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Bai hoc "lay dan lam goc" vdl quan tflem giai quyet lao dong va viec lam d nuoic ta hien nay
• PGS, TS NGUYEN DINH JUOm Vien Triet hoc, Vi$n Han lam KHXH Viet Nam
Theo tdc gid, de thyc Men tdt hon, Meu qua hon eae chu truong, chinh sdch, chuong trinh, de dn giai quydt vdn de lao ddng va viec lam d nudc ta Men nay can phdi qudn triet sdu sae hon nCra bai hpc 'lay dan lam gdc". Cy the, dd la "dan Met, ddn bdn, ddn ldm, dan kiem tra". Trong dd, dieu quan ttpng nhat la "dan ldm", ttic Id to chiic cho toan ddn tham gia vdo viee gidi quylt vdn dk lao ddng va viec Iam. Cd nhu the, ehiing ta mdi timg bude gidi quyet vdn de lao ddng va viec Iam mdt cdch tMet thyc. Men qud, tao ddng luc phdt trien ngudn nhan lyc cho ddt nudc.
T
rong tdt cd cdc nghi quyfit eiia Ddng thdi ky ddi mdi tu Dai hdi ldn thii VI din nay, Ddng ta ludn danh cho van de lao ddng va vipc lam mdt vi tti quan ttpng. Ddng va Nhd nudc ta dd de ra vd thyc Mpn nMeu chii truong, chinh sdch va chuong trinh myc tieu qudc gia de giai quyet vdn de lao ddng vd vipc lam tMet thyc, ddng thdi ciing da dat dupe nhieu thanh tyu, thiic day kinh te phdt ttien, ndng cao ddi sdng nhdn ddn, ddy manh "xda ddi, giam ngheo"... Ddy cung ehinh la mpt bieu Men cy the cua dinh hudng XHCN trong thdi ky qud dp len CKXH d nudc ta Men nay.Giai quyet tdt cdc vdn de xa hpi Id mpt trong nhiing ehii truong, giai phdp ldn nhdm phdt triln kinh te - xa hdi cua Ddng ta ttong sudt thdi ky qua dp len ehii ngMa xd hdi. Tai Dai bpi XI, Dang ta khdng dinh:
Tao mdi trudng va dieu Men dl mpi ngudi lao ddng cd viec ldm va thu nhdp tdt hon. Cd chinh sdch tiln luong va che dp dai ngd tao ddng lyc dl phat triln;
dieu tiet hpp Iy thu nhap ttong xa hpi. Khuyin kMch ldm gidu hpp phdp di ddi vdi xda ngheo ben virng;...
Hoan tiuen he tiidng an smh xa hpi"<i>; nhdn manh phdi "thye Men tdt eac chinh saeh ve lao ddng, viec ldm, tiln luong, tiiu nhap nhdm khuyen kMch va phdt
huy cao nhdt nang lyc ciia ngudi lao dpng. Bao dam quan he lao ddng hai hda, cdi tMen mdi trudng va dieu kien lao ddng. Day manh day nghe va tao vi|c lam. Nang cao chat lupng vd Meu qua boat ddng dira ngudi lao dpng Viet Nam di lam viec d nudc ngoai.
Hd trp hpc nghe vd tao viec lam cho eae ddi tuong ehirih sdch, ngudi ngheo, lao dpng ndng thdn vd vung ddtiiibda"'2>.
Sd dl cdc van de xa hdi cd vai ttd quan ttpng trong ddi sdng xa bdi la do vi tri cua eon ngudi ttong xa hdi quy dinh. Ddng ta ludn nhdn m ^ phat trien kinh te phai di hen vdi viec gidi quyet tdt c ^ vdn de xa hpi. Phat trien kinh te theo dinh hudng xd hpi chii ngMa lai eang ddi hdi phdi gidi quylt tdt nhirng van de xd hpi, ddc biet Id vdn d l lao ddng va viec ldm, bdi le phat trien kmh tl phdi la sy phat trien ben viing.
Trong phat tridn nhanh va ben viing, cac yeu td kinh te vd xa hdi quyen vao nhau, hod nhdp vdo nhau Myc tieu phat trien kinh tl phai bao gdm cd myc tieu giai quyet nhimg vdn de xa hdi nhu, vdn d l lao ddng va viec lam, xoa ddi gidm ngheo, an sinh xa hdi, cdng bang xahpi... Ngupc lai, mye tieu gidi quyet cac van dl xa hpi ciing ddng thdi tao ddng lye manh me cho phdt trien kmh tl. Dd ehinh la sy khac nhau can ban
Ly luSn e h i n h t r i & IVuy^n thdng Sd thdng 4-2016
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ve myc tieu phdt trien giua con dudng tu bdn ehii ngMa va con dudng xa hpi chu ngMa md Dang va nhdn dan ta lya chpn.
