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T O I P H A M H O A TRONG LUAT HINH SU MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN
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PHAN ANH TUAN*
T
oi pham hda la mpt trong nhung bien phap eda chinh sach hinh sy the hien cu the nhat y chi eda Ding va Nha nudc ta nhim thyc hien cac nhiem vu eda luat hinh sy.Xua't phat tu nhu elu cua xa hoi, bing viec toi pham hda nha nudc da cho ra ddi eda d c qui pham phap luat hinh sy phuc vy cac nhiem vu eda dat nude, diu tranh phdng va chdng toi pham trong tiing giai doan lich su cy the. Tuy nhien, lam the'nao de cd the phin Inh dung vl day dd d c nhu d u cua xa hdi, y ehi eda nhan dan thanh cle qui pham phip luat hinh sy, thanh cac van ban phap luat hinh sy sao cho cd hieu qua la mpt van de d n dupc nghien cdn mpt d c h khoa hpc va nghiem tuc. Do dd, viec nhan thue mpt each khoa hpc va cd he thdng ve tdi pham hda cd y nghia quan trpng ve ly luan cQng nhu thue tien xay dyng va hoan thien phip luat hinh sy.
1. Khai niem toi pham hoa.
Trong khoa hpc Luat hinh sy hien nay ed nhieu quan diem khic nhau ve khai niem toi pham hda:
Theo GS.TS NguySn Ngpc Hda va PGS.TS Le Thi Son thi tdi pham hda la: "Xde dinh trong ludt hdnh vi nhd't dinh la tdi phgm "'.
GS.TSKH Le Cam thi cho rang: "tgiphgm hod Id vice ghi nhgn ve mat lap phdp trong ludt hinh su mgt hdnh vi ndo do Id tgi phgm vd quy dinh bien phdp cuang cheve hinh su tuang ung dd'i vai viec thuc hien hdnh vi do "^.
GS.TS Dao Tri Ue cho ring: "Viec qui dinh
* Th.S Luat hpc, Giang vien Khoa Luat hinh su, Trudng Dai hoc Luat TP. Hd Chi Minh
tdi dugc khoa hge ludt hinh suggi la tdi phgm hda (criminalisation)"; qui dinh tdi cd nghia
"coi mgt logi hdnh vi ndy hay logi hdnh vi khac Id tgi phgm hay khdng phdi Id tdi phgm, tuc la xde dinh su cdn thie't phdi trung tri bdng cdc bien phdp hinh sd'^.
Theo tic gia Susan Ellis Wild thi tdi pham hda (criminalise) cd nghia la "Ldm cho mgt logi hdnh vi cu the Id tgi phgm vd thiet lap hinh phat ddi v&i nd'"'.
Theo GS L.D.Gaukhmana thi "tgi phgm hda Id thiet lap trach nhiim hinh su ddi v&i hdnh vi md tru&c do chua bi coi la tgi phgm "^.
Tu cac quan diem ve tdi pham hda neu tren, cd the nhan tha'y, cac tic gii deu thd'ng nhat dac diem co bin eda tdi pham hda II "ghi nhdn trong lugt hinh su mgt hdnh vi ndo do Id tgi phgm". Do dd, chdng ta ed the dua ra khai niem tdi pham hda nhu sau:
"Tgiphgm hod la viec ghi nhdn ve mat lap phdp trong ludt hinh sumgt hdnh vi ndo do Id tgi phgm, tuc la xde dinh sitcdn thiet phdi trimg tri bang cdc bien phdp hinh su''-
' GS.TS Nguyen Ngpc Hda va PGS.TS L.e Thi Scm, Tit dien Phdp ludt Hinh su, Nxb Tu phap. Ha Npi, 2006
- PGS.TSKH Le Cam, "Tgiplmm hod vdplii tgipligm liod, mgt so vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tiin". Tap chi TAND sd 5/2000, tr. 12.
