KHAI Q U A T D A C T R U K G CUA CUM DONG TlT TRONG TIENG ANH
PHAM NGOC TUAN'*'
Tom tat: Cum ddng tQ (verb phrase) trong tie'ng Anh la thanh to quan trong trong cSii true cau va be thong ngQ phap. Khong nhu dpng tfl, cum ddng tdt la phan thuyet nham bao dam y nghia diSn dat cbo chu the (subject), he thong cac mdi quan he giUa cac thanh phan trong vi ngQ (predica te) va la yeu to ngQ phap dac trUng trong so sanh doi chiSu vdi he thong tieng Viet Bai viet hiidng dSh viec phan tich khai quit ciu tnic va dac diem ca ban ciia cum dpng tQ trong moi quan he vdi cac thanh phin cua cau tong tieng Anh.
Tiikhoa: Dpng tQ; cum dpng tQ; ngQ phap; cau true cau.
Abstract: Verb phrase is an important element in sentence structure and grammar system in English language. Unlike verb, verb phrase ensures the expressive meaning for the subject, the system of relationships between predicate elements and the specific grammatical element in compare with Vietnamese system. The article aimed to generaUze the basic structure and characteristics of the verb phrase in relation to the components of the sentence in English.
Key words: Verbs, verb phrases, grammar, structure
Ngay nhan bki: 15/4/2019; Ngay sQa bM: 12/6/2019; Ngay duySt dang bai: 29/7/2019.
1. Dat van de
Tieng Anh trong day va hoc va trong giao tigp hien nay d Viet Nam dang dan giup thu hep khoang each khdng gian va thdi gian gifla tri thflc ndi tai vdi tri thflc bgn ngoai bien gidi, tuy nhien nhflng bat tfldng dong trong hd thd'ng cua 2 ngdn ngfl cung dang la rao can dang ke ban che' nang lue sfl dung tie'ng Anh cho phan ddng ngudi hpe tie'ng Anh hien nay.
Trong tid'ng Viet, vi ngfl la thanh phan chinh cua cau va cd tac ddng den toan cau. Nd la trung tam td chflc cfla cau bieu hien sfl boat ddng, tinh chdt, trang thai eua ngUdi, hien tUdng, sU vat dfldc neu d chfl ngfl, dUdc td chflc bdng cac dpng tfl ddn, tinh tfl ddn hoac nhdm dong tfl, nhdm tinh tfl, mdt sd tfl loai khac nhau nhu dai tfl, sd' tfl, danh tfl,...
Sif 8-2019
va tfly thudc vao cae kieu eau khac nhau ma cd nhflng vi ngfl khac nhau.
Ne'u dfla vao he tfl va tfl loai trong vai trd vi ngfl dd chia thanh hai kieu: vi ngfl ed he tfl va vi ngfl khdng cd he tfl. Chang ban,
1. Da't nude ta ra't giau dep.
2. Ba a'y mdi ngoai 50.
3. Day la tbdi khde quye't dinh.
Cac vi du (1), (2) cd vi ngfl khdng he tfl.
Vl du (3) cd vi ngfl cd be tfl cflng vdi cae td hop danh tfl, ke't cau ehu - vi.
Gia tri chfle nang eua cac yeu td trupe va sau vi ngfl la khac nhau. Moi lidn he cfla cae yeu to hidn vdi vi ngfl cd thd la trfle tidp hoac gian tidp. Cae vi tri eua cac yeu td bien la kha nang cd thd cd eua vi ngfl, edn '*' ThS. Khoa Ngon ngi3 Anh, Triidng Dai hoc Kinh doanh va C6ng nghe Ha Noi;
Email: [email protected]
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [Q|
trong thflc te sfl dung cac vi tri ket hdp vdi nhau rdt hnh ddng va uyen chuyen.