Tu thyc tiln irong nhung nam ddi mdi dat nudc, nhdm timg budc thuc hidn quan dilm cua Dang de gidi quyet tdt ede van d l xa hdi, ttong thdi ky ddy manh edng ngMep hda, Men dai hda, Ddng va Nha nude ta da ddng thdi tiiln khai tiiye hien nhilu cMnh sdeh vd gidi phdp quan trpng nham gidi quylt van de lao ddng va viec lam, gidm tinh trang thdt ngMep d Viet Nam. Mac dii da d^t dupe nMlu thdnh tyu trong tiidi gian qua, nhung viee giai quylt vdn dl lao dpng va viec lam d nudc ta vdn edn nhieu bdt cap vd nMeu ban che...
Tu khoang nam 2007-2008 den nay, viec gidi quylt van de lao ddng va viee lam Id mdt ttong nhiing lmh vyc ggp nMeu khd khan nhat. Gan day, Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi da edng bd ban tin cap nhat ve thi trudng lao ddng quy 1/2015 (do Vien Khoa hpc Lao ddng vd Xa bdi thyc Men), ttong do cd nMeu con sd ddng suy ngdm. Trong 3 thdng ddu ndm 2015, cd nudc cd hon 1,1 ttieu ngudi thdt ngMep, tang 114.000 ngudi so vdi eung ky nam 2014. Dang budn la sd lao ddng trinh dp dai hpc, sau d^ hpe bi that ngMep tang tti hon 162.000 len gdn 178.000 ngudi; lao dpng tdt nghiep cao dang that ngMep tang tti 79.000 ngudi len hon 100.000; lao ddng khdng cd bdng edp bi that ngMep tang tir gan 630.000 len 726.000.
Cac chuyen gia dd phan tieh nMeu nguyen nhdn din din tinh ttang du thiia lao dpng Men nay, nhu, dao tao d at, khdng diing nhu cdu thuc te vd mdu chdt la chdt lupng nguon nhan lyc qua kem, khien nhiing ngudi cdn tun viec khdng ddp iing duoc nhu cdu ciia nhd tuyin dyng. Chdt lupng dao tao kem thi ai ciing da bilt, trudng ay, Idp ay, thdy dy, each dao tao dy ma ed dupe nhdn lyc ehdt lupng eao mdi Id ehuyen la. Nhung quan ttong hon, nhiing nhan lye dy lai khdng chdp nhan thyc te ve tiinh dp chuyen mdn cua minh de rdi eii loanh quanh tim kiem bet CO hdi nay din eo hpi khdc md viec Idm tM khdng vdn hoan khdng <^i.
Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, edn ed mdt nguyen nhdn quan trpng khdc, dd la, ttong quan diem giai
quyet van de lao dpng vd viec lam d nudc ta Men nay chua thue su tham rJiuan bai hpc "Idy ddn ldm gdc".
Ciing vdi nMeu van de khac, trong van de nay, cd nMlu mat ehung ta dudng nhu dang ttd lai thdi bao edp. Cdc chuong trinh qudc gia vd de dn giai quyet vdn dl lao ddng - vide lam M?n nay chii ylu cM theo mdt cMeu: Nha nudc ban phat cho ddn viec ldm, tti nhiing viee nhu eho vay vdn uu dai de tao viec ldm, cung cap kinh pM va td chiic day nghe cho cdc ddi tuong ehinh sach, eac chucmg trinh day nghe tM chii yeu tap tnmg cho day nghe d trinh dp thdp md chua cd tde dpng dang ke den day nghe trinh dd cao (dai hpc va tren dai hpe)...
Chiing ta chua td chiic dupc cho todn ddn tu nguyen, ty gidc tham gia gidi quyet van de lao ddng vd viec ldm {mit thdt ea bdn nhdt eiia mpi khd khan ve kinh te - xd hdi Mpn nay). Trong viee dao tao ngudn nhan luc chat lupng cao (dai hpc, tren dai hpc), chiing ta thdy cd tmh Mnh, khdng cM ehuong trinh ddo tao, phuang phdp gidng day... chua thyc su phu hpp, dan den chdt lupng dao tao thdp, md cdn cd mpt van de rat nhiic nhdi, nhimg it dupe de cap tren cae phuang tien thdng tin dai ehiing, dd la, sinh vien dai hpe, dde biet la hpc vien cao hpc rdt ludi hpc. Phdn ldn hp cM cd gang tM dd vdo cde trudng dai hpc hoac cdc khda cao hpe, edn viee hpc vd tdt ngMep dudng nhu la ciia ngudi khac, cua nhd trudng, ciia thay, ed.