-' Vien nghien ciiu Nha nudc va Phap luat, Tgi plxgm hge, Ludt hinh su vd Ludt Tdtung hinh su Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia. Ha NSi, 1995, tr.l09
" Susan Ellis Wild, Webster's New World Law Dictionary, Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
' GS L.D.Gaukhmana, Gido trinh Ludt hinh su(PMn cliung), muc 3 chuong II, (Ti^ng Nga), Nxb Tu phap, Maxcova, 1999
Tu dinh nghia nay ehung ta eflng rdt ra ke't luan: tdi pham hda la hoat dpng va thupc tham quyen eda eo quan lap phap. Co quan nay cd trach nhiem xic dinh nhimg hanh vi bi coi la cd tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi dang ke va qui dinh nhung hanh vi dd trong luat hinh sy la tdi pham.
2. Cac dang (hinh thirc) toi pham hda NTiu tren da trinh bay, tdi pham hoa la viec ghi nhan ve mat lap phip trong luat hinh sy mdt hanh vi nao dd la tdi pham, tue la xae dinh sy d n thie't phai trimg tri bing cle bien phap hinh sy. Do vay, hinh thiic the hien eda qua trinh tdi pham hda la sy ghi nhan trong phip luat hinh sy ve hanh vi bi coi la tdi pham.
O Viet Nam hien nay, sy ghi nhan nay phai duge the hien trong Bd luat Hinh sy (BLHS), van de nay da dupc qui dinh tai Dieu 2 va Dieu 8 BLHS nam 1999, dd la "tgi phgm la hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hdi dugc qui dinh trong BLHS..."
va "chi ngudi ndo phgm mgt tdi dd dugc BLHS qui dinh m&iphdi chiu trdeh nhiem hinh su\
Viec ghi nhan trong BLHS (tdi pham hda) dugc the hien dudi cac hinh thue sau:
- Hinh thuc thunhdt, qui dinh tdi danh mdi, tuc la qui dinh mdt loai hanh vi cu the la tdi pham do loai hanh vi nay mdi phat sinh hoae do thyc tien ddi hdi d n phii xu ly hanh vi nay bing bien phap trach nhiem hinh sy.
Toi danh mdi la hanh vi d u thanh tdi pham dd chua dupe qui dinh trong bit cu dieu luat nao eda BLHS trudc day. Vi du: Luat sua ddi, bd sung mpt sd dieu eda BLHS nam 2009 da qui dinh mpt sd tdi danh mdi ma trudc day chua tung duge qui dinh trong BLHS nam 1999 nhu:
Tdi cd y cdng bd thdng tin sai lech hoae che dau sy that trong hoat ddng chung khoin (Dieu 181a), Tdi su dung thdng tin ndi bd de mua ban chung khoin (Dieu 181b), Toi thao tdng gia chung khoan (Dieu 181c) v.v.
- Hinh thiic thu hai, md rdng pham vi xu ly bing bien phip trach nhiem hinh sy dd'i vdi mdt loai hanh vi hoae nhdm hanh vi da dugc qui dinh la tdi pham qua viec them, bdt d c da'u hieu hoae ha thap yeu eau cua dau hieu eda d u thanh tdi pham (CTTP) eobln, hoae
md rdng pham vi chu the eda tdi pham...Viec them, bdt dau hieu eda CTTP trong BLHS dirdi gdc dp tdi pham hda phai thda man 2 dieu kien:
. Mgt la, hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi dd da dupe qui dinh trong BLHS tai mpt dieu luat cu the';
. Hai la. phii them, bdt da'u hieu trong CTTP CO ban eda cdng mdt tdi pham ehu khdng phai la CTTP tang nang hay CTTP giam nhe..
