Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, TU tudng Ho Chi Minh
Tir TirdNG V.I.LENIN V£ NHA NlTOfC KIEU MOn VA Sir VAN DUNG CUA DANG CONG SAN VIET NAM
PGS, TS. PHAM MINH T U A N "
TS. PHAM DINH DAT<">
Tom tat: Bdi viet tap trung lam ro nhimg ludn diem cua VI.Lenin ve nhd nu&c kieu m&i, trong dd the hien tinh tdt yeu khdch quan, su cdn thiet cua nhd nudc kieu mdi, bdn chdt cua nhd nu&c vd sdn, tinh nhdn ddn trong xdy dimg bd mdy nhd nu&c vd tu tuong xdy dung bp mdy nhd nu&c trong sach, vung mgnh. Gdn mpt the ky dd di qua nhung nhimg tu tucmg cua VI.Lenin ve nhd nu&c kieu m&i vdn mai la nhimg gid tri ben vimg, tru&ng tdn, la vU khi ly luan sdc ben trong cdng cupc doi m&i, xdy dimg Nhd nu&c phdp quyen xd hpi chu nghia cua nhdn ddn, do nhdn ddn, vi nhdn ddn dudi su lanh dgo cua Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam.
Tir khoa: nhd nu&c kieu m&i; VI.Lenin; ddi m&i
V
I.Lenin (1870 - 1924) - nha lanh tu thign tai eiia each mang vd san• Nga, ngudi sang lap Dang Cdng san Lign Xd va nha nudc xa hdi chu nghia dau tien trong lich sir nhan loai. Ong ed cdng lao to Idn trong viec bao ve, phat triln, lam sau sic, phong phii, eu thg ehu nghia Mac cudi the ky XIX, dau the ky XX. Day la giai doan chii nghTa tu ban chuyen sang chu nghTa dg qudc; cudc dau tranh giai cap, dau tranh giai phdng dan tgc va dau tranh m tudng diln ra het siic quygt liet, phirc tap dudi nhigu hinh thiic, mau sic. Ddng thdi, day la giai doan khoa hpc ty nhign phat trign
'•'"""'Hoc vi?n Chinh tri khu vyc II, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
vupt bae, nhilu phat minh khoa hgc ra ddi, cd y nghTa vupt thdi dai. Trudc tinh hinh dd, ddi hdi phai cd su khai quat mdi vg ly luan cua chu nghTa Mae, khdng ai khac, V.I.Lenin chinh la ngudi tign phong lanh trach nhiem va da hoan thanh xuit sic sii menh lich sir nay. Vdi tit ca nhiing ddng gdp vao kho tang lich sir tu tudng ciia nhan loai, su nghiep giai phdng ngudi lao ddng bi bdc lot, ddi xu bit cdng, nhan loai da ghi cdng V.I.Lgnin la nha tu tudng vT dai, gan lien vdi ten tuoi C.Mac, Ph. Angghen va hpc thuylt mang ten Hgc thuyet Mac - Lenin.
Cd thi ndi, ddng gdp kiet xuat, vT dai, cd gia tri sau sic, bin viing, mang tinh phd bien cua VI.Lenm vao kho tang lich su tu tudng nhan loai ndi chung va chii nghia Mac ndi neng, chinh la tu mdng vl nha nudc kieu mdi - van de co ban, diu tien, cd y nghia sdng cdn cua each mang.
So 3/2020
20 Chu nghTa Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh Bai viet nay tap tmng khai quat mgt s6 not
dung Off bdn mang tinh th&i su sau:
Thic nhdt. tu tu&ng ciia V.I.Lenin ve tinh tdt yeu, khdch quan, su cdn thiet cua nhd nu&c vd sdn - nhd nu&c kieu m&i
Theo VLLgnin, viec giai cap vd san gianh dupe chinh quygn thiet lap va ciing cd bg may nha nudc viing manh la nhan td cd y nghia tmdc tien, quyet dinh thang Igi eiia each mang vd san. Day la van dg mang tinh quy luat ciia qua trinh each mang xa hdi chil nghia; ddng thdi, la ddi hdi, yeu cau khach quan cua each mang vd san ddi vdi nhung ngudi cdng san. Theo VI.Lenin: "Hgc thuyet dau tranh giai cap ma Mac van dung vao van dg nha nudc va van de each mang xa hdi chii nghia, tat nhien phai dua dgn chd thira nhan su thdng tii ve chinh tri eua giai cap vd san, chuyen chinh eiia giai cap do, tuc la mdt chfnh quygn khdng bi chia se vdi ai het, va true tiep dya vao luc lupng vii trang cua quan chiing. Giai cap tu san chi cd the bi ISt do, khi nao giai cap vd san trd thanh giai cdp thong tri du siie trin ap su phan khang khdng thi tranh khdi, tuyet vpng cua giai cap tu san, va du siic td chiic liet thdy quan chiing lao ddng va bi bdc lot dg xay dung mdt che do kinh te mdi"*". "Giai cap vd san khdng the nao lat do dupe giai cap tu san, neu tmdc hgt khdng gianh lay chinh quyln, khdng thigt lap dugc sy thdng tri ve chinh tri ciia minh"'-'.
Tinh tat yeu khach quan, su can thiet cua nha nudc vd san - nha nudc kieu mdi khdng chi xuat phat tu yeu cau trudc hen, ca ban vg mdt cudc each mang, do la chinh quygn. ma cdn dugc xuat phat tir chinh chiic nang, nhiem vu cua nha nudc vd san. De cap van de nay, V.I.Lgnin khang dinh:
"Giai cap vd san can cd chinh quyen nha nudc, can ed td chiic siic manh tap trung, can cd td chirc bao luc de tran ap sy phan khang eiia bgn bdc lot va lanh dgo quang dai quan chiing nhan dan - ndng dan, tieu tu san, niia vd san - trong cdng cudc "td chirc" nen kinh te xa hdi chii nghia"'^'.
Nhim bao ve tpian digm vg su can thiet khach quan cua nha nude vd san, V.I.Lgnin da dau tranh khdng khoan nhuang vdi tit ca nhung quan diem cdng kich, phii nhan qua trinh dau tranh each mang
gianh chinh quyln thuc hien chuyen chinh cua giai cip vd san. De cap van dl nay, VLLgnin nhan manh: "Chi nhiing ngucd da hilu rang chuyen chmh ciia mot giai cip la tit ylu khdng nhirng cho mgi xa hdi cd giai cip ndi chung, khdng nhung eho giai cdp v6 sdn sau khi da lat do giai cap tu san, ma cdn cho ca sudt th&i ky lich su hi che do tu ban chu nghia din "xa hgi khdng cd giai cip", din chi dp cdng san ehu nghia, ehi nhimg ngudi dd mdi thim nhuin dugc thue chat eua hgc thuyet cua Mac vg nha nudc*"".
Ddng thdi, theo VLLgnin, tinh tit yeu khach quan, su cin thigt xay dung, ciing cd nha nudc vd san cdn xuat phat tir tmh chat phiic tap, quyet bet Crong cudc dau tranh giai cap giiia giai cap vd san vdi giai cap tu san. V.I.Lenin khang dinh: "Nha nudc vd san la mgt bg may ma giai cap vd san dung dg tran ap giai cap tu san; va sy tran ap dd la can thigt vi khi bat diu lat dd bpn dia chu va bgn tu ban, khi bat diu tudc doat lai nhiing ke di tudc doat thi bpn dia chii va bgn tu ban, toan bd giai cip tu san va tit ca bgn tay sai cua chiing, tat ca bpn bdc lot se phan khang lai dir dgi, manh het, khdng chiin tay trudc bat eii mdt viec gi"*^'.
Thir hai, tu tu&ng cua VLLenin ve bdn chdt cda nhd nu&c vd sdn - nhd nu&c kieu m&i
Ngu nha nudc la td chiie thdng tri ciia mdt giai cap, mang ban chat eua giai cap cam quyen, ihi nha nudc vd san vg ban chat la bg may quyen luc cua giai cap vd san, nhung nd khac v l chit so vdi tat ca cac nha nude tmdc dd trong lich su. Sy ra ddi cua nha nudc vd san, chiing td giai cip vd san da hrd thanh giai cip cim quyen. V.I.Lgnin chi rd:
"Nha nudc, tCic la giai cip vd san dupe td chiic thanh giai cap thdng M, ly luan iy ciia Mac gin lien mat thilt vdi toan bp hgc thuylt ciia dng v l vai trd each mang cua giai cip vd san hong lich su. Dmh cao_ ciia vai trd iy la chuygn chinh vd san, la su thdng tri vl chinh tri ciia giai cip vd san"<«. Khdng nhiing thi, theo V.I.Lgnin, sy ra ddi cua nha nudc vd san cdn la mgt ky tich, sang tao vT dai cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng. D l cap vin d l nay, V.LLenin nhin manh: "Trong hang may tram nam xay dung len nhung nha nude theo kilu nay, ngudi ta
^ s a n , Khoa hpc chinh tri - So
3/2020
Chu nghia Mdc - Linin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh 21 va day la lin diu tien, chiing ta da tim ra mdt
hinh thire nha nudc khdng phai tu san... Diu cho bd may nha nudc cua chiing ta cdn kem cdi, nhung nd da dupe sang tao ra, do la mdt phat minh lich sii vT dai nhit, mpt nha nude kilu vd san da dugc sang tao ra. .."<''*.
Khi nhin manh ban chat ciia nha nudc vd san, V.I.Lgnin ludn chi ra sy khac biet ve chat ciia nha nudc vd san vdi nha nudc tu san, bao gdm ddi tupng dau tranh, tran ap, lyc luong tham gia dau tranh va muc dich sic dung bd may nha nudc ciia nhiing ngudi cdng san. Dd la: "Nha nudc la mdt td chiic quyen luc dac biet, nd la td chirc bao lyc diing dg tran ap mdt giai cap nao dd. Vay thi giai cap ma giai cap vd san cSn phai tran ap la giai cap nao? Duong nhien chi la giai cap bdc lot, nghia la giai cap tu san. Nhiing ngudi lao dgng can cd Nha nudc la chi de trin ap su phan khang cua bgn bdc lot; ma lanh dao viec tran ap ay, thuc hanh viec tran ap ay, thi ehi cd giai cap vd san mdi cd the lam dugc, vi nd la giai cap duy nhat triet de each mang, giai cap duy nhat cd thg doan ket tit ca nhiing ngudi lao ddng va tit ca nhiing ngudi hi bdc lot trong cudc dau tranh chdng giai cap tu san, nham tmat bd giai cap dd hoan toan"<^*.
Thii ba. tu tu&ng xuyen sudt, chi phdi todn bo tu tu&ng cua VI.Lenin ve nhd nu&c kieu m&i Id nhd nu&c ciia ddn, do ddn, vi ddn, phdt huy sire mgnh tong hpp cua nhdn ddn vdo xdy dung bp mdy nhd nu&c
Tu tudng cua VLLenin ve nha nudc cua dan, do dan, vi dan, phat huy siic manh tdng hop cua nhan dan vao xay dung nha nude dugc xuat phat hi ban chat ciia chu nghTa tu ban. Chinh chii nghTa tu ban da day quan chiing nhan dan vao su khdn Cling, dau khd, huge hp phai diing Ign dau tranh, giai phdng. Trong cudc dau tranh nay, chinh giai cap vd san, dpi tien phong la Dang Cdng san da tap hgp, chi dudng, din dit hg. V.LLenin vilt:
"Chii nghia tu ban se khdng phai la chu nghTa tu ban, neu mdt mat nd khdng day qudn chiing vao tinh trang khiep nhuoc, bi de nen, sp hai, phan tan (thdn que), tdi tam; - ngu nhu mat khac nd (chu nghia tu ban) khdng trao vao tay giai cip tu san bd may gian ddi va lira dao khdng Id, bd may
lira ddi quan chimg cdng nhan va ndng dan lam cho hp ngu ddn, v.v.. Vi vay, chi cd giai cip vd san mdi cd kha nang dua nhdn ddn lao dpng hi chii nghia tu ban len ehu nghia cpng san"'^'.
Ddng thdi, theo VLLgnin, chinh quang dai quan chimg nhan dan lao ddng la ngudi tliuc Men chiic nang, nhiem vu eua nha nudc kieu mdi: "Nha nudc la mdt bd may dan ap. Cin phai dan ap bgn bdc lot, nhung khdng thg dung canh sat dg dan ap bgn chiing, chi ed chinh ban than quan chiing mdi dan ap chimg duge; bd may phai gan lien vdi quan chiing, phai dai dien cho quan chiing, nhu cac Xd vilt vay. Cac Xd vigt gan vdi quan chiing han nhieu, chiing tao dieu kien dg gan giii quan chung han, chiing tao nhilu dieu kien hon de giao due quan chimg"""'. Vi vay, V.LLenin yeu cau: "Can phai xdy dung ngay chg dp dan chii, bat dau tir co sd, dua vao sang kien ciia ban than quan chung, vdi su tham gia thuc su ciia quan chung vao tdt cd ddi sdng cua nha nudc, khdng cd sy "giam sat" tir tren, khdng cd quan lai"*'". "Quan chimg cang chii ddng, cang cd nhieu y kien, cang manh dan va cang ed tinh than sang tao khi tien hanh cdng viec dd thi lai cang tot. Khdng nhiing chi cho nhiing ngudi vd san va nira vd san d ndng thdn, ma ca chin phan mudi toan the ndng dan cung nhat dinh se theo chiing ta...""^'. Day chinh la ngudn sire manh, siic song ndi sinh vd ciing tan cua nha nudc kieu mdi. Tu tudng cua V.LLenin da ehi ra nhu vay.
Khdng nhiing the, theo VI.Lenin, quan chirng nhan dan cdn phai la ngudi hue tiep tham gia xay dung ddi ngu can bd trong bg may nha nudc kieu mdi: "Quin chiing phai cd quyen dugc hi minh cii ra nhiing ngudi lanh dao cd hach nhiem. Quan chiing phai ed quyln dugc thay ddi nhiing ngudi lanh dao ciia minh, phai cd quygn dugc higu ro va kilm tra mdi mdt budc nhd nhat ttong boat ddng cua nhiing ngudi dd. Quin chimg phai cd quyen dupe dl bat ttong ndi bd cua hg bat ky mdt cdng nhan nao len phu ttach chiic vu lanh dao"''^*.
Thu tu, tu tu&ng cua VLLenin ve nhd nu&c kiiu m&i trong sgch, vimg mgnh
Trong tu hrdng cua V.I.Lgnin, xay dung nha nudc kilu mdi ttong sach, virng manh, ttirdc het
- So 3/2020
22 Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng HS Chi Minh^
phai cd CO chg kilm soat quyln lyc, nhim ttanh lam quyen, ddc quygn. Bdi vi, lam quyln, ddc quyen la khuylt tat eua nha nudc, bilu hien tha hda cua can bd, tudc di siic manh cua nha nudc.
Dg cap van dl nay, V.I.Lgnin chi ro: "Nlu quygn lyc chinh tri ttong nudc nam ttong tay mdt giai cap cd quygn Igi phii hgp vdi quyen Igi cua da sd, thi mdi cd thg thuc hien viec dilu khien cdng viec qudc gia thuc su theo diing nguyen vgng ciia da sd. Nhung neu quyen lyc chinh tn nim ttong tay mgt giai cap cd quyen loi khac vdi quygn Igi ciia da sd, thi viec digu khign cdng viec qudc gia theo nguyen vgng ciia da sd khdng khdi ttd thanh mdt su lira gat, hoac dua den chd dan ap da sd ay"*'*.
Cling vdi kiem soat quyln luc, viec xay dung nha nudc ttong sach, viing manh ddi hdi phai chu ttgng xay dyng ddi ngii can bd viing manh vg chat lupng, du ve sd lugng. Cho nen, V.LLenin ludn ban khoan, lo lang tmdc nhiing ban chg, bat cap ve hgc thitc, van hda, dac biet la kha nang quan ly dat nudc cua khdng it can bd; nhat la tinh trang mdt sd can bd lanh dao bi nhigm bdi can benh
"kigu ngao cdng san", quan lieu. Nhiing can bd mac can benh nay la do "thieu nghien ciiu kinh nghiem thyc tg, thigu ttao ddi kinh nghiem, thieu kigm tra lan nhau"<'='. Dg cap hau qua benh quan ligu, V.I.Lgnin chi ro: "Toan bd cdng viec ciia tit ca cac CO quan kinh tg ciia chimg ta bi khdn khd tmdc het ve te quan ligu... neu cd cai gi se lam tigu vong chimg ta thi chinh la cai dd"''^.
Cling vdi viec phe phan benh quan heu, V.I.Lgnin kich liet len an benh tham nhiing, hdi Id ciia mdt bd phan cdng chiic ttong bd may nha nudc. Bdi ^d, theo VLLgnin, chinh bd phan cdng ehiic nay la thu pham lam muc mdng bd may nha nudc, xdi mdn niem tin cua nhan dan ddi vdi che dp. "Theo tdi, hien gid cd ba ke thii chinh dang dimg trudc mdi ngudi, bat ke ngudi dd lam viec gi, d cuong vi nao,... ke thu thii nhat - tinh kigu ngao cdng san chii nghTa; ke thii thii hai - nan mil ehii; ke thii thii ba - nan hdi Id""^*. Vi vay, V.LLenin ludn cuong quyet dau tranh, trimg tri te quan ligu, tham nhung, hdi Id va thang than ngu ro quan diim: "Tdi rit mong chiing ta cd the dudi ra khdi dang hi 10 van din 20 van ngudi
da len ldi vao dang va da khdng nhiing khdng bilt diu ttanh chdng benh giiy td cimg nan hdi Id, ma cdn can ttd cudc dau ttanh nay nira"''^'.
Den nay, tu hrdng cua V.I.Lgnin ve nha nudc kilu mdi vin cdn nguyen gia hi vl mat Iy luan va thuc tign. Qua ttmh ddi mdi d Viet Nam han 30 nam cd the khing dinh ring. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ludn quan ttiet sau sic, van dung sang tao nhiing chi din ciia VLLemn vao viec xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chii nghia ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan. Day la mdt ttong nhung nguyen nhan gdp phan vao thang Igi to Idn ciia su nghiep ddi mdi dat nudc ndi chung va nang cao hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly nha nudc ndi rieng.
Dai hpi lan thii VI (nam 1986) - dai hpi ddi mdi tu duy. Dang Cong san V e t Nam da xac dinh rd ban chat ciia Nha nude ta la: "Nha nudc ta la cdng cy ciia che do lam chu tap the xa hdi chii nghTa, do giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng td chiic thanh co quan quygn luc chinh tri. Trong thdi ky qua dp, dd la nhd nu&c chuyen chinh vd sdn thuc hien che dp ddn chu xa hdi chu nghTd''''^^\ Vi vay, de dap iing yeu cau sy nghiep ddi mdi va nhiing ddi hdi cua xu thg hgi nhap.
Dang da kip thdi ddi mdi de cd nhiing quan niem, ttr duy mdi vg xay dung nha nudc. D I cap van dg nay. Van kien Dai hgi lan thii VI khang dinh:
"Quan ly dit nudc bing phap luat, chii khdng chi bing dao ly. Phap luat la the ehi hda dudng ldi, chii ttuong cua Dang, the hien y chi cua nhan dan, phai dugc thyc hien thong nhit ttong ca nudc.
Tuan theo phap luat la chip hanh dudng ldi, ehu tiirong ciia Dang. Quan ly bing phap luat ddi hdi phai quan tam xay dung phdp ludt. Timg budc bd sung va hoan chmh he thdng phap luat dl bao dam cho bg may nha nudc dupe td chirc va boat dpng theo phap luat"<=°'. "Phap luat phai dupe chip hanh nghiem chinh, mpi ngudi diu phai binh ding ttudc phap luat. Trong dilu kien dang cam quyln moi can bd, bit cii d cuang vi nao, diu phai sdng va lam viec theo phap luat, guang mau ttong viec tdn ttong phap lu^t. Khdng cho phep bit cii ai dya vao quyln thi de lam ttai phap luat. Mpi vi pham diu phai dupe xii ly. Bit cii ai pham phap
Khoa hoc chinh tn - So 3/2020
Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh 23 diu dua ra xet xir theo phap luat, khdng dugc
giir lai de xii Iy "ngi bd"*^".
Tilp mc xay dung, ciing co nhim khdng ngiing nang cao hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly cda Nha nude; cung vdi nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem tit thuc tiln ddi mdi dit nudc, tiep thu tri thiic tinh hoa ciia dan tdc, nhan loai, dac biet la tu tudng cua V.LLenin ve nha nude kieu mdi, Dai hdi Ian 1htiVII(nam 1991)-dai hdi ciia tri tue- ddi mdi - dan chil - ky cuong - doan ket da kh&ig dinh:
"Tiep tuc cai each bp mdy nhd nu&c theo phuong hudng: Nha nude thuc su la cua dan, do dan va vi dan. Nha nudc quan ly xa hdi bing phap luat, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang; td chiic va hoat ddng theo nguyen tic tap trung dan chu, thuc hien thdng nhat quyln lyc nhung phan cdng, phan cap ranh mach; bd may tinh gian, gpn nhe va hoat ddng ed chat lupng cao tren co sd ling dung cac thanh tuu khoa hpc, ky diuat, quan ly"*^-'. Ddng thdi. Van kien ciing cM rd nhiing viec can tap trung lam tdt, ttong do cd hai ngi dung dang chii y: (1) "Kien quygt sap xep lai td chiic va tinh gian bign chg cac CO quan hanh chinh, sy nghiep ngay tir nam 1991, lam cho bd may gpn nhe va boat ddng hieu qua.
Sdm ban hanh quy che vien chiic nha nudc. Xay dyng dgi ngii vien chiic nha nudc cd pham chat chinh tri, tinh than ttach nhiem cao va thanh thao nghiep vu"*-^*; (2) Kien quyet va thudng xuyen dau tranh chdng te tham nhiing. Phuong hudng ca ban de khac phuc te tham nhiing la phai xay dyng va hoan chinh bp may, co che quan ly va phap luat; xir ly nghiem minh nhiing ngudi vi pham, ddng thdi tang cudng giao due tu hrdng, quan ly chat che ngi bg"'^'''.
