Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Ha Quynh Giao va tgk
THV'C TRANG VA DINH HlTOiNG KHAI THAC CAC DI TICH LICH SU" - VAN HOA TINH THlfA THIEN - HUE
PHUC VU PHAT TRIEN DU LICH
N G U Y E N H A QUYNH GIAO", PHAM X U A N H A U "
T O M TAT
Di lich lich sir - vdn hoa (DTLSVH) Iudn Id thi mgnh Idu ddi cUa ngdnh du lich tinh Thira Thiin - Hui (TT-H). Bin cgnh nhiing thdnh tuu, hogt dgng khai thdc cdc di lich trong nhiing ndm qua vdn con tin Igi mgt s6 vdn di bdt hap li, ehua phdt huy hit gid tri vd vai trd cita cdc DTLSVH. Vi vdy, di ndng cao hiiu qud khai thdc cdc DTLSVH phuc vu du lich, chiing tdi di xudt mgt so dinh hudng chu yiu vi kinh doanh, ddu lu vd su tham gia cua egng ddng nhdm hudng din suphdt triin bin vOng cda ngdnh du lich TT-H.
Tdr.khda: di tich, di hch lich su - van hda - van hda, du lich.
ABSTRACT
The reality and orientation of exploiting historical-cultural relics to develop tourism in Thua Thien - Hue
Historical-cultural relics have always been an advantage of tourism in Thua Thien - Hue (TT-H). Besides achievements, there are still some irrational issues in the exploitation of the relics in recent years, hindering the full promotion of values and roles of historical- cultural relies Therefore, in order to better exploit historical-cultural relics for tourism, the article proposes some suggestions in terms of business, investment and community participation for the sustainable development of tourism in Thua Thien ~ Hue.
Keywords: relics, cultural - historical relies, tourism.
1. Dat vin fll qua trinh phat triln, ben canh nhitag Tai nguySn du ljch nhan van, thanh qua dat dugc, vige khai thac cac trong dd ndi bat nhit la he thdng DTLSVH vin edn tdn tjii nhimg bit DTLSVH, ddng vai trd quan trgng cjp. Thuc trang nay cho thiy chua cd trong viec phat triln du ljch d TT-H. co sd dl dam bao viing chic eho sy Trong nhung nam qua, viec khai thac phat triln eua nganh du ljch TT-H. Vi gia trj ciia cac DTLSVH, dac biet la vay, phan tich tmh hinh khai thac cac Quin thi di tich C6 dd Hul - di san van DTLSVH dl lam co sd cho viec xay hda thi gidi, da gdp phin quan trgng dyng dinh hudng khai thac hgp li, dam thdc diy sy phat triln cua nganh du ljch bao cho su phat triln lau dai nganh du TT-H, tao CO sd giai quyit cdng an vigc ljch TT-H la viec iam rit ein thilt.
lam cho ngudi lao ddng. Tuy nhien, trong 2. Ngi dung
2.L Cdc DTLSVH tinh TT-H
• NCS. Trudng Dai hpe Su ph,m TPHCM , ^ " - H , he th6ng DTLSVH cd
" POSTS, Trudng Bai hoc Supham TPHCM nhieu loai hinh (hg thdng kinh thanh
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 46 nam 2013
Hul, lang tim, din, chiia, dja dilm ljch phan bd tuong ddi tap trung vdi mjtdd sii, nha luu niem...) vdi 891 di tich da trung binh 0,18 di tich/km^ (xem bang xep hang va ehua xip hang [3], dugc thdng ke).
Bdng thdng ke mat do DTLSVH tinh TT-H ndm 2011
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Bia ban Thanh phd (TP) Hue Thj xa Huang Thuy Huyen Huong Tra Huyen Quang Dien Huyen Phong Dien Huyen Phii Vang Huyen Phu Ldc Huyen Nam Ddng Huyen A Ludi
Difn tich (iun^) 71,68 456,02 518,53 162,95 950,81 279,87 720,92 647,78 1224,64
Soluwng di tich
373 79 69 43 105 74 126 8 14
M | t d d (di tich/km')
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0,13 0,26 0,11 0,26 0,17 • 0,01 0,01
TP Hue la nai cd sd lugng di tich Idn nhit va mat do tap trung di tich day dac nhit, gip gin 30 lin mat do trung binh toan tinh, thip nhit la d Nam Ddng va A Ludi. cac di tich vdi mat dg Idn da tao nen gia trj rit cao cho phat triln du ljch, gdp phin quan trgng lam cho Hul trd thanh diem den hap din ddi vdi du khaeh.