VI du: Luat sua ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu cua BLHS nam 2009 da bd sung them da'u hieu
"trong tinh hinh khd khan ve kinh te'" vao CTTP CO ban cua Tdi diu eo nen da md rdng pham vi tdi pham hda hanh vi diu eo so vdi qui dinh trong Dieu 160 BLHS nam 1999
- Hinh thuc thuba, ddi vdi nhung qui pham cd phan qui dinh la qui dinh vien din, viec toi pham hda cd the do sy thay ddi ndi dung cua qui pham phip luat dupc vien din.
Vi du: Nghi dinh cua Chinh phd sd 43/
2009/ND-CP ngay 7/5/2009 da bd sung vao Danh muc hang hda, dich vu cam kinh doanh cua Nghi dinh 59/2006/ ND-CP ngay 12/6/
2006 "Jlmd'c Id dieu, xi gd vd cdc dgng thud'c Id thdnh phdm khde nhap lau" la hang d m , do dd din de'n md rdng pham vi tdi pham hda ddi vdi cac tdi san xuat, ting tru, van chuyen, buon ban hang d m (Dieu 155 BLHS nam 1999)
3. Cac tieu chi toi pham hda.
- va'n de thu nhat dat ra la tdi pham hda nen dugc thyc hien theo nhimg tieu chi (can cu) nao?
De giai quye't van de nay theo chdng tdi can xuat phat tu luan diem cua C.MIc ve van de xay dyng phap luat: "Nhd ldm ludt.. .khdng lain ra ludt, khdng sdng che'ra chiing, md chi hinh thitc hod, ghi nhgn trong cdc dgo ludt thuc dmh vd cd y thitc nhimg quy ludt ngi tgi ciia cdc quan he tinh thdn "*.
Nhu vay, viec qui dinh hanh vi nao dd la toi pham (tdi pham hda) phu thudc trudc he't vao dac diem, tinh cha't eda cac hanh vi da xay ra va lam the' nao de chuye'n hoa dugc nhan thuc dd thanh quy pham, che' dinh phap luat hinh su
^ C.Mac va Ph. Angghen,7"od« tap, Nxb Su that. Ha Noi. 1970. Tl.tr. 162
cu the. De ed dugc ke't qua dd khdng phai la dieu don gian, nd khdng ehi la mdt hay hai cdng doan ma d mdt qua trinh ket ndi tukhi xem xet nhung CO sd hinh thanh va anh hudng len hanh vi dd, nhung can cu de dinh gia tinh chat muc dp eda hanh vi do va cud'i cdng la xay dyng mdt quy pham cu the dugc quy dinh trong luat.
Viec tdi pham hda hanh vi nao dd phii dya tren nhung nguyen tie, co sd nha't dinh chu khdng the tuy tien. Dd la phii dya tren sy phd hgp vdi yeu cau, nhiem vu phat tri^n kinh te, xa hdi trong tirng giai doan lich su nhat dinh, phd hgp vdi trinh dd phat trien kinh te, trinh dp nhan thuc, cac yeu td van hda, xa hdi, phong tuc, tap quan. Mat khac, phap luat cung nhu nhung hien tugng khac eda kien true thugng ting, sau khi duge tao nen bdi co sd ha ting, cd the thuc day, hoae nguge lai kim ham sy phat trien eda nd. Do dd, khi ndi de'n viec ban hanh mdt qui pham phap luat hinh sy thi viec nim dugc d c nhu eau cua xa hdi de tir dd danh gii tinh cha't nguy hiem eda hanh vi nay hay hanh vi khac, la dieu he't sue quan trpng. Nhung lam the' nao de qui dinh dugc dung va diy du trong van ban phip luat hinh sy cung la viec khdng kem phin quan trgng. Vi vay viec tdi pham hda phai tuan theo nhung tieu chi khach quan va khoa hpc nhat dinh thi mdi dim bao hieu qua eda phip luat hinh sy.