Trong khi tie'ng Anh cd he thd'ng tfl loai vdi nhflng chflc nang va trat tfl mang tinh on dinh cao thi sfl hnh hoat trong cau chfl tieng Viet lai cbinh la nguyen nhan ddn de'n sfl lech pha trong chuyen dich ngdn ngfl cho ngudi sfl dung tie'ng Anh nhU la ngoai ngfl. Cum ddng tfl trong tie'ng Anh dupe sfl dung nhU la vi ngfl eua menh de hoac cau, nbUng on dinh dfl ed nhflng chflc nang khac nhau khi ke't hdp vdi cac thanh to' khac trong eau ma khdng phai la vi ngfl.
Do do, can thie't phai ed sfl phan tich, he thd'ng cdu trfle efla cum ddng tfl va chflc nang cua chung trong he thd'ng ngfl phap tieng Anh.
2. Cum tfl trong tieng Anh
Trong tieng Anh, nhdm cac tfl dflng cflng nhau nhU mpt ddn vi khai niem, thudng tao thanh mdt thanh phan cfla menh de/ cau dUde gpi la cum tfl (phrase). Do mang dac trUng va ehUc nang cua mdt khai niem tfl loai, cum tfl dupe phan loai theo:
Cum gidi ta la cum tfl bdt dau bdng gidi tfl (Preposition) va gidi tfl ddng vai trd trung tam trong cum.
Vi du: tbe eat is on the table. Trong cum "on the table" ed On la gidi tfl chi hudng la trung tam.
Cum danh ta la cum tfl cd danh tfl lam trung tam va ed chflc nang nhU mpt danh tfl (Noun) trong cau.
Vi du: 1. Tbe girl wearing the red coat took him home. Ta tha'y trong cum 'The girl wearing the red coat" ed danh tfl trung tam la the girl va cum ddng vai trd la chu ngfl cua cau.
Cum trang ta la cum tfl/tfl ed chflc
nang cua trang tfl va ed mdt trang tfl trung tam. Trong tieng Anh, trang tfl cd the bd' nghia cho ddng tfl, tinh tfl, eho trang tfl khae va cho ca eau.
Vl du:
2. He slept verv well.
3. My mom is extremely well.
4. Marry will go home in 15 minutes.
Ci vi du (2), verv well bo nghia cho ddng tfl slep, dong thdi verv cflng bd ngMa eho well, neu ta bd very thi cau khdng sai ve nghia va cu phap, vay very trong trUdng hpp nay la trang tfl chi mfle dp cho trang tfl well.
Tuy nhien, d vi du (3), extremely bd' nghia eho tinh tfl well, trong khi dd in 15 minutes cd the bd di ma khdng lam vi du (4) trd nen sai ngfl nghia. Vay, cum in 15 minutes lam trang ngfl eho ca cau, khac vdi cum gidi tfl bdt dau bang gidi tfl va ehi hudng, cum trang ngfl ed ehfle nang eua mpt trang ngfl trong cau.
Cum tinh ta la cum tfl trong do cd tfl trung tam la tinh tfl, ta ed the tha'y trong cac cum nhU: fond of books, quite worried about it.
Cum dong ta dupc sfl dung de md ta mdt hanh ddng, trang thai hoac sU xua't hien va tao thanh phan chinh eua vi ngfl cua cau trong dd cd ddng tfl lam trung tam. Chang ban:
5. We are going to have a party.
6. They will be seriously pnnigTi^H 7. Have vou ever been in Vietnam?
Tdm lai, cum tfl la nhflng ddn vi ed chfle nang nhu tfl loai lam trung tam trong cum, cum tfl dUdc sfl dung linh boat phu thudc vao y do cua ngudi diln dat nhung dam bao trat tfl cau true ngfl nghia eua cau.
[ [ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
sd 8-2019
PHAM NGOC TUAN Tuy nhien, khac v6i vi ngiJ trong tie'ng
Viet, cum dong til trong tie'ng Anh co chflc nang cd ban cua vi ngfl dong thcli the hien y& to ngiJ phap va quy dinh moi quan he cua cac thanh to trong cum dong tfl dfla tren cac quy tSc thShg nha't va on dinh nham bao dam trat tfl cua tfl loai, ngfl phap va y nghia cua cau.
Nhan thflc sfl khac biet do, bai viet di vao phan tich cum dong trong tieng Anh duffi goc do ngon ngfl hoc chflc nang, lam cd sd cho nghien cflu sau hOn trong so sanh doi chi^u v6i tie'ng Viet.
3. Cau true va chOfc nang c u a cum dong tfl trong tieng Anh
3.1. Dong tit
La tfl duoc sfl dung de mo ta mot hanh dtog, trang thai hoac sfl xu4't hien va tao thanh phSn chinh cua vi ngfl cua cau. Co nhieu each phan loai dong ttt trong tieng Anh, tuy nhien, thflong thi dong tfl dfloc chia thanh 2 loai dfla tren chflc nang cua dong tfl bao gom dong tfl mang nghia - tfl VUng (lexical) va trd dong tfl (auxiliary).
Lexical: dong tfl mo ta nghia (dong ttt tii vflng), VI du:
1. He is eating a moon cake.
2. Have you ever read the Snow White?
3. Mai's brother can swim across Hong river in 15 minutes.
4. Yesterday, We did not buy a new car.
5. She would marry him.
Dpng ttt chinh, bao gom dong ttt co quy tic (regular) va ba't quy tac (irregular) va theo ttt dien, hoan toan co th^ nhan ra y nghia cua cac lexical verb trong cac vi du tren eating, read, swim, buy va marry trong khi do is, have, can, did va would co th^ duoc bo qua ma khong lam anh hflSng den thong tin c4n diln dat, va trong tieng si 1-2019
Anh nhiJng dong tfl dang nay duac dat ten la trd dong tfl.
Khac vdi dong tfl chi'nh, trp dong tfl dfldc Palmer and Blandford"' va Firth'^' gan cho cac thupc tmh bao gom: phu dinh (negation), dao ngQ (inversion), thay the (avoidance of repetition) va nha'n manh khang dinh (emphatic affirmation).
Ve hinh thflc, cac trd dpng tfl dfldc phan chia nhfl bang mo ta nhfl sau:
Be Have Do Will Shall Can May Must Ought Dare Need
Finite
Is/ am / are /was/were Have /has / had Do/ does / did Wiiy would Shall/should Can /could May/ might Must Ought Dare Need
Non finite Be / being / been Have/
having
Theo mo ta 8 bang tren, ta thay chi be, have, do la 3 dpng tfl chiu chi pho'i theo chu ngfl va co chflc nang ngfl phap bieu dat thi thoi trong cau, va day chinh la khac biet ve mat hinh thai de nhan biet gifla trp dpng ttt (primary auxiliary) vdi dong tfl tmh thai (modal auxiliary).
Trong moi quan he cu phap vdi cac dpng ttt lexical trong cum dpng ttt 6 mpt ca'u true hoan chinh (cau, clause), cac trd dpng ttt thflPng dong vai tro trd giup nham hoan thien hinh thflc cua cau theo cac thupc tinh bao gom:
« Palmer a n d Blandford (1939:124-5).
» Firth (1968.104).
NHAN lUC KHOAHOCXAHOI QJS
a. Phu dinh (negation)
Trong tie'ng Anh, d cau khang dinh, trd ddng tfl cd hoac khdng xua't hien trong cau, chang han:
1. She goes out.
2. We can swim.
3.1 am having lunch.
4. My mom liked these shoes.
Kbi chuyen sang phfl dinh, tieu tfl phfl dinh (negative particle) NOT dxidc sfl dung khi ke't hpp vdi cae trp ddng tU theo quy tac:
Trd ddng tfl + Not, va vi vay cae vi du (1) va (4) khdng the dupc cha'p nban theo each:
1. She goes not out.
4. My mom liked not these shoes.
Tuy nhien, d hai cau (2) va (3) dUpc cha'p nhan do thupc tinh cua trp ddng tfl cd kha nang ket hdp vdi tiiu tfl phu dinh tao ra net nghia phu dinh nhU sau:
2. We can NOT swim 3.1 am NOT having lunch.
Them vao dd dau hieu dd khu biet ro nha't gifla trd ddng tfl vdi ddng tfl chinh trong cau la sfl hinh thanh phu dinh chi ed khi auxihary gdn ket vdi tieu tfl phu dinh ma khdng ed trUdng hdp ngupc lai. Vi vay, cau (1) va (4) sau phai cd trp ddng tfl va bien doi nhU sau:
1. She goes not out. -> she DOES NOT go out.
4. My mora liked not these shoes. -> My mom DID NOT like these shoes.
Trong trudng hdp nay, trd ddng tfl DOES va DID da the hien chflc nang ngfl phap, the hien chu ngfl la ngdi thfl 3 sd it (does) va bieu hien tM cua cau la qua khfl (did).
Tuy nhien, tieng Anh ciing ed nhflng ngoai le khi ta gap nhflng eau sau:
1. 1 prefer not to ask him.
2. She hates not to join them.
Nhflng ddng tfl dang nay khdng nam trong nhdm trd ddng tfl nhUng van di cflng vdi tieu tfl phu dinh nhUng khong co hinh thflc phu dinh nhU trd ddng tfl. Hdn the, vd" mat hinh thflc, cau (1) va (2) la cau khdng dinh vi tieu tfl NOT dfldng nhU gdn vdi to ask va to join hdn la mang net nghia phu dinh eho prefer hay hates, bdi le chflng hoan toan kha di khi dUde phu dinh bdi trd dpng tfl nhu sau:
1. I do not prefer not to ask him.
2. She does not hate not to join them, va, chflng hoan toan khdng cd hinh thflc dao ngfl nhU de cap tiep sau day.
b. Dao ngU (Inversion)
Thudc tinh thfl 2 cua cac trd ddng tfl la thay doi vi tri len trUdc chu ngfl trong khi cac dpng tfl lexical khdng ed thudc tinh nay, vi du:
1. Ought they to come?
2. Are you going to visit her?
3. Will your friends be there?
4. Has she bought it?
Trong trUdng hpp nay, cac cum dpng tfl khdng cdn gdn ket ma bi tach ra bdi chu ngfl vdi dpng tfl chinh trong cau. Tuy nhien, cac trp ddng tfl khdng mang thudc tinh cua tfl nghi van va cd nhieu tinh hud'ng giao tie'p xay ra dfla vao am dieu (rising intonation) de tao ra net nghia cua cau hdi nhu dUdi day:
1. They ought to come?
2. You're going to visit her?
3. Your friends'U be there?
4. She's bought it?
Ngoai ra, dao ngfl edn dupe tha'y d cae eau dieu kien, dac biet la vdi seldom va hardly va hoan toan khong phai la cau nghi van.
Vidn;
QjQ NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl
SO 8-2019
PHAM NGOC TUAN 1. Seldom had he read those books.
2. Hardly had she slept well, when she heard the bad news.
3. Had I been told about that.
Trong trUdng hdp ngoai le, mdt vai cau tnic dao trat tfl cua ddng tfl lexical cung xay ra ma khdng can cd trd ddng tfl nhu:
1. Here come a boy.
2. Under the tree sang the kids.
Ta dl nhan ra mdt trang tfl ludn xua't hien de bdt dau trong cau va cflng la ca'u tnic dupe sfl dung trong van ehUdng nhdm nha'n manh y nghia hdn la mang tinh pho quat trong tieng Anh, va thay vi sfl dung cac cdu true thdng thudng, ngudi Anh eung kha chu trpng vao viee tranh lap lai nhflng thfl tUdng tfl da dUde de cap trUde dd. Va trd dpng tfl ciing ed kha nang nay, do cung la thudc tinh thfl 3 cua trd dpng tfl.