Ndi bat nhit trong he thdng DTLSVH TT-H la Quin thi di tich Cd dd Hue, nai day cdn lim giir gin nhu nguyen ven mgt tdng thi kiln tnic kinh do ciia ttilu dai phong kiln Vidt Nam. Day la quan thi di tich vdi nhimg eung dien, lang tam, edng trinh kiln tnic tdn giao...
tieu bilu cho nhitag thanh tyu vl kiln tnic, nghe thuat va siic lao ddng sang tao eua ngudi Viet Nam. Quin thi di tich Cd dd Hul dugc Td chirc Giao due, Khoa hgc va Van hda Li6n hiep qudc (UNESCO) cdng nhan la Di san van hda
Afg«d«.-XiiHtir[3],[7]
the gidi vao nam 1993. Ngoai ra, Hue cdn nhieu di tich ndi tieng lien quan den nha Nguyin nhu h? thdng cae phu, de, ehiia...
TT-H cd nhilu di tich ljch sir (DTLS) vl hai cudc khang ehiln chong thuc dan ciing nhitag di tich vl cac nha each mang ldi lac nhu Phan Bgi Chau, Trin Cao Van... DJc bidt, noi day con luu giir nhilu di tich gin liln vdi thW nien thilu eila Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh.
Ngoai ra cdn cd nhimg dja danh gin liln vdi cac sy kign ljch sii nhu Niii Ban, Chin Him... Day la nhimg di tich cd giS trj cao ttong hofit dgng du ljch.
2.2. Thuc trang khai thdc cac DTLSVH tinh TT-H phfic vu du ljch
Thuc ttang khai thac cac DTLSVH TT-H phyc vu phat ttiln du Jjch bao gom cac ndi dung vl mat quan li, su dung vii bao tdn di tich, thi hien thdng qua nhilu yeu td:
T?p chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Hd Quynh Giao va tgk
2.2.1. Sd lugng khdch tham. quan vd doanh thu, gdp phan thue day cac hoat doanh thu ddng du ljch phat triln, lam cho du ljch Khach du lich dSn TT-H tham quan trd thanh mdt nganh kinh t l mui nhgn cae di tieh ngay cang tSng, lam tang eiia TT-H (xem bilu dd).
Biiu do lugt khdch tham quan vd daanh thu tgi cdc di tich Hui (1996-2011)
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Theo sd lieu cua Trung tam Bao tdn di tich Cd dd (BTDTCD) Hul, di tich Hul tit cho chi ddn hon 732.000 lugt khach nam 1996 vdi doanh thu hon 16 ti dong den nay sd lugng khach da tang Idn gin 2 ttieu lugt ngudi, vdi doanh thu gin 90 ti ddng. Nhu vay, ttong giai doan 1996 - 2011, tdc dd tang ttudng lugt khaeh tham quan di tich dat 7%/nam va toe do ttog doanh thu dat 12%/nam. Dilu nay chimg td siic hut cua di san Hud ddi vdi c0ng ding ttong va ngoai nude.
2.2.2. Sg lugng di tich dugc khai thdc Vdi 132 di tich da xep hang qudc gia va tmh ttong tdng sd 891 di tich, nhimg sd lugng di tich cua TT-H dua vao khai thac dang cdn qua it so vdi tilm nSng.
Ngudn: [3]
Theo thdng ke cua Sd Van hda, Thi thao va Du ljch (VHTTDL) tinh TT-H ttong so eac DTLSVH dimg diu eac dilm du ljch ddn khach ngi dja va qudc te la Quin the di tieh C6 dd Hul. Tuy nhien, trong dd chi cd Dai Ngi va cac lang vua la eac diem du ljch ddng khach nhat, cdn hau het cac di tich cdn lai chua dugc diu tu, khai thac cho hoat ddng du ljch.
Sd DTLS each mang dua vao khai thac ciing rat it khoang 20% trong tdng s6 85 di tich da xip hjng. He thdng chiia Hul cd tten 100 nhung hien tai chi cd vai chua ddn ddng khach nhu ehiia Thien My, Tu Dam, Bao Qudc...
2.2.3. Sd luang di tich dugc bdo ton, tu bd, tdn tao
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 46 nam 2013
Cdng tac bao tdn, tu bd va tdn tao cae DTLSVH tten dja ban tinh Iudn dugc quan tam triln khai tdt, dem lai nhung hieu qua tich cue vl mat kinh tl, xa hdi, gdp phin quan trgng vao viec thu hut khach din Hue, tao ra sir quan tam ddi vdi cdng ddng dja phuong.