Neu tiirdng ndo md eac mdn hpe khd khan vd tiirpt nMeu, thdm cM diem thdp Id do ldi cua nha trudng va se khdng ttiu hiit dupc ngudi hpc. Nha tmdng, tiidy, cd phai Iam mpi each de cdi tMen bdng diem eho sinh vien vd hpc vien.
Tinh Mnh dd ddn tdi Men ttang Idu nay ciia nudc ta la, "thira thdy, tMeu tho", md diing ra Id, "thiia bang cap cao, nhung lai tMlu nhdn Iuc trinh dp eao vd tMeu tho gidi". Hon niia, tinh Mnh nay xem ra ngay cdng tram ttpng ban bao gid het.
Cho nen, dl cd the gidi quylt tdt hon, Meu qua hon cdc ehii tniong, chinh saeh, ehuong trinh, de an giai quyet vdn de lao ddng vd viec lam d nudc ta Men nay, can phdi qudn tript sau sac hon niia bdi hpc "ldy ddn idm gdc". Cu the la phai tien hanh cae chinh sdch giai quyet vdn de lao ddng va viec Iam dudi mdt phuong dien "mdi md khdng mdi", dd la, "ddn biet.
Sothdng 4-2016 Ly ludn chinh tri & ' n ^ y e n thdng
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ddn ban, dan lam, dan Idem tra". Trong dd, dieu quan trpng nhat la "dan lam", ttic la td chiic cho toan ddn tiiam gia vdo viec giai quylt van de lao ddng va viec lam theo phuong chdm "Nha nude va nhan ddn eiing lam", chii khdng the eM nhu phdn ldn cdch lam eiia cdc ehuong trinh lien quan den gidi quyet viee Iam d nudc ta tii tmdc den nay... Chung ta cd the thiy rd vdn de nay qua nhiing bai hpc tiiyc tiln dien Mnh nhdt cua cdch mang Viet Nam nhu sau;
Mot Id, trong hai cudc Idiang eMen chdng Phdp vd chdng My eiiu nude thdn thdnh cua ddn tdc ta, quan diem "Idy dan ldm gdc" eiia Dang da dupe the Men khdng eM d chd bilt dya vao dan, nhd dan che chd va nudi gidu cdn bp, md quan ttpng hon la d chinh viec td chuc "cMin tranh nhan ddn", tiie la td chiic eho toan dan tham gia khdng cMen. Ddi^ lanh dao, td chiic de nhan ddn ty nguyen, ty giac tham gia khang cMln. CMnh vi vdy, nhan dan ta khdng cM tieh cyc tham gia ma cdn ehu ddng tien hanh cac boat ddng khdng cMin mdt each hit siic sdng tao. Nhdn ddn ta da sang tao ra vd van each danh djch, each gidi quyet cde van de cyc ky khd khan ciia mdt cupc khang eMen vd eiing chenh leeh vl mat siic manh qudn sy, vdi nhiing tinh hudng "ngan can tteo spi tdc". CMnh la nhd sy tham gia tich cyc vd sdng tao eua todn ddn md chiing ta da ldm dupc mdt viee chua timg ed bjong lieh sir nhdn loai, dd Id mpt dan tdc nhd nhung dd ddnh thdng cd hai de qude to, gidi phdng ddt nudc, dem liu ddc lap, ty do cho Td qude.
Hai Id, bdi hpc kinh ngMem ve "khoan 10" vdi ddu mdc quan trpng la Nghi quyet 10 eiia Bd Chinh tti khda VI, ngdy 5.4.1988, vl ddi mdi qudn ly kuih tl ttong ndng ngMep; vd trudc do la CM thi 100 ciia Ban Bi tiiu TW Ddng khda VI, ngdy 13.1.1981, vl
"Cdi tien cdng tac khodn, md rdng khodn san phdm den nhdm lao dpng va ngudi lao dpng ttong hop tac xa ndng ngMep". "Khodn 10" cMnh la each to chiic cho ndng ddn tham gia vdo "ddi mdi", tham gia gidi quylt nhung van dl c ^ bach cua ddt nudc, Iiic ndy ehinh la khiing hodng kinh te - xd hdi rdt ndng nl.
