B A N V E D A O D U C M O I T R U O N G V A G I A O D U C B A O V E M O I T R U O N G
1. Khai niem ve dao dufc moi trUdng
Quan Trong, mpt triet gia Trung Hoa co dai, viet:
"Nhat nien thu cdc / Thap nien thu moc / Bach nien thu nhan /Thien nien thu dufc". Nghia la, vdi ke 1 nam thi trong cay luong thuc, vdi ke 10 nam thi trong cay xanh, vdi ke 100 nam thi cham lo giao due va vdi ke ngan nam thi quan tam den dao dQc. Khai niem dgo ddc co nguon goc tQ chQ Hy Lap ethos, dUdc hieu la nhQng dQc tin, thai dp, chuan mQc the hien d each Qng xQ trd thanh nhu thoi quen cua con ngudi.
Ban chat cua con ngUdi la tong hoa cac moi quan he xa hpi (K. Marx), dieu do khong co nghTa la con ngUdi khong co cac moi quan he vdi tu nhien, vi con ngUdi chinh la mpt thuc the tu nhien, mpt thuc the sinh hpc. Ne'u nhu nhQng dQc tin, thai dp, chuan mUc dieu chinh cac moi quan he xa hpi giQa con ngUdi vdi con ngUdi gpi la dao dQc xa hpi, thi nhdng ddc tin, thdi dp, chudn mUc dieu chinh moi quan he gida con ngUdi vdi tu nhien duoc ggi la dgo ddc moi trUdng (Environmental Ethics). NhU vay, giao due ve dao dQc moi trudng co npi ham rpng hdn giao due y thQc bao ve moi trUdng ma nhieu tai lieu da de cap.
2. Dao dufc mdi trUdng xtfa va nay
Moi xa hpi cd mpt chuan mUc dao dQc rieng, ke ca dao dQc xa hpi va dao dQc moi trUdng. NgUdi phUdng Dong da tQng the hien dao dQc moi trUdng nhu mpt triet li song hai hoa vdi thien nhien:"Thien - nhan hdp nhat". Dao dQc moi trudng ngay xUa con luu da'u d cac ban hUdng Udc d lang Quynh Doi, Nghe An vdi nhQng dieu khoan ma mpi ngUdi dong long cam ke't het sQc cu the ve nhQng mQc phat khi mpt gia dinh de Ion "bay" ra ngoai dudng lang, hoae phat nang nhQng ai danh ca vdi mat ludi nho... NgUdi dan tpc Pu Peo d gan bien gidi phia Bac nUdc ta den nay con lull giQ phong tuc coi rQng la ndi giao hoa cua trdi da't va la ndi d cua ong cha ke tQ ddi thQ 5 trd ve trudc, nen mpi ngudi phai co trach nhiem giQ rQng... 6 phUdng Tay, tQ lau ngUdi Thuy ST da de cap den dao dQc moi trUdng bang cau hoi:T6i se lam gi va toi se la loai ngudi nao doi vdi thien nhien?
Ne'u xet tren tong the ca ljch sQ loai ngUdi thi co the phan chia thanh 2 luong: "Nhan thQc xanh nhat"
(light green) va "nhan thQc xanh dam" (dark green).
Trong do, luong "nhan thQc xanh nhat" coi viec khai thac bang moi gia moi trUdng tu nhien nhu mot le
BUI DUC TU
Trung tam KTTH-HN Phan Rang, tinh Ninh Thuan thudng tinh, vi hp cho rang tu nhien chi la thQ vo tri, vo giac va con ngUdi duoc tao hoa ban tang quyen khai thac thoa thich moi trUdng nhu cac loai dpng vat tren hanh tinh. Luong thQ hai coi con ngudi va tu nhien la mpt tong the cua sQ song, khong the tach rdi giQa chat lUdng moi trUdng, Trai da't vdi sQc khde cua nhan loai.