Tit nam 1996 2010, Trung tam BTDTCD Hul da td chiic thyc hien viec bao tdn, tu bd, trung tu, tdn tao eac edng ttinh cd gia ttj tieu bieu, quy md Idn vdi tdng sd 132 hang muc cdng trinh di tich va 42 hang muc phy ttg nhu ha tang, canh quan vdi tdng kinh phi tten 643,335 ti ddng (ttong dd ngan sach trung uang la 275,611 ti d6ng, ngan sach dja phuang la 253,724 ti ddng, cac ngudn tai ttg ttong va ngoai nude tucmg duong 105 ti ddng).
Til nam 2006 din nay, hang chuc DTLS each mang, danh lam thang canh nhu khu chimg tich ljch su Chin Him, vimg A So, A Bia da duge tu bd; trung tam van hda Huyen Tran dugc xay dyng, budc diu gdp phin iam phong phu them cac san pham phuc vu khach du ljch; lang cd Phude Tich, cau ngdi Thanh Toan da duge trimg tu, tdn tao phuc vu cae ki ll hdi (festival).
Ngoai nhimg di tich duge bao ve, triing tu, hien nay, TT-H vin cdn nhilu di tich dang trong tinh trang xudng cip.
Theo sd lidu khao sat thyc td, hien cd tten 50% sd di tich bj hu hai.
2.2.4. Cdng tdc to chirc, qudn li Ve edng tac td chiic, quan li cae di tieh tten dja ban Tinh dugc phan cip quan li chu ylu bdi Trung tam BTDTCD Hul, Bao tang Hd Chi Minh TT-H va Bao tang Ljch sii va each mang. Ngoai
ra, cac di tich tten cdn chiu sy quan li cua Uy ban nhan dan TP Hul va cac huyen noi cd di tich.
Tren co sd phan cdng quan Ii, Sd VHTTDL da cd hudng din, chi dao Phdng Van hda thdng tin cac huyen, thj xa va TP Hul phdi hgp vdi cac dan vj lien quan tiln hanh cim mdi» khoanh viing bao ve cho cae di tich.
Ngoai ra, dl phat huy gia tri cua cac di tich, Tinh da tiln hanh ttiln khai cdc,, phong trao nhim phdi hgp sy ddng gop ciia egng ddng dja phuang trong viec bao tdn di tich.
2.2.5. Su dong gop ciia cgng dgng dia phuang
Host dgng khai thac cac DTLSVH da gdp phin thiie diy du ljch phat triln, ngudi dan dja phuang tham gia ngay cang nhieu vao hoat dgng du ljch, ciing nhu cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy gia ttj eiia cae. di tich. Theo thdng ke ciia Sd VHTTDL Tinh cho thiy: Hien tai, nguM dan dia phuang chiem khoang 95% tong sd lao dgng trong nganh du lich va hoat ddng trong hau het cac ITnh vyc: quan li, khach san, hudng din... Bdn cjnh do, ngudi dan dia phucmg tham gia ngay cang nhieu ttong viec bao tdn di tich, tinh tir nam 2007 din nay, da cd hon 120 di tich dugc ngudi dan nhan cham sdc. a 2.3. Bdnh gid chung vi ho^t dgng khai thdc cdc DTLSVH linh TT-H phuc vf phdt triin du lich
Viec danh gia hoat dgng khai thac cac DTLSVH tinh TT-H phuc vu phat triln du ljch dugc phan tich dua viio nhitag kit qua dat dugc, nhOng han che va nguySn nhan cua nd.
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Nguyen Hd Quynh Giao vd tgk
2.3.1. Mdt sd ket qud dgt duac Hidu qua khai thac cac DTLSVH vd mat kinh td a TT-H ngay cang tang thong qua su tang trucmg s6 lugfng khach va doanh thu. Bdn canh do, ngudn thu tir di tich da gop phin cho su phat tridn nganh du ljch TT-H va dong gop thidt thuc cho cong tac quan li va bao t6n, triing tu, ton tao cac DTLSVH trong thai gian qua.
Hogt dgng khai thac gia tri ciia cac DTLSVH da gop ph4n tao thdm vide lam cho nguofi lao dong, n§ng cao thu nhap va dcri song van hoa ciia nguoi dan. Mijrc song cua cong dong va phiic lgi chung dugc nang len. Tai mgt so didm du lich nhu ISng Tu Diic, lang Minh Mang... thu nh|ip cua nguoi dan tham gia vao du Hch tang, ca so ha tSng dugc dSu tu nang cip, cugc s6ng buoc diu dugc cai thien dang kd.