Dieu do eiing cd ngMa la, nhd chmh sach "khoan 10", timg ngudi ndng dan dupc tti mmh hire tilp chii ddng tao ra viec lam vd lam viee. Viec ldm liic ndy deu gan trac tilp vdi lpi ich cu thi. "Lam nMlu
hudng nMeu, lam it hudng it, khdng lam khong hudng"; hoac gdn vdi tai nang va Meu qud edng viec,.. Cho n6n, du lao ddng van la tini cdng, nang sudt chua cao, nhung gan nhu ai ciing cd viec Idm va ldm hit siic mmh tiieo yeu cau cdng viec ey the. Hon nira, vdi chinh saeh "khoan 10", ngudi lao ddng khdng cM tich cue, chu ddng md cdn rdt sang t ^ ttong viee tao ra viec ldm va lam vipc, lao dpng...;
bdi vi, hp dupe lam viec cho chinh minh va cho qu6 huong, ddt nude. Chinh nhd vay ma cM khdng dty 4 nam (tti cudi 1986 din 1990) nudc ta da giai quyk dupc mdt edeh ean ban nhiing van de ciia khiing hodng, tudng ehiing khdng ed each nao ciiu van noi kM dy. CM khdng ddy 4 nam, nen ndng ngM?p nudc ta da dap iing dupc nhu edu "du an, dii mac" vd bat dau cd xudt khdu de tich My eho cdng ngMep hda, Men dai hda.
Ba Id. ngay ttong thdi diem Men nay, chiing ta Cling cd nMeu bdi hpc ve "ldy ddn ldm gdc" ttong phdt trien kmh td. Vi dy:
(1) Trudng hpp ede doanh ngMep, nhu, Mia - Dudng Lam Son (Thanh Hda) da biet van dpng ndng ddn gdp vdn khdng cM bang dat ma cd bdng tien, rdi gdp cdng, gdp siic vd gdp cd sang kidn de phat ttiln doanh ngMdp; vd hp da thdnh cdng mpt each ben viing ve mpi mat. Hay sy phdt triln ngay eang manh cua Tap doan Hoang Anh Gia Lai cung la nhd da biet van ddng toan bp nhan vien cua minh dem hit cdng sue va tai ndng, tri Me de phdt trien doanh ngMep va tap dodn ed eo chl dl ho dupc budng tiiu rtiidp xiing dang vdi nhung ddng gdp dy.
Hoang Anh Gia Lai khdng cM dupc tdt cd mpi nhan vien cua minh, md cdn dupc nhdn ddn cd nudc va nudc ban ung hd bdi vi hp da bilt kiitii doanh mpt caeh ed van hda, ttic la kinh doanh trudc bet vi lpi ich cdng ddng. Day la dieu ma ktidng phdi doanh ngMep nao ciing ldm dupc.
(2) Trong phong trao xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi hien nay ciing ed khd nMeu dien Mnh ma thdnh edng bat ngudn tir chd bilt van ddng toan dan tham gia hien ddt lam dudng, lam trudng, rdi gdp tien, gdp cdng, gdp sue va sang kien... de xdy dyng ndng Ihon mdi, dem lai cupc sdng tdt dep cho ehinh ngudi dan, ehii khdng phai de lay thdnh tich cho can bd...
48 Ly iuan «hinh tri & Truyen thdng S6'thdng 4-2016.1
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Nhiing bai hpc ndu tten gpi y eho chiing ta nMeu dieu trong vide giai quyet cac khd khan, han che trong sy phdt triln dang bi "chyng lai" cua kmh tl - xa hdi ndi chung, giai quyet nhiing khd khan ve lao dpng va viec lam ndi rieng ttong nhiing nam tir 2007- 2008 din nay.
Nhu vdy, de gidi quylt mot cdch can ban nhirng khd khan, han ehe ttong van dl lao ddng va viec 1 Jun Men nay, ngoai nhung nd lue ve pMa Nha nudc, chiing ta phai lam sao tao ra mdt phong ttao dl van ddng toan dan tham gia giai quyet van dl theo phuong eham "Ddn bilt, dan ban, ddn lam, ddn kilm tta"; trong do, quan ttpng nhdt Id "ddn lam".
De td chiic cho "dan lam" theo co che, "Nha nudc vd nhan dan ciing lam", chiing ta cd the gpi y mdt sd gidi phap sau ddy:
(1) Tat ca cac npi dung Men quan den cac chuang trinh va ehinh sach ve lao ddng va viec lam deu phai duoc cdng khai cho "ddn biet" va tao dien ddn de
"danban"va "dan kiem tra"...; phai cdy kien cua nhdn dan, nhdt la nhimg ngudi dupc tryc tiep thu hudng de dua ra chinh saeh vd sua ddi chinh sacb kip thdi.
