Do Thj Lien Van. So sanh chdl luang cupc song ..
So sanh chat lu'ong cuoc song a Bangkok va Ha Noi thong qua nhom chi so moi trucrng tu* nhien va nha & cua Mercer
BS Thi Lien Vdn*
Vien Nghien cteu Phdt trien Kinh te - Xa hoi Hd Ndi
Ngdy nhgn bdt. 13/03/2019. ngdy giri phdn bien 24'04/20l9. ngdy duyil dang: 9/05/2019
T lien nay. khi de cap tdi chdt lieang eude sdng (CLCS) cua mpt thdnh phd, chting ta khdng J. J. chi nhdn mgnh den cdc yeu td vdt ehdt vd linh thdn md edn chu trgng tdi nhimg vdn de khde ve do thi nhu mdi trudng tu nhien vd nhd d. Di ed them nhimg ddnh gid khach quan vd sdu sdc han ve linh vuc ndy, bdi viit se nghiin cuu so sdnh nhOng diim lucmg ddng vd khac biit ve CLCS cua Bangkok vd Hd Npi thdng qua kit qud diiu tra khdo sdt ve nhom chi sd mdi trudng tie nhien vd nhd a cua Mercer, ddng thdi chi ra nhung thdnh tuu, hgn chi, nguyin nhdn vd bdi hgc kinh nghiem ddi vdi Hd Npi trong bdi ednh mdi.
Tir khoa: Chat lugng cuoc sdng, Bangkok, Hd Npi, Mercer Mffdau
Trdn the gidi co nhieu each tiep can khde nhau v l chdt lugng cudc song. Tiiy timg muc tieu, dilu kien, hoan cdnh khde nhau d moi mot khu vyc, quoc gia hoac thdnh phd ma cac hpc gia dua ra each tilp can phii hgp. Ngay nay, khi de cap tdi CLCS cua mdt thanh pho, ngudi ta khong chi nhan manh din cac ylu to vdt chat hoac tinh thdn, ma con chu trgng tdi ca nhiing ylu td biic xiic khac trong do tbj nhu mdi tiTJong tu nhien vd nha d. Hai ylu td cung chinh la 2/10 nhdm chi sd quan frgng trong Bp chi so CLCS cua Mercer va se dupe sir dung dl phan tich, lam ro khi so sanh giiia 2 thdnh phd Bangkok va Hd Ngi.
J. Khai quat ve chat lu^ng cuoc song thanh pho
Theo quan diem cua nhom tdc gid Takashi Inoguchi vd cac cgng su (2014) cho rdng, cdc chi s6 CLCS khong chi bao gdm sy giau co, viec ldm ma con la viec bdo ve moi trudng, siic khde thi chat va tinh than, giao due, thdi gian
giai tri va cdc ITnh vyc vdn hda, xa hdi khac. Cdc tdc gia da dl cap tdi sdu ldi sdng gdm: cupc sdng hien dai, cupc sdng sd, ddi song tdn gido, ddi sdng toan cdu, ddi sdng chinh trj, cupc sdng gia dinh'. Cdn theo Marans (2012), ddy la mpt khai niem mang tinh lien nganh vd nd dupe the hien qua cac nghien cuu lien nganh^.
Q gdc dp khac, Smith, Nelischer &
Perkins (1997) cho rdng CLCS khong chi vdi muc dich la thu hiit ngudi mdi ma cdn khuyen khich cu ddn bien tai d lai gdn bd vdi thanh pho. Dieu nay ddi hoi phdi cd hdnh dpng de ddm bdo su hdi long ciia cdng ddn vdi cupc sdng thdnh pho^.