Tu phan tich tren cho thay cac tieu chi (can eii) tdi pham hda phai la nhung quan diem co ban cd ndi dung phan anh nhirng yeu d u ndi tren. Tren co sd dd, chdng tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua tac gia L.I.Belyaeva ve khii niem cle tieu ehi tdi pham hda: "Cdc tieu chi tgi phgm hda la nhimg quan diem cabdn mang tinh chi dgo denhd ldm lugt tien hdnh qud trinh tdi phgm hda trong nhiing dieu kien lich sucu the"''.
- Van de tie'p theo dugc dat ra la viec tdi pham hda phai dya tren nhung tieu chi nao? va gdm bao nhieu tieu chi? : > ')
Theo GS.TS Vd Khanh Vinh cac tieu chi de tdi pham hda gdm 4 tieu chi*: (1) Muc dp nguy hiem cao cho xa hpi eda hanh vi; (2) Viec d m nhirng hanh vi dd phai phu hgp vdi cac
quan niem dao due eda nhan dan va loai tru viec gay ra nhung hau qua xa hdi tieu eye tirong ty; (3) Nhimg hanh vi dd cin phai dugc chiing minh ve mat to tyng hinh sy; va (4) Cac dieu d m eda phap luat hinh sy khdng dugc mau thuin vdi cac nganh luat khic va cle edng udc qudc te' ma nha nude ta ky ke't hoae tham gia.
Theo tie gia L.LBelyaeva thi cle tieu chi de tdi pham hda hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa gdm 4 tieu chi sau': (1) Hanh vi dd nguy hiem dd'i vdi xa hdi; (2) Hinh vi dd trai vdi dao dao due xa hdi vl bi da sdngudi dan len In; (3) Cd co sd thyc te' cho thay viec dau tranh dd'i vdi loai hanh vi nay chi cd the bing d c h ap dung d c bien phap xu ly hinh sy mdi dat dugc muc dich cdn cac bien phap cuong che khac eda nha nude khdng cd hieu qua; va (4) Viec qui dinh hinh phat ddi vdi hanh vi nguy hiem dd cd the dat duge muc dich cua nha nudc.
Cdn theo PGS.TSKH Le Cam thi tieu chi de tdi pham hda lai bao gdm 6 ye'u td'": (1) Phip luat; (2) Tdi pham hge; (3) Tam ly dao due; (4) van hda; (5) Kinh td'- xa hdi; va (6) Lich su truyen thdng.
Tren CO sd phan tich ndi dung eda qui trinh tdi pham hda, cung nhu cac quan diem eda d c nha khoa hpc luat hinh sy ve cac tieu chi tdi pham hda, chung tdi cho ring qui trinh tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi nio dd thanh tdi pham d n phii dam bao cac tieu chi (can cd") sau:
a. Hdnh vi bi tgi phgm hoa phdi co tinh nguy hiem ddng ke cho xd hot:
Dieu 8 BLHS qui dinh: "Tgi phgm la hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hgi..." vi vay tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi la mdt thudc co ban va quan trpng nha't eda tdi pham, la can cu de phan biet tdi pham vdi cle hanh vi khdng phai II tdi pham.
' L.I.Belyaeva, Chinh sdeh hinh su vd cdc llnh vuc ciia chfnh sdeh hinh su (tie'ng Nga), Nxb Leningrad, 1986, tr. 71-72
^ GS.TS Vo Khanh Vinh, Chucmg m trong sach: Nhmg vdn de ly ludn cua viec ddi mai pimp ludt hinh su trong giai dogn hien nay, Nxb Cdng an nhan dSn, Ha Npi,
1994, tr 48-49
'L.I.Belyaeva, Md,tr. 81
'" PGS .TSKH Le Cam, 5^rf, tr. 12-13
Do dd, tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi eda tdi pham la can cu quan Upng nhat de tien hanh tdi pham hoa.