(2) Trong cac chuong trinh day nghe (ke ca day nghe eho cdc ddi tupng chinh sacb vd lao ddng d ndng thdn), Nha nudc chi cdp mdt phdn kinh pM, cdn lai ngudi dan dupe hpe nghe ciing phai ddng gdp mdt phan. Cd the la dudi dang cho vay, neu thjuih nghe vd cd hoat dpng ddng nghe tM mdi dupc xda np. Nhu vdy, ngudi lao ddng bude phai nd luc hpc nghe va ehpn hpc nghe mot each tMet Ihyc. Chii khdng nbu Men nay, vi Nha nudc tai ttp 100% kinh pM, lai cdn cho them tien sinh boat pM, cho nen ngudi dan cii tham gia, rdi sau dd cd lam nghe hay khdng Cling chang ai quan tdm. Dieu dd ldm cho ngudn kinh pM rat Mm ehe eiia chiing ta bi lam dyng vd rat kem Meu qua.
(3) Trong gido due - dao tao, Itnh vyc co ban nhat ciia qua trinh dao tao nghe d mpi cap trinh dp, va nhdt Id eao ddng, dai hpe va tren dai hpe..., noi ddo tao nghi trinh do cao, Nha nudc phdi tao co che sao cho ngudi hpc bude phai nd lue hpc tap de ttd thdnh ngudi cd chuyen mdn gidi. Ngoai viec ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdch giao khoa, rdi phuong pbap giang
day..., Nha nude ed the quy dinh viec ddng gdp ciia ngudi hpc tang len (tang hpc pM) den mdt miic ma dieu dd; mpt mat, bude ngudi hpc phdi cd ti^ch nMem vdi viec hpc ciia minh; mat khac, co sd ddo tao cd dii dieu kien vl kinh pM de td chiic viee dao tao thyc sy cd chdt lupng. Cdn phdi ndi them rang, tang hpc phi la mdt vdn de rat nhay cam d nudc ta tir truac den nay. Nhung neu khdng quyet tam vupt qua tbi khdng cd each nao khac de phd vd cdi vdng lu&i quan, nham thyc sy nang cao chat lupng giao due - dao tao.
(4) Phai tao ca che de cdc doanh ngMep; mdt mat, neu sir dyng lao ddng hieu qua se dupc uu dai ve mot phuong dien ndo do; mat khdc, phdi cd trach nMem ddng gdp nhdt dinh cho viec su dung lao ddng (K qua ddo tao cd yeu td Nha nudc, chii khdng the nhu Men nay, vira su dung lao ddng lai vira keu ca la phai dao tao lai. Thyc chat Ihi sinh vien ra trudng, tni mdt sd ttudng hgp dac Met, cdn bau het deu phai dao tao bd sung tiong mdt thdi gian nhdt djnh (chu khdng phdi la dao tao lai), tiii mdi thdnh nghe dupc.
(5) Ddy manh cdc chuong trinh xa hpi hda day nghe vd tao viec ldm. Cac tnidng hpp dupc vay vdn de td chiic day nghe vd tao viec lam, ciing phai ed rdng bupc ve Men qua. Neu khdng dam bao Meu qua da cam ket tM se phai cMu lai suat khdng cd uu dai, tham cM bi phat them.
(6) Cac CO sd day nghi ca cua Nhd nudc ldn ciia tu nhan deu phai quy ttach nMem cd nhdn ro rdng ve hieu qua boat ddng..., vd cd che tai cy the cho cac vi pham; khdng the nhu Men nay, hdu bet cac co sd day nghe deu kem Meu qud, nhung khdng ai chiu ttach nMem...
Tren day Id nhiing y kien nham gdp them mpt gdc nhin de nhdn thiic sau hon va mdt sd de xudt giiip giai quyet tdt bon van dl lao ddng va viec lam d nude ta Men nay Mong nhan dupc sy gdp y va trao ddi them cua nhiing ngudi quan tam! •
(1), (2) Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Van kiin Bai hoi dai bieu todn qudc ldn thieXI, Nxb CTQG, H„ 2011, tr79,125
(3) Cu nhan, thae sT thit nghiep hang loaf L6i tai ai? - http://vov.vn/ -28/07/2015
So thdng 4-2016 Ly inan chinh tri & IVuy^'n thong