Vide bao vd, tu bd, tdn tao cac di tich va canh quan moi truong xung quanh dat dugc nhirng kdt qua t6t, gop phin bao ton va lam tang gia trj di tich cho ho^t dgng khai thac phuc vu du lich. Hem niia, xu huong xa hgi hoa cac hoat dgng khai thac va bao ton di tich ngay cang tang, cdc tip thd, ca nh§n tham gia vao hoat d$ng khai thac va c6ng tac khoanh vimg bao v^ di tich ngay cang nhidu.
2.3.2. Nhihig hgn chi
Bdn canh nhimg hidu qua kinh td dgt dugc, vide phat tridn du lieh noi day vSn con tidm Sn nhung dau hidu thidu on dinh. Doanh thu v^ khach du lich tham quan cac di tich, mSc dii trong thai gian qua CO su gia tang, trung binh nam sau cao hon nSm truac, nhung sir gia tang do Iai khong ddu va khong 6n djnh, co mgt
so nam sut giam lugng khach va doanh thu, nhat la doi voi khach du lich quoe te.
Do vay, sir phat tridn nay chua tao dugc nhihig dot pha vd toe do tang truong kinh td trong vide khai thac cac DTLSVH.
Cac DTLSVH chua dugc dau tu khai thac hgp li khi s6 lugng di tich dua vao khai thac phuc vu du lich eon qua it so vol tidm nang. Cac san pham du ljch dua tren vide khai thac cac DTLSVH chua da dang, chii ydu la cac san pham gan lien voi Quan thd di tich Co do Hud, cdc san pham gan lidn vol cac tidm nang DTLSVH khac ehua dugc quan tam phat tridn.
Sue tai eua cac didm di tieh hau nhu khong vugt qua nguang cho phep do lugng khaeh ddn Hue tuong doi ddu vao cac thang trong nam. Tuy nhidn, trong cac ki festival, do tap trung trong thoi gian ngan ndn mgt so didm dl tich bi qua tai.
Mue do hgp tac cua cgng dong trong hoat dgng khoanh vimg, bao vd di tich chua cao. Vai tr6 cua dia phuang trong quan li, nhit \h. trong linh vuc quy hogch phat tridn du ljch thi h§u nhu khong CO. Sir phoi hgp giiJa eac co quan, ban nganh trong eong tac quan li di tieh chua duge duy tri thuang xuyen.
Ngoai cac di tich dugc trung tu, ton tgo, trdn dia ban vin con nhidu di tich trong tinh trang xtiong cap, bj hu hgi.
2.3.3. Nhimg nguyen nhdn
Vide phat tridn cua nganh du lich TT-H van con nhfing han ehd, chu ydu la do cac nguyen nhan sau:
Su bidn dgng cua tinh hinh an ninh, chinh tri, kinh td va dich benh trdn thd
Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM SS 46 ndm 2013
giai anh hudng tieu cue den sy phat trien du lich TT-H;
Viec quan li, khai thac cac DTLSVH cdn han chi, thilu vdn va thilu chien luge diu tu ddng bd, hieu qua;
Su canh tranh du ljch ngay cang tang va thilu su lien kdt lien viing trong khai thac eac DTLSVH d cac dia phuong lan can nhu Quang Binh, Quang Trj, Quang Nam... lam giam di hieu qua khai thac;
He thdng DTLSVH TT-H phong phii, da dang, lai phan bd tten dja ban qua rdng, nhieu di tich bi hu hai nang ne do hau qua chien tranh, yeu td thdi gian, thien tai. Vi vay, can ngudn vdn rat Idn ban diu de trimg tu, tao ca sd vat chat, co sd ha tang du Ijch. Tuy nhien, viee huy ddng ngudn vdn dau tu cdn nhieu khd khan va khdng dii kinh phi de thyc hien.
Hien nay, viec khai thac phat trien du ljch TT-H can ngudn vdn de trimg tu, tdn tao CO sd vat chat, ca sd ha ting du Ijch rat Idn; tuy nhien, viec huy ddng ngudn vdn dau tu edn nhieu khd khan, khdng du kinh phi dd thyc hien.