Din Dai hgi lin thii VUI (nam 1996), Dang da chi ro, nang cao hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly cua Nha nudc can quan triet sau sac nhung quan diem CO ban sau:
"- Xay dyng Nha nudc xa hdi chu nghia cua dan, do dan va vi dan; lay lien minh giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai c ^ ndng dan va ting Idp tii thiic lam nen tang, do Dang Cdng san lanh dao. Thuc hien diy du quyen lam chil oia nhan dan, giir nghiem ky cuong xa hdi, chuyen chinh vdi mgi hanh ddng xam pham Igi ich ciiaTd qudc va oia nhan dan.
- Quygn lyc nha nudc la thdng nhat, cd su phan cdng va phdi hpp giira cac co quan nha nudc ttong viec thuc hien cac quyln lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap.
Thuc hien nguyen tac tap ttung dan chu ttong td chitc va hoat dgng ciia Nha nudc.
- Tang cudng phap che xa hdi chii nghia, xay dung Nha nudc phap quyln Viet Nam. Quan ly xa hdi bang phap luat, ddng tiidi coi ttgng giao due, nang cao dao due,
- Tang cudng vai ttd lanh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi Nha nudc"*^^*.
Dg khdng ngimg kien toan nha nudc vung manh, nhiem ky Dai hdi lan thii VIII da xac dinh bdn nhiem vu can thuc hien tdt: (1) Ddi mdi, nang cao chat lupng cdng tac lap phap va giam sat tdi cao cua Qudc hdi ddi vdi toan bd hoat ddng ciia Nha nudc; (2) Cai each nen hanh chinh nha nudc; (3) Cai each td chiic boat ddng tu phap; (4) Day manh dau tranh chdng tham nhiing*^^'.
Tren co sd ke thira nhiing thanh tyu va nhan thirc dupe cac bat cap ttong qua trinh xay dung, cung cd nha nudc nhiem ky viia qua, Dai hdi lan thii IX cua Dang (nam 2001) da chi ro: "Day manh cai each td chiic va hoat ddng ciia nha nudc, phat huy dan chu, tang cudng phap chg"'^''.
Dai hdi lan thii X mdt lan nira dg cap viec tiep tuc nang cao hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly ciia Nha nudc, nham xay dyng, hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam thyc sy cua dan, do dan, vi dan. Van kien da xac dinh nhung ndi dung cu the can quan triet thuc Men: (1) Phat huy dan chu; (2) Tilp ttie xay dyng va hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghTa; (3) Tich eye phdng ngira va kign quyet chdng tham nhung, lang phi'-*''.
Trong dd. Dang nhan manh: "Xay dung co chd van hanh cua Nha nudc phap quygn xa hgi chu nghia, bao dam nguygn tic tat ca quyen lyc nha nudc diu thudc v l nhan dan; quyen luc nha nudc ia thdng nhit, cd su phan cdng, phdi hpp giiia cac co quan ttong viec thuc hien quyen lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap. Hoan thien he thong phap luat, tang tinh cu the, kha thi ciia cac quy dinh ttong van ban phap luat. Xay dung.
n,fi r^n^r^ c^hi^rp KJ - 8 6 3 / 2 0 2 0
' Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chf Minh hoan tMen co chg kiem tta, giam sat tinh hpp
hien, hpp phap ttong cac hoat ddng va quyet dinh ciia cac CO quan cdng quyen"'-'*.
Cuong ITnh xdy dung ddt nu&c trong th&i ky qud dp len chu nghTa xd hpi (Bd sung, phat trien nam 2011) da chi rd ban chat, chiic nang, nhiem vu, co che van hanh va nguyen tac hoat ddng ciia Nha nudc Viet Nam: "Nha nudc ta la Nha nu&c phdp quyen xd hpi chii nghTa cua nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan. Tat ca quyen luc Nha nudc thugc ve nhan dan ma nen tang la lign minh giiia giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va dgi ngii tri thirc, do Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao. Quyen lire Nha nudc la thdng nhat; cd su phan cdng, phdi hgp va kigm soat giiia cac co quan ttong viec thuc hien cac quygn lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap.
Nha nudc ban hanh phap luat; td chiic, quan ly xa hdi bang phap luat va khdng ngimg tang cudng phap chg xa hdi chu nghia.
Nha nudc phuc vu nhan dan, gin bd mat thigt vdi nhan dan thuc hien day du quyen dan chu cua nhan dan, tdn trpng, lang nghe y kign ciia nhan dan va chiu su giam sat cua nlian dan; cd ca chg va bien phap kigm soat, ngan ngira va trimg tri te quan tieu, tham nhiing, lang pM, vd ttach nhiem, lam quyen, xam pham quyen dan chil cua cdng dan; giii nghigm ky cuong xa hgi, nghiem tri mgi hanh ddng xam pham Igi ich cua Td qudc va ciia nhan dan"*^**'.
Ddng thdi. Van kien Dai hpi lan thii XI xac dinh, viec cimg cd, xay dyng Nha nudc phap quyen xa hpi chii nghTa ddi hdi toan bd he thdng chinh tti, phai thuc Men tdt cac ngi dung sau: (1) Nang cao nhan thirc ve xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chu nghTa; (2) Tigp tuc ddi mdi td chirc, boat dpng cua bg may nha nudc; (3) Xay dung ddi ngu can bg, cdng chirc ttong sach, cd nang luc dap iing yeu cau ttong tinh hinh mdi;
(4) Tich cue thuc hanh tiet kiem, phdng ngira va kign quygt chdng tham nhiing, lang phi<^".
Tilp tuc tinh than ciia Dai hdi Dang lan thii XI ve viec tang cudng cung cd, xay dimg Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghia, Dai hdi lan diii XII ciia Dang (nam 2016) nhan thiic sau sac
vl Nha nudc phap quyln xa hdi chu ngliTa, ttong do nhin manh ygu ciu; "Phai tao sy chuyen bien tich cue, hieu qua cao han. Xay dung Nha nudc phap quyln phai tiln hanh dong bg ca lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap, va dupe tien hanh ddng bd vdi ddi mdi he tiiong chmh hi theo hudng tmh gpn. Men luc, hieu qua; gan vdi ddi mdi kmh te, van hda, xa hdi. Tilp hic hoan tMen ca chi bao ve Hiln phap va phap luat"*"'. Dai hdi lin thir XH ciia Dang ciing xac dinh cac nMem vy vg hoan tMen till chi, chiic nang, nMem vu, phuong tiiiic va CO chi van hanh, nang cao hieu lyc. Men qua cua Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chu nghTa; hoan thien td chirc va nang cao chat luong. Men qua hoat ddng ciia bd may nha nudc; chii ttgng cdng tac xay dyng dgi ngii can bd.
Ben canh do, nhin lai lich sir Hien phap Viet Nam, ngay hi Hien phap nam 1980 da khang dinh:
"Nha nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chii ngMa Viet Nam la Nha nudc chuyen chinh vd san". Tren co sd quan diem nay, Hien phap nam 1992 da quy dinh:
"Nha nudc ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan". Tigp dgn Hien phap nam 1992 (sira ddi, bd sung nam 2001) quy dinh: "Nha nudc Cong hda xa hdi chu ngMa Viet Nam la Nha nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan". Quy dinh nay tiep tuc dugc khing dinh tai Hien phap nam 2013. D I phat huy nhiing thanh tuu tten, ddng thdi khac phuc nhung ban che bat cap ttong xay dung Nha nudc phap quygn. Dang yeu ciu ttong nMem ky tdi can:
- Tiep ttic xay dyng, hoan thien Nha nudc phap quygn xa hpi chu nghia do Dang lanh dao la nhiem vu trgng tam cua ddi mdi he thdng chinh tri.
- Hoan thien thi chi, chirc nang, nhiem vu, phuong thirc va ca chi van hanh, nang cao hieii luc, hieu qua cua Nha nudc phap quyln xa hdi chil nghTa.
- Hoan thien to chirc va nang cao chit lugng^
hieu qua boat ddng cua bd may nha nudc. ' - Chii trgng cdng tac xay dyng ddi ngQ can bd, cdng chirc*"'.
Trong nhiem ky vira qua. Dang ciing dac biet chii y dgn cdng tac xay dyng ddi ngii can bd Khoa hpc chmh tri - So 3/2020
Chu nghia Mdc - Linin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh 25 cdng chiic du tam, dii tim; ddng thdi, diy manh
cdng tac phdng, chdng tiiam nhiing. Day la mpt ttong nhiing giai phap tMit thyc, hiiu hieu nhit nhim nang cao Meu lyc, Meu qua quan ly cua Nha nudc phap quyln xa hgi chu nghia. De cap sy quan tam cua Dang doi vdi cdng tac can bd va quyit tam, ban llnh cua Dang ttong viec chdng tham nhung. Van kien Dai hdi XII khang dinh:
"Ra soat, sira ddi, bd sung chinh sach ddi vdi can bp, cdng chiic theo hudng khuyen khich can bd, cdng chirc nang cao trinh do chuygn mdn, ngMep vu, dao diic cdng vu, hoan thanh tdt nhiem vu;
iiy ban llnh chinh tri, pham chat dao diic, nang lyc, Meu qua thuc thi nMem vu de danh gia, de bat, bd nhiem can bd. Xay dung co che, chinh sach dai ngd, thu hut, ttgng dung nhan tai.
