KHOA HOC CONG NGH$
\/OAl\IH GIA HIEU QUA SLT DLJIXIG DAT IVOIVG IMGHIEP TAI THI XA HUOIXIG TRA, TIIXIH THUA THIEIXI HU£
Nguyfin v a n B i n h ^ H 6 Ki§t T O M T A T
Toe do do thi hda ciia thi xa Htrong Tra dang di§n ra nhanh chong nen viec chuyen doi dat nong nghi&p sang phi nong nghi&p ngay cang nhieu. Tuy nhito, vigc khai thac dat dai d day mdi chl nham muc dich dem lai loi ich cao nhat v^ ldnh te ma khong quan tSm tdi cac khia canh khac nhu moi tnidng, xa hoi. Mot sd logi hinh s3n xujit nong nghiep tai cac viing go doi, dong bang, dam pha ven bien cbo hi^u qua kinh t^ cao nbu:
Hd tieu, chuygn rau (hanh) - mau Qac), cSy Sn qua, lac - ngo - dgu, cu thi: Ho tito cho gia tri GO cao nhiit (484,73 trigu ddng/ha/nam), chuyen Uong rau Qianh) - trong mau Oac) cho gia t n GO x^p did 2 (268,82 tneu ddng/ha/nam),... thap nhat la thong (15.64 trigu d6ng/ha/nam). Nhimg kilu s u dung deit cho hieu qua xa hOi cao nhat la chuyen trong mau (ngo - lac - flau) va lac - chuy&n rau (hanh). Cay iau nam 14 mpt trong nhiing kieu sir dung cho hieu qua moi trudng cao. Nhung loai hinh su- dung dat nong nghigp mang tinh higu qua cao v l ca 3 mat kinh te, xa hoi va m6i trudng la cay an qua, cay cong nghigp lau nam (cao su, ho tieu), chuygn mJiu va mau - rau. Con higu qua thap nhat la Ioai hinh sii dung dat Iam nghiep (thong).
Tu khda: Loai hinh sd dung dat, hieu qua kinh tS, hiiu qui xa hdi, hi$u qua mdi trudng, cay hanh, san, hd deu, cao su.
1.TMIH Clip THIFT
Nirde ta d a n g h e n d a t a n g t r u d n g kinh t^, d a y m a n h c d n g nghidp h d a , hien dai h d a l a m tSng t y h o n g c u a c a c n g a n h c d n g nghiep, dich vu, giam t y h o n g n g a n h n d n g nghiep. M$c dii ty h o n g n g ^ h n d n g nghidp giam di n h u n g gia h i s a n x u a t lai d u o c n a n g cao d a n g k l . Cd t h e n d i rang, n d n g nghigp la h o a t d d n g s a n x u a t e h i n h e u a h o n 70% Iao ddng toan thi x a v a ciing la n g a n h san x u a t t h e n chdt h o n g n e n k i n h td eiia thi x a H u o n g Tra.
T d c do dd thi h d a ciia thi x a H u o n g T r a d a n g didn r a n h a n h c h d n g , d a c biet la d cac xa, p h u d n g . C u n g vdi dd la s u gia tang d a n sd ngn viec chuyen ddi d a t n d n g nghidp s a n g p h i n d n g n g h i e p ngay eang n h i e u . Dieu n a y d a tao r a a p luc r a t ldn len dat dai.
T u y n h i e n , viec khai t h a c d a t dai m d i chi n h a m m u e dich d e m lai loi ich cao n h a t vd k i n h t e m a k h d n g q u a n t a m tdi cac khia canh k h a c n h u mdi trudng, x a hdi. D d n g thdi, d^ tang t h u n h a p nhieu hd gia dinh d a t h a y ddi c o c^u cay h d n g , thay ddi loai h i n h sii d u n g h d n d a t s a n x u a t n d n g n g h i e p m d t e a c h t u p h a t v a thidu c o s d k h o a h o e d i n tdi giam d a d a n g sinh h o c va a n h h u d n g ddn h'nh b e n v u n g h o n g sir d u n g d^t.
2. PHAM in VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIBU CUU 2.1. Ph?im vi nghifin ciiu
' Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam, Dai hoc Hue
18 N 6 N G NGHIEP VA PHAT
Pham vi nghien ciiu duoc tien hanh tai cac xa, phudng cua thi xa Huong Tra, tinh Thira Thien - Hue.
Thi xa Huong Tra dugc chia thanh 3 hdu vimg: vimg gd ddi (vimg 1), vimg dong bang (vimg 2), viing dam pha ven biln (viing 3).
Dd tai duoc thuc hien hen dia ban thi xa Huong Tra hong giai doan 2008 ~ 2013.
2.2. Phirong phdp nghifin ciiu 2.2.1. Phuong phap ke thua va tong hop Ke thira va tdng hop cie ly thuydt AHP di Iam co sd danh gia hidu qua sir dung dat.
2.2.2. Phuongphap diiu tra, thu thap sdheu 2.2.2.1. Sdlidu thucap
Cac tai Iidu, sd lieu ve dieu kien hr nhien, kmh ti - xa hdi, tinh hmh su dung dat, ... ttr ede bao cao cila dia phuang, dinh hudng sii dung dat san xuat ndng nghiep, quy hoach sii dung dat cua thi xa.
2.2.2.2. Sd'lieu sacap
Xay dung phieu dieu h a ndng hd. Tien hanh dilu h a d cae xa vimg gd ddi, ddng b k g , d ^ ph^
ven hien thi xa Huong Tra ve miia vu, ca cau cay hdng, miic dau hr, loi nhuan thu duoc, nhiing kh6 khan, thuan loi hong san xuat ndng nghiep,
2.2.3. Phuongphap thdngke vi xdly so heu
^ Phan tich thdng ke va xu Iy sd heu dieu h a bang p h ^ mem Excel de tinh toan cac chi sd hifiu qua su dung dat.
KHOA HOC C d N G N G H l
2.2.4. Phuongphap tham vanykien chuyen0a Tham khao y kien cua cac can bd dia chinh, can bd Phdng Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng, Phdng Kmh te, ehu hd san xuat,...