c. Thay the- tranh lap lai (avoidance of repetition)
Viec sfl dung mdt dai tfl nhan xUng de tranh lap lai danh tfl da dupe de cap trUdc d6 rat pho bien trong tieng Anh, dac tinh nay cua trp ddng tfl ciing dupe tim thay trong nhflng minh hoa dUdi day;
1. I can swim and so can my daughter.
2. The dog began to sleep and so did the cats.
3. Her boss must go and so must she.
Ro rang toan bp cum dpng tfl da khdng dttdc lap lai trong phdn thfl 2 cua cae cau vi du va hinh thflc ddng tfl eua chung deu la cac trd ddng tfl. Cd thi b phdn thfl nha't khong ed sfl xua't hidn cua trd dpng tfl thi v&n cd mdt trd ddng tfl xua't hien nham tranh lap lai cum dpng tfl dUde sfl dung trddc dd, vi du:
1. I want to give my mom some money and so does my wife.
SO 8-2019
2. The mother started reading and so did her son.
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi cau hdi yes/no, cac trd ddng tfl dupc sfl dung hoan toan trong cac cau tra ldi ngan (short answers), chang ban:
1. Can you drive a ear? Yes, I can.
2. Must she go home? Yes, she must.
3. Did she saw him? No, she didn't.
Trong mpt sd' tinh hud'ng, chflng ta cung bdt gap trp ddng tfl dupe sfl dung de thay the nhu trong cac cau nhu vi du dUdi day.
Cum dpng tfl d day la "swim across the river", eac hinh thflc chuyen ma d^ thay the se la:
1. ...Do you think vou can?
2 I'm afraid he can't 3. ...well, why? He needn't.
4. ...maybe but he hasn't before.
d. Nha'n manh khang dinh (emphatic affirmation)
Mdt thupc tinh rdt quan trpng cua trd ddng tfl la vide khang dinh y nghia eua didn dat bdng viec nha'n trpng am vao chinh nd. Trong hanh ngdn, viee lam cho y nghia dupe didn dat trd nen dd hieu va ngdn gpn la mdt trong eac tieu chi cua tieng Anh hien dai, do dd, thupc tinh nay cua trd dpng tfl rdt hflu dung va dUpc sfl dung pho bie'n trong giao tiep hdng ngay.
VI du:
1. You mUst see her!
2. I cAn do it!
3. No, she wOn't!
4. We hAve done!
Khdng dd dang de nhan ra tinh nang hflu ieb nay cfla trp ddng tfl bdi vi cae hinh thflc khac cua ddng tfl cflng cd sfl thay doi vi am dieu trong hanh ngdn, nhU trong I liKe that/ 1 can cOme/ we must Go/ he cRies..., tuy nhien, quan trpng hdn la kha
NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI Q
nang am dieu cua trd ddng tfl trong vide khang dinh cae ham y nghi ngd hoac tfl chd'i trong cau hdi, ta ed the tha'y qua eac vi du sau:
1. I cAn come (you think i am not able to come).
2. You mUst read it (you are not really interested in).
3. I did see it (you don't think I saw it) 4. I dO like it. (you don't seem to like that) 5. I Am (you are a teacher, right?) 3.2. Trd ddng tU va trd ddng tU tinh thai Van edn nhflng tranh luan cho rdng trd dpng tfl la mdt nhdm ddn le, tuy nhien, cd mdt sfl khac biet ra't quan trpng gifla trd ddng tfl (primary) vdi dpng tfl tinh thai (modal).
Auxihary Be Have Do Will Shall Can May Must Ought Dare Need
Finite Is/ am / are /was/were Have /has / bad Do/ does / did Wiiy would Shall/should Can /could May/ might Must Ought Dare Need
Non finite Be/
being / been Have/
having
Qua bang md ta, ta tha'y dupe:
i. Chi trd ddng tfl mdi ed hinh thflc - S d thi hien tai gom: be/ have va do, nghia la, cac trp ddng tfl chiu sfl cbi phd'i cua chu ngfl ve phUdng dien danh tfl so'it/ sd'nhieu va thi thdi trong cau.
!1
NHANlUt KHOAHOCXAHOIii. Khac vdi trp dpng ttt, dpng tfl tinh thai khong cflng xua't hign trong cac cum ddng tfl nhfl have/ has been/ mus be.