CJ Viet Nam, Bp chi so do thj (Vietnam Urban Indicators - VUI) cua Tdng cue thdng ke va Bg Xdy dung dugc xay dung tir ndm 2011 nhdm dua ra cdc chi tieu thdng ke. VUI sii dung 97 chi tieu thong ke cdc do thj gdn vdi cdc muc tieu phdt friln thien nien ky. VUI cung cap thong tin vl timg do thj tren nhieu mat nhu dan sd, lao dpng, y te, giao dye, van hoa, an toan, sir dung ddt,
* lien [email protected]. vn ' Marans, R.W (2012).
' WHO QOL (1995). ' Smith, T. et al (1997).
Nghien ciiu An D p vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56
Dd Thj Lien Van. .So sdnh chdt lugng cudc sdng ..
nha d, giao thdng, thoat nude, cap dien, thong tin lien lac, cap nude, thodt nude, quan ly chdt thdi rdn - ve sinh mdi trudng, kinh te tai chinh, vd qudn frj dd thj "*.
Trong so cdc Bp chi sd dua ra khao sdt CLCS, bp chi sd Mercer dugc danh gia la todn dien, dugc tbyc hien thudng xuyen hdng nam.
Bg chi so khong chi cung cap nhiing thdng tin hiru ich ma cdn dua ra nhtrng khuyen nghj can thiet ddi vdi cac thanh pho, cac qudc gia tren the gidi. Bp chi sd cdn la thudc do chdt lugng phdt triln cua cac thanh pho. Tinh din 2018, Mercer danh gia CLCS do thj tai ban 231 thanh phd dugc khdo sat tren toan the gidi. CLCS dugc phdn tich theo 39 chi sd thanh phdn va chia thdnh 10 nhdm: (I) Mdi trudng chinh trj vd xd hpi; (2) Mdi trudng kinh te; (3) Mdi trudng vdn hda xd hdi; (4) Y ti va sire khde; (5) Trudng hge vd gido due; (6) Dich vu cdng epng vd giao thdng; (7) Gidi tri; (8) Hdng lieu diing; (9) Nhd a; (10) Mdi trudng tu nhiin^. Do vay, dya vao bg chi so Mercer cd the thye thi mpt each hieu qua viec danh gid CLCS Hd Ndi vd Bangkok.
Tuy nhien, do khudn khd cd ban, trong bdi viet ndy, tac gid chi sii dung ket qud xep hang CLCS ciia Mercer da cong bd gdn ddy ket hgp vdi ket qud dieu tra khdo sat do tdc gid thuc hien hien bang phuang phap chgn mdu ngau nhien phdn tdng tai 2 thanh pho Bangkok vd Hd Ngi, vdi moi thanh pho la 200 mau phieu nham so sanh, lam ro2/10 nhdm chi s6 v l moi trudng ty nhien va nhd d, gdm 5 chi sd trong Bp chi sd ctia Mercer: (1) Khi hau thdi tiet; (2) Thien tai;
(3) Dd dac va dung cu gia dung; (4) Bdo tri va siia chiia nhd d; (5) So lugng va quy mo nha d.
2. So sanh nhung diem giong, khac nhau giira Bangkok va Ha Noi
2.1. Nhimg diem giong nhau
(1) Khi hgu thai Hit: Bangkok va Ha Npi Cling nam d trong viing khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia, ndng dm vd mua nhieu. Tuy nhien, Bangkok thi co 3 miia con Hd Npi Id cd 4 mua xudn, ha, thu, ddng. Trudc su bien ddi khi hau va do thj hda nhanh, nhiet dp cua hai thdnh pho deu da tdng len ro ret.
(2) Thiin tai: Bangkok vd Hd Npi dlu dang phdi trdi nhiing bien ddi ve khi hau, thdi tilt.
Ddy chinh la sy trd gid cho su phat trien bua bai va thieu y thiic ciia con ngudi ddi vdi ty nhien.
(3) Dd dgc va do gia dung: Nhin chung, so vdi nhung nam trudc day, do dac vd dung cu gia dung cua ngudi ddn sdng d cac do thi nhu Bangkok vd Hd Npi da day du ban nhieu. Khdng cbi la cac tien nghi sinh boat dupe sdn xuat d trong nude, ma nhieu mat hang cdn dugc nhap khdu tir nude ngoai tiiy theo thi hieu vd dieu kien cua timg ngudi, timg gia dinh. Tuy nhien, cung van cdn mgt bg phan ngudi dan ngheo dd thi, co ddi song gap nhilu kho khdn nen tien nghi sinh boat con nhieu thieu thon, dan so.
(4) Bdo tri vd sira chira nhd d: Cd hai thanh phd Bangkok va Ha Ngi deu co nhting khu nhd tap the dugc xdy tir each day vai chuc nam. Vi vay, den nay cac khu nhd tap thi nay dlu da xudng cdp, qud han sir dung, can dugc siia chiia va dugc su quan tdm ciia cdc cdp chinh quyen dia phuang va cac nha qudn ly ban niia.
(5) Sd lugng vd quy md nhd a. Cac khu nha cao tang da nhanh chdng mpc len de ddp ling nhu cdu ngay cdng cao ciia ngudi dan v l nhd is. Dieu do da khien bp mat do thj cua Bangkok va Ha Npi trd nen khang trang, hien dai han. Tuy nhien, gid nha ddt d hai thanh phd van dang bj day len qua cao so vdi gid tri thye va so vdi gid nha cua nhieu thanh pho tren the gidi.
* UN - Habitat & ACVN (2010). ^Mercer (2015).
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chdu A. So 5 - 2019, tr.49-56
Dd Thi Lien Van. So sdnh ehdt lugng cudc sdng ..
2.2. Nhirng diim khac nhau
(1) Khi hgu thdi tiit: Bangkok cd khi hau nhiet ddi hoang da vd cbju dnh hudng ciia he thong gio miia Nam A. Bangkok trai qua ba miia: nong, mua va mat me, mac dii nhiet dp kha nong quanh nam, tii muc thap, frnng binh 22,0°C (71,6°F) frong thdng 12 den miic cao, tmng binb 35,4 °C (95,7 °F) vdo thdng 4. Hien nay, ngay ca khi frong miia mdt tiii nhiet dp cdn cdm thdy oi biic hon miia he bdi hieu iing cua cdc tda nhd cao 6c^. Nam 2018, Bangkok da phai trai qua 276 ngay vdi miic nhiet do tren 32°C.
Ndm trong vitng nhiet ddi gid miia, khi hgu Hd Npi cd dgc trung ndi bdt Id gio mita dm, ndng va mua nhieu ve miia he, lanh va it mua ve mua ddng;
dupe chia thdnh bon miia ro ret frong nam: Xuan, Ha, Thu, Dong. Tuy nhien, din nay, ranh gidi phan chia bon miia chi mang tinh chdt tuang doi.
Ha Ngi da nhilu lan trdi qua cac bien doi bat thudng cda khi hau - thdi tilt. Ha Ngi da timg chiu cai gia lanh xudng den 2,7°C '.
(2) Thien tai: Dy bao tdi day, tdc dgng ciia biln ddi khi hau tai Bangkok cbti yeu se la sy gia tang tdn suat va cudng dp ciia cdc su kien cue doan^ Tir ndm 1982 den nam 2010, nhiet dp tmng binh hang ndm d Bangkok da tang len d miic 0,06°C mot nam^. Trong khi cdc su kien mua ldn da tdng ca v l tan suat va cudng dp, Bangkok cdn bi dnh hudng bdi ban ban ngay mpt nghiem trpng han. Ngodi ra, theo mgt bdo edo mdi nhat cua Uy ban Cdi each Qudc gia Thai Lan (NRC) tuyen bd rdng, Bangkok cd the chim dudi nude trong vong hai thdp ky tdi'".
Cdn a Hd Npi, mot s6 tmdng hgp diln hinh ve thien tai gay nen frong giai doan tir 1986 den 2017 CO thi ke den nhu: Tran lij ldn ndm 1986;
Trdn lu Ion ndm 1996; Mua ldn nam 2002; Ung
«ThaiutsaB,etal(2008).
' Divya Leducq & Helga - Jane Scarwell (2017).
* Bangkok Metropolitan Adminstration (BMA) (2018).
'KlongvessaP(2012).
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56
ngap nam 2008 do co mua rat to tren dja ban Thanh pho. Ngap iing da lam mat dien bode phdi cat dien de ddm bdo an toan d nhieu tuyen pho va khu ddn cu, anh hudng den sdn xudt, kinh doanh ciia cac td chirc kinh te, hg gia dinh vd boat dpng binh thudng ciia ca quan, tmdng hpc...".
(3) Dd dgc vd dung cu gia dung: Co the thay cdc tien nghi sinh boat cua cdc hp ddn d viing do thi Bangkok da dugc cdi thien dang ke. Ngoai nhtrng tien nghi sinh boat trong gia dinh nhu: ti vi, hi lanh, may gidt, dilu hoa, dien thoai, mdy vi tinh, xemay....thi tyle cdc phuong tien cd nhan nhu xe hai cung lien tuc tang cao trong nhiing nam gan day.
Qua so lilu dilu tra ddn so va nhd d ciia Tong cue thdng k l nam 2009 vd nam 2014 cho thay, so vdi 5 nam trudc, tien nghi sinh boat ciia ngudi dan Hd Ndi bien nay da dugc cdi thien rat nhieu. Nhu vay sd lieu thong k& ve ty le hg sir dung xe gdn may nam 2014 cho thay sd lugng xe ca gidi, ddc biet Id md to/xe may tham gia giao thong d Hd Npi tang manh trong nhung nam gan ddy. Ben canh do, ty le sir dung xe d to ciing chilm 5,7% d khu vyc thanh thj'^.
(4) Bdo tri vd sira ehira nha a: Tic nhOng nam 1980, phdn ldn cdc tda nha dugc xdy dyng dlu khdng bj gidi han do cao nen da sam biln Bangkok trd thanh mgt khu rung do thj vdi nhung toa nha choc trdi the hien phong each tuong phan vd xung dot. Do sy chenh lech kinh t l nen cung vdi do Id nhieu khu o chupt mpc len trong thanh phd. Mgt so lugng ldn khu 6 chudt tap trung gdn cdng Bangkok d'qudn Khlong Toei. Tren thuc tl, su chenh lech rdt cao, vd khoang 20% ddn s6 dugc uoc tinh sdng trong khu djnh cu khu 6 chupt, dugc xac djnh bdi Ca quan qudn ly do thj Bangkok'^
'" Limjirakan S, Limsakul A, Sriburi T (2010b),
"Ban can sir Dang UBND TP Ha Npi (2018).
'^ Nxb. Thong tan (2016).
'^ National Housing Authority of Thailand (2013).
Dd Thj Li6n Van. So sdnh ehdt liegng eude sdng ...
Chinh quyen Bangkok da bd tri cac to chirc cong thupc Bg Phiic Igi xa hgi va Phdt trien con ngudi (CODl) de hd trg, tao dieu kien cho chuang trinh ndng cap khu 6 chupt qudc gia - Baan Mankong ("nhd d an toan"), dugc khdi xudng vdo nam 2003 vol ngudn tai trg cua chinh phu'"^. Ben canh do, chuang trinh Baan Ua-Arthom ('"cham sdc nha d") dugc dua ra ciing mpt liic, vdi phuang phdp tiep can cung cdp cho chinh phu cac ngdi nha va can hp gia cd phdi chang, nham vao cac nhdm thu nhap trung binh thap nhu cdng nhan Chinh phii'^.
