi 77,23% dien tich 19.661 ha (chilm 39,88% dien tich dat san xuat nong dat san xuat nong nghiep. Trong cac kieu sir dung nghl6p), hep theo la cay mia, ca phe che vd sdn. Kieu
160 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE su dung dat lua mua - ngd thu ehi cd d nhung khu
ruong viing thap, noi dat cd dp am tuong ddi eao hon (tidu vimg 1). So sdnh giiia 2 tieu vung cd the thay do CO lgi the vd dia hinh nen cac cay an qua, mia, ngd ddu cd dien tich tdp trung d' tidu vung 1. Tidu vung 2 chl phdt tridn 3 cay hdng hda Id ngd, cd phe ehe vd san.
3.3.2. Hidu qua su dung dat cua eac kieu su dung dat cd cac eay tidng hang hda huyen Mai Son, tinh San La
3.3.2.L Hidu qua kinh te
Hieu qua kinh td dugc tinh todn tir kdt qua didu tra 200 hd gia dinh, cd nhan su dung ddt ndng nghiep tai huyen. Ket qua dugc trinh hay trong bang 4.
Bang 4. Hidu qua kinh t^ cua cdc Ioai su dung ddt hang hda huy$n Mai San Loai su dung dat Kieu su dung dat Tidu
viing
GTSX CPTG GTGT (Trieu ddng)
HQDV gdn)
Lua mau Lua mua - ngd thu 70,03 26,27 43,76
Chuydn mdu Ngo xuan he T V l 17,78 1,2
2,5
Cay an qua TV2
Cay cdng nghiep hdng nam
14,25 36,76 Cdy cdng nghiep
lau nam Zk phe ehe T V l 93,99
TV2 67,89 I 81.07 I 1,2
doanh nghiep, khdng ed sai khac ldn giua hai tieu viing.
3.3.2.2. Hidu quaxahdi Kdt qua nghien cuu trong bang 4 cho thay, trong
cdc kieu su dung dat cay trdng mang lai hieu qua kmh td cao nhdt Id cay an qua, ke toi Id cd phe che, mia va thap nhat la ngd xuan he. Cd phe ehe vd cay an qua tuy mang lai hieu qud kinh td cao nhung ddi hoi vdn ddu tu ban dau Idn. Day cung Id khd khan khi mudn phdt ti-idn dien tieh cdc cay ndy vdi eac hd ndng dan cdn ngheo khd gvimg nui.
Nhin chung hieu qua kmh te ede kieu sit dung ddt cay hdng nam treng 2 tieu vung khdng chenh Idch nhieu, nhung hieu qua eua eac kieu sir dung ddt cay an qua cua tidu vimg 1 cao hon hdn. So di cd hien tugng nay Id vi cay nhan va xodi mdi duoc phdt tnen manh trong gdn 10 nam nay, tieu viing 1 ed dia hinh thuan loi hon, giao thdng phat tridn hon vd ky thuat canh tac tdt hon ndn ed nang suat cao hon, tieu thu dd ddng hon nen hieu qud kinh te cao hon. Cay san dugc trdng nhieu b tieu viing 2, miic ddu tir thap, khdng ken dat nen cd hieu qua cao hon tieu vung 1.
Tuy nhien vdi muc dau tu phan bdn qua thap nhu hidn nay thi nguy eo suy kiet dat Id hien huu.
Cay ca phe che mdi duge phat trien manh trong khodng 5 nam gdn day, trong dd dien tich cho sdn phdm mdi chi dat 75%. Cdc dien tich mdi phdt trien ddu dugc ddu tu tuong ddi bdi ban, cd gdp vdn cua
Bang 5. Hi^u qua xa hoi cua cac lo?i su hdng h6a huy&n Mai Son Loai sir
dung dat Lua- mau Chuyen
mau Cay an
qua CayCN
hang nam CayCN lau nam
Kieu sii dung dat Liia miia - ngo thu Ngo xudn he
Nhan Xoai San Mia Caphe
che Tieu vung TVl TVl TV2 TVl TV2 TVl TV2 TVl TV2 TVl TV2 TVl TV2
C6ng lao dpng
448 258 258 460 460 430 430 190 180 230 240 487 487
dung dat GTNC
1.000 dong 97,7 68,9 66,7 341,1 264,4 363,0 322,4 192,5 181,9 159,0 146,1 193,0 166.5 Hieu qua xa hdi cua loai su dung dat hdng hda dugc ddnh gid dua vao hai chi tieu Id cdng lao ddng vd gia tri ngay edng. Sd lieu dugc the hien ti-ong bang 5.