Hay noi each khac, sfl khac bigt Idn nha't gifla hai nhom trp dpng tfl va dSng tfl tinh thai 14 d m6 hinh ke't hdp vdi dong tfl chi'nh trong cau. Trp dpng tfl khi xua't hign trong cum dpng tfl thflcing mang chflc nang ngfl phap (dien ta thi/ the/ each) va CO sfl thay doi (dfl han httu) ve hinh thai hpe. Ngfldc lai, dpng ttt tinh thai- lam chflc nang ciia trd dpng tfl, thfl5ng th^
hien cac net nghia, tinh thai ciia dpng tfl chinh khi ke't hdp vdi nhau trong cum dpng tfl.
Ngoai trfl dare va need vfla c6 tinh cha't cua dpng ttt tinh thai vfla co tinh cha't cua dpng tfl chinh trong nhflng hinh thflc nhat dinh qua minh hoa sau:
1. He daren't beat me at chess.
2. How dare you talk to me like that?
3. She didn't dare to go out at night.
4. Do you dare to come?
5. He needn't come.
6. Need they look?
7. She needs to go home.
8. Do you need to get a taxi?
3.3. Moi Hen he giUa tra dong tit va dong ta chinii trong cau
Khi de cap de'n cum dpng tfl, mpt cau hoi dflpc dat ra rSng sfl khac nhau gifla cum dpng tfl trong cau ddn va cau phflc (cau c6 nhieu hdn 1 menh de) nhfl the nao, bdi le, theo dinh nghia thi cac cum
"Having been reading", "may have read"
va "keep wanting to rpaH " (}§-„ ^^^^ (.^j j j cum dpng tfl.
Tuy nhien thuat ngfl cum dpng tfl chi gidi han ve' mpt ddn vi cum c6 tfl chinh (head) lam dpng ttt trong cau ddn le c6 the
SO 8-2019
PHAM NGOC TUAN gay tranh cai khi trong minh hoa tren
xua't hien mdt menh d^ phu chfla 3 cum dpng tfl la keep, wanting va to read.
Theo dd cae trd dpng tfl khi ket hpp vdi dpng tfl chinh trong cum ddng tfl tao mdt ddn vi thd'ng nha't theo dung ndi ham eua thuat ngfl cum ddng tfl va the hien cac thupc tinh cua trd ddng tfl de thay doi hinh thflc cua eau d nghi va'n, va phfl dinh, hay ndi each khac, day la sfl khu biet gifla cum ddng tfl ddn vdi cum ddng tfl phflc.
Cum ddng ta phac (complex verb phrase), vi du:
1.1 promised to come home before 10 - 1 promised you (that) I had come home before 10.
2. 1 remembered locking the door. - I remembered that I locked the door.
Dd nhan ra rang d (1) va (2) deu cd chfla 2 cum ddng tfl vfl promised to come.. / remembered locking... khdng la cum ddng tfl rieng le ma bao gom 2 cum.
Promised: finite verb To come: nonfinite Remembered: finite verb Locking: nonfinite
Tfl cae phan tich tren cho tha'y, viee phan biet cum ddng tfl chl dfla vao sfl bigii doi va ket hpp ndi ham cua cac cum ddng tfl trong md'i quan he eua cac trd dpng tfl vdi dpng tfl chinh trong menh dd"
nhUng van bao dam tinh toan ven cua mot ddn vi trong eau theo ca'u trfle ngfl phap tie'ng Anh.
3.4. Mdi liin hi cua cum ddng ta trong cau
Trong ngdn ngfl hpe, mdt cum ddng tfl {verb phrase) la mot ddn vi cu phap bao gdm It nha't mdt dpng tfl va cac tfl phu SA 8-2019
thudc cd the va, hoac tan ngfl, bo ngfl hoac eac thanh phan bo trd khac va hie'm khi cd chu ngfl.
Vidu:
An old lady is buying some annles in the super market.
Trong cau tren, cum is buying some apples in the super market dUdc xem la mpt cum dpng tfl;
(is) buying la ddng tfl trung tam dUdc chia d thi bien tai tie'p diln
some apples in tbe super market la cae tfl phu thdc bao gom cura danh tfl lam tan ngfl va mdt cum trang ngfl.
Mpt sd' trudng phai ngfl phap gpi cum ddng tfl la vi ngfl (Predicate) do nd dUde khu biet vdi chu ngfl (Subject).