Luong "xanh nhat"cd nguon goc co xUa nha't. Con ngudi coi viec khai thac tai nguyen de lam giau la mpt le dUdng nhien. Chinh dieu nay da mang lai sU thinh vUdng va van minh cho ca loai ngUdi tQ bao nhieu the ki trUdc.Tuy vay, den ngay nay, khi ma hiem hoa tU sU khai thac, triet pha thien nhien cua con ngudi dang ngay mpt de doa chinh sQ ton vong cua loai ngUdi va ca sU ton vong cua Trai da't, thi van de dao dQc moi trUdng mdi dUdc dat ra va tQng budc dUdc quan tam tren toan the gidi. Dao dQc moi trudng xay dUng tren cd sd luong nhan thQc"xanh dam".
Gia thuyet Gaia do tac gia James Lovelock de xuat nam 1970 dupe coi la nen tang cua dao dQc moi trudng ngay nay.Theo do, mpi sinh vat tren trai da't va moi trudng xung quanh deu co tac dpng qua lai nhu mpt co the song theo co che tQ dieu chinh. Con ngUdi va moi trUdng luon phu thupc lan nhau va la mpt bp phan cua mpt he thong. Gia thuyet Gaia (dark green) cho rang tai nguyen tren trai da't la hQu han (trong khi trUdc day cho la vo han). Phai tai che va Uu tien sQ dung tai nguyen tai tao dude (trUdc day cho la het cho nay thi tim d cho khac); "chi phi trong" cua mptdQ an khong quan trpng va khong ton kem bang "chi phi ngoai" (trUdc day chUa quan tam den chi phi ngoai);
con ngUdi phai hdp tac vdi thien nhien (trudc day cho rang con ngudi phai chinh phuc thien nhien); muon giai quyet van de ve moi trudng phai co sU tham gia cua dao dQc (trUdc day cho rang cong nghe se giai quye't dUdc van de moi trUdng hien nay)...
3. Yeu cau ve dao dufc moi trUdng trong bdi canh mdi
ThQ nha't, luon luon nhan thQc sau sac rang, con ngUdi chung ta la mpt thQc the khong the tach rdi cua gidi tQ nhien va la mpt khau quan trpng nha't trong he thong: Tu nhien - Con ngUdi - Xa hpi. NhU vay, dao dQc moi trUdng khong nhQng doi hoi ban than moi ngUdi phai biet ton trpng moi trUdng tu nhien ma con phai biet dau tranh chong lai cac quan
KHGD sd 66, thang 3 - 2011 47
rvnua n u t u m u uui*
niem lac hau cho rang con ngu'di la tat ca,"trdi sinh voi, sinh co" va moi trUdng tU nhien chi la vo tri vo giac, tUcto, con ngUdi phai biet dau tranh vdi cac bieu hien xam hai den moi trUdng.
ThU hai, biet khai thac cac gia tri sd dung cua gidi tU nhien mpt each hpp li, khoa hpc de vUa phuc vu cho phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, vUa bao dam sp thong nhat va tinh toan ven cua moi trUdng. NgUdi cd dao dUc moi trudng khong chi khong tham gia pha rUng, khai thac can kiet nguon tai nguyen, san bat dpng vat hoang da... ma cdn phai biet dau tranh chong lai, kien quyet khong tiep tay cho nhdng hanh vi sai trai do.
ThU ba, coi trai dat la mai nha chung. Mpi ngUdi cd quyen binh dang song tren trai dat vdi 4 thanh phan cd ban cua moi trUdng la thach quyen (lithosphere), thuy quyen (hydrophere), khi quyen (atmosphere) va sinh quyen (biophere). Gao dUc moi trUdng xay dpng tren cd sd moi ngudi, moi dia phUdng va moi cpng dong, quoc gia biet chia se ca lpi ich va trach nhiem doi vdi moi trUdng.
ThUtU, moi ngUdi phai ren luyen phong each song than thien vdi moi trUdng, hai hda vdi thien nhien.
Biet hda minh vao thien nhien, cay xanh; thay viec sd dung thuoc trU sau bang each nuoi cac loai thien dich cua sau bp; quy trpng va tiet kiem khi sd dung dien, nude; biet lam ra cua cai vat chat bang each tai che rac thai, phe lieu nhu san xuat phan bon tU rac hQu co, lam 16 biogas tQ phan gia sue...
ThQ nam, muon giQ dupe dao dQc moi trudng, con ngudi phai cd ki nang ve bao ve moi trUdng (BVMT), the hien qua sd do sau day:
" T r ^ g 4. Day manh viec tfch hpp giao due bao ve moi
trudng trong qua trinh giao due, hudng toi hinh thanh dao dufc moi trudng cho hoc sinh pho thong
Be day manh viec tich hdp giao due bao ve moi trudng (GD BVMT) trong qua trinh giao due, tien tdi hinh thanh dao dQc moi trudng cho hpc sinh pho thong, can thUc hien mpt each dong bp cac giai phap sau day:
Mpt la, xac dinh muc tieu nang cao y thQc BVMT trong chUdng trinh tQng mon hpc, tQng chUdng, bai thong qua chuan kien thUc.
Hai la, tich hdp npi dung GD BVMT trong cac tiet day mpt so mdn hpc, trong nhQng bai hpc cu the mpt each thich hdp. Cu the hda phUdng thUc tich hdp:
toan bp - tUng phan hoae chi the hien d phan lien he thpc tien. Chang han, bo sung npi dung tac dung cua cay xanh doi vdi moi trudng; tim hieu cac loai phan, thuoc cd the anh hudng xau den mdi trUdng; cac loai con trung la "thien djch" cua cac loai sau bp; bo sung van de xQ li phan thai bang Id biogas, du lupng cac chat dpc hai trong thQc an gia sue; bao ve va phat trien da dang sinh hpc; xQ li cac loai hda chat, nUdc thai; bo sung npi dung chong tieng on, khdi bui, rac thai cong nghiep tren cdsdtieu chuan Eurol, Euro2, tieu chuan Viet Nam.
Ba la, doi mdi qua trinh day hpc tren co sd quan diem sU pham tUdng tac va chu trUdng "TrUdng hpc than thien, hpc sinh tich cUd'.Theo do, can chu y den cac van de sau day de boi dudng ythUc BVMT tQ thpc te gid hpc li thuyet cung nhu thuc hanh, chang han nhu viec bd tri phdng hpc li thuyet, xudng thUc hanh
2. Nhan biet mot so nguyen nhan chu yeu va cac bien
phap han che 6 nhiem moi trudng
1. Nhan biet va phat hien cac van de ve
moi trudng (6 nhiem moi
trudng)
3. Xay dung ke hoach hanh dpng
BVMT
4. Ra quyet dinh hanh dpng BVMT
5. Kien quyet thiic hien hanh dong BVMT
So tfo: Kinang bdo ve mdi trddng
48 KHGD so 66, thang 3 - 2011
thoang mat, ctu anh sang tp nhien. Thay the cac may moc thiet bj khong con dat tieu chuan ve tieng on, khoi thai va tieu hao nhien lieu. Trong trUdng hop khong du anh sang tu nhien can sd dung he thong thiet bj dien chieu sang Compac de tiet kiem dien cung la each BVMT; quan tam den canh quan, cay xanh, he thong nha ve sinh trong khuon vien nha trUdng. Yeu cau hpc sinh true nhat lam ve sinh phong hpc sach se, phan loai rac thai theo "3R".... Khi giao
"nhiem vu"cho cac nhom (doi vdi phUdng phap day hpc theo du an), can chu y den cac yeu cau tim hieu van de bao ve moi trudng lien quan den npi dung bai hpc. TrUdc nhUng van de thdi su ve moi trudng nhU vu "Vedan giet sdng Thj Vai"... giao vien can chu dpng xen ke trong tiet day ke't ndi internet chieu cho hpc sinh xem 1 doan clip de tao an tuong cho hpc sinh ve van de BVMT.