2.2.5. He thdng chi tidu danh gia hieu qua 2.2.5.1. Danh0a hieu quikinh td a. Nhdm cac chi tieu phan anh k^t qua kmh te:
Gia tri san xuat (GO), ehi phi trung gian QC), gia tri gia tang them (VA).
b. Nhdm eae ehl heu phan anh hieu qua ldnh te hong su dung d^t ndng nghiep
- Ty suit gia tri san xuit theo chi phi (hieu qua ddng vdn hay hifiu qua san xu&): la ty sd gia tri san xuat tinh binh quan hfin mdt don vi difin tich vdi chi phi trung gian hong mdt chu ky san xuat (GO/IC) (lan).
- Ty suit0a tri tSng thdm theo chi phi: la ty sd gia tri tang thfim tinh hmh quan hfin md don vi difin tich vdi chi phi hung gian trong mdt chu ky san xuat (VA/IC) (ldn).
c. Nhdm chl heu phan anh hifiu qua tai ehinh cua LUT hdng cay Iau nam (theo ehu k^ san xujit)
- Gia tri hidn tai thuair. gia hi hien tai thuan la khoan chfinh Ifieh giira tdng eae khoan thu va tdng cae khoan ehi phi cua ea vdng ddi cay hdng da duoc dtra ve ciing thdi dilm hifin tai.
Ddi vol cay an qua va cay edng nghifip lau nam la nhiing cay hong mdt 1 ^ nhung thu nhieu lan nen de tinh toan dugc chi tifiu NPV thi ddi hdi phai cd su ghi chep cu thi qua timg nam hong sudt chu ky sinh trudng va phat trien cua cay.
- Tyle hoan vdn ndi bd (Internal Rate Of Return - IRIO'. Ia ty Ie khau trir duoc sii dung hong tinh toan nguon vdn de quy gia tn hiuan cua ddng tiln hifin tai eua mdt du an cu the ve 0. Cd thi xem ty lfi hoan vdn ngi bd la miic Iai suat dugc su dung Iam ty lfi ehiet
khjiu de tinh ehuyin cac khoan thu, chi hong vdng ddi eua mgt loai cay hdng lau nam ve cimg mat bang thdi gian hifin tai.
Ty lfi hoan vdn ngi bd (IRR) cang cao thi kha nang thuc thi du an cung cang cao. Trong nghifin ciiu nay, IRR the hidn kha nang thu Iai trung bmh ciia khoan tifin din tuvao san xuat cay lau nam hong sudt thdi gian vdng ddi eua cac cay hdng do.
Cdng tiuic hnh:
/ B f l = r , ^ ( r , - r , ) x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ p ^ ^ ^ 2.2.5.2. Danh0ihieu quaxahdi Diing cac khia canh sau de danh gia hifiu qua xa hgi: Van dl ve giai quyet vific lam, thu nhap cua ndng hg tir cac loai hinh su dung dat san xuat ndng nghiep, ...
2.2.5.3. Danh gia hieu qua mdi truong Miic do dau tu phan bdn va thudc bao vfi thuc vat, .... dimg chi hfiu he sd sii dung dat dl danh gia hifiu qua mdi tnrdng
3. KET QUA niGHIBU CUU VA THAU LUAN
3.1. Hifiu qua kinh t l ciia cdc loai hinh sur dung d^t
Hifiu qua kinh tl ciia cae loai hmh sir dung dat hien cd tai thi xa Huong Tra duoc danh gia thdng qua vific thu thap cac thdng tui, sd lieu va phieu dieu ha ndng hd. Cae chi tifiu dugc tinh toan, quy doi theo gia tri, don gia hien hanh, gia hi eae mirc dugc the hifin qua tieu chi: Gia hi san xuat (GO) CTrifiu ddng/ha/nam), chi phi trung gian (IC) (tnfiu ddng/ha/nam), gia tri tang thfim (VA) (trieu ddng/ha/nam), ty suat gia tri san xuat theo chi phi (hifiu qua dong vdn theo chi phi) (GO/IC) Qan), ty suat gia tn tang thfim theo ehi phi (VA/IC) (Idn).
3.1.1. Vungl
Trong qua trinh danh gia hifiu qua kinh te eho vimg 1 cd tinh den cac chi tieu nhu gia tri san xuat, chi phi trung gian,...
STT 1 2 3 4
Logihish
"huyen trong liia (liia xuan - Ilia niia)
"huyen trong S3n (vu ddng) Cay lam nghiep (keo) Cay an qua (thanh tra)
GO (tr. d/ha/nam)
55,85 33,04 51,01 179,1
IC (tr. d/ha/nSm)
26,25 11,52 8,69 62,24
VA (tr. d/ha/nam)
29,60 21,52 42,32 116,86
GO/IC (14n) 2,13 2,87 5,87 2,88
VA/IC
Ota)
1,13 1,87 4,87 1,88
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2015
KHOA HOC CONG NOHE
5 6 7
cay cong nghiep lau nam (h6 tieu)
"ay cong nghiep lau nam (cao su)
"ay lam nghiep (thong)
484,73 50,46 15,64
60,04 33,57 14,35
424,69 16,89 1,29
8,07 1,5 1,09
7,07 0,5 0,09 (NguSn: Sdlieu dieu tra va xdly nam 2014)
3.1.1.1. Dit trong cay ngin ngay
Bang 1 cho thay, cdng thiic liia 2 vu cho hifiu qua kinh t l cao nhat hen tat ca cac ehi heu GO, VA VA/IC, GO/IC. Do miic dau tu chi phi trung gian IC kha thap nfin cac chi tifiu GO/IC hay VA/IC cao. Tuy nhifin so vdi vimg ddng bang va dam pha ven biln thi Ioai hinh nay tai vimg gd doi cho hieu qua thap nhat.
Mac du cho gia tri san xuat khdng cao nhtmg cung gidng nhu cae vimg sinh thai khac eua thi xa Huong Tra, chuyfin lua tai vimg gd ddi van la loai hmh dugc trdng on dinh qua cac nam, dam bao an nmh luong thuc cho ngudi dan.
3.1.1.2 Dit lam nghiep
Dat hong cay lam nghifip, dac biet la cay keo, dugc hdng hau het d cac xa cua vimg 1. Loai hinh sir dung dat nay cd gia tn san xuat tnmg hmh va thay ddi hong eae nam hr 2010 din 2013 vdi su chfinh Ifieh khoang 13 trieu ddng/ha/nam. Gia tri trung gian ciia Ioai hmh sir dung dat nay cimg d miic trung bmh so vdi cac loai hinh sir dung dat hong hong khu vue. Ngugc lai vdi Ioai hinh sir dung dat hong keo, Ioai hinh sit dung dat hdng thdng cd hifiu qua san xuat, gia tri tang thfim va hilu qua dong vdn rat thap.
De danh gia hilu qua kinh te mdt each ehinh xac ddi vdi eay thdng, chung tdi sir dung thfim tieu ehi IRR va NPV vdi thdi gian 30 nam va mirc Iai suat ngan hang r=9%, tuong duong vdi miie lai suat ngan hang tai fhdi diem nghifin eiiu. Can cii san luong, gia ban, doanh thu va chi phi hdng cay thdng, chiing tdi tiln hanh tinh cac chl heu; NPV = -3,3 trifiu ddng (<
0) va IRR= -1,95% (< 9%) do dd khdng nfin tilp hie san xuat loai cay nay tai mdt sd xa d vimg gd doi thi xa Huong Tra.
3.1.1.3. Dit h-ong ciy lau nam a. Dit trong cay an qua (thanh tra)
Day la loai hinh khdng phd hiln d viing 1 nhung lai cd dugc hilu qua va phii hop vdi dae hnh t\x nhien.
Gia tri san xuat va gia hi tang tiiem dfiu d miic rat cao hong viing nhung hifiu qua san xuit lai d miie trung binh.
Bfin canh cac ehi tifiu hfin, ehiing tdi cdn sir dung tiifim tieu chi IRR va NPV vdi thdi gian 17 nam.
Can Cli vao san lugng, gia ban, doanh thu vd chi phi trong eay Thanh ha, tien hanh tinh cac chi tifiu nay NPV va IRR. Dua vao bang 1, chiing ta theiy NPV=
480,62 hieu ddng/ha/nam ( >0) va IRR= 29,21% (>
9%) do dd nln duy tri cac loai cay an qua nay tai viing gd ddi.
b. Dat hdng eay cdng nghifip lau nam (cao su, hd tifiu)
Cay cao su hong vai nam gdn day mang Iai hifiu qua kinh te kha cao, day la Ioai cay xda ddi, giam nghfio hifiu qua nhanh nhat hfin dia ban thi xa. Tuy nhifin, trong nam 2013 hifiu qua mang Iai khdng eao do gia mu cao su hfin thi tnrdng giam manh. Dieu nay dugc the hien hdng qua gia hi san xuat va hifiu qua dong vdn. Cay hd hfiu la cay mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao hong nhifiu nam. Loai hinh stt dung ddt nay cd gia trt san xuat, chi phi tang them deu d miic rat cao. De danh gia hieu qua kinh te mgt each chinh xae, chiing tdi su dung thfim hfiu chi IRR va NPV vdi miic lai suat ngan hang r=9%, tuong duong vdi miic lai suat ngan hang tai thdi diem nghien ciiu, giatriri = 7%var2=12%.
* Cay cao su: Can cir vao san lirgng, gia ban, doanh thu va chi phi hdng cao su, tiln hanh tinh NPV va IRR. Ket qua cho thay, NPV= 258,178 tiifiu ddng/ha/nam va IRR= 32,97% (>9%) do dd nln tiep tuc san xuat loai cay nay tai cae xa d vimg gd ddi thi xa Huong Tra.
* Cay hfiu: Can eii san luong, gia ban, doanh thu, chi phi hdng tifiu, tien hanh tinh cac ehi heu:
NPV= 723,44 hieu dong/ha/nam va 1RR=15,89% (>
9%) do dd nfin hep tue san xuat loai cay nay tai mot sd xa d viing gd ddi thi xa Huong Tra nhu Bmh Diln, Binh Thanh,...
3.1.2 Vung2
3.1.2.1. Ciy cong nghiep ngan ngiy Bang 2 cho tiiay, neu chi xet rifing chi hfiu GO thi lac - rau (hanh) la loai hmh cho gia tri cao nhat, xep tiiir 2 la loai hmh lac - ngd - dau, hep theo la chuyen hong rau va Iac - ngd eung eho gia tri GO kha cao. Tuy nhien, nlu xet tat ca cac chi tifiu thi chuyfin hdng rau la Ioai hinh cho gia tri kmh t l eao
20
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
nhat. Mac du lac - rau (hanh) cho gia tri GO eao nh^t nhimg day cimg la loai hinh cd chi phi trung gian Idn nhat, do dd cae chi tilu GO/IC, VA/IC thap hon nhilu so vdi Ioai hinh chuyfin hdng rau. Lac - ngd - dau cho gia tri kuih t l cao thii 2 sau ehuyin rau.
Ddi vdi loai hinh chuyfin Ma 2 vu, day la cay h6ng_
chiiih d tat ca cac xa, phudng viing ddng bang eiia thi xa Huong T r i Tuy nhien, chi phi trung gian kha cao nfin cac chi hfiu GO/IC, VA/IC Iai tiiap hon nhilu so vdi cac Ioai hinh khac hong khi chi tifiu GO chi cao hon loai hinh chuyfin lac.
stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BSng 2. H i ^ quk kinh t^ dia mOt s6 Ioai hinh Loai hinh sU dung d^t Chuyen trong lua (lua d6ng xuan - liia he thu) Trong mau (lac dong xuan) - san (he thu) Chuyen trong mau Oac ddng xuan - ngo d6ng xuan - dau he thu)
Trong m^u Oac ddng xuSn) - rau (hanh xuSn he - hanh hd thu)
Chuydn tr6ng m^u Oac ddn„ xuan - lac xuan he) Chuyen trong rau (hanh xuan he - hanh he thu - rau cac loai ddng xuSn)
Chuyen trdng mau Oac ddng xuan - ngd ddng xuan)
3£f dung d^t sSn xu^t ndng nghi§p vi^g 2 ChiHSu GO
(tr.d /ha/n5m)
63,03 83,61 268,53 268,82 59,99 223,06 191,40
IC (tr.d /ha/nSni)
32,92 24,49 31,29 66,81 21,18 16,75 43,41
VA (tr.d /ha/nam)
30,11 59,12 237,24 202,01 38,81 206,31 147,99
GO/IC OSn) 1,91 3,41 8,58 4,02 2,83 13,32 4,41
VA/IC (Un) 0,91 2,41 7,58 3,02 1,83 12,32
3,41 (Ngudn: Sdlidu didu tra vi xuly nam 2014)
. 3.1.2.2. Cay an qua
Do dilu kifin thich nghi cua cay thanh ha va quyt Huong Cdn Idia chat che nfin ban nhu nhimg xa, phudng khac Icho dap iing duoc yfiu cdu sinh thai, vi vay difin tich hdng thanh ha va quyt Huong Can
B ^ 3. Hifiu qua kmh t l cua load hinh ciy an qua
chi tap trung tai 2 xa nay, rifing quyt Huong Toan duge hong phd hifin tai lang Giap Kieng, Huong Can.
Ngoai ra Huong Hd cung la xa hdng cay an qua nhtmg vol difin tich manh miin, nhd le ho^c hdng tai vuon.
STT
1 2
Loai hinh sir dtJUig d^t (LOT) Cay an qua (thanh tra) Cay an qua (quyt Huong Can)
Chitidu GO
(tr.d /ha/nam)
270,0 239,67
IC (tr.d /ha/nam)
47,84 55,24
VA (h-.d /ha/nam)
222,16 184,43
GO/IC (Hn) 5,64 4,34
VA/IC flan) 4,64 3,34 (Nguon: Sdhdu didu tra va xuly nam 2014)
Sd Ufiu tu bang 3 cho tiiay, cay thanh ha cho hifiu qua kmh t l cao nhat thi hifin hfin tat ca cac ehi tifiu. Vdi vdng ddi 25 nam, tdng miic ddu tu ehi phi co ban ban dau (5 nam ddu) va chi phi trung gian hang nam ciia cay thap nen cac chi tifiu GO/IC va VA/IC cao, chiing td hifiu qua kmh te cua loai hinh nay cao.
Trong khi dd, ddi vdi quyt Hirong Cdn miic dau tu cao hon thanh tra nen cac chi tifiu vl GO/IC, VA/IC cflng thap hon.
Cay an qua la cay hdng Iau nam, cho thu hoaeh
nhieu Ian. De danh gia hilu qua eiia cac loai cay nay mdt each chinh xac, chung tdi sir dung ehi hfiu NPV va IRR vdi vdng ddi ciia eay la 25 nam va miic r = 9%
hrong duong miic Iai suat ngan hang tai thdi dilm nghien ciiu.
Can Cli vao san lucmg, gia ban, doanh thu va chi phi hdng cay thanh ha va quyt, tien hanh tinh cac chi tifiu nay nhu sau:
+ Gia tri hifin tai thuc (NPV) vdi kit qua hnh dugc NPV cho cay thanh ha va quyt Huong Can vdi N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2015
KHOA HOC CONG NGHJ
mire lai suat r = 9% ldn lugt la 1.359,17 hifiu ddng/ha/nam va 940,53 trifiu ddng/ha/nam.
+ He sd hoan vdn ndi bd (IRR) vdi gia tri rj = 7% va r^ = 12% thi thu dugc ehi tifiu IRR cho cay thanh tra va quyt Huong Can lan luot 25,49% va 23,48%. Kfi't qua tinh
toan cho thay, gia tn IRR cua cay thanh tra va quyt Huong Can deu duong va ldn hon 9%, do dd nen duy hi cic Ioai cay an qua nay tai vimg nghifin ciiu.
3.1.3. VungS
stt
1 2
Bang 4. Hieu qua kinh tS mot so Ioai hinh sir dune dJtsinxultndng nghiep viing 3 Loai hinh su dung dat
(LUn Chuyen trong Ilia Oua ddng xuin - Ilia he thu)
Lua (ddng xuto) - cay an qua (dua hau he thu)
GO (tr.d /ha/nam)
59,70 160,63
IC (tr.d /ha/nam)
33,86 27,36
VA (tr.d /ha/nam)
25,84 133,27
GO/IC OSn)
1,76 5,87
VA/IC Oan)
0,76 4,87 (Nguon: Sdheu dieu tra va xuly nam 2014)
Bang 4 cho thay, neu xet chi tieu GO thi liia - dua hau eho gia tri san xuat kha eao (160,63 trieu ddng/ha), hong khi dd chuyen lua 2 vu ehi dat gan 59,70 trifiu dong/ha. So sanh vdi vung dong bang thi loai hmh chuyfin Ma 2 vu thap hon khoang 3 trieu dong/ha. Nlu xet ebi tieu IC, lua - dua hau cd gia hi IC thap hon Iiia 2 vu, do dd cac chi tifiu khac nhu VA, GO/IC, VA/IC eQng eao hon ehuyen lua 2 vu.
3.2. Hifiu qua xa hdi ciia cac loai hinh su: dyng d^t
Chi tieu danh gia hifiu qua xa hgi ciia cac LUT hong cac viing cua thi xa Huong Tra dua vao cac tieu chi duoc thi hifin d cae ehi tieu sau:
3.2.1. Ve kha nang thu hdt lao ddng (cdng/ha) - Vung 1: Vimg gd ddi thi xa Huong Tra la vimg hong cay Mu nam ehii luc cua thi xa Huong Tra. Cay eao su la loai hmh sii dung dat ddi hdi phai cd nhieu nhan cdng. Gia tri ngay edng tnmg binh cua viing tai thdi diem nam 2013 la 150.000 d/cdng, mirc thu nhap nay van dang d muc cao so vdi cac vimg khac trong thi xa. Cay tieu la loai cay cdn it lue Iugng lao dgng nhat (149 edng). Thap nhat la loai hmh sir dung dat trdng keo vdi chi 120 cdng/ha.