2.4. Binh hudng khai thdc cdc DTLSVH tinh TT-H phuc vu phdt triin du lich
De khic phuc nhitag ban chi neu tren, ddng thdi phat huy ban nOa hieu qua khai thac cac DTLSVH tinh TT-H, dam bao su phat trien dn djnh va lau dai cua nganh du ljch, viec djnh hudng cin quan tam din cac khia canh sau:
2.4.1. Dinh hudng kinh doanh TT-H can md rdng thi trudng khach du ljch, ttong dd tap tnmg khai thac thj trudng qudc tl tir Tay Au, Bic MI, Ddng
Bic A va Ddng Nam A, vi day la nhiing thj trudng cd nhu ciu idn ddi vdi cac loai hinh du Ijch gan lidn vdi gia tri ciia cac DTLSVH; ddng thdi, chii trgng khai thac thj trudng ndi dia d phia Bac nhu Ha Noi, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh va phia Nam chij ylu la TP Hd Chi Minh.
Viec khai thac cac DTI,$VH phuc vu muc dich du ljch phai gan liln voi cdng tac bao tdn de giir gin gia trj cua di tich. xay dyng cac tuyln, dilm du ljch tren ca sd cac DTLSVH vdi cac loai hinh du ljch nhu du ljch hoai nidm, tdn giao, tham quan nghien ciiu cac DTLSVH nhim da dang hda cac san pham du lich, iam tang sy hip din ddi vdi khaeh du ljch. Ben canh dd, can tang cudng cong tae tiep thj, quang ba bang nhieu hinh thiic den cac thj trudng ttgng diem; tham gia day dii cac hdi chg, hdi thao, eac trien lam trong va ngoai nude de gidi thieu hinh anh du ljch TT-H vdi he thong DTLSVH ndi bat, dac sic.
2.4.2. Dinh hudng ddu lu
TT-H ehu truong diu tu ed trong tam, tap trung vao timg diem va cum di tich de hoan thien ca cdng trinh kiln tnic, ca sd ha tang, canh quan xung quanh dc khi dua vao sd dung se tao ra hieu qua khai thac cao hon.
Ve viee triing tu, tdn tjio cac diem du Ijch, chil ylu tap trung d nhitag diem di tich ed lgi thi ndi bat vl tilm nang, nhim phat triln du lich trude mit ciing nhu lau dai. Bdn canh do, diy manh da«
tu CO sd h j ting ki thuat vl dien, cap thoat nude, ve sinh, canh quan moi trucmg... tai cae dilm di tich dap ung nh»
ciu phuc vu khach du ljch.
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Nguyen Ha Quynh Giao va tgk
2.4.3. Dinh hu&ng ddi v&i cgng ddng Doi vai cgng ddng, TT-H xay dung, ban hanh cac ca chd khuydn khich su tham gia eua cgng d6ng dan eu vao hoat dgng du lich, gop phdn tao them vide lam, tang thu nhdp, cai thidn dcri sdng; tir do, nang cao y thiie trach nhiem trong vide bao vd di tich, bao vd canh quan moi truang va trdt tu xS hgi.
Dong thai, TT-H chii truang tang cuong phoi hgp vdi cSng ddng dja phuang trong cong tac khoanh vimg bao vd di tieh.
TT-H chu truang diy mgnh cdng tac thong tin, tuydn truydn ve nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thSng ciia cac di tich, nham nang cao nhgn thurc cho cdng dong
trong vide quan Ii, su dung va khai thac cae di tieh.
3. Ket Iu§n
Trong nhimg nam qua, vide khai thac va phat huy cac gia tri eua DTLSVH 6 tinh TT-H da thu dugc nhiing kdt qua nhat dinh, giiip cho nganh du lich ciia tinh ngay cang phat tridn. Tuy nhidn, hidu qua mang lai ehua eao, ehua tuang xung voi tidm nang, thd mgnh cua h$ thdng DTLSVH da dang va dae sie cua Tinh.
V4n de khai thac cac di tich cin dugc ehii trgng diy mgnh han niia dd dap iing ydu cau phat tridn nhanh va lau dai cua nganh du lich TT-H; dong thcri, phai huang ddn su phat trien bdn viing trong hogt dgng khai thac tai nguyen.
TAI LIf U THAM KHAO
Sa Van hoa, Thd thao va Du lich Thua Thidn - Hud (2011), Danh m^c cdc di tich duac cdng nhdn cdp qudc gia, cdp tinh a Thica Thien - Hue.
Trung tam Bao tdn Di tich Co do Hud (2012), 30 bdo tdn vdphdt huy gid tri di sdