Tinh hinh nghien cuu lich su* van hoc phu-ong Tay tai Viet Nam tir nam 1986 den nay
Pham Quynh An'*'
Tom tat: d Viet Nam, nghiin cuu vi lich sic vdn hgc phuong Tdy, cdc nhd nghiin cicu da tong kit theo cdc giai dogn chit yeu sau: vdn hoc cd dgi Hy Lap, vdn hgc thdi Phuc hung, vdn hoc phuong Tdy thi ky XVII, vdn hgc phuong Tdy thi ky XVlll, vdn hgc phuong Tdy thi ky XDC, vdn hgc phuong Tdy tic thi ky XX din ddu thi ky XXL Mdi mgt giai dogn diu CO nhiing dae diim riing vd de lgi nhirng ddu dn nhdt dinh. Nhin chung. so vdi trudc Ddi mdi, viec nghien ciru lich su vdn hgc phuang Tdy d Viet Nam da trd nen phong phu, da dgng han rdt nhiiu, ciing vdi dd la nhirng cdch nhin mdi me, khdch quan hon. Bdi viit trinh bdy tinh hinh nghiin cuu lich sic vdn hgc phuong Tdy tgi Viet Nam tic ndm 1986 din nay
Tu khoa: Van bpc phuang Tay, Lich sir van hpc, Hy Lap co dai, Phuc hung, Nghien ciiu van hpc
Abstract: Vietnamese researchers have summarized the history of Western literature into major periods including Ancient Greek, the Renaissance, the 17"' century, the 18''' century, the 19"' century and the 20''' century to the beginning of the 2P' century. Each period has defining traits and values. In general, compared with before Doi Moi. the study of the history of Western literature in Vietnam has achieved great diversity and abundance, accompanied by newer and more objective viewpoints. The paper presents the study of the Western literature history in Vietnam from 1986 to present.
Keywords: Western Literature, Literature History, Ancient Greek, the Renaissance, Literature Studies
I. Md dau anh hudng sdu sdc den sy phat trien ciia vdn Van hpc phucmg Tay la mot n i n van hpc thi gidi ndi chung vd cdc nen van hpc hoc Idn - vdn hpc cua nhiing nude d hai d khu vyc ndi rieng. Tai Viet Nam, tir sau ben bd Dai Tdy Duong, cd n i n kinh t i phat ndm 1986, van hpc phuang Tay dugc tim triin, chu y i u la Tdy Au va Bdc My - cd hieu, nghien ciiu nhieu va dugc xuat ban, in dn hang loat. Ci cdc gdc dp khac nhau, each tiip can cua cac hgc gid cung nhu cac '•' TTiS., Vien TTiong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi, Vien Han ^ j i ^ ^ . ^ ' ^^^^ ^^-^^^ j ^ ^ j ^-^ ^^^^ ^^^^
lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam; . . . , ^ ' • , - i , - u - •-. i, • Email: [email protected] dien hon. Trong khuon kho bai viet, chung
54 inuny rin aiiua i ^ . „ . , 2019 tdi tun hieu tinh hinh nghien ciiu van hpc
phuang Tdy d Viet Nam giai doan tir nam 1986 den nay dua tren ngudn tdi heu khdo cim tai Thu vien Khoa hgc xa hdi.
2. Tinh hinh nghien ciiii lich sir van hoc phmmg Tay
Trudc day, do dieu kien lich sii d Viet Nam, van hgc phuang Tdy thudng dugc nhin nhdn mdt each phien dien, tieu eye.
Viec nay mdt phan la do bi aiib hudng ciia chu nghia giao dieu Lien Xd; van hpc phuang Tdy cimg cdc trao luu tien tien bi xem nhe, bi coi la nhirng hien tugng van nghe tu sdn "suy ddi", "phdn dpng". Sau dd, "ban che ve nhdn thiic tren day chi dugc khac phuc mdt each ca bdn sau ngay ddt nude tien hdnh cdng cuoc ddi mdi"
(Nguyin Van Ddn, 2013: 15). Cdc nhd nghien cuu da cd cai nhin cdi md, da chieu ve van hpc phuong Tdy, tu dd, mdt loat sdch va bai viet, trong dd cd cac cdng trinh gidi thieu ve lich sir van hgc phuong Tay, dugc xudt ban. Theo Phimg Van Tiiu (2017), tu sau nam 1975, ddc biet la sau nam 1986, sy ra ddi cua mdt loat cdng trinh nghien ciru ve lich sft van hpc phuong Tdy, nhu bd ba tdc phdm Vdn hgc phuang Tdy do Luang Duy Trung, Nguyin Due Nam chu bien (3 tap, Nxb. Giao dye, 1980,1986,1992), cho thdy gidi nghien ciru dd chii y den bd phdn vdn hpc Anh - My la mang hdu nhu vang bong trong ddu nhiing nam 60 cua thi ky XX. Ong cho rdng, liic nay viec tiep nhdn van hpc nude ngoai "chuyen qua mdt giai doan mdi het siic phong phu nhung ciing rat phiic tap, dat ra nhieu vdn de phai suy nghT' (Phimg Van Tuu, 2017: 158).
Cd the thdy sau nam 1986, nghien ciiu ve lich su van hpc phuang Tdy cd mdt sd cdng trinh nhu: Van hoc phuang Tdy cua nhieu tac gid (Nxb. Giao due, 2003), Gido trinh vdn hgc phuong Tdy tic eo dgi Hy
Lap din thi ky XVIIL Ddnh cho hgc vien ngdnh Ngii vdn he ddo tgi tgi chuc vd ticxa eua tmdng Dai hpc Su pham (2007), Giao trinh vdn hgc phuong Tdy ciia Le Huy Bdc, Le Nguyen Cdn, Nguyen Linh Chi (Nxb.
Giao due, 2012)... Ngoai ra, cdn cd mot sd cdng hmh khai quat ve mdt so nen vdn hpc Idn cua phucmg Tay nhu: Tiip can vdn hgc Phdp cua Lilu Truong (Nxb. Van hpc, 2007), Tiiu thuyit phuong Tdy thi ky XVIII va Tiiu thuyit phuang Tdy the ky XIX ciia Le Nguyen Cdn (Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2014); Vdn hgc Au - My thikyXX do Le Huy Bdc chu bien (Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham, 2011), Van hgc thi gidi thi ky XX cua Dd Xuan Ha (Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2006),... Ci cac tac phdm mang tinh khdi qudt nay, cdc tac gia da cd nhiing phdn tich, nhin nhdn ve lich sir van hgc d mot miic dp nhat dinh thdng qua viec tdng ket thanh tyu cua mdt vdn de, mdt the loai, mot giai doan Uch su trong van hgc phuong Tay, trong dd chu yeu la cac giai doan Idn sau:
2.1. Vdn hgc cd dgi Hy Lgp Cac nha nghien eiiu nhu Luang Duy Trung, Nguyen Thi Hoang, Nguyin Van Chinh, Dang Anh Ddo... da khai quat bdi cdnh xa hdi, Uch sir ciing nhiing thanh tyu ciia nen van hpc cd dai Hy Lap trong mot sd cong trinh van hgc su nhu: Vdn hgc phuong Tdy do Luong Duy Trung chii bien (T.l, Nxb. Giao dye, 1990), Vdn hgc phuong Tdy ciia nhieu tac gid (Nxb. Giao due, 1992),... Cac tac gia diu nhdn dinh rang, nen van hda va van hoc cd dai Hy Lap chiem mdt vi tri dac biet trong Hch sir phdt trien cua nen van minh tinh thdn phuang Tdy. "Nin van hda, vdn hpc dd da md dudng cho sii hpc, triit hgc, thdn thoai, anh hiing ca, kich, tho, van hiing bien va cd kiin hnic, dieu khde, hga, nhac... a phuong Tay" (Nhiiu tdc gid, 2003: 9). Nin van
muih Cret-Myxen (Crete-Mycenae) phat triin rye rd vao khoang tir nam 2500 din 1700 TCN., la ca sd phat trien cua van hpc nghe thuat Hy Lap cd dai. Sy suy tan cua no cung nhung cudc thien di cudi cimg ciia nguoi Dorien (Doriens) vao ban ddo Hy Lap da chdm dut, ngudi Hy Lap bat tay vao xay dyng dat nude. Nha nude chiem hiru no le hinh thanh. Theo cac tac gia trong cuin Van hgc phuang Tdy (2003), "chinh tren co sd xd hgi nay se nay sinh va phat triin mot nen van hpc nghe thuat vd cimg phong phii va rue rd". Sy phdt trien ciia nha nude chil no Aten mang tinh chat dien hinh ciia che dp nd le cd dai Hy Lap, tren ca sd do "da hinh thanh va phat trien mot nen vdn nghe vd cung phong phii, dep de, the hien ly tudng tham my ciia thdi dai dan chu chu no" (Nhiiu tac gia, 2003: 11).