- Yung 2: Loai hinh sit dung dat eay an qua la loai hinh can nhieu edng lao dgng nhat, hong do ddi vdi cay tiianh ti^ ean 474 cdng/ha, quyt Huong Cdn can 386 cdng/ha. Neu chi xet rieng cay hang nam thi lae - ngd - dau ed sd cdng lao ddng hfin 1 ha ldn nhat (473 cdng/ha), xep tini 2 la loai hinh Iac - rau (hanh) (383 cdng/ha), cae Ioai hinh khac cd sd edng kha Idn. Gia tri cdng lao ddng khoang 120.000 -160.000 ddng/cdng.
- Vung 3: Loai hinh chuyen liia 2 vu co sd cdng
lao ddng/ha cao hon Iua - dua hau. Loai hinh lua - dua hau cdn 147 cdng/ha. Gidng nhu viing ddng bang gia tri ngay cdng cua ngudi dan vung dam pha ven bien cung dao ddn: 120.000 -160.000 ddng/cdng.
3.2.2. Kha nang phu hap vdi thi tnidng (%) Kha nang phii hgp vdi thi trudng la cac cay: cao su, tifiu, eay an qua (thanh ha, quyt Huong Can). Keo la mgt hong nhiing loai cay hdng dang ed xu hudng phat hiln cua thi tiudng nhu nhiing san pham tren. Dieu nay chiing td loai hinh hen kha phii hgp vdi thi tnidng, dem lai thu nhap va hieu qua cao hon hin cac loai hinh khac. Cac loai hinh su dung dat khac cd thi tnrong hfiu thu tiiuan lgi, duoc ngirdi hfiu dimg c h ^ nhan.
3.2.3. Kha nang tidp can vdn (%)
Kha nang tiep can vdn cua cac loai hinh dugc ngudi dan danh gia kha va tmng binh. Chi co lotii hinh hong thdng la loai hinh duoc ngudi dan danh gia thap nhat,
3.2.4. Kha nang tiep can ky thuit vi muc ddphu hop vdi tap quan ndng ho (%)
Kha nang tiep can ky thuat va mirc do phii hop vdi tap quan ndng hd doi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat hdng thdng duoc ngudi su dung danh gia thap va day cung la loai hinh se khdng duge md rdng va c6 kha nang thu hep dien hch de phuc vu cho eae muc dich ndng lam nghifip khac. Ddi vdi loai hinh sii dung dat eay an qua (tiianh ha) va hd tieu d vung 1 thi duge ngudi sir dung dat danh gia tnmg hinh, vi day khdng phai la cay thi manh va xoa ddi giam ngheo cho ngudi dan. Cae Ioai hinh cdn Iai eiia 3 vimg nhu lua 2 vu, keo,... dugc ngudi dan danh gia eao va se dugc tiep tuc md rdng difin tich va dau hi 22
KHOA HOC CONG N G H |
them de nSng cao nang suat cay trong.
3.3. Hifiu qua mdi trudng cua cac Io?i hinh su dung dflt
Hieu qua mdi trudng cua cac loai hinh su dung dat duae xem xet hen ea sd danh gla miic do thich hop thich nghi ddi vdi cae loai hinh sit dung dat thdng qua cae hfiu chi dugc thi hien qua: Muc do che phil (%), ngan chan su thoai hda dat (%), nang cao da dang sinh hoe (%), miic do sii dung phan bdn- thudc bao vfi thuc vat (%).
- Mdc do che phd
Loai hinh sir dung dat chuyfin lac, chuyfin san dugc ngudi dan danh gia ed miie do che phii thap so vdi cac loai hinh sir dung ddt khac. Loai hinh sir dung dat cay an qua dirge ngudi dan danh gia cd do che phil Idn nhat (>70%), cdn cac loai hinh sit dung dat khac cd do che phii tir trung bmh den cao hfin toan bd cac vung ciia ihi xa Huong Tn
- Ngan chan su thoai hda dat va muc do su dung phan bdn, thud'c bao vd thuc vit
Nhtmg loai hinh cd mire dg su dung phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat cao nhat la chuyfin liia 2 vu, lac - ngd - dau, l^c - rau (hanh) va chuyfin hong rau.
Tuy nhifin, day ciing la nhung Ioai hinh ma ngudi dan cd kha nang duy tii, cai thifin do phi nhifiu dat cao nhat. Neu hdng chuyen lac thi sii dung phan bdn va thudc bao vfi thue vat ehi d mire trung binh nhung dd phi cua dat Iai kha cao. Ddi vdi cay an qua, cao su,
tieu day la cay lau nam nen ehi phi Men thiet co ban hong nhirng nam ddu kha eao nhung din giai doan thu hoach thi chi phi nay giam di, mire do dau tu phan bdn, thude bao ve thuc vat d miie trung bmh nen lgi nhuan thu ve cao.
3.4. Danh gia tdng hop hifiu qua kinh t l , xa hdi va mdi trudng cua cac loai hinh su dung dat a cac vung oia thi xa Hmmg Tra, tinh Thha Thifin- Hul
Kit qua phan tich AHP duoc xii ly hfin phan mfim Excel 2003 va tinh dugc eae hgng sd W(i) eiia cac chi tifiu danh gia hieu qua kinh te, xa hdi, mdi trudng cho 18 loai hinh su dung dat eho 3 vung khae nhau cua thi xa Huong Tra. Kfi't qua nghien ctiu cho tiiay cac ty sd nhat quan (CR) dfiu <0,1 (hay <10%), Vi vay, kit qua tinh toan hgng sd cd do tin cay va cd the chap nhan duoc. Tir kfi't qua dieu ha thuc te phan cap, gia tri X(i) dugc xac dinh va thi hien miic do phil hgp thuc te ciia timg cap chi tifiu. Kfi't hop vdi hong sd (Wi), chiing ta sfi tinh dugc miic do thich hop Si. Ket qua tinh toan hoan toan phii hgp vdi tinh hinh thuc t l cua dia phuong.
Phan cap hifiu qua Si dugc sit dung de phan cap ehuan miie dfi uu hfin eua Saaty (1980, 2000) [8, 9], kit qua xit ly hen phan mem Excel, tham khao y kiln chuyfin gia va tham khao kit qua phan cap eua PGS.TS Huynh Van Chirong [2], ehiing tdi dua ra thang phan cap sau:
Hi^u qu4 Gia tn tong Si
Rat cao
>.7,<9
Cao
>-5,5; <7
Trungbinh
>=4; <5,5
Thip
<4 Trinh tu cac budc va kit qua danh gia hifiu qua ldnh te cho loai hinh sii dung dat eao su dugc the hifin qua bang 5.
Chi Udu Gii tri san xuat Gia tri gia tang Hi$u qua san xuat
Bu6c3 Chihdu Gia tri san xuat Gia tri gia tang Hieu qua san xuat
B r a k l Gia tri san xult
1,00 2,00 0,50
Gia tri gia tang 0,50 1,00 0,50
Hidu qua san xuit 2,00 2,00 1,00 X- 3,05 CI= 0,03 CR-
Bu6c2 Trpng s6(W2i)
0,312 0,490 0,198 0,05 Bu6c4
K^t qua di^u tra 50,46 16,89 1,50
Diem (Xi) 5 3 5 TongS-
Si=XixW2l 1,560 1,471 0,988 4,019
Hieu qua Trungbinh
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2015 23
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H l
Tuong tir nhu vay, da tien hanh cac budc danh gia va kit qua danh gia hieu qua kinh te, xa hdi, mdi trudng cho cac loai hinh sit dung d^t khac d cac viing ciia thi xa Httong Tra.
Tir kit qua danh gia hfin, chiing ta nhan tiidy:
Ve hidu qua hnh td Cac loai hinh su dung dat cd hieu qui ldnh ^ rat cao la cay thanh tra, hd tifiu (vimg 1); lae - ngd - dau, Iac - hdng rau (hanh), chuyfin hdng rau, thanh ha va quyt (vung 2); Iiia - dua hau (viing 3). Cac loai hmh sir dung dat cd hifiu qua ldnh t l cao la keo (vimg 1); lac - ngd (vting 2). Cac loai hinh sii dung dat cd hifiu qua kinh t l tiimg binh la chuyfin trdng mau fl^c), cao su, chuyfin liia 2 vu, lac - san, chuyfin lac (vimg 1, 2). Cac loai hinh sit dung dat cd hieu qua kinh tl thap la thdng, sdn (vimgl).
VS hidu qua xi hdi CAc loai hmh su dung ddt cho hifiu qua rat cao gdm: lac - ngd - dau, Iac - rau (hanh)
(vung 2). cac Ioai hinh sii dung dat cho hifiu qua cao gdm keo, liia 2 vu, hd tifiu (vtmg 1), chuyen hong Iiia, lac - san, chuyfin rau, chuyen mau Q^), lac - ngd va cay an qua (vung 2), Iua - dua hau, chuyen Iua (vimg 3). Cac lo^ hinh sit dung dit cho hilu qua hung binh va thap gdm chuyen sdn, cay an qua, tiidng (vimg 1).
Ve hieu qua mdi trudng: Cac loai hinh su dung dat cho hifiu qua cao gom: cao su, thanh ha, heu, thdng, keo (vimg 1), lac - san, lac - ngd, cay an qua (quyt Huong Can, thanh ha) (vung 2). Cac lo^ hinh su dung dat cho hifiu qua trung binh gdm: Chuyfin lita 2 vu (Ilia xuan - Ilia miia), chuyfin hdng sdn (vimg 1);
Iac - ngd - diiu, lac - rau (hanh), chuyfin mau flac), chuyfin hong rau (hanh - rau cac loai) (vung 2); liia - dua h^u, chuyfin Itia 2 vu (viing 3).
Bang 6. Kit qua ddnh gid hifiu quS kmh tl, xa hdi va mdi tnrdng cu^ cdc loai hinh sii dung d^t Stt 1 Logi hinh sii dung di(t | Kmhtl | Xahdi | Mdi tnidng
• ' 1 : t , \ ! t r ' • ' ^ ^ ' ' ' " * " • ^'-'-^ - W ' - r vftngl ..f>i^.^vfcr....v.'.;l.ux.,wa^,.-.>^..- .^^
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chuyen hdng Ida fliia xuan - liia mda) Chuyfin hong sdn
Cay cdng nghifip Iau nam (cao su) cay an qua (thanh ha) Cay cdng nghifip Iau nam (hd hfiu) cay lam nghifip (thdng) Cay Iam nghiep Oieo)
Trung binh Thap Trung hinh
Rdt cao Rat Cao Th^p
Cao
Cao Trung binh
Cao Trung binh
Cao Trung buih
Cao
Trung bmh Trung bmh
Cao Cao - "
Cao Cao Cao
•-•'--'"- - Viing2 '•••^iff-^f.'f^^yth)m'^^^^ -' ' 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Chuyfin hdng lua fliia xuan - Iua miia) Trdng mau flac) - Trdng san Chuyfin hdng mau flac - ngd - dau) Trdng mau flac) -Trdng rau flianh) Chuyfin hdng mau flac)
Chuyfin hdng rau (hanh - rau cac loai) Chuyfin hdng mau flac - ngd) cay an qua (thanh ha) cay an qua (quyt Huong Can)
Tnmg binh Trung binh Ratcao Rat eao Trung binh
Rdt eao Cao Rdt eao Rdt eao
Cao Cao Rat cao Rat cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao
Trung binh Cao Tnmg bmh Trung binh Tnmg binh Trung binh
Cao Cao Cao 1
2
Chuyfin hdng liia fliia xuan - lita mua) Liia- cay an qua (dua hau)
Trung binh Rat cao
Cao Cao
Trung binh Trung binh 3.5. Danh gia tinh hifiu qua oia cac logi hinh sii
dungd^
Thdng qua vific danh gia dong nhat 3 ylu to: kinh tl, xa hdi, moi tiirdng dl danh gia tinh ii.fiu qua (bin vung) ciia cac loai lunh sit dung diit, vific danh gia duoc phan chia thanh 4 cdp hifiu qua: rat hifiu qua, hifiu qua cao, himg hinh va tiiap.
Viee xay dung ma han so sdnh cap ddi hong AHP dua hen co sd tiiam khao y kien chuyfin gia khoa hgc va cac nha quan ly dia phuong ve tai nguyfin mdi tiudng, ndng nghiep, kinh tl,... hong pham vi tinh Thira Tliifin - Hue va thi xa Huong Tra cho cac Ioai hinh sii dung dat khac nhau hong pham vi nghien ciiu.
Trinh tir cac budc danh gia va kit qua danh gia 24
JCHPAHpC CbNG NGHj tinh hifiu qua cho cac loai hmh sii dung dat cho cay Itia 7.
(ddng xuan, hfi thu) tai vimg 2 dugc the hifin qua bang
Bang 7. Hifiu qud ciia logi hinh sii dung di(t chuyfin hia (hia xuSn - liia mua) vung 2 oia thi xa Huong Tra
Chi adu Kinht^
Xahdi Moi trucmg
Bu6cl Kinhtl
- 1,00 0,50 0,33
Xahdi 2,00 1,00 0,33
Mdi tnrcmg 3,00 3,00 1,00
Budc 2 Trpng sd(Wli)
0,525 0,334 0,142 Bmic3 i.- 3,05 CI- 0,027 CR- 0,046
Chi Udu
Gia tri san xuat Gia tri gia tang Hidu qua san xuat Kha nang thu hiit lao dong Thi tnrong tidu thu Kha nang hep can vdn Kha nang tiep can ky thuat ciia ndng dan
Miic do phii hop tap quan ndng hd
Dp che phu
Ngan chan su thoai hda dat Nang cao da dang sinh hoc Miic dd sir dung phan bon- thudc bao ve thuc vat
Buoc 4 Trpng sd
(W2i) 0,276 0,571 0,153 0,161 0,363 0,122 0,282 0,072 0,122 0,247 0,091 0,541
Trpng sd toan cue Wi=WU*W2i
0,145 0,299 0,080 0,054 0,121 0,041 0,094 0,024 0,017 0,035 0,013 0,077
Diim (Xi)
5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5
Si.Xj*Wi 0,724 1,497 0,402 0,269 0,847 0,286 0,659 0,167 0,120 0,175 0,064 0,383
ZS,
5,6 Hidu
qua
Cao
Tuong tu danh gia nhu hen, chiing tdi da thuc hifin qua trinh va kfi't qua tmh toan hong sd, ty Ie nhat quan, kit qua Xi, Si va kit qua danh gia hifiu qua ciia cac Ioai hinh sii dung dat khac cua 3 viing thi xa Htrong Tra.
Tir ket qua danh gia hifiu qua kmh te, xa hgi, mdl tntdng cua cae loai hinh su dung dat, phan cap xac dinh gia tii (Xi) the hien miic do phu hgp cho
timg chi tifiu de tinh tdng gia tri hilu qua Si. Kit qua nay eho thay gia tri hifiu qua eiia cac chi tifiu kinh te, xa hdi, mdl trudng cua eae Ioai hinh sir dung dat khac nhau va phu thugc vao bing khu vue khac nhau etia thi xa Huong Tra, tmh Thira Thien - Hul.
Tong hgp hieu qua sit dung dat ciia cac loai hmh su dung dat d cac vimg 1, 2, 3 ciia thi xa Huong Tra dugc the hien qua bang 8.
Bang 8. Kit qua danh gia hifiu qua cua cdc loai hinh sii dime dat
Stt 1 Logi hmh Sli dung ddt | Tdng Si Tinh hifiu qua i • Viinffl
1 2 3 4 5
Chuyfin hdng lua flua xuan - liia miia) Chuyfin hdng san
Cay cdng nghifip Iau nam (cao su) Cay an qua (thanh ha) Cay edng nghifip Iau nam (hd tieu)
5,40 4,07 5,10 7,40 7,68
Tnmg binh Trung binh Trung binh Rateao Ratcao NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2015 25
KHOA Hpc CONO N G H l
6 7
Cay lam nghiep (thdng) Cav lam nghiep (keo)
3,90 5,98
Thap Cao
I ' "•;•• V u n g 2 i '.' • l l , . . , ' - , . . . -•'•',
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Chuydn trong lua (lua xuSn - liia mua) Trdng mau (lac) - Trdng sdn Chuyen trong mau Oac - ngd - dau) Trong mau Oac) -Trong rau Otanh) Chuyen trdng mau Oac)
Chuyen frdng rau (hanh - rau cac loai) Chuyen trong mau Oac - ngd) Cay an qua (thanh tra) Cay an qua (quvt Huong Can)
5,60 5,70 7,90 8,00 5,30 7,70 6,90 8,00 7,30
Cao Cao Ratcao Riit cao Trung binh
Rat cao Cao RJtcao Ritcao VdngS - , - —--r-:.-.
1 2
Chuyen trong Ilia Oiia xuan - lua mua) Trdng liia - Cay an qua (dua hau)
5,60 6,63
Cao Ratcao (Ngudn: Sd hdu didu da vi xu ly nam 2014)
Kit qua tdng hgp danh gia tinh hieu qua cho 18 loai hinh su dung dat cho 3 vimg 1, 2, 3 ciia thi xa Huong Tra eho thay loai hmh sit dimg ddt dem lai hifiu qua rat cao la 2 loai hinh sii dung dat (vimg 1), 5 Ioai hinh sir dung dat d vimg 2 va 1 loai hinh sir dung dat vimg 3; loai hmh sii dung dat dem lai hilu qua cao la 1 Ioai hinh six dung dat (vimg 1), 3 loai hinh sir dung dat dvimg 2; Ioai hmh su dung dat dem lai hieu qua trung binh la 3 loai hinh su dung dat (vimg 1), 1 loai hinh su dung dat (viing 2) va 1 loai hinh sir dtrng dat vimg 3;
loai hinh sii dung dat dem lai hifiu qua thap la 1 (vimg 1). Kit qua nay phan anh mitc dd uu tien cac ehi tifiu hifiu qua kinh tl, xa hdi, mdi trudng ddi vdi timg loai hinh sir dung dat theo timg khu vuc khae nhau, dilu nay hoan toan phii hgp vdi tinh hinh thuc te tai thi xa Hirong Tra, tinh Thua Thifin - Hul.
