BAI BAD KHOA HOC
BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE VE CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN THE LdC CHO NGIfifl DAN TOC THIEU SO Ol VIET NAM
Dang Van Dung*
Vu Chung T h i i y "
Tom tat: ^ Qua phan tich cae ngudn hf lieu khae nhau, de tai dS rut ra dyp'c bSi hpc kinh nghiem quae te
trong chinh sach phat tri4n the lire cho nguoi d9n tgc thieu sd. Bay chinh la nhUng kinh nghiem quf b4u cho Vi#l Nam nham de ra cae giai ph4p, chinh sach phat trien thJ li/o, gop phan nang cao chit lupng ngudn nhan lyc cae d§n tpc thilu sd ddn nam 2030.
TCP khoa: Kinh nghl$m, chinh sSch, the lyc, dSn tgc thilu so.:
Lessons to gain experiences Internationally on the policy of physical development for ethnic minorities In Vietnam
Summary:
Through the analysis of different sources, we gained international experiences in the policy of physical development for ethnic minorities. This is a valuable experience for Vietnam to develop solutions and policies for physical development, helping to improve the quality of human resources for ethnic minorities by 2030.
^ Keywords: Experiences, policies, physical strength, ethnic minorities .
BAT VAN BE quat la: Cung cap luan cii khoa hgc nham giai Cdng tac dan tdc luon dugc Dang va Nha luyit eac vin dd co ban mang tinh cap bach hen nuoc dac biet quan tam, didu nay dugc thi hien quan den cae dan tdc thieu so, tir do thuc hi^n trong eac nghi quyet ciia Dang va cae van ban ddi mdi chinh sach dan tpc dap ling yeu cau thoi quy pham phap luat ciia Nha nuoc. "Vin dd ky day manh cang nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va dan tac va doan ket eac dan tpc cd vi tri chiin hpi nhap qudc te, gdp phin thuc hien thanh cdng luge lau dai ttong su nghiep each mang nude chien luge cdng tac dan tgc ddn nam 2020, tim ta. Cae dan tdc trong dai gia dinh Viet Nam nhin 2030.
binh ding, doan kit, tdn trpng va giilp do nhau Nam 2017, Truong Dai hpc TDTT BJc Ninh ciing tien bd...". da diu thiu thanh cdng va ky hgp dang ttiin
ChiSn luge cBng tac dan tac din nam 2020 khai di tai KH&CN cip qudc gia: "NghiSn ciiu da dat ra muc tieu: "...Ddi vdi van hda, xa hdi giai phap, chinh sach phat ttiin thd lire, gop viing dan tpc thiiu sd: Bao ton va phat huy ban phin nang cao chit lupng ngu8n nhan lyc cae sac van hoa dan tac...". Tren co so dd, cae dan tac thiiu s8 din nam 2030, ma s6:
Chuong ttinh hanh dpng, cae Chuong ttinh khoa CTDT23.17/16-20. Day la dd tai thuac Chuong hpc eua cae Bp, Nganh va eac dia phuong da lin ttinh CTDT/16-20, duoc hidn khai t i 6/2017 - lugt duge ttien khai. 12/2019. Dd giai quydt eac myc tieu cua di tii, Chuong trinh khoa hgc va cdng nghe cip 6 ndi dung nghien cuu da duoc dat ra, ttong do qudc gia giai doan 2016 - 2020 do IJy ban Dan co mgt nai dung dac biet quan ttong, do \i tgc chu tti thuc hien "Nhimg van dd co ban va nghien cuu kinh nghiem chinh sach phat ttiin cap bach ve dan tdc thieu sd va chinh sach dan thd luc cho ngucri dan tdc thiSu 53 cua mat sd tgc o Viet Nam den nam 2030", ggi tit la qudc gia tten thd gioi va bai hoe ap dung cho Chuong ttinh CTDT/16-20, voi muc tieu tdng Viet Nam. ' '
•PGS.TS, Truong Sai hoc TDTT Bac Ninh
•NGUT.PGS.TSJrudng Bai hpc TDTT BSc Ninh
BAO TAO VA HUIN UIYBUIKTIUO SO OAC BIET 7 2 0 1 8 PHUdNG PHAP NGHIEN ClU
Qua trinh nghien cim sir dung phucmg phap phap phan tich va tdng hgp tai lieu. Cac tai lieu dupe quan tam gdm: Cac van ban phap quy, eac ket qua nghien ciru cua cae cang trinh khoa hge ve phat trien the luc ciia cac dan tdc thieu sd cua Vipt Nam, Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, Nga va Uc.