O Ha Npi, vao nhting ndm 1960 va 1970, hang loat cdc khu nha tap thi theo kilu Idp ghep xuat hien d nhung khu phd hien rai vdo tinh trang xudng cap nghiem trpng. Hon 10 ndm trudc, chinh quyen Thanh pho da dua ra chuong trinh cdi tao, nang cdp, xdy mai cdc chung cu cu xudng cdp tren dja ban Thdnh phd. Tuy nhi6n, cd rat nhieu vudng mdc sau hon 10 nam trien khai tren todn thdnh phd, chuang trinh gan nhu van diing yen khi mdi chi cd 14 chung cu cii dugc xdy dyng mdi dua vdo sir dung, chilm chua tdi 1%'^.
(5) Sd lugng va quy md nhd d: Hien nay, cd 581 tda nhd chgc trdi cao tren 90 met (300 feet) trong thanh pho. Bangkok dugc xep hang Id thanh pho cao thii 8 thi gidi nam 2016. Vdi s6 lugng ngdy cdng tang cao vd toa nhd chgc trdi dugc xay dyng trong mpt sd khu vyc thuong mai. Viec md rpng ra dien tich ra cac viing ngoai 6 dugc cua khu vyc Bangkok da khien gid ddt xay dung vd nha d bdt ddt do hon nhung ty le hg gia dinh cd xe ca gidi (6 to va xe may) lai tdng cao''.
Tai Hd Ngi, tiep tuc trien khai cdc du an xay dyng nha d xa hdi, nha tai djnh cu. Kit qud 3
ndm 2016 - 2018 tong dien tich nhd d xdy mdi dat 31,87 trieu m^; trong do: Nha d xa hpi:
496.665 m^; Nha d tdi djnh cu: 460.314 m^; Nha 6 thuang mai: 8.014.872 m^; Nhd d cho ddn ty xay dyng - da dugc cap phep: 22.898.564 m^.
Dien tich binh quan nam 2018 dat 25,86 m^/ngudi (muc tieu den nam 2020 Id 26,3 m-/ngudi)'^. Tinh den giiia nam 2017, cdnh sdt phdng chdy va chtra chdy thanh pho Ha Npi thong ke dugc 994 tda nha cao tang. Nhieu dy dn xdy dyng cdc toa nhd choc frdi (cao tren 100 mnhuKeangnam vaLotte... mpc Ign trong thdi gian qua da dua Hd Npi Igt vdo danh sach nhiing thdnh phd todn cau (world city).
3. Thanh tuu, han che, nguyen nhan va bai hpc kinh nghiem
3.1. Thdnh ttxu
Cd the ndi dilu kien tu nhien da tao dieu kien dl Bangkok vd Ha Ngi phdt triln kinh t l - xa hpi trong mgt thdi gian ddi. Ciing vdi do, viec do thi hda da mang den su tang tmdng va thjnh vugng cho nin kinh tl, doanh nghiep va cac ca nhdn cua hai thdnh phd. Bp mat dd thj ngdy cang khang trang, dieu kien song cua ngudi dan cung ngay mgt ndng len.
Hai thdnh phd ciing thuc hien nhilu Chuang trinh de khac phuc va han ehl viec 6 nhiem khong khi, nguon nude, nude thai vd rdc thai sinh boat... cac boat dgng trong cay nham tang dp phii xanh do thj dong thdi cai thien moi trudng, giam bui, giam tilng 6n cho Thanh pho.
Trat ty vd vdn minh do thj dugc hai thdnh phd quan tdm todn dien ban. Cong tac qudn ly trat ty xdy dung, ddt dai co chuyin biln tich cyc. Hai thanh phd da thye hien nhilu gidi phai de cai tao, nang cap, phat triln nhilu cdng trinh '* N.Usavagovitwong, A et al (2013).
'^ Bangkok Urban Government (2014).
'^ Nhir chij thich s6 12.
Provincial local govemment (DOLA) (2013).
'^ UBND thanh pho Ha Noi (2018).