Cac nhd nghien ciiu chia Hch su van hpc Hy Lap thanh ba thdi ky Idn: (i) thdi ky tdi CO (bdt ddu tir khi cd nhirng biit tich vdn hpc ddu tien din thi ky V TCN.); (ii) thdi ky cd dien (tu chien tranh Ba Tu - Hy Lap den the ky III TCN.); (iii) thdi ky chu nghTa Helen (tii thi ky III din thi ky I TCN.). Vdn hgc Hy Lap cd dai ndi bat len nhung ten tudi cua cac nha tha sang tdc trudng ca, ma tieu bieu nhat la Homere. Ngoai ra, cdn co the loai ty sy va giao huan ca cua Hesiode. Tha trii tinh phat trien vdi ten tudi ciia Tiecte, Minneema, Panhda, Xaphd...
Thdn thoai Hy Lap dugc coi la the loai
"phong phu, dep de vd dugc cac hgc gia xep vao hang nhftng than thoai hay nhat thi gidi" (Luang Duy Trung, 1990: 20).
Hai kich cd dai Hy Lap cung rat phat trien vdi ten tudi cua Magnes, Crotinos, Crates, Aristophane... Ngodi ra, the loai van himg bien, ngu ngdn cung phat trien. Ben canh do, bi kich Hy Lap ciing "la mdt thanh tyu quan hpng bdc nhat cua nin van hoc Hy Lap
trong thdi ky cd dien cua nd", vdi nhiing ten tudi Idy limg nhu Eschyle, Sophocle, Euripide (Nhiiu tac gid, 2003: 75).
2.2. Van hgc thdi Phuc hicng Vdn hgc Phyc hung dugc tinh tir thi ky XIV din thi ky XVI, Id thdi ky qud dp tir chu nghTa phong kien len chu nghTa tu ban d chdu Au. Thdi ky nay d chau Au cd ca mdt phong trao tim kiem nhftng di tich ciia hai nen vdn hda cd dai Hy Lap, La Ma va khdi phuc lai hai nen van hda, vdn minh nay. Trong cdc cdng trinh van hpc sir nhu Vdn hgc phuong Tdy do Luong Duy Trung chu bien (Nxb. Giao due, 1990) hay Vdn hgc phuang Tdy ciia nhieu tdc gid (Nxb.
Giao due, 2003), cdc tdc gid cho rang ngudi phuang Tdy luc bdy gid, trong liic khai qudt cdc di tich cdn sdt lai, da phat hien va kinh ngac trudc truyen thong van hda cua Hy Lap va La Ma cd dai, dd la su trdn trpng, di cao con ngudi, truyen thdng ddu tranh cho hr do cua con ngudi. Dieu dd khac hdn vdi thai dp coi re, miet thi eon ngudi vd nen chuyen chinh, ddc tai cua che dp phong kien vd ciia Giao hdi thdi ky Trung cd.
Tinh thdn phuc dyng lai truyin thing van boa cd dai la mdt budc ngoat dien ra trong mpi ITnh vuc, lam bien ddi sdu sac ddi sdng vat chdt vd tinh tiidn ciia xa hdi phuang Tay. Cdc trung tdm kmh te va tnmg tam van hda mdi xudt hien, do dd, viec budn ban dugc md rong, cac nghiep doan thuang mai ra ddi, cac ngdn hang Idn lugt dugc xay dung... Phong trao ndng dan rdm rd khdp nai. Thdi dai nay cdn duac danh ddu bdng mot phong hao cai each tdn giao rdng Idn, sdi ddng. Chinh ti-ong bdi cdnh do, theo nhdn dinh ciia cdc nhd nghien ciiu,
"van hpc nghe thuat Phuc hung da nd hoa kit qua, mgt miia hoa qua tdt dep hiem co"
(Nhiiu tac gia, 2003: 124).
56 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hpi. sd 11.2019
Theo cac nha nghien cim, nhiing bien ddng to Idn do da gdp phdn tao nen nhieu ludng tu tudng, nhieu hpc thuyet chi phdi ddi sdng tinh thdn va van hda thdi dai, chdng ban nhu chu nghTa rihan van. Chu nghTa nay trdn trpng va de cao con ngudi, tdc phdm cua nd hudng tdi ca nggi con ngudi, ca tung viec dau tranh chong cai ac vd su bdt cdng xa hdi. Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, mac dii cd nhirng ban che, nhung chu nghia nhdn van thdi Phuc hung van la mdt cdng hien Idn ddi vdi lich su tu tudng con ngudi, va "chinh trao luu tu tudng tien bd nay da dem lai siic song mdi cho van hpc nghe thuat Phuc hung khien cho con ngudi khi tiep xiic vdi nd cam thdy minh nhu dugc 'tdi sinh', dugc 'sdng lai"' (Nhiiu tac gid, 2003: 128).
2.3. Vdn hgc phucmg Tdy thi kyXVII Van hgc Phap the ky XVII vdi vj tri, tinh chdt va nhiing thanh tyu ciia nd da dupe coi la dai dien cho vdn hpc phuang Tdy the ky nay. Bdi vay ma tiong cdng trinh Vdn hgc phuong Tdy (Nhieu tac gia, 2003), sau phan viet ve van hpc Phyc hung va trudc phdn viet ve van hgc phuong Tdy the ky XVIII, khong cd phdn viet ve van hpc phuang Tdy ndi chung the ky XVII ma thay vao do la van hgc Phap. Cac tac gia da danh gia cao vai trd ciia van hgc vd chu nghia cd dien Phap trong tien trinh vdn hpc phuang Tdy va the gidi.
Cdc nha nghien ciiu chi ra ba ddng vdn bgc thdi ky nay, dd la vdn bpc kieu each, van hgc hien thuc dung tuc va van hpc cd dien chit nghTa. Trong dd, ddng vdn hpc chinh thdng ciia van hpc Phdp the ky XVII la ddng van hpc cd dien chu nghTa: "ndi d i n thanh tyu Idn cua vdn hpc Phdp the ky XVII, chil yeu la ndi den dong van hpc co diin chil nghTa" (Nhieu tdc gia, 2003: 246).
Ben canh dd, cdc tac gid cung neu rd nhung cong hiin va han che cua chu nghia co dien,
do la: cd nhirng flianh tiJU ve vang the hipn d nhung tac gia va tdc phdm Idn tren nhieu ITnh vyc thudc nhiiu t h i loai sang tac; cd quan diim my hgc tiin bd, tir tudng chdng phong kiin, tdn giao vd nhirng thdi tat tu san; cd dnh hudng rdng rai va gdy du luan xa hdi sdu sdc; thiic ddy sy phat trien tdt dep cua vdn hgc Phap; qua thien v i ly hi, coi nhe vai trd ciia quiin chiing Iao ddng...
Cd thi thdy, van hgc phuong Tdy tiie ky XVII ma dai dien tieu biiu Id van hgc Phap da cd nhftng tiidnh tyu dang ke, trong do chil nghia cd d i i n ddng vai trd quan trgng.
Cho d i n nay, chii nghTa cd dien Phap "van la ddu de cua nhiing cugc tianh cai sdi ndi tiong ITnh vuc nghien ciiu, ly luan" (Nhieu tac gia, 2003:239).
2.4. Vdn hoc phuang Tdy thi ky XVIII Cac nha nghien ciiu cho rang, ddy la thi ky danh dau budc chuyen minh quan trgng tiong qud tiinh phat trien cua cac nude phuong Tdy, dugc menh danh la the ky Anh sang, ma van hgc trudc kia chua tung cd mdt thdi ky nao sdi dgng nhu trong the ky nay.
Tuy tinh chdt mdi nude khac nhau, nhung nhin chung phuang Tay the 1^
XVIII vdn mang mdt net ndi bat chung, dd la thdi ky dien ra cugc dau tranh quyet Het chdng phong kien. Cac nha van tien bd ciing cdc triet gia, cdc nha boat ddng xa hdi d hdu khdp cac nude da ddy len mdt phong trao manh me de cao ly tri, dimg anh sang ciia ly ixi de xua tan bdng t i i , soi td chdn ly, giai phdng tu tirdng cho mpi ngudi. Thuat ngft Anh sang xudt hien tir do.
Theo Le Nguyen Cdn (2014a), thi ky XVIII gan vdi cudc dai cdch mang Phdp ndm 1789 va md ra thdi ky cdng nghiep hda di lien vdi co khi hda va dien khi hda, CO vai trd lich su quan trgng khong chi vdi chdu Au ma ddi vdi ca nhdn loai nhu mdt
lan sdng mdi trong lich su nhdn loai. Thi ky XVIII la "con ngudi dimg ddu di diing", the ky ly tri dugc de cao, the ky cua nhiing cu6c ddu tranh chdng thdn quyen va qudn quyin quyet Het de dan tdi ngdi vi thing sodi cua khoa hgc ky thuat d thi ky XIX.
"Tat ca tao ra sire sdng manh liet, sdi ndi va dupe phdn dnh trong cdc tac phdm van chuong hai the ky nay, dac biet qua cae tiiu thuyit" (Le Nguyen Cdn, 2014a: 7). Ong cho rSng, van hpc phuong Tay thi ky XVIII dupe gidi ban giua hai thai dai van chuang Idn: phia trudc, tiong thdi ky da qua, la chu nghia cd dien va phia sau, noi thdi dai sdp den, la chu nghia lang man. Nhu vay, ddy cung la mot thdi ky phirc tap ciia sy da dang ve vdn chuong.
Cac tac gia tiong cdng trinh Vdn hgc phuang Tdy (2003) thi cho rang, van hgc phuang Tay thdi ky nay mang nhung net CO ban chung, nhung do tinh hinh phdt tiien rieng d timg nai nen vdn hpc moi nude lai CO nhiing mau sdc rieng biet. Do do, cac tac gia tap trung phdn tich tinh hmh xa hpi va dac diem van hgc cua mdt sd nude khac nhau (Anh, Phap, Diic), qua do tdng ket cac thanh tyu vdn hgc cdc nude nay: vdn hgc Anh xudt hien cac ten tudi nhu Richardson, H. Fielding, T.B. Smollett, R. Sheridan...;
van hpc Phdp vdi cac kich gia A.R. Lesage, Marivaux, Nivelle de La Chaussee, Beaumarchais, vdi cdc tieu thuyet gia nhu Marivaux, Prevost...; van hgc Diic vdi Gottsched, Lessing, Herder, Klinger, Sile...
Mdt trong nhung thanh tuu ndi bat nhat tiong van hgc phuang Tdy thdi dai nay chinh la tiiu tiiuyit. Theo Le Nguyen cin (2014a), viec sii dung phd bien ngdi thii nhat trong tidn thuat d cdc tdc phdm van hoc thdi ky nay ndi chung va tieu thuyet noi rieng khdng phdi la mdt sy sir dung tiiy hung hay ngdu nhien md nd mang tinh lich
su, gan lien vdi cac yeu cdu khach quan cua thdi dai. Mdt dac diim ndi bat ciia thdi dai, dd la "tinh chat ngay tho" ciia nd, rdng ddy la thdi dai cua nhiing con ngudi ngay tiio va gian di... "Nhftng con ngudi dd cung chinh la dpc gia cua thdi dai ma 'vdi bdn tinh ty nhien cua hp, hg chi biit ndi sy that', nhiing con ngudi do ddi hdi cac truyen ki 'cung phai la nhftng truyen ki vi sy tiidt'" (Le Nguyen Cdn, 2014a: 33).
Nhin chung, van hpc phuong Tdy thi ky XVIII la mdt giai doan phdt tiiin rue rd, vugt bac, trong dd van hgc cac nude deu cd nhiing thdnh tyu va ddu dn rieng cua minh.
2.5. Vdn hgc phuang Tdy the ky XIX Cdc nhd nghien ciiu cho rdng the ky XIX Id mdt thdi ky nhiiu biin dpng cua phuang Tdy. Theo Le Nguyen Cdn (2014a:
7), "the ky XIX la the ky ciia nhiing bien ddi Idn Iao" vdi cac cudc ddu tianh giai cdp cdng nhdn, sy xudt hien cua nhung ly thuyet khoa hgc vd tu tudng Idn cua thdi dai nhu chu nghTa khoa hpc ciia K. Max va F. Engels, tien hda ludn cua Darwin...
Ong cho rang, cudc each mang tu san Phap nam 1789 md ra the ky XIX, md ra mdt ky nguyen mdi trong lich su phat ttien cua nhdn loai - ky nguyen phat tiien tu bdn chu nghTa tren pham vi todn cau. Cupc each mang nay cdn la tieng set kinh hoang lam chdn ddng chdu Au phong kien, xe tan dam mdy mil am dam bao phii chdu Au phong kiin. Cdn Nguyin Van Dan (2013) nhdn dinh, giai doan ddu cua the ky XIX dugc biit din nhu la mot thdi ky thdng nhdt cao do ciia tinh thdn vd van hda. Den nira dau thi ky XIX, tu tudng "ty do, binh ddng, bac ai" cua cudc Cach mang Phap da dugc ddng ddo gidi tri thiic va nhdn dan Iao ddng hudng irng, lam thdnh mot mat tian thdng nhdt rdng Idn. Sy thdng nhdt do da ddn den cac cudc cdch mang tu sdn nam 1848 dien
58 Thong Hn Khoa hoe xa hpi. s611.2019 ra rdng khap tten ddt chdu Au. Trong nhung
cugc each mang Idn nay, van hda, vdn nghe tid thanh mot trong nhirng luc lugng di dau.
Vdn hpc phuong Tdy t h i ky XIX bao gdm nhieu khuynh hudng, nhieu ttao luu vdi nhieu tdc gia ndi tieng the gidi, trong dd hai ttao luu van hgc chii yeu Id chu nghia lang man va chu nghTa hien thyc phe phan, hinh thanh hau het d cac nude phuong Tdy.
Theo cac nha nghien ciiu, "van hgc cac nude deu cd ddc diem chung va nhirng sdc thdi rieng do hoan cdnh dau ttanh xa hpi, dnh hudng cua cac he tu tudng va su ke thua ttuyen thdng van nghe ddn tdc cua mdi nude quy dinh" (Nhieu tac gid, 2003: 403), do dd, ttong mdt sd cdng ttinh, cdc tac gid da gidi thieu nen vdn hgc cua mdt sd nude rieng le, nhu: Phap vdi cae dai dien nhu Chateaubriand, Lamartine, A. de Vigny, V. Hugo, George Sand, Stendhal, Prosper Merimee, G. Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, A. Rimbaud, Emile Zola...; van bpc Dire vdi Henrich Heine, Friedrich Hebbel...;
van hpc Anh vdi Walter Scott, George G.
Byron, Percy Shelley, Charles Dickens, W Thackeray,...; vdn hpc My vdi Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, N. Hawthorne, Herman Melville, W. Howells, Walter Whitman, Mark Twain...
2.6. Vdn hoc phuang Tdy tic the ky XX den ddu the ky XXI
Ngoai cac cong trinh van hpc su da neu cua Luang Duy Trung, Le Nguyen Can, Ddng Anh Ddo... dd trinh bay timg giai doan cu the cua van hpc phuang Tay tii thdi Hy Lap cd dai cho den nay, cdn cd mdt so cdng trinh khac ban rieng ve lich su van hpc phuang Tay the ky XX, vi du nhu Vdn hgc the gidi the ky XX cua Dd Xuan Ha (Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2006), Vdn hgc Au - My the ky XXdo Le Huy Bac chii bien (Nxb. Dai hgc Su pham, 2011)...
Phimg Van Tim tiong cudn Cdch tdn nghe thuat vdn hgc phuong Tdy (Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2017) cung ban nhiiu ve kich phuang Tay the ky XIX, XX.
Trong mdt sd cdng ttmh nghien ciiu van bpc su phuang Tay, cdc nhd nghien ciiu mdi chi gidi thieu cac tac gia, tac pham Idn tiong giai doan ndy, nhu cudn Van hgc phuong Tdy: Thi ky XX do Phimg Vdn Tiiu chu bien (T.3, Nxb. Gido due, 1992) hay trong cudn Vdn hgc phuong Tdy cua nhieu tdc gia (Nxb. Giao due, 2003), tiong phdn trinh bay v i van hpc t h i ky XX, cdc tac gid chi d i cap den mdt sd guong mat nha van tieu bieu dai dien cho vdn hgc the ky nay, la Bernard Shaw, Franz Kaflca, Bertolt Brecht, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, Eugene lonesco vd Louis Aragon.
Qua dd cimg cd the hinh dung dugc dien mao ciia vdn hgc phuang Tdy the ky XX, bdi nhiing dong gdp to Idn, mang tinh dot phd ciia cdc nha vdn nay. Tuy nhien cd the thdy ttong nhieu cudn van hpc sir, phan khai quat ve van hgc phuong Tay giai doan ndy vdn cdn la mot khoang ttong.
Ngoai ra, the ky XX d phuang Tdy ciing Id the ky ciia cac ttao luu van hpc hien dai, nen ngoai cac cudn vdn hpc sir ke tten thi cftng cd mdt sd cdng ttinh tdng ket thanh tyu ve mat ly luan cua van hgc phuang Tdy giai doan nay, nhu cudn Mudi trudng phdi ly ludn phe binh vdn hoc phuang Tdy duong dgi cua Phuang Lyu (Nxb. Gido due, 1999), Ddi mdi nghi thuat tiiu thuyit phuang Tdy hiin dgi cua Ddng Anh Ddo (Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2001), Dien mgo phe binh vdn hoc phuong Tdy thi ky XX cua Le Nguyen Cdn (Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham, 2018)... Cac cudn sach nay da cd gdng md ta "guong mat ly ludn phe binh phuong Tdy ttong the ky nay" (Phuong Luu, 1999: 4), tuy chua ddy du. Cdc nhd nghien ciiu eho
59 ring, thi ky XX Id mdt thdi dai "himg nd
tri thuc", cac nganh khoa hpc deu phdt ttien sieu tic, siic sdn xuat cao hon ca 19 the ky trudc cpng lai..., ddng thdi ciing cd nhiing biin dpng xa hdi Idn Iao nhu Cach mang thang Mudi thanh cdng, hai cudc chien tranh thi gidi tan khde, he thdng thupc dia tan rd... Tu do, nhiing quan niem ve vu tru va nhan sinh den phuang thuc sdng ciia con ngudi, nhdt Id d phuong Tay, deu thay ddi sau sic. Phuong Luu (2001) cho rang, nen ly luan phe binh phuong Tdy vdn da cd truyen thing phong phii den the ky nay ttd nen dien biin phiic tap vdi 3 ddc diem: mdt nen ly luan phe bmh ddi mdi ttiet de; mot nen ly luan phe binh phong phii da dang; root nen 1^ luan phe binh phat trien khdng ngimg...
3. Ket luan
Tir sau nam 1986, viec nghien ciiu vdn hpc phuang Tdy ndi chung va nghien cihi van hpc sir phuang Tdy ndi rieng tai Viet Nam da md ra mdt giai doan mdi, cdi md, phong phii, da dang hon rdt nhieu so vdi giai doan trudc. Tiep thu nhftng thanh tuu vdn hpc phuang Tdy, van hpc Viet Nam ciing tung budc phat trien, hdi nhdp vdo vdn hgc khu vuc vd thi gidi. Bdi gidng nhu nhieu nen van hoc khde, Viet Nam "trong xu the toan cdu hda ve kinh te hien nay, do ddu tau la phuang Tdy, nen vdn minh, van hda ciia cac dan tpc ngoai phuang Tdy khdng the cij la nhftng toa tau khep kin, khdng tham thau, khdng giao luu vdi phuong Tay"
(Phan Quy Bich, 2005: 3) • Tai lieu tham khao
1. Le Huy Bdc (chu bien, 2011), Vdn hgc Au - My thi ky XX, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham, Ha Ndi.
2. Phan Quy Bich (2005), "Ly tiiuyit phuang Tdy va chiing ta", Nghiin cuu Van hgc, sd 8.
3. Le Nguyen Cdn (2014a), Tiiu tuyit phuang Tdy thi ky XVIII, Nxb. Dai hgc
Qudc gia Ha Ngi, Ha Ndi.
4. Le Nguyen Cdn (2014b;, Tiiu tuyit phuong Tdy thi ky XIX, Nxb. Dai hgc
Qudc gia H a N g i , Ha Npi.
5. Le Nguyen Can (2018), Dien mgo phe binh van hgc phuang Tdy thi ky XX, Nxb. Dai hgc Su pham. Ha Ndi.
6. Nguyin Van Dan (2013), Chu nghia hien dai trong vdn hgc nghi thuat. Nxb.
Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
7. Do Xudn Ha (2006), Vdn hgc thi gidi thi ky XX, Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi.
8. Phuang Luu (1999), Mudi trudng phdi ly lugn phi binh vdn hgc phucmg Tdy duong dgi, Nxb. Gido dye. Ha Npi.
9. Phuang Luu (2001), Ly lugn phi binh vdn hoc phuong Tdy thi ky XX, Nxb. Vdn hpc, HaNgi.
10. Nhiiu tdc gid (1992), Vdn hgc phuang Tdy, Nxb. Gido dye. Ha Npi.
11. Nhiiu tac gid (2003), Vdn hge phuang Tdy, Nxb. Gido due, Ha Ndi.
12. Luong Duy Trung (chu bien, 1990), Vdn hgc phuang Tdy, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, HaNgi.
13. Lilu Truong (2007), Tiip can vdn hgc Phdp, Nxb. Van hpc, HaNgi.
14. Phung Van Tim (chu bien, 1992), Vdn hgc phuang Tdy: Thi kyXX, tap 3, Nxb.
Gido due, HaNgi.
15. Phimg Van Tuu (2017), Cdch tdn nghi thuat vdn hgc phuang Tdy, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi, H a N g i .
