BAN VE KHAI NIEM HOP DONG
Trdn Viet Anh
H
op dong la mot trong nhifng che djnh "nhieu tuoi" nhat trong ljch sir phap luat the gidi. Qua nhung bien doi eua thdi gian, su hinh thanh va phat trien cua xa hpi loai ngudi, hop dong van luon dong mot vai tro quan trpng - mot cong cu phap ly, nen tang cho qua trinh giao luu, trao doi giira mpi ngudi trong xa hoi. Xet mot each khai quat nhat, co sd hinh thanh nen hpp dong CO hai nguyen nhan ca ban: nguyen nhan chu quan va nguyen nhan khach quan.Khi xa hpi phat trien den mot mire dp nhat djnh, sir phan boa lao dpng hinh thanh, moi eon ngudi trong xa hpi chi co the lam mot so cong viec nhat djnh (nguyen nhan khach quan) va nhu cau ciia con ngudi ciing ngay mot phong phu ban. De thoa man nhiing nhu cau ciia minh, con ngudi tu thay phai co su trao doi vat chat vdi cac chii the khac trong xa hpi (nguyen nhan chii quan), tir do quan he hop dong dupe hinh thanh.
Ciing vdi che djnh hop dong, khai niem ve hpp dong cung dupc cac nha nghien cim phap luat tir thdi ky co xua quan tam. 0 moi thdi ky va moi nai, khai niem ve hop dong ciing CO sir khac biet nhat dinh mac dii khong khac ve ban chat.
1. Khai niem hop dong trong phap luat ciia mot so nudc tren the gidi
Kho CO the noi che dinh hop dong chinh xac dupc hinh thanh vao thdi diem nao va d dau, nhung c6 le ehe djnh hop dong ciia Luat La Ma la che djnh hap dong hoan thien nhat trong thdi ky ljch sir so khai cua xa hpi loai ngudi. Ngay tir dau, phap luat La Ma da c6 nhiing khai niem ve hop dong rat chuan xac tao ra nen tang cho phap luat chau Au luc dja (dong hp Civil Law) phat trien. Hpp dong dtrpc eoi la binh thirc the hien cua cae
giao dich song phuang ma viec xac lap chung CO the true tiep lam xac lap, thay doi hay cham dirt quyen va nghTa vu ciia cac ben'. Dua theo quan niem do, cae luat gia La Ma da dat ra nhiing dieu kien co ban de hop dong cd hieu lire nhu sau :
- Y chi va sir the hien y chi;
- Npi dung eua hop dong phai hpp phap va phai dupe xac djnh;
- Hanh vi, cong viec trong hpp dong phai thirc hien dupc;
- Thoa man dieu kien ve hinh thirc.
Co the thay rang, khai niem ve hpp dong da ton tai tir lau trong ljch sir lap phap cua nhan loai va khai niem ciia Luat La Ma hau nhu khong bi thay doi qua nhieu trong qua trinh tiep thu va phat trien cua cac h^ :1.6ng phap luat sau nay. C. Jinh hop dong cua cac nudc trong xa hpi hien dai ciing dua ra nhifng khai niem khac nhau ve hpp dong nhung CO ban van khong xa rdi ban chat phap ly cua hop dong do Luat La Ma xay dung nen (dae biet la d cac nudc theo dong hp phap luat Civil Law).
Tai Phap, Bp luat Dan su Phap dupe coi la mot trong nhifng bp luat co tam anh hudng Idn den nen phap luat dan sir eiia chau Au luc dja. Tir khi ra ddi cho den nay, cac nudc khac trong khoi Civil Law deu xay dung Bp luat Dan sir ciia minh mang dang dap CLia Bp luat Dan su Phap hoac tham chi tham chieu den Bp luat nay. Khai niem ve hop dong trong Bp luat Dan sir Phap dupc ghi nhan tai Dieu 1011, theo dd: "Hop dong la sir thoa thuan ciia bai hay nhieu ben ve viec chuyen giao mot vat, lam hay khong
Dai hoc Luat Ha Ndi.
' ThS. Dinh Thj Mai Phuong, "Thdng nhit Luat hpp ddng d Viet Nam", Nxb. Tu phap, 2005, tr. 8.