KET QUA NGHIEN Ciiu VA BAN LUAN Thdng qua viec phan tich va tdng hop cac van ban phap quy cung nhu cac cdng trinh nghien cuu khoa hpc ve phat trien the luc cua cac dan tpc thieu sd cua Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, Nga va Ue, nhdm nghien cuu da nit ra dupe bai hoe kinh nghiem qudc te trong chinh saeh phat trien the luc cho ngudi dan tpc thieu so.
Viet Nam ed 54 dan toe, trong do ngudi Kinh chiem da so vdi khoang 80% tdng dan sd. Cae ddn tdc khae sinh sdng rai rac d khap mpi ncri tren ea nude, tap trung ehu yeu d cac khu vuc vung sau, vimg xa, vung kinh te - xa hdi cdn nhigu khd khan. Do dd ehat lupng cupc sdng ciia bp chua dupe dam bao, ngheo ddi la mdt trong nhung van nan dupe dae biet quan tam.
Cung voi dd, tinh hinh suy dinh dudng d tre em cung la van de cdn nhieu lo ngai. Viet Nam hien cd 1,9 trieu tre em suy dinh duong the thap cdi. Ty le nay d tre em dudi 5 tudi ngudi dan toe thilu sd la 32,1%, cao gap hai lan so vdi tre em ngudi Kinh. Mac du da cd nhieu chinh saeh can thiep, nhung ty le nay cung khdng giam dang ki trong nhiiu nam qua. Trong khoang 7 nam trd lai day, ty le suy dinh duong the thap edi d Viet Nam chi giam trung binh khoang 1,15% mdi nam. Nam 2016, Viet Nam cdn 13,8% tre em the nhe can va 24,3% tre thdp cdi. Nhu vay, cu sau tre dudi nam tudi, cd mdt tre bi thieu can; Cu bdn tre dudi nam tudi, ed mpt tre bi thSp cdi.
Dac biet, ty le nay d tre em dan toe thieu sd cdn At cao, gip ddi so vdi tre em ngudi Kinh.
Tinh trang tbiSu vi chdt dinh duong cua tre em dan tdc eung dang d con so dang bao ddng.
Cd 80,8% tre em bi thiSu kem; 31,3% tbiSu mau va 16% thiiu vitamin A. Rit nhidu vin de sue khde cd lien quan din tinh trang thiiu vi chat dinh duong nhu hien tugng mu Ida d tre em do thiiu vitamin A; thieu mau do thieu sat; dan ddn kem phat triin tri tue do thiiu i-dt. Diiu nay cd
thi di lai nhimg he qua nghiem trpng ddi vdi su phat trien cua tre, bao gdm ca su phat trien cua nao bp, lam giam sue san xuat khi tre den tudi trudng thanh ma qua do se tac dpng den nen kinh te, xa hdi.
Nguyen nhan chinh cua tinh trang suy dinh dudng the thip edi d tre em dan tdc thieu sd do cae ba me tai day cho tre an thuc an thd sdm, an com khi mdi 2-3 thang tudi; Tre khdng dupe tiip can vdi nude sach, vdi ngudn luong thyc dky du eh4t dmh dudng; Phu nu sinh eon dAy, sinh sdm nen cd khdng it tre em bi suy dinh dudng tit bao thai. Ngoai ra, chinh tinh trang khd khan vi kinh te, kho khan trong tiep can dich vu cham sdc siic khde eua ngudi dan khien bp chua nhan thuc hit tSm quan trpng ciia viec bd sung du vi chat dinh dudng cho tre em.
Trude nhimg thach thiie nay, Viet Nam da nd luc hop tae lien nganh trong van de dinh duong bang nhung khuyen khich nhu: Cac ba me can cham sdc sue khde tdt ban trong thdi ky mang thai; nen nudi con bang sira me; thuc hien bo sung them cho tre ngoai sira me khi da dii sau thang tudi.
Tuy nhien, tir kinh nghiem cua mpt so qudc gia tren the gioi ve phat trien the lire cho ngudi dan tdc thieu so thi Viet Nam can luu y mpt sd van de sau:
- Can hinh thanh chien luac chinh sach dan tdc, trong dd dac biet uu tien cac chinh sach dac thu cho nhdm cac dan tdc thieu sd it ngudi, eung nhu eac khu vuc, vung dan tdc thieu so dae biet khd khan.