Nghien Ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. Sd 5-2019, tr.49-56
Do Thj Lien Van. So sdnh ehdt luang eude sdng ...
ha tang ky thuat, ha tdng xa hpi de phuc vu nhdn ddn ngay mpt tot ban. Chinh quyln hai thanh pho cung thuc hien nhieu gidi phdp de khac phuc tinh trang thilu nhd 6, ddc biet Id nha d cho cdc doi tugng thu nhap thap, ngudi di cu, lao dpng trong cac khu cong nghiep... Ngodi ra, Luat phap Thai Lan con cho phep ngudi nude ngoai sd hiiu nha chung cu, mac du vdn con mpt so trd ngai nhd.
Ben canh do, viec cac quoc gia ASEAN
thong minh (ASCN) nham tao ra siic manh tdng hgp ldn giiip dua khu vuc c6 nhiing budc tien xa ban. Sy hinh thdnh cua ASCN va xu hudng phat friln cdc thanh pho tbong minh tai Bangkok vd Hd Ngi ra ddi nhdm dap iing nhu cau do thj boa ngay cang tang trong khu vuc, vdn tao dp luc Idn len co sd ha tdng, cac bien phap qudn ly va doi phd vdi bien doi khi bdu cua thanh pho cung nhu he thdng xir ly rac thai va ve sinh co ban cbo ngudi ddn thdnh pho''- dang hinh thanh mang ludi thdnh pho ben viing
Bang 3.1. Mirc dp hai Idng ve CLCS ciia ngirdi dan Bangkok va Ha Npi ve nhdm chi so mdi trirdug tir nhien, nha or
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Chi so Do dac va dung cu gia dung Bao tri va sua chiia nha cr S6 luong v^ quy m6 nh^ of Khi hau thai tiet Thien tai
Bangkok ~;
2.90 2.84 1.37 3.58 2.70
HiNOi 3.36 2.88 2.32 2.92 2.57 Nguon: Dieu tra khdo sat de tai ludn dn, ndm
Ddi chilu vdo Bdng 3.1 d tren, co the nhan thay, kit qud dilu tra khao sat dya tren thang dilm so tir 1,00 din 5,00 (1,00 dilm la mirc dilm thap nhat, 5,00 la miic dilm cao nhat, tu 3,00 dilm trd len dugc tinh la mirc diem cao.
Dong bdi dam la dong co so diem thap dudi 2,50; dudi miic tmng binh do la chi so So lugng vd quy md nha d. Dieu do cho thdy, miic dp chua hai long ciia ngudi dan tai 2 thanh phd ve sd lugng vd quy mo nha d tai day. Cdc chi so cdn lai dlu co miic dilm tren 2,50 diem, dieu dd cho thay ngudi dan 2 thanh pho deu cam thay tuang ddi hai long v l cdc chi so nay, mac dii sd diem dat dugc chua phdi la nhiing miic diem cao nhat, g6m cd: Do dac va dung cy gia dung;
Bao tri vd siia chira nha d; Khi hau thdi tiet;
Thien tai.
2018, Do Thi Lien Van (2019)
Nhung chi so ma ngudi dan Bangkok cam thay hai long han so vdi ngudi dan Ha Npi gdm:
Khi bdu tiidi tilt (3,58-2,92); Thien tai (2,70- 2,57); Mgt so cbi so ngudi dan Ha Ngi cdm thay hdi long han so vdi ngudi dan Bangkok gdm:
Do dac va dung cu gia dung (3,36-2,90); Bao tri va siia chGa nha d (2,88-2,84); So lugng vd quy md nhd d (2,32-1,37). Cd the thay cac so diem cua 2 thanh pho deu d mirc tuong duong nhau, khong cd khodng each qua ldn.
3.2. Han che
Ben canh su phat triln vugt bdc ve kinh te cua cd Bangkok va Hd Ngi la nhiing thdch thuc di kem nhu: su qua tdi co sd ba tdng, tgi pham, d nhiem, gid nhd tang cao va cd viec xuong cap nghiem trgng cua cdc dieu kien ty nhien, ha tang ky thuat nhu:
''Nhu chu thich so 13.
Nghien cim An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 5 - 2019, tr.49-56
Dd Thj Lien Van. So sdnh chdt lugng eupe sdng ..
Thu nhdt, vdn nan 6 nhiem khdng khi, mat nude, chat thdi ngdy cang tang ddi vdi cd hai thanh phd; Su can kiet vd khan hiem ciia mgt sd nguon tdi nguyen vd ndng lugng; Sy mat can bang ve mdi trudng sinh thai... da vd dang gay ra nhilu hau qud nghiem trpng va tac dpng trye tiep din CLCS tai hai thdnh phd.
Thu hai, sy qua tdi ve co sd ha tang do tap trung qud ddng dan cu d cac khu vuc ngi dd.
Thieu khdng gian xanh, khdng gian vui choi gidi tri thanh thieu nien.
Thu ba, viec thieu nha d, dac biet la nha d ddnh cbo ngudi thu nhap thap va ngudi dan nhap cu tir ndng thdn tdi. Nhieu tda nha chung cu qud cu khdng cdn ddm bdo an todn, de dga den tinh mang cua ngudi dan.
Thu tu, nhtrng bat cap trong gidi quyet cac van de birc xiic trong do tbi cdn chdm dugc gidi quyet.
3.3. Nguyen nhdn
Thie nhdt, qud trinh do thj hod ludn phat trien trudc vd manh hon tdc do phat trien ciia ca sd ha tdng ky thuat, ha tang xa bpi tai cdc thanh pho.
Thu hai, bien doi khi bdu ldm cho nhiet dp cua cdc thdnh phd ngdy cang tang cao, thien tai lii lut, ban hdn ngdy cdng nhieu hon.
Thie ba, cdc chinh sach ve nha d cho ngudi thu nhap thap chua hieu qud. Sd lugng cac chung cu cu tien do cdi tao, siia chiia cdn cham.
Thii- tu, gia nha ddt d cac thanh phd luon bi dpi len qua cao so vdi gid trj thye ciia nd.
Thie ndm, chdt lugng quy hoach do thj da khong ddm bdo ndi theo kjp sy phdt trien qua nhanh, qua ndng ciia cac do thi. Cac dy an cung cap nude sach cdn chdm. Con nhilu du an quy hoach treo, cham triln khai.
Thtf sdu, bg may chinh quyen vdn con cong kenh, hoat dgng chua hieu qua, chua
theo kjp su phdt trien cua cong nghiep 4.0. Te tham nhung vdt; thii tuc hanh chinh; thai dd, hdnh vi iing xu ciia mgt bp phan can bg cdng chiic, vien chiic vdi nhan dan con chua diing mye, gdy khd khdn cho doanh nghiep.
3.4. Bdi hgc kinh nghiem
Mpt la, phat trien kinh te di ddi vdi phdt triln vdn hda, xa hpi, bdo ve moi trudng va ndng cao CLCS ngudi dan. Trdi qua mpt thdi gian dai phdt trien, cd Bangkok vd Ha Npi dlu chi chii y phat trien kinh te v l so lugng ma khdng chii trpng den phdt trien theo chieu sau (chat lugng). Do do, den nay, cdc thdnh pho dang phdi trd gid cho viec 6 nhiem khdng khi, tieng dn, mat nude, nude ngam, dat dai... vdi nhiing van nan dang de dga cuoc song ngudi ddn nhu: thay doi v l thdi tiet, khi hau, han hdn, lii lut, iing ngap, thieu nude sinh hoat, djeh benh, qua tdi co sd ha tdng.
Hai la, biln ddi kbi bdu, thiSn tai, han han, bao lu, thdi tiet cue doan tilp tuc dien bien phiic tap. Bai hpc dat gia ve chdng ngap lut d dd thi Bangkok Id bdi hpc cdn thilt cho Ha Ngi hien nay. Cdn to chiic nghien ciiu nghiem tuc, nguon goe, dien bien va tdc ddng ciia cdc tran lut da dien ra de chii dpng xay dyng cdc kjch bdn phdng ngira, ddi phd hieu qud, phii hgp vdi dieu kien ciia Hd Npi.
Ba la, tang cudng kilm soat va 6n dinh thi trudng bat dgng sdn nhdm ha nhiet gid nha dat. Timg budc dam bdo de da sd ngudi ddn cd the dii dieu kien mua nha sinh song. HaNpi can tham khdo kinh nghiem ciia Bangkok trong viec phdt triln nhd d va ha tang ky thuat dong bp ra cac do thi ve tinh nhdm thu hut dan cu den sinh song; kinh nghiem v l quan ly, dau tu xay dyng nhieu khu nha d xd hpi cho ngudi dan nhap di cu tir nong thon tdi.
Bdn la, nang cao y thiic bao ve mdi trudng ciia ngudi dan. Ha Ngi cd t h i tham khdo kinh
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. S6 5 - 2019, fr.49-56 54
Do Thj Lien Van. So sdnh chdt luang eude sdng ..
nghiem cua Bangkok ve ndng cao nhan thiic, y thiic ciia ngudi ddn vd td cbiic ve thye hien giii gin ve sinh moi trudng. Tang cudng tuyen truyen, kiem tra, gidm sdt vd cd che tai xir phat nghiem khac doi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham.
Ndm la, nang cao trinh dp ciia dgi ngii can bp lam cong tac xdy dyng vd quan ly do thi, tir cdng tdc quy hoach, ke hoach va td chirc thuc hien. Chi phe duyet xdy dyng cdc khu do thj cd day du co sd ha tang, dich vu xa hpi, khdng gian xanh, vui choi giai tri. Han che tdi miic thdp nhat viec xdy dyng cdc cao dc trong npi do. Khan truang thuc hien mo hinh chinh quyen do thi va thanh pho thdng minh de gidi quyet cdc vdn de do thj d Hd Ndi hien nay.
Ket luan
Qua nghien ciru, phdn tich, so sanh thye trang CLCS cua Bangkok va Ha Npi thdng qua nhom chi so moi trudng ty nhien va nha d cua Mercer, cd the dua ra mpt so kit ludn sau: thir nhdt, mat do ddn sd d khu vyc ndi do cua Bangkok vd Ha Ngi cang tang cao tbi CLCS thanh phd cang gidm tire la mat dp dan so qud dong se ty le nghjch chieu doi vdi CLCS. Viec gia tang dan so ca hgc qua cao ciing la nguyen nhan chinh gdy dp lye ddi vdi cac vdn d l v l ha tang do thj, xa hpi, qudc phong, an ninh va phong chdng chay no...;
thie hai. bien doi khi hau Id nhan to tdc dpng gian tilp nhung sdu rpng va dnh hudng Idn din CLCS do thi. Day la vdn d l mang tinh khu vyc va todn cau can phai co ke hoach vira trudc mat vira lau dai; thie ba, cac chi sd moi trudng tu nhien, nha d la nhting van de cd tac dpng ldn vd lau dai tdi CLCS do thi; thir tu, CLCS thdnh phd co tac dgng trdi chieu vdi cac van de ndng, biic xiic ciia thdnh phd; thvr ndm, ndng luc quan ly cua chinh quyen do tbj cung
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 5 - 2019, tr.49-56
nhu y thiic ciia ngudi ddn cang cao (ty le thudn chieu) thi CLCS thanh pho cdng cao.
Tai lieu tham khdo
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Dd Thi Lien Vdn. So sdnh chdt lugng cupc sdng ..
NQ/TUngdy 31/5/2017 Thanh uy vi "Tdng cudng eong tdc bdo vi mdi trudng tren dja bdn thdnh phd Hd Ndi den ndm 2020 vd nhimg ndm tiip theo".
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