Day manh dau ttanh phdng, chdng tham nhiing, lang phi, quan ligu, bach dich, cira quygn;
thuc hanh tiet kiem ttong cac ca quan nha nudc va ttong dpi ngu can bd, cdng chiic"*^"^'.
Xay dyng Nha nudc phap quygn xa hdi chil nghia dugc Dang xac dinh la mdt trong 12 nhiem vy tdng quat phat trien dat nudc ttong 5 nam 2016 - 2020: "Tilp tijc hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghia, xay dung bd may nha nudc tinh gpn, ttong sach, viing manh; hoan thien he thdng phap luat, day manh cai each hanh chinh, cai each tu phap, xay dung dpi ngii can bd, cdng chiic, vien chiic cd pham chat, nang lyc dap iing yeu cau, nhiem vu; phat huy dan chii, tang cudng ttach nhiem, ky luat, ky cuong; day manh dau ttanh phdng, chdng tham nhiing, lang phi, quan lieu, te nan xa hdi va tdi pham"'"'.
Nhirng tu tudng tren day ciia Dang ve xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chu nghia ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan la san pham tri tue ciia toan the dan tdc, cua ca he thdng chinh tri; ddng thdi, la san pham ciia qua trinh nhan thiic, van dung k l thira bien chiing cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh; tinh hoa ciia dan tgc, nhan loai, thdi dai vg nha nudc va no cdn la san pham cua viec quan triet sau sic nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem, nhu ciu thyc tiln ddi mdi
ciia dat nudc, Trong do, nhiing tu tudng ciia V.I.Lgnin la mdt trong nhung tai san sau sic, quy bau, nhat la nhiing tu tudng vg nha nudc kilu mdi, nhu tu hrdng v l tinh tit ylu khach quan, su can tMet, ban chat ciia nha nudc vd san - nha nudc kieu mdi; tu tudng vg nha nudc cua nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan, phat huy siic manh tdng hpp cua cac tang Idp nhan dan vao xay dung nha nudc va tu tudng vg xay dyng bp may nha nudc trong sach, viing manh... Nhiing gia tti tu tudng nay cua V.I.Lgnin van ludn tda sang ttong sy ngMep ddi mdi dat nudc, dac biet ttong su nghiep xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam Men nay •
(]),ou3)(4),(6)va(3, VJ Lenin Todn tap, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Ha N6i, 2005, t.33, tt,32, 35, 36, 32 va 43-44, 33, 30-31
'5> VI.Lenin, Sdd, t.37, tt,559, 560 ("VI.Lenin, Sdd, t,45, tt.l30
<" V.LLenin,5^c/, t.40,tt.l8-19 (io)vi(]2) V.LLenin, Sdd, t.36, tr.66 va 192 (i2)vMni V I Lenin, Sdd, t.31, tt.337 va 337
<'^'V.LLenin, 5'^d,t.34,tt.52
<'^' V.I.Lenin, Sdd, t.43, tt.327
<'*> VI.Lenin, Sdd, t.54, tt.235 (i7)vA(ia) VLLenin, Sdd, t.44, tr.217 va 214 119). (30) vi (21) g ^ g C6ng san Viet Nam, Vdn Iden Dai hoi dai hiiu todn quae Idn thir VI, Nxb Su that, Ha Noi, 1987,tr.ll7, 120 va 121
122). (23) vi (2i) j ) ^ g Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi hiiu toan quoc lan thic VII, Nxb Su that. Ha Ngi, 1 9 9 I , t r . 9 1 , 9 2 v a 9 3
(25) Vii (2i3) B^ng Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Bai hoi dgi bieu todn quoc lan thic VIII, Nxb Chuih tri q u i c gia, H a N p i , 1996, tt.l29
'^'^ Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hoi dai bieu todn quoc Idn thie IX, Nxb Chmh tti qu6c gia, Ha Noi, 2001,tt.i31
(28) va {i'» E)^Qg Cpng san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hoi dai bieu todn qudc Idn thirX, Nxb Chinh ttj quIc gia, Ha Npi, 2006, tt 125-128 va 126
(30)va(3i) E)£Qg Cpng san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thic XI, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia.
Ha N6i, 2011, tr.85, 86 va 246-252
(32),(33),(34)va|35i f)^ng Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hoi dai bieu todn qudc lan thuXIL Nxb Chinh tti qu6c gia,HaNpi,2016,ttl75, 175-180, 181 va 79 - So 3/2020