3.5. Cau triic cua cum ddng ta Thdng thudng, mpt cum ddng tfl (VP) la mpt ddn vi cu phap bao gom it nha't mdt ddng tfl va eac tfl phu thupc ed the va, hoac tan ngfl, bo ngfl hoac cac thanh phan bo trd khae va hie'm khi ed chfl ngfl, mpt ca'u true cua cum ddng tfl cd the:
a. Head nbU trong She cries!
b. Auxihary (-ies) + Head, vi du: I can swim.
e. Head + 0/ Co, vi du She sold her car.
d. Head + modifier(s)
Thanh phdn bo nghia cho ddng tfl (modifiers of verbs) dUde biet den vdi ten gpi khde la "adverbials"- trang ngfl.
Nhflng thanh phan lam bo ngfl cho ddng tfl cd the la:
Mpt trang tfl: She laughed quietly.
Cum trang tfl (adverb phrase): They arrived verv early.
Cum gidi tfl: She lived in Hanoi.
Cum danh tfl: We walked a great deal.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [ Q j
Menh de trang ngfl: She left after it started to rain.
Menh de tinh ngfl: The hardest part about learning grammar, which I thoroughly enjoy, is memorizing all the rules.
Ddi khi mdt so' bd' ngfl ngan dang mdt tfl hoac 2 tfl CO the xuat hien d vi tri gifla cau:
- He (verv) often came to the night club.
e. Cum ddng tflpiiflc Vl du:
a. He has been teaching English for three hours.
b. Peter offered Susan a ride since her car was out of petrol.
c. Linda never becomes angry with Peter.
d. The remains will be shipped to Hai Phong Port on Sunday.
3.6. Phan loai cum ddng ta
Cum dpng tfl dupc chia lam hai dang Non finite phrase va finite verb phrase. Ne'u nbU cum ddng tU dUdc chia theo chUe nang ngfl phap- chiu sfl chi phd'i eua chu ngfl (finite verb phrase), ddng vai trd nhu thanh phan vi ngfl trong cau, thi cum ddng tfl khdng ngdi (non finite verb phrase) ddng vai trd nhU cac ddn vi tfl loai nha't dinh.
Cum ddng tU khdng ngdi (non Unite verb phrase) la cum ddng tfl cd chfla it nha't mpt dpng tfl ehinh khdng ngdi- khdng bi chi phd'i bdi chu ngfl trong cau lam trung tam, cd the la ddng tfl nguyen mau (infinitive), danh ddng tfl (gerund), qua khfl phan tfl (part participle) hoac hien tai phan tfl (present participle).
NgUdc lai, cum ddng tfl cd ngdi (finite verb phrase) xua't hien trong cac cau ddn va eac menh d^ cbinh dam bao tinh be thd'ng eua
ngfl phap va didn dat y nghia trpn ven ciing vdi ehu ngfl.
Cum ddng ta khdng ngdi (non fimte verb phrases) ed chfle nang gidng nhfl mpt tfl loai trong eau (tinh tfl, danh tfl, trang tfl...). cac cum dpng tfl nay thudng ed eac bie'n tb^ sau: phan tfl (Participles), danh dpng tfl (Gerunds), va ddng tfl nguyen mau (Infinitives). Trong dd:
Phan ta (past participle - present participle) cd chfle nang nhU mdt tinh tfl, vi du:
The girl taken into custody is considered illilegal.
The boy sitting on the red chair is a student of my school.
- Danh ddng ta (gerunds) cd chfle nang nhu mdt danh tfl trong cau sau:
Going to school is your duty.
Dong ta nguyin miu (infinitives) ed chflc nang nhU mdt danh tfl, tinh tfl hoac trang tfl, chang ban:
Read books helps him enlarge his knowledge.