' Trudng Dai hpc Luat Hk Npi, giao trinh Luat La Ma, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan, 2003, tr. 111.
tANVE KHAI NIEM...
lam mot cong viec nao do"^ Nhu vay, co thd thay trong quan niem ciia Bp luat nay, viec thiet lap hpp ddng la mot hanh vi phap ly - la su the hien y chi lam phat sinh cae he qua phap ly - dimg theo tinh than eua phap luat La Ma la lam phat sinh nghTa vu. Khai niem nay da xac djnh ro ban chit ciia hpp ddng la sir thoa thuan, su thdng nhit y chi giifa hai hay nhieu ngudi, doi tupng cua hpp ddng la vat bay viec va chu the eiia hop ddng phai eo hai ben trd len. Day eo thd coi la mot khai niem tuy gian dan nhung da khai quat dupc nhifng tinh chat ca ban eiia hop ddng.
Nhung dieu kien de mot hop dong eo hieu luc trong quy djnh ciia Bp luat nay van mang tinh than ciia Luat La Ma:
- Cac ben giao ket hoan toan tir nguyen thoa thuan;
- Cac ben co dii nang lire hanh vi dan sir;
- Khach the ciia hop dong neu la vat thi vat do phai thirc su ton tai hoac neu la hanli vi thi hanh vi do phai co the thi,rc hien dupc;
- Dieu kien ve dong co giao ket.
Bp luat Dan su Dire ciing c6 nhieu net tuong dong vdi Bp luat Dan su Phap do deu chin anh hudng tir phap luat La Ma. Trong dan luat Dire, hpp dong dupc eoi la dieu kien cin thiet de hinh thanh hoac lam tliay doi moi trach nhiem tir cac giao djch hpp phap ciia cac ben trii- trudng hpp phap luat CO quy dinh khac'*. Ve dieu kien co hieu lire ciia hpp ddng, Bp luat Dan sir Dire quy djnh:
Mot hpp ddng co hieu luc phai la mot hop ddng CO thd thuc hien dupe, con "hop dong ma khong the thuc hien dupe thi coi nhu khong tdn tai"'\ ciing gin nhu dieu kien hanh vi, cong viec trong hop dong phai thuc hien dupc ciia Luat La Ma.
Ddi vdi cac nudc thupc dong hp thong luat (Common Law) nhu Anh, My, Uc, An
' Nha Phap luat Viet-Phap, Bp lu$t Dan su cua ntrdc Cpnp hda Phap, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia, 1998.
^ Dieu 305, Bp lu^t Dan s^f Dire, nam 1896 (sira ddi nam 2002).
' Di6u 306, Bp luat Dan svr Dire, nam 1896 (sura ddi nam 2002).
Dp... hop ddng dupc dinh nghla la mot thoa ihiign cd rdng buoc ve mat phdp ly (legally binding agreement). De hinh thanh nen mot hpp dong can co bon yeu to co ban sau': De nghj giao kdt (offer), sir chap thuan de nghj (acceptance), sir bit trir nghia vu (consideration) va y djnh thiet lap nghia vii phap ly (intention to effect legal obligations). Su khac biet co ban trong phap luat hop dong cua Common Law so vdi Civil Law chinh la yeu to su bit trie nghia vu (consideration). Sir bii trir d day dupe bieu la mot gia tri nao do (co the la tien, dich vu hoac mot cong viec phai thuc hien...) ma moi ben nhan dupc va trao di hoac tir bo theo thoa thuan. Vi le do, trong phap luat Anh-My neu thieu sir bit trir, tire la neu mot trong cac ben khong co nghTa vii theo thoa thuan thi hop dong se khong the dupe thuc thi, tire khong ton tai.
Doi vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc chau A, tu duy phap ly ve hpp dong ciing ton tai nhieu tu tudng tuong doi khac biet, tiiy theo dong hp phap luat ma nudc do bi anh hudng nhieu nliat. Trung Quoc, mot quoc gia theo he tbong phap luat xa hpi chu nghla, tire eo xu hudng gan vdi nen phap luat chau Au luc dia, tach Luat Hop dong ra khoi Bp luat Dan sir va CO mot luat don haiih rieng ve hpp dong. Tai Dieu 2, luat hpp dong nam 1999 cua nudc Cong hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa, khai niem eiia hop dong dupc dien dat nhu sau: "Hpp dong la sir thoa thuan ve viec xac lap, thay doi, cham dirt quyen, nghla vu dan su giiia cac chii the binh dang tu nhien nhan, phap nhan va cac to chirc khac". Ro rang khai niem nay co nhieu diem tuong dong vdi khai niem trong phap luat hpp dong eiia La Ma khi hop dong theo khai niem tren ciing dupc coi la mot can cu xac lap nghla vu.
Khai niem nay eung ehi ra sir tu do y chi khi nhan manh yeu to "binh dang" giifa cac chu the trong hpp dong.
* W.J.Stewart, Dictionary of Law, Harper Collins Publishers, Great Britain, 2001.