161
Cd the thay mirc dp thu hut lao ddng eiia cac cay hang nam thdp hon eay lau nam. Trong cdc kieu sir dung dat gia tri ngay edng lao dgng cua cay an qua la eao nhat, dat 264 - 363 nghm ddng. Kieu sir dung dat ngd 1 vu eho gid ti-i ngdy edng thdp nhat, chi dat 66,70 nghin ddng/cdng. Tuy nhien cay ngd Id cay truyen thdng ciia ddng bdo, dd canh tde, dd tidu thu nen vdn duoc ngudi dan lua chgn. LUT cay an qud, cd phe che vira thu hut nhidu lao ddng vira mang lai gid tri ngdy cdng cao vd dn dinh nhung ddi hdi cdc lao ddng ed ky thuat. Nhu vay mudn phdt tiidn dugc cdc cdy ndy vd nang cao hieu qua san xuat nhdt dinh phai chu trpng khau ddo tao lao dgng.
3.3.2.3. Hieu qua mdi trudng
Hieu qua mdi trudng voi cdc cay trdng hang hda dupe ddnh gid qua miic dp su dung phan hdn, thudc bao ve thuc vat
* Tinh hinh su dung thude bao ve thuc vat(BVTV):
Kdt qua dieu tra tinh hmh su dung thudc BVTV eho eac cay trdng hang hda eua 200 hd eho thay, vdi Ilia, cay an qua vd ca phe che cac hg tuan thu diing
hudng ddn cua cdn bd khuydn ndng vi chimg loai thudc. ndng dp phun vd thdi gian each ly. Duy chi cd ddi vdi ngd, mia vd san Id cd hien tugng sir dung thudc vdi lidu lugng vugt nguong cho phep. Dac bidt, thudc tiir cd Alliance 20WG vd Sherpa 25EC dugc ba cgn phun vdi lidu Iuong gap 2 lan khuyen cdo.
Lieu lugng thudc, sd lan phun khong dung quy dinh cd thd gky hai den mdi trudng, chat lupng dat vd nude, anh hudng den chat lupng ndng sdn vd siic khde ciia ngudi dan.
• Tinh hinh su dungph&n bdn
Cd the thdy muc dd ddu tu phan bdn cho cay sdn rat thap. Luong bdn cua tdt cd cdc Ioai phan deu thap hon khuyen eao. Cac cay trdng dugc dau tu tdt la cd phe che, xodi, mia, vi cdc cdy ndy deu dugc dinh hudng bao tidu sdn pham ciia cac cdng ty nen vide bdn phan ddu cd khuydn cdo vd kidm sodt toL Vdi cay nhan heu lugng phan lan va kah hoi thap hon khuydn cao; phan kali dugc bdn eho ngd thap hon khuyen eao 0,45-0,82 lan (45-82%). Lugng phan huu ca thdp vdi hdu het eac cay trdng, trir mia, xodi va ed phe che.