4.KErLUANVAKIB\INHI|
4.L Kit luan
- Mdt sd loai hmh sir dung dat ndng nghifip cho hieu qua kmh te cao nhu: ho tifiu, chuyfin rau - mau, eay an qua, lac - ngd - dau,... Cu thi: Ho tieu cho gia tii GO cao nhdt (484,73 trieu ddng/ha/nam), chuyen hdng rau flianh) - hdng mau flac) eho gia hi GO xep thli 2 (268,82 tiifiu ddng/ha/nam), thap nhat la thdng (15,64 trifiu ddng/ha/nam),.... Nhirng kieu sir dung cho hieu qua xa hdi cao nhat la ehuyen trdng mau flac - ngd - dau) va lac - rau flianh). Cay lau nam M mdt hong nhiing kilu sii dung cho hifiu qua mdi trudng cao nhat.
- Nhung Ioai hinh su dung dat ndng nghiep mang tinh hieu qua vfi ca 3 mat kinh tl, xa hdi va mdi
trudng cao la eay an qua, cay edng nghifip lau nam (cao su, hd heu), chuyfin man va mau flac) - rau (hanh). Cdn hieu qua thap nhat la loai hinh sit dung dat lam nghifip (thdng).
4.2. Kiln nghi
- Dia ban cdn khac phuc nhiing han che (bdt lpi) va tan dung ea hdi de phat hiln san xudt nong nghifip. Ddng thdi, can ddu tu hoan tiiien tdi da co so ha tdng ky thuat phuc vu eho qua trinh san xuat Tiep bjc chuyen giao khoa hge cdng nghfi tifin hen, cai nhat gidng mdi vd ky thuat mdi de nang cao tm\
suat cay hdng, tang thu nhap cho ngudi dan.
- Chinh quyen dia phuang can dua ra cac chinii sach, ke hoach nham mue dich phat tiiln san xui tiieo hudng ndng nghifip hang hda, qudn l;y chat elif vific su dung dat san xuat ndng nghifip.
TRI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bui Nu Hoang Anh (2013). u™ ^ , ^ ,,,^^, hieu qua kinh te'Irong su dung dit nong nghidp tm I Bai0ai doan 2012-20120. Luan an hfin sy ndng nglii Dai hoc Thai Nguyen.
2. Van Huynh Chuong (2008). Multi-cnterialh suitability Evaluation for Selected Fruit Crops in k re0ott of central Viediam, with case study in Thua TM -Hueprovmce. PhD dissertation submitted to Humbol University of Berlin, Germany.
3. U Canh Dinh (2011). r , r t fop c / S . i ; i tich quyet dmh nhom da heu chui, trono- ^ s thich nghi dit dai. Tap chi Ndng nghidp va Phat J
26 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - K^ 2 - THAN©
KHOA HOC CONO NGHE
nong thdn, tr. 82T89. 7. NguySn Thi Vdng va cac cdng su (2001).
4 Vii Binh Thang (2006). Giao trinh: Kmh ti ^shien cm, va xay dung quy trinh cong nghe dinh ndng nghiep NXB Dai hoc Kinh ii qudc dan. •S'^ * * " «"'^' '"^ ^ung dat thdng qua chuydn ddi ca
cau cay trdng. Dfi tai nghien ciiu khoa hoc cap 5. Vu Thi Phuang Thuy (2000). Thuc trang va ^^^^^ ^^^^^^
giai phap chu yeu ning cao hieu qua kinh tesu dung
dit canh tac a ngoai thanh Ha Ndi Luan an hin sy §• S^^^y, T. L (1980). The analytic hierarchy kmhtl.TnrdngDHNNIHaNdi. ^^'^^^^*- ^'^^^^"^ ^^^ International, reprmted by
RWS Publications, New York.
6, Nguyfin Thi Thu Trang (2013). Nguyen ctiu
su dung dit ben vimg vung Cua Ba lat, huyen Giao 9. Saaty, T. L (2000). Fundamental of decision Thuy tinh Nam Dinh. Luan an bin sy ndng nghiep. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ / ' ^ ^ " ^ ^^'V "^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ hierarchy Tnidng Dai hoe Ndng nghifip Ha Ndi. P''<^^- ^ ^ 5 Publication, Pittsburgh.
EFFECT OF LAND USE EVALUATION FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND IN HUONG TRATOWN, THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCE
Nguyen Van Binh^, Ho Kiet^
Summary
Speed of m-banization in Huong Tra province have been placed quickly so transformation of agnculture land Into non-agriculture were so much. However, land expSoitaUon for many purposes give the highest economics but do not care to oflier aspect such as environinent, society. Many type of agricultural producUon m double mound, plains, coastal lagoons have high economic efficiency such as: pepper, specialized crops, fruit trees, peanut - maize - beans. Specific: Pepper for value about highest GO (484,73 million VND/ha/year), specialized crops for valuable ranking GO 2 (268.82 millionVND/ha/year), lowest pine (15.64 million VND/ba/year)... The type of land use for highest social efficiency are specialized crop (corn - peanut - beans) and peanut rotation of onion. Perennials is one type of land use for high environmental efficiency. Type of agncultural land use that have efficiency about 3 aspect: economic, environment, society are fruit trees, perennial plants (pepper, rubber), speciahzed crops and vegetable cultivation. And lowest effective is land use type for forest (pine).
Key words: Land use type, economical effect, social effect, environmental effect, onion, cassava, pepper, rubber.
Ngudi phdn bifin: TS. Biii Huy Hiln Ngdy nhgn bdi: 12/9/2014 Ngdy thdng qua phan bifin: 13/10/2014 Ngdy duyfit dang: 20/10/2014
DNG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2015 27 1/3