'HA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4/20H
Phap luat Dan sir Nhat Ban eo khai niem ve hop dong khong khac may so vdi khai niem ve hop dong cua Trung Quoc khi van de cao sir tir do y ehi va yeu to thoa thuan trang hpp dong: "Mot loai giao dich dan sir the hien sir tbong nhat y ehi eiia bai hay nhieu ben. Muc dich ciia hpp dong tbong thudng lam phat sinh nghTa vu". Tir djnh nghia nay, ta thay dupc Bp luat Dan su Nhat Ban eoi hop dong la mot quan he phap luat va ciing la can cir pho bien va quan trpng lam phat sinh nghia vu, sir khac biet dupc the hien d cho hop dong trong phap luat Nhat Ban khong phai liic nao cung lam phat sinh quan he nghia vu ma trong mot so trudng hop, hpp dong c6 the la cac loai giao dich khong co muc dich lam phat sinh nghTa vu nhu quan be hon nhan ciing dupe eoi la mot giao djch hop dong khong lam phat sinh nghia vu (dieu nay kha giong phap luat ve hon nhan, gia dinh eiia My).
Cae nudc lang gieng ciia Viet Nam trong khu vuc Dong Nam A lai c6 nhifng khai niem ve hop dong khac biet nhau, bdi nhirng nudc nay ehiu anh hudng tir nen phap luat ciia cac nudc ma trudc do hp la thupc dja. Philipin trudc day la thupc dja ciia Tay Ban Nha trong ban 350 nam nen phap luat dan sir mang dam dau an ciia chau Au luc dja, do do Bp luat Dan sir Philipin da dua ra khai niem ve hop dong la: "Sir thong nhat y chi giifa hai ben, theo do, moi ben tu rang bupe minh tren co sd ton trpng ben kia de dua mot cai gi do hoac tra cho mot dich vu nao do" (Dieu 1305, Bp luat Dan su Philipin). Vay, trong phap luat ciia Philipin, hop dong ciing la co sd lam phat sinh nghTa vu va xac lap quan he nghla vu giifa cac ben.
Trong Bp luat Dan sir va Thuong mai ciia Thai Lan lai khong dua ra mot khai niem cu the cho hop dong dii hp c6 rieng mot tieu de la tieu de thir 2 "Hop dong" trong Bp luat CLia minh. Tuy nhien, trong chuong I "Sir hinh thanh hop dong" ciia tieu de "Hop dong" the hien quan diem ciia nhifng nha lam luat Thai Lan kha tuang dong vdi nhiing
nha lap phap theo he thong Common Law khi cho rang, hop dong trudc tien dupe hinh thanh do ldi de nghj giao ket, sau do no se dupe chinh thire trd thanh hop dong khi ldi de nghj dd dupe chap nhan (phai thoa man mot so dieu kien nhu: thdi ban tra ldi, dieu kien ve su thien chi, khdng ddi tra...).
2. Khai niem hop dong trong phap luat Viet Nam
Giong nhu cac nudc xa hpi chii nghTa khac, phap luat dan sir eua Viet Nam chu yeu ehju anh hudng eua dan luat La Ma va thira hudng nhieu thanh tuu ciia Civil Law.
Tuy nhien, do la giai doan tinh tir khi chimg ta la thupc dja ciia thue dan Phap, trudc do, d nudc ta ciing co ehe djnh hop dong - hay con gpi la khe udc, dupe the hien trong cac bp luat Idn nhu: Quoc trieu Hinh luat, Hoang Viet Luat le...
Trong phap luat trieu Le, che djnh khe udc dupc quy djnh chu yeu trong Quoc trieu Hinh luat. Nhung quy djnh nay nam rai rac d cac phan va tap trung ban ca la d quyen III, chuong Dien san . Trong Quoc trieu Hinh luat khong sir dung khai niem hop dong hay khe ude, ma thudng diing cac khai niem cu the nhu mua, ban, cho, cam..., nhung mot dang eua khe udc ciing dupe xac djnh dudi ten gpi: Van khe. Tuy trong Quoc trieu Hinh luat khong djnh nghTa ciing nhu neu ra mot khai niem eu the ve hop dong, van khe hay khe udc, nhung khi nhin vao mot so quy dinh ed lien quan den khe udc thi thay c6 ton tai yeu to "thuan mua, vira ban" the hien tu tudng "thoa thuan". Co the coi day la ban chat eua khe udc da dupe the hien ngay tir the ky XV trong phap luat nude ta. Ngoai ra, Quoc trieu Hinh luat ed quy djnh trong khe ude, quyen va nghTa vu eua cac ben dupc xac lap; viec thuc hien, thay doi va cham dirt quan he nghTa vu cung dupe de cap trong mot vai loai khe udc.