Bang 6. Tinh hinh sft dyng phan b6n cho mOt s6 cdy tr6nfr Cay
trong Ngo San Mia Nhdn Xodi Caphfe
Luong phdn bon thuc te N
142,20 53,6-2 188,21 202,12 224.1 150,37
P2O, Kg/ha
68,35 35,52 91,26 91,25 101.2 89,54
K2O 55,05 52,28 141,92 217,51 247.56 259,36
PC Tan/ha
4,45 1,0 8,82 5,60 8,60 13,16
chinh tai h u y ^ Mai San Tieu ehudn' N 1 PjOs 1 K,0
Kg/ha 150-180
80-160 175-200 150-300 15O-300 150-280
70-90 40-80 60-90 100-350 100-350 90-100
80-100 80-160 120-150 250-300 250-300 150-300
PC Tdn/ha
8-10 5-10 8-12 8-15 8-15 10-12 ( Theo hudng dan Phdng Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn huydn Mai Son)
* Kha nang ehe phu dat
Tren ddt ddc, khd nang che phu ddt cd the dugc sir dung de danh gid muc do chdng xdi mdn dat. Vdi ede cay trdng, khd nang che phu dat dugc tinh theo ty le thdi gian tir khi cay xde tan tdi da tdi khi thu hoach. Vdi ngd thdi gian che phu bat ddu tinh tu khi eay dat 8-10 la that (khoang 40 ngdy), mia tir khi cay de nhdnh rd (2 thang sau ddn hoac sau trdng), sdn tir khi bat ddu thdi ky phdt hien than Id (khoang 3 thang sau ti-dng) bang 7.
Cd the thay, theo dp che phit dat thi kieu lua - ngd vd ngd 1 vu ddu cd muc che phu thdp. Cac kieu cdn lai ed muc che phu dat cao, kha nang chdng xdi mdn tdt.
Bang 7. Khd ndng che phii ddt ciia cdc ki^u sii dung d^t hdng h6a huyto Mai Son
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kieu sir dung dat Liia miia - ngothu Ngo xuan he San Mia Nhan Xodi CdphS
ThM gian che
phii dat (ngay) 160
80 270 305 365 365 365
Kha ndng che
phd dat
(%)
43,8 21,9 74,0 83,6 100,0 100,0 100,0
Mucd6 danh gia khd nang che phil dat
thap thap cao cao cao cao cao 162 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 6/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Nhu vay cd the thdy vdi cde cay hang hda cua
huy^n Mai Son hieu qua tim dugc cao nhdt tren ca 3 phuong didn kinh td, xa hdi va moi trudng la cay cd phd che va cdy an qud (nhan, xoai). Cac cay trdng khde can dp dung fhem tong hgp cdc giai phdp de ndng cao hidu qua san xuat
3.4. D^ xudt mdt s6 giai phap nSng cao hi$u qua sii dung ddt san xudt cdc cdy tr6ng hdng hda cua huy^MaiSon
3.4.1. De xudt phat trien cac LUTs hing hda Dinh hudng mdt sd LUTs phat tiidn theo hudng san xuat hdng hda Id:
LUT lua - mdu: loai su dung dat nay dugc phdt tridn chu yeu trdn dat rudng bac thang, khdng md rdng duoc dien tich do khdng cd didu kidn tudi.
LUT ngd xuan he: Hien tai dang cd xu hudng giam didn tich, trong nhiing nam gdn day bmh quan mdi nam cd 500 ha chuyen sang trdng cay an qua va cd phd che. Mudn nang eao nang sudt, hieu qua kinh te cdn thay ddi ca cdu gidng, dua cac gidng ngd mdi vdo sdn xudt dai tra, dac bidt la ngd chuydn gen.
Gidng ngd chuydn gen NK66Bt/GT da dugc trdng thii nghiem 3 nam nay d Mgc Chdu, Yen Chau va Mai Son cho nang sudt rat cao (cd thd dat tdi hon 9 tan/ha) chiu han vd chdng sau due than tdt.
LUT cky an qua: Hien LUT nay dang tang nhanh ve dien tich g tieu vung 1 do chuydn fir ddt trdng ngd sang. Cdc eay trdng cdn dugc phat trien manh Id xoai, nhan. Hidn Mai Son da dang ky tiiuong hieu, to chiic san xuat theo VietGAP de dap iing nhu eau xuat khau.