Bdn la, ddi mdi cdng tac kiem tra, danh gia nham dap Ung chu trUdng tich hdp GD BVMT trong hoat ddng GD, theo do, can phai chu y cac tieu chi danh gia lien quan den ve sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi gidthUc hanh...
Hay cUu lay trai da't cua chung ta khdng chi bang phap luat (phap trj) ma phai bang tat ca trai tim, khdi dc cua con ngUdi (dQc tri). The ki 21, the ki cua
"the gidi phang" dang ddi hdi phai xay dUng nhUng hinh mau nhan each cua cdng dan toan cau, trong hinh mau do phai cd dau an rd net ve dao dUc mdi trUdng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dang Qudc Bao, Gido due Viet Nam hudng tdi tuang lai - Vdn de vd giai phdp, NXB Chinh trj Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2004.
2. Nguyen Thj Dung, Le Thi Thu Hang, Dd Ngoc Hdng, Nguyen Van Khdi, Phan Thj Lac, Tran Thj Nhung, Gido due bao ve moi trUdng trong mdn Cong nghe THCS, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2008.
3. Le Van Khoa, Mdi trddng va gido due moi trUdng, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2009.
4. Bui DQc Tu, Trung tdm ki thudt tong hgp - hudng nghiep vdi chu truong xdy dung "TrUdng hgc thdn thien, hgc sinh tich cUc" va tich hop gido due bao ve mdi trudng,Tap chi Khoa hpc (KH xa hdi va nhan van), Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi,Tap 25, Sd 1, Ha Ndi, 2009.
SUMMARY
The article discusses issues of environmental ethics.
Environmental ethics containing standards, adjusted sense, dominant behavior for natural human. These are issues that need to be the Education sector - Training in a serious consideration when developing content- oriented education in schools after 2015.
Khoa hpc Giao due DONG CQ HOC TAR..
• • •
(TiSp theo trang 46) trong nghien cQu OC hpc tap d Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1 ] Pham Thi DQc, Vephgm tru DC hgc tgp cua HS trong giai dogn hien nay, Tap chi nghien cQu giao duc,sd4, thang 10-11,1994.
[2] Le Ngoc Lan, DC hgc tap cua HS nhd, Tap chi Nghien cQu giao due, so 7 thang 11,1994.
[3] DUdngThi Kim Oanh, DC hgc tap cua SV trUdng Dgi hgc Bach khoa Hd Ngi, Tap chi Tam li hpc, sd 5 (110), 2008.
[4] Ryan, R.M and Deci, E.L Intrinsic and extrin- sic motivations: Classic definitions and new direc- tions, Contemporary Educational Psychology 25: 54 - 67 [4] Deci E. L, Schwartz A. J, Sheinman L. & Ryan R. M. (1981). An instrument to assess adults' orienta- tions toward control versus autonomy with children:
Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 642-650,2000.
[5] Niemec C. P. & Ryan R.M. Autonomy, compe- tence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice.
Theory and Research in Education, vol 7(2), 133- 144,2009.
[6] Ryan R. M. & Connell J. P. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57,749-761,1989.
[7] Bui Thj Thuy Hang, Autonomie de I'enfant par rapport a I'ecole: analyse comparee en France et au Viet Nam. Luan an tien si Khoa hpc giao due - Oai hpc Paris 10- Phap,2007.
SUMMARY
The article presents the motivation of student lear- ning according to the self-determination theory with areas of: learning motivation classification (internal and external); the role of self-determination motiva- tion (foreffective learning methods, positive emotions, success), and factors affecting the students' motiva- tion (style, language and interpersonal relationships, classroom atmosphere).
KHGD sd 66, thang 3 - 2011 49