Tuy nhien, tdi pham va d c vi pham phap luat deu cd tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi, nhung cac loai hanh vi dd khac nhau d muc dp nguy hiem cho xa hdi. Do dd can cu phan biet tdi pham vdi cle hanh vi vi pham phap luat khic la muc dp eda tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi eda cac loai vi pham phip luat dd. Muc dp nguy hiem cho xa hdi eda tdi pham la "ddng ke", cdn muc dp nguy hiem cho xa hdi eda vi pham phap luat khac la khdng ding ke. Chinh vi vay, khoin 4 Dieu 8 BLHS qui dinh: "Nhihig hdnh vi tuy cd ddu hieu ciia tdi phgm, nhung tinh ehdt nguy hiem cho xd hgi khdng ddng ke thi khdng phdi la tdi phgm ". Nhu vay, de cd the tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi ddi hdi hanh vi dd phai cd tinh nguy hiem ding ke cho xa hdi-
De xae dinh tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi eda tdi pham phai can cu vao nhieu tinh tie't khac nhau eda hanh vi hoae ed lien quan de'n hanh vi nhu: (1) Tinh chat eda quan he xa hdi duge luat hinh sy bio ve va bi tdi pham xam hai; (2) Tinh chit eda hanh vi khich quan, trong do bao gdm ca tinh chat eda phuang phip, thd doan, edng cu va phuong tien pham tdi; (3) Muc dp nghiem trpng cua hau qua do tdi pham gay ra; (4) Hinh thuc, dang va mue dp ldi; (5) Ddng CO, muc dich pham tdi; (6) Hoan d n h kinh te', ehinh tri, xa hdi Idc va noi hanh vi pham tdi xay ra; (7) Nhan than ngudi cd hanh vi pham tdi; va (8) Cac tinh tie't giam nhe, tang nang trach nhiem hinh sy v.v.
Tuy nhien khdng phii bat cu hanh vi nguy hiem dang ke nao cho xa hdi deu d n thiet phai tpi pham hda, nghia la coi la toi pham. Hay ndi each khac tinh nguy hiem dang ke cho xa hdi eda mpt hanh vi khdng phai la can cu duy nha't de tdi pham hda. Bdi vi ngoai tieu chi tinh nguy hie'm cho xa hdi thi de' tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi can phai cd mdt sd tieu chi (can cu) khac nua thi viec tdi pham hda mdi cd hieu qua cao.
Chang han, xuat phit tu nguyen tie nhan dao, chdng ta chi coi mdt hanh vi nguy hiem dang ke nao dd la tdi pham va ghi nhan vao trong
luat khi cac bien phap xu ly khac cua nha nudc khdng cd hieu qua.
b. Muc do phd bien vd dn dinh cua hdnh vL Hanh vi phd bien la hanh vi xay ra d nhieu noi va nhieu lin trong khoang thdi gian nhat dinh. Day cung la mdt tieu chi quan trpng trong viec tdi pham hda mpt hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi nha't dinh. Tieu chi nay cin nhin nhan d ca hai khia canh: ndu nhu mdt hanh vi khdng phd bie'n trong xa hdi, chi mdi xiy ra mdt doi lin thi khdng nhit thiet phai tdi pham hda; ngugc lai, cung khdng the tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi tieu cue qua phd bien. Dd la vi mdt hien tugng tieu eye nhung qua phd bie'n ne'u qui dinh nd la tdi pham thi trong thyc tiSn dd ed ging de'n may, cac co quan tie'n hanh td tung cung khdng the xu ly he't cac trudng hgp pham tdi, khdng dim bio yeu d u eua nguyen tie xu ly hinh sy:
"Mgi hdnh vi phgm tgi phdi dugc phdt hien kip thdi, xu ly nhanh chdng, cdng minh theo dimg phdp ludt" (Dieu 3 BLHS). Chinh vi vay, ne'u khdng dam bao nguyen tic xu ly hinh sy neu tren thi ehua nen tie'n hanh tdi pham hda, chua coi mdt hien tugng tieu eye la tdi pham ma phii thay the' bing bien phip xu ly khac.
Tinh phd bie'n eda hanh vi thudng dugc xae dinh cu the dya vao nhUng con sd thdng ke eda CO quan quan ly nha nudc hoae d c td chuc xa hdi. Khi thd'ng ke ta se danh gia duge thyc trang, mue dd, co d u , diSn bie'n eda hanh vi.
Vi sy phd bie'n eda hanh vi dugc bieu hien tryc tie'p thdng qua "lugng" cua hanh vi dd, nen khi tie'n hanh tim hieu can phai cd sd lieu chinh xle, khoa hge va ed can cu, nhu vay mdi dam bao duge tinh phd bie'n eda hanh vi khi tie'n hanh tdi pham hoa.
Tinh phd bie'n cdn phai di ddi vdi tinh dn dinh, cd nghia la thudng xuyen xay ra va dn dinh theo thdi gian. On dinh theo thdi gian khdng ddi hdi sy dn dinh ve mat sd lugng ma chi ddi hdi sy dn dinh ve thdi gian qua nam thang, hay ndi each khac la khi thd'ng ke, hanh vi do, vao bat ky nam nao cung cd vi pham, nhung khdng nhat thie't yeu elu la sd lugng eda hanh vi qua d c nam deu nhu nhau.
Tinh phd bien va tinh dn dinh cd mdi lien he chat che vdi nhau trong qua trinh tdi pham hda, bdi le neu mdt hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi chi phd bien trong mdt thdi gian ngin nao dd trong mdt hoan canh lich sd cu the rdi sau dd rat it khi xay ra thi khdng d n thie't phai tdi pham hda.
e. Y thuc phdp lugt vd quan niem dgo due cua nhdn ddn.
Viec tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi cin phai phd hgp vdi mue dd nhan thuc phap luat cua da so ngudi dan. Muc do nhan thuc phip luat the hien thdng qua viec nhan thuc dugc tinh nguy hiem cho xa hgi cua hanh vi tieu eye nao dd de'n muc phai Ip dung bien phap xu ly nghiem khac nha't cua nha nudc la hinh phat. Ne'u tdi pham hda hanh vi nao dd di trudc qua xa hoae qua lac hau so vdi muc dd nhan thue phap luat eda da sd ngudi dan deu lam cho qua trinh tdi pham hda khdng hieu qua, khdng phd hgp vdi thyc te. Do vay, y thuc phap luat ludn la tien de tu tudng tryc tie'p de xay dyng, ap dung va hoan thien phip luat ndi chung va qua trinh tdi pham hoa ndi rieng.
Bat cu mdt qui trinh tdi pham hda nao d nude ta cung dugc xay dung dya tren y chi va lgi ich eda giai d p thd'ng tri dai dien cho da sd nhan dan lao ddng. NhOng thay ddi khach quan trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi trude he't dugc phan anh trong y thiic phip luat, rdi sau dd mdi the hien thanh cac quy pham phap luat, do vay khi tien hanh tdi pham hoa thi y thuc phap luat ludn la can cu can dugc quan tam va xem xet. Hon nua, y thue phip luat cdn la nhan td thde day viec thyc hien d c qui pham phip luat hinh (la ke't qua eda qua trinh tdi pham hda), nang cao tinh hieu qui cua phap luat hinh sy. Ve van de nay, GS.TS Dao Tri Ue cung da viet: "That vdy, mdt khi y thuc phdp ludt cua sdddng chua thiea nhdn mdt hdnh vi ndo do phdi trimg tri bdng phdp ludt thi chua the quy dinh hdnh vi dd la tdi phgm. Neu khdng, trong nhttng trudng hgp dy nhu C.Mdc chi ddn, ddn chiing chi nhin thdy hinh phgt chii khdng nhdn ra tgi phgm, vd chinh vi the ddn chung se thdy hinh phgt khi khdng cd tgi phgm se khdng nhdn ra tdi
phgm khi cd hinh phgt"".
Nhu vay, qua trinh tdi pham hoi ma ke't qua eda nd la xay dung nen cac quy pham phip luat hinh sy d n phai dya tren y thuc phip luat eda nhan dan.
Ngoai y thuc phap luat thi quan niem dao due eda nhan dan cung ed vai trd ra't quan trpng trong qui trinh tdi pham hoi. Trong phap luat Viet Nam, nhung qui pham dao due phd bie'n cung da dugc nha nude dya vao dd xay dyng thanh nen tang eda he thd'ng phap luat ndi chung vl phap luat hinh sy ndi rieng. Day la mdi quan he qua lai chat che va thd'ng nhat giua dao due va phip luat. Chinh vi vay, trong qua trinh tdi pham hda, nha lam luat ben canh y chi eda giai d p thd'ng tri cung d n phii tinh de'n ye'u to quan niem dao dde cua da sd ngudi dan de cho cac qui pham phip luat hinh sy ed the "thich dng", phu hgp vdi y chi eda da so ngudi dan trong xa hdi. Tuy nhien chdng ta d n chd y nhung quan niem ve dao due khdng phai la ehan ly vinh cuu, nd hinh thanh trong mdt giai doan lich su nhat dinh va cung thay ddi tuy thudc vao tung hinh thai kinh te' xa hdi, tuy tiing thdi ky lich su. Do vay, qua trinh tdi pham hoa d n phii nam bat dugc nhung thay ddi va xu hudng phit trien dao diic cua nhan dan.
Trong qua trinh tdi pham hoi, do sy tie ddng eda d e ye'u td khach quan thi nhung hanh vi bi tdi pham hoi phai la nhung hanh vi ma muc dp len an ve mat dao due Idn hon ca va bi sy phan ling cua du luan xa hdi gay gat hon ca, day dupe xem la mdt can cir cu the khi xem xet mdt hanh vi de tdi pham hoi.
Tdm lai, y thue phap luat va quan niem dao due se la can cu quan trpng va gin bd chat che trong qui trinh tdi pham hoa. Chinh vi vay khi tie'n hanh tdi pham hoi ne'u ta tim dugc diem chung giua quan niem dao due, y thue phap luat va qui pham phap luat hinh sy dugc hinh thanh tu ket qua eda qui trinh tdi pham hda thi se la mdt nen tang ben vQng cho sy tdn tai eda
" Vien nghien cuu Nha nudc va Phap luat, Tgi phgm hge, ludt hinh su vd ludt to'tung hinh su Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1985, tr. 113
xa hdi, va khi dd tdi pham hoi se phu hgp vdi thyc tien hon, hieu qui hon.
d. Khd ndng chitng minh ve mat td tung cua hdnh vi.
Mdt ngudi bi coi la pham tdi khi bang cac trinh ty thd tyc nhat dinh dugc quy dinh trong phip luat td tung ehung minh duge hanh vi eda ngudi dd la diy dd cac dau hieu d u thanh tdi pham quy dinh trong phap luat hinh sy. Va chi nhung chdng cu dugc thu thap theo trinh ty eda phip luat td tung hinh sy mdi dugc cdng nhan va xem la chiing eii chung minh tdi pham.
Chinh vi vay khi tien hanh tdi pham hoa mdt hanh vi nao dd ludn phai xae dinh kha nang chiing minh tren thyc te eda hinh vi dd, de khi quy dinh thanh luat cd tinh thue tiSn vl dam bao nguyen tac "mgi hdnh viphgm tdi bi xit ly kip thai".
e. Phdi dua tren nguyen tac ca bdn cua lugthinhsu: ; ,. , .r
Nguyen tdc ciia ludt hinh su la nhimg tu tudng chi dgo todn bg qud trinh xdy dung vd dp dung cdc qui dinh cua ludt hinh su vdo ddu tranhphdng chdng tgiphgm^-. Cac nguyen tie CO ban eda luat hinh sy nhu: phap che' XHCN, dan chd XHCN, nhan dao XHCN, ke't hgp hai hda lgi ich qudc gia va lgi ich qudc te... la co sd cho qua trinh tdi pham hda, dam bao cho qui trinh nay khdng bi chech hudng, phu hgp vdi thyc te' va cd tinh hieu qua cao.