LUT sdn: Hidn tai ngudi dan chi trdng b khu ddt xau, ddu tu it. Trong tuong lai khdng tang didn tieh trdng sdn md chi edi thien ca cau gidng, tang eudng phan hdn dd tang nang sudt.
LUT mia: Duy tri dien tich, cai thien ky thuat canh tdc de tang nang suatvd tang chu dudng.
LUT ca phd che: Hidn dang tang rat nhanh dien tich, edn danh gia tinh thich hgp eua dat dai franh phdt tnen ndng mot each kem ben vung.
3.4.2. Giaiphap nang eao hieu qua su dung dat san xuat ndng nghiep theo hudng hang hoa tai huyen Mai Son
Nhdm giai phap ve quy hoaeh: Quy hoach cdc vung sdn xudt hdng hda tap trung, quan ly quy hoach su dung dat ed hieu qua. 6 tieu viing 1 quy hoaeh
cde vimg eay an qua tap trung, vimg mia nguyen hdu, cd phe che va ngd. O tieu viing 2 quy hoach cac vimg trdng ngd, sdn va cd phe che.
Giai phap ve tai chinh: Cdn cd ngudn vdn vay uu dai vdi lai suat thap va thdi gian ddi de hd trg ngudi dan phdt tndn sdn xudt cdc cay trdng hang hda. Cd chinh sach uu dai vd vay vdn cho cac edng ty ed ky ket hop ddng hd tro san xuat va bao tieu sdn pham eho ndng dan.
Giai phap ve md rdng thi tnmng tieu thu: Tang cuong quang ba, thdc day hoat ddng xuat khau vdi cde eay an qua vd cd phe che, ky ket hgp ddng tidu thu ngd vdi cdc edng ty thiie an ehan nudi trong nuoc.
Giaiphap ve khoa hoc ky thuat Ung dung gidng moi cho hidu qua kmh te cao, dn dinh; ap dung diing eac quy trinh eanh tdc vd bdn phan, su dung thude BVTV va cac bidn phdp bdo ve dat dde; tang eudng dien tieh tudi tiet Idem nude vdi cd phe che va cay an qud; md rdng dien tich canh tac theo VietGAP; tang cuong ty trgng chd bien, giam ty le ban ndng san thd dd nang cao hidu qua sdn xuat.
Giai phap ve tuyen tmyen: Thue hien tdt cdng tac tuyen truydn ve chii truong, chinh sdeh vd khoa hpc ky that trong phat tnen ndng nghiep. Xay dung ede md hinh diem, hidu qua cao dd tao guong sdng, ddn hay thuc td dd nhan dan ldm theo.
Nhom giai phap ve chinh sack hd trg kip thdi chg ndng dan cac vung hi thief hai do thien tai, dich benh, duy tri phdt tridn san xuat, giai quyet viec ldm.
Ddu tu xdy dung hoan thien he thdng co sd ha tang nhu: giao thdng, thuy Igi, nkng lugng...
4. KFT LUAN
Tren dia bdn huyen Mai Son co 5 nhdm cay trdng mang tinh hang hda Id: ngd, mia, sdn, cay an qua vd ca phe che.
Hai LUTs mang lai hidu qua cao nhdt la cay an qud vd ca phe che vdi gid tri gia tang dao ddng trong khoang 80-156 trieu ddng/ha/nam va gid tri ngdy cdng len tdi 150-363 nghin ddng. Day cung la nhtmg LUTs eho hieu qua xa hdi va mdi trudng cao. LUTs ngd mdt vu vd sdn tuy mang lai hieu qua kmh te va xa hdi nhung khdng ben vung ve mat mdi trudng, dd gdy suy kiet ddt. Viec bdn phan khdng du, khdng can ddi, thidu phan hiru co eho dat, lam dung thudc BVTV, dac biet la cdc Ioai thudc trir cd. Id nhimg nguyen nhan gay d nhidm mdi trudng dat d vung 163
trong mia, ngo va san. 2. Cue Thdng kS Son La (2018). Nien gidm Be xudt duy tri dien tich mia va sdn, mo rpng Th™« ^'^ '"'5'*" ^^ Son ndm 2017.