^ Vien Nghien ciru Khoa hpc phap ly, Mdt sd van de v^ phap luat dan su Viet Nam tir the ky XV den thdi Phap thupc, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia, 2008, tr. 57.
AN VE KHAI NIEM...
Hoang Viet Luat le ciing khong sir dung khai niem khe udc ma thudng diing cac khai ni?m cu the nhu mua ban, vay np, thue...
giong nhu Qudc tridu Hinh luat. Khong c6 nhifng quy djnh chung ve nguyen tac giao ket va thuc hien khe udc trong Hoang Viet Luat le, dieu nay cho thay nha lap phap tridu Nguyen c6 quan diem tu do giao ket khd udc ciia ca nhan va phap luat ehi c6 tac dpng dieu chinh den nhifng khe udc ma neu giao ket e6 the xam pham thuan phong my tuc hoac trat tu xa hpi phong kien.
Tuy vay, ehe djnh hpp dong cua nudc ta dupe the hien trong hai Bp luat Idn do van chua hoan thien va ro rang. Nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang nay la do trong xa hpi phong kien cac hien tupng phap ly ehiu sir anh hudng sau sac eiia Nho giao, van de dao dire trong cae quan he giifa cac ca nhan trong xa hpi dupc de cao va neu c6 tranh chap xay ra thi da c6 sir can thiep cua ngudi gia trudng, cua tpc trudng, ciia vua quan ma khong can den phap luat giai quyet, phap luat sinh ra chii yeu dieu chinh nhifng van de ve hinh sir.
Sau do, trong thdi ky dat nudc ehiing ta ehju su do hp eua thuc dan Phap, hai Bp luat Dan sir la Bp Dan luat Bac ky dupc ban hanh nam 1931 va Bp Dan luat Trung ky dupe ban hanh nam 1938 deu co nhirng dieu khoan quy djnh ve hop dong va phan Idn nhung quy djnh nay deu mang dau an cua Bp luat Dan sir Phap. Ly giai cho dieu nay CO thd dupe hieu la nha lam luat cua che dp thupc Phap da khong thd doi chieu vdi cac bp cd luat dd dua ra nhiing diem rieng co ciia Viet Nam vd nghla vu va hop dong.
Nhung ly do chinh la nude ta liic do dang la thupc dja eua Phap, vi vay, nhat the deu phai tuan theo phap luat eiia "mau quoc" .
Khd udc theo Bp luat Dan sir Phap la mot trong nhifng can eir lam phat sinh nghTa vu, vi le d6, nhifng van de chung ve khe udc dupc Dan luat Bie ky va Hoang Viet Trung
' TS. Nguyen Manh Bach, Phap luat v^ hpp ddng, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, 1995, tr. 11.
ky hp luat quy dinh ngay tai chuong I cua thien I trong Quydn thir tu. Khac vdi Quoc tridu Hinh luat va Bp luat Gia Long, den thdi ky nay, bp Dan luat Bac ky va Hoang Viet Trung ky hp luat da dua ra khai niem phap ly vd khe ude, ehii yeu dua tren Bp luat Dan sir Phap. Theo do, khe udc Id mpi hiep icdc cua mot hay nhieu ngudi cam doan vdi mpi hay nhiiu ngicdi khdc de chuyen giao, de Idm hay khong Idm cdi gi. Hiep udc do mpt ngicdi hay nhiiu ngudi ddng y vdi nhau de lap ra hay chuyen di, doi di hay lieu di mpt quyen hi thupc ve ciia cdi hay ve ngudi.
(Dieu 664 Dan luat Bac ky va Dieu 680 Hoang Viet Trung ky hp luat).
Tir khai niem nay, c6 the thay khe ude thuc chat la su thoa thuan giifa it nhat hai ngudi de xac lap quyen, nghTa vu ciia ngudi nay doi vdi ngudi khac va ngupe lai. Khai niem khe udc nay ve co ban giong khai niem hop dong trong Bp luat Dan sir eiia nudc ta hien nay, trir doi tupng ciia nghTa via la ngudi theo quan niem cua phap luat phong kien thupc dja.