Nguyen tie phip che' XHCN ddi hdi viec tdi pham hda phii duge tien hanh mdt d c h hgp phap theo dung qui dinh eda phap luat, ke't qua eua qua trinh tdi pham hda la hinh thanh nen tdi pham mdi dugc qui dinh cu the trong luat hinh sy va nhung tdi pham nay phai xae dinh rd rang ve ranh gidi giua tdi pham va khdng phai la tdi pham, qua trinh tpi pham hda phai theo dung qui dinh eda phip luat.
Nguyen tic dan chd XHCN ddi hdi viec tdi pham hda phai dam bao bao ve va tdn trpng cac quyen dan chd eda cdng dan trong tat ca cle mat eda ddi sd'ng, kien quye't xuly d e hanh vi xam pham quyen dan chd eda cdng dan;
khdng phan biet dd'i xu, khdng qui dinh nhung dac quyen, dac lgi cho rieng ting ldp cdng dan
nao dd vi dia vi xa hdi hoae vi tinh trang tai san edahp.
Nguyen tic nhan dao XHCN ddi hdi viec tdi pham hda mdt hanh vi nao dd ehi dugc thyc hien khi cac bien phap xu ly khac eda nha nudc dd'i vdi hanh vi dd khdng cd hieu qua.
Nguyen tic ket hgp hai hda lgi ich qudc gia va lgi Ich qudc te' ddi hdi viec tdi pham hda phai bao ve cac lgi ich qudc gia nhung cung phai ddng thdi phii phu hgp vdi cac cdng udc qudc te' ma nha nude ta ky ke't hoae tham gia.
/. Phdi phu hgp v&i he thdng phdp lugt hien hdnh vd phdp lugt qudc te.
Mdt trong nhung yeu d u eda nguyen tac phap che' XHCN la he thd'ng phap luat gdm d c nganh luat ed sy ddng bd, thdng nhat va tuong hd lin nhau. Do vay, khi tdi pham hda d n phai dam bao cac qui pham phip luat hinh sy phai phu hgp, tuong thieh vdi cle qui pham phap luat eda cle nganh luat khic.
Ben canh dd, cung vdi qui hinh hdi nhap kinh te eda Viet Nam vdi d e nudc tren the' gidi, qua trinh toan d u hda thi viec tdi pham hda hanh vi nio dd eIn phai can nhae den cac dieu udc qudc te, cac tap quan qudc te, phu hgp vdi xu hudng qudc te trong dau tranh phdng chdng tdi pham.
Tdm lai, theo chdng tdi, cac tieu chi tren la nhung tieu ehi (can cu) co ban nhat trong qua trinh tpi pham hoa. Ngoai nhung tieu chi ca ban da nen d tren thi viec tdi pham hda cung can dat dugc nhung tieu chi khac nhu: tinh dy doan cua phap luat, tinh phdng ngua chung, tinh de hieu, tinh hieu qua, phu hgp vdi van hda, phong tuc, tap quan eda dan tdc....Cac tieu ehi tdi pham hda rat da dang va phd'c tap, bdi vi phap luat la mpt hien tugng cd mdi lien he da dang va phuc tap vdi d c hien tugng xa hdi khic. Tuy nhien, ehung tdi cho rang viec tdi pham hda it nhat cung phai dat dugc nhung tieu cbl da neu d tren thi mdi dam bao dugc qua trinh tdi pham hda cd tinh khoa hpc, tinh thyc tidn va hieu qua cao. m
'^ Trudng Dai hpc Luat Ha Npi, Gido trinh Ludt Hinh su Viit Nam, tap 1, Nxb Cong an nhan dan. Ha Ndi, 2007, tr. 20 v; , ; , , , . ':