dien tich cay dn qua vd cd phe che tir diSn tich ngo 3. Hodng Bdo Khang (2016). Nong dan vua ngo mot vu. De ndng cao hieu qud su dung ddt san xuat Son La hat dau "say" ngo chuyen gen. Truy cap ngay nong nghiep cdn: Quy hoach vung chuyen canh 15/4/2019 tai https://nongnghiep.vn/nong-dan-vua- tap trang; dp dung ky thudt canh tdc mdi; tao ngo-son-la-bat-dau-say-ngo<:huyen-gen-postl82034.
nguon von cho sdn xudt, md rdng thi truong tieu html thu, tdp huan ky thudt cho ngudi dan va c6 nhiing chinh sdeh hd tro kip thdi cho phat trien nong nghigp hang hda.
4. Do van Ngoc va Tran Dinh Thao (2015). Hieu qua Idnh te san xuat ngd hdng hda gdn vdi bao ve mdi hirdng d vimg nui Tdy Bde, Viet Nam. Tap chi TAI UHI THAM KHAO N d n g n g h i e p va P h d t t r i e n n d n g t h d n , 4-2015: 3-10.
1. Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt Wen ndng thdn 5. Phong Tdi nguyen va Mdi hTrdng huyen Mai (2018). Thdng ta 13/2018/TT-BNNPTNT ngay 08 Son (2018). Sdlieu thdngkedatdainam2017.
thang 10 nam 2018: Sua ddi bd sung mdt sd ndi dung _ ^, , ,,„ „ , „ „ , „ _ , .... , . . .„
cua TTldng ta 03/2018 TT-BNNFTNT ngay **• ^ ^ e n Van Ngpc (2015). Tu dien kmh ti 9/2/2018 cua Bd hnidng Bd Nong nghiep va Phdt >>'"=•»'' ^"^ ^^'« ' ^ ^ ^ ' ' ™
trien ndng thdn vd ban hanh danh muc thudc bdo ve 7. Trdn Xuan Chau (2002). Day nhanh su phat thuc vat dugc phep su dung, cdm sir dung tai Viet tridn ndn ndng nghiep hang hda b Viet Nam hien Nam. nay. Ludn dn tidn si kinh td. Hoc vien Chinh tri Qudc
gia Hd chi Mmh, 225 tr.
EVALUATE THE SmiATlON AND PROPOSE SOLUTIONS FOR USE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION LAND BY COMMERCIAL DIRECTION IN MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE
Nguyen Dac Luc^, Cao Viet Ha^
^Ph.D student of Vietnam National University of Agnculture
^Vietnam National University ofAgricuIture Summary
Study aims to identify the commercial crops and land use types (LUT) in Mai Son district, analyze effectiveness and propose solutions to improve the efficiency of agricultural production land use towards commercial. Use random sampling method to select 200 households from 4 representative communes in 2 sub-regions. In Mai Son district, there are 5 commercial crops: maize, sugarcane, cassava, fruit trees and arabica coffea. The two most profitable LUTs are fruit and arabica coffea with added value ranging from 80 to 156 million VND/ha/year and the value of labor days from 150 to 363 thousand VND. These LUTs are also high social and environmental efficiency. One-crop maize and cassava LUTs have both economic and social efficiency but don't have environmental efficiency.
They may cause soil depletion. It is proposed to maintain the area of sugarcane and cassava, expanding the area of fruit and arabica coffea from a single corn area. In order to improve the efhciency of agncultural production land use, it is necessary to: plan the concentrated specialized areas, apply new farming techniques, create capital sources for production, expand consumption markets and train techniques for farmers and have support policies for commercial agricuhural development.
Keywords: Production agricultural land, land use efficiency, Mai Son district Ngudi phdn bidn: TS. Bid Huy Hidn
Ngay nhin bdi: 15/02/2019 Ngay thong qua phan bi$n: 15/3/2019 Ngdy duy^t dang: 22/3/2019
164 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 6/2019