Sau nam 1954, dat nudc bj chia thanh bai mien. C) mien Nam, chinh quyen Sai Gon da cho ra ddi Bp Dan luat quy djnh ve cac van de dan sir ca ban trong do c6 khe udc - hpp dong. Tiep noi quan diem tir nhung bp dan luat trudc do, khe udc trong Bp Dan luat ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam cong hoa ciing eoi khe udc la hanh vi phap ly lam phat sinh nghla vu dan sir: "Khe udc bay hiep udc la mpt hanh vi phap ly do su thoa thuan giira hai ngudi hay nhieu ngudi de tao lap, di chuyen, bien cai hay tieu trir mpt quyen Ipi, doi nhan hoac doi vat".
d mien Bac, do phai tap trung cho cupc khang chien chong My va do thuc hien co che ke hoach tap trung quan lieu bao cap nen phap luat dan sir khong co dieu kien xay dung va phat trien.
Sau khi thong nhat dat nudc (1975), trong khoang 10 nam, phap luat dan sir van d vao tinh trang kem phat trien. Phai den cuoi
fHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 4l20h
nhung nam 80 cua thd ky XX, dat nudc thong nhat, tinh hinh chinh tri da co phan on dinh thi viec ban hanh cae van ban phap luat de dieu chinh cae quan he xa hpi phat sinh ngay mpt nhieu, da dang va phirc tap trong xa hpi mdi trd nen bire thiet. Rat nhieu van ban phap luat ve dan su dupe ban hanh trong thdi ky nay nhung den nam 1991, dat nude ta mdi co van ban chinh thirc dau tien quy djnh ve hop dong dan sir, do la Phap lenh ve Hop dong dan sir. Phap lenh da dua ra khai niem hop dong dan su mpt each kha chi tiet:
"Hop dong dan su la sir thda thuan giifa cac ben ve viec xac lap, thay doi hay cham dirt cac quyen va nghla vu cua cac ben trong mua ban, thue, vay, mupn, tang, cho tai san, lam mpt viec hoac khong lam mpt viec, dich vu hoac cac thoa thuan khac ma trong d6 mpt hoac cac ben nham dap img nhu cau sinh boat, tieu diing". Tuy nhien, chinh vide liet ke chi tiet nay dan den sir thieu sdt va de
"lac hau" eiia phap luat trong khi eae moi '.juan he xa hpi ngay cang phat trien. Do do, den Bp luat Dan sir nam 1995, eae nha lam luat da dinh nghia lai mpt each khai quat va toan dien ban: "Hpp dong la su thoa thuan giiia cac ben ve su xac lap, thay doi hoac cham dirt quyen, nghia vu dan sir" (Dieu 394, Bp luat Dan sir 1995). Sau do, Bp luat Dan sir nam 2005 da giif nguyen khai niem nay. Khai niem hgp dong theo Bp luat Dan sir nam 2005 da neu len nhiing yeu to co ban nhat eiia hprp dong: Ban chat phap ly cua hop dong, chu the cua hop dong va muc dich ciia hpp dong. Ban chat eiia hpp dong ciing nhu cac quan diem ctia cae nude khac tren the gidi van la sir thoa thuan giifa cac ben tham gia giao ket; chu the ciia hop ddng phai ed tir hai ben trd len; ve miic dich cua hpp ddng, quy dinh kha rpng khi muc dich cua sir thoa thuan la nham xac lap, thay ddi hoac cham dirt quyen, nghTa vu dan sir, quy dinh
nay the hien tinh bao quat ciia phap luat dan sir. Bdi vi, tai Didu 1 Phap lenh Hop ddng Dan su nam 1991, pham vi hop dong dan su lai gidi han trong viec dap img "nhu cau sinh boat tieu diing". Nhung vdi da phat trien cua nen kinh te thj trudng, rd rang hop dong dan sir khong the chi ed vai trd dieu ehinh quan he phat sinh trong ddi song sinh hoat tieu diing hang ngay eua nhan dan ma eon la cong cu phap ly phuc vu cho nhu cau san xuat, kinh doanh. Mae dii vay, trong giai doan nay van ton tai Phap lenh Hop ddng kinh te nam 1989 song song vdi Bp luat Dan su nam 1995 nen sir phan biet giifa hai loai hop dong dan sir va hprp ddng kinh te chu yeu dua tren chu the tham gia hap dong va muc dich giao ket hop dong. Khi Bp luat Dan su nam 2005 ra ddi, pham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat hpp ddng dan su da dupe thong nhat va md rpng; theo dd, bat cir thoa thuan nao giifa cac chu the theo nguyen tac tu do, tu nguyen, binh dang ciing co loi lam phat sinh, thay doi, cham dirt quyen va nghla vu dan sir deu dupe eoi la hop dong dan sir va dupe dieu chinh theo quy dinh chung ve hop dong dan sir cua Bp luat Dan su nam 2005 (ke ca hpp dong kinh doanh thuong mai, lao dpng).
3. Ket luan