3.7. Chac nang cua cum dong ta Dpng tfl chinh mang net nghia de bao dam sfl trpn ven va day du trong didn ngdn thi cum dpng tfl ddng vai trd la thanh to' quan trpng nha't bao dam cac dac tinh he thd'ng cua ngdn ngfl Anh. Vdi cae each tie'p can khac nhau, cae nha ngdn ngfl hpe nhu Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaun, Geoffrey Leech hoac Jan Svartvik trong A Univerisity Grammmar of English by Longman deu dong y rang eau trong tie'ng Anh dUdc ke't hdp bdi 2 thanh td' cd ban la de (subject) - thuye't (predicate), trong do predicate la mdi quan he gifla verb phrase vdi predication.
[QH NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
SO 8-2019
PHAM NGOC TUAN Theo dd, Randolph Quirk va Sidney
Greenbaun chi ra 5 thanh to' ed mat trong cdu true eau bao gom: chu ngfl (subject), dpng tfl (verb), bo' ngfl (complement), tan ngfl (object) va trang ngfl (Adverbial).
Tfl quan didm tren, vi ngfl (predicate) chinh la sfl to hdp cua cae each dUde ke't hdp gifla eac thanh to' dpng tfl, bo ngfl hoac trang ngfl tao ndn mdt ddn vi doe lap the hien ehfle nang ngfl phap va bieu dat trpn ven y nghia cua tfl vflng hoac ham y hanh ngdn. Vay chflc nang cua cum ddng tfl (verb phrase) dUpc liet ke dudi day bao gdm:
- Tinh hen ke't va didn ta y nghia;
- Thdng bao sfl vide, hidn tUdng, thdng tin trong cau (action);
- Tinh chinh xac trong van ban;
Tinh ngfl phap: trong khi ddng tfl lexical mang tinh hidu nghia, trd ddng tif bieu dat hinh thflc phu dinh/ nghi van (negative/ question), thi va each (tense/ voice), ngoai ra trd dpng tfl cdn giiip ngUdi ndi tang them y nghia bieu dat cua eau.
Ndi each khac, ngoai chflc nang bieu dat cua ddng tfl, chflc nang bieu thi y nghia ngfl phap va tinh he thd'ng eua cum d6ng tfl ddng vai trd then chd't trong toan bo he thd'ng ca'u true eau.
4. Ket luan
Trong ngdn ngfl hpe, khai nidm ehfle nang cdn dUpc hieu la chfle nang trong ca'u tnic cua cbinh ngdn ngfl. Chdng ban nhU:
chlic nang khu biet ciia am vi; ehfle nang dinh danh eua tfl va ngfl; chflc nang the hien mdt don vi ldi ndi trpn ven eua eau va phat ngdn...
Xua't phat tfl dd, bai viet phan tich nhiing dae trUng cua cum ddng tfl trong sd 8-2019
tie'ng Anh d mfle dp khai quat nhdm dUa ra net khu biet ve dac di^m ca'u trfle, chflc nang cua cum ddng tfl trong cau; lam cd sd tien d^ de phat trien nghien cflu: So sanh dd'i chieu cum dpng tfl trong tie'ng Anh va tieng Viet dudi gdc dp ngdn ngfl chflc nang va trong cac nghien cflu tie'p theo.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Austin, J.L. (1962), How to do things with words, Oxford: Claren Press.
2. Diep Quang Ban (2007), "Ngfl phap tidng Vidt", Nxb. Giao Due.
3. Nguyin Van Hiep (2012), Cd sd ngU ngMa phan tich cii Phap, Nxb. Giao due Viet Nam.
4. Nguyin Hda (2004), Understanding Semantics, Nxb. Dai hpe Qud'c gia Ha Ndi.
5. HaUiday, M. A. K. (1994), An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold.
6. Hurford, J. & Heasey, B. (1983), Semantics: A coursebook, Cambridge University Press.
7. Quirk, Randolph (1990), A Student's Grammar of the English Language.
8. PALMER, F. R. (1974), The English verb, London: Longman.
9. PALMER, F. R. (1979), Modality and the English modals, London: Longman.
10. Searle, J.R. (1979), Expression and meaning, Cambridge (Mass).
11. Sidney Greenbaum (1991), An Introduction to English Grammar, Harlow: Longman.
12. Yule, G. (1996), Pragmatics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
NHAN LOC KHOAHOCXAHOI Q