- Dau tu cho cac chuong trinh an sinh xa hdi nhu: Chinh sach xda ddi giam ngheo, chinh sach trp giiip xa hdi, chinh sach hd trp giao due, phat trien van hda, the due the thao... nham muc tieu phat trien kinh te, nang cao nhan thiic va cai thien chat lupng cuoc sdng cua nguoi dan. Day duoc coi la chien luge lau dai de cai thien the chat cho ngudi dan tpc thieu sd.
- Phat trien song song cae md hinh kham chira benh truyen thong vdi hien dai. Duy tri va phat huy nhirng diem tich circ trong kham chira benh bang phuong phap, ciing nhu cac bai thudc dan gian thdng qua ehinh sach bao tdn va phat trien y hpc co truyen dan tdc thieu sd; loai trir me tin di doan va cac hu tuc anh hudng den siic
BAI BAO KHOA HOC
khde cua ngudi dan. Ddng thdi, tien hanh song song dao tao dpi ngu nhan vien y te va nhan vien y te cdng cdng de hd trg ddng bao dan toe thieu sd trong bao ve sue khde.
Dang vk Nha nipdc Viet Nam d3 c6 rat nhilu chinh sdch cham lo strc khde, tinh thiin, v$t chilt cho ngirai dSn thupc din toe thiSu so tgi Vi^t Nam triin song song cac md bmh kham chira b?iih truyin thdng vdi hien dai. Ddng thdi tien hanh song song dao tao dpi ngu nhan vien y te de ho trg ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd trong bao ve siic - Thiic day va lan tmyen cac hoat ddng thS khde; Tang cudng cac boat dpng van hda, the due the thao nham nang eao sue khde va ngan due the thao nham nang cao sue khde va ngan ngiia benh tat cho ngudi dan thdng qua cac boat ngira benh tat nham phat huy cac gia tri van hoa ddng tuyen truyen, td chiic cac giai the thao
truyen thdng... cac ngay hdi van hda the thao vdi cac mdn the thao dan toe va trd choi dan gian khae nhau. Mpt mat phat huy cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng, mat khae thiic day Idi sdng lanh manh ddi vdi ngudi dan.
KET LUAN
Qua nghien ciiu kinh nghiem vi chinh sach phat triin the ly:c cho ngudi dan tpc thiiu s6 cua mpt sd qudc gia tren the gidi, cd thi nit ra bai hpc ap dyng cho Viet Nam, dd la: C4n hinh thanh ehien lupc chinh sach dan tdc, trong do dac biet uu tien cac chinh sach dac thu eho nhdm cac dan tdc thieu sd it ngudi, cung nhu cac khu vuc, viing dan tdc thiiu sd dac bigt kho khan. Trong do, chiin lupc lau dai di cai thien thi chat cho ngudi dan toe thiiu s6 phai tsip trung dau tu cho cac chuong trinh an sinh xa hoi nhu: chmh saeh xda ddi giam ngheo, chinh sach trp giiip xa hdi, chinh sach hd trp giao diic, phat trien van hda, the due the thao... nh^m muc tieu phat trien kinh ti, nang cao nhan thiie va cai thien chat lupng cupc sdng ciia ngudi dan; Phat
truyen thdng, ciing nhu thuc day loi sdng lanh manh ddi ddng bao dan tpc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bao cac chat Ipc ndi dung 2, Kinh nghiem chinh sach phat triin thd lire chp ngudi dan toe thieu sd cua mdt sa quae gia tten the gidi va bai hpc ap dung cho Viet Nam, di tai: "Nghien cim giai phap, chinh sach phat ttiin thd lyc, gop phan nang cao chat lugng nguan nhan luc cac dan tac thieu sa din nam 2030, ma so:
CTDT23.17/16-20, Trudng Dai hpc TDTT Bac Nmh, 2018.
2. Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang Ddng khoa IX. Vdn kien Dgi hoi dai hiiu todn quoc lan thii X (http://www. chinhphu. vn).
3. Dang Van Diing, Trucmg Dai hgc TDTT Bic Ninh triin khai dd tai KH&CN cip quic gia. Tap chi Khoa hgc Ddo tao vd Hudn luyen the thao.
'i-Thii tuang Chinh phu, Quyet dinh so: 449/
QB - TTg ngdy 12/03/2013 vi Chien luac cong tdc ddn tgc din nam 2020 (http://www2.chinh- phu.vn).
cl!u t r t h " h'' " ' 1 " ° J ° ' " " " '"^" "S^y 19/11/2018, duy#t in ngSy 28/11/2018 Ch,u trach nhiem chmh: B^ng Van Dung, Email: dangvandungtdttggmail.com)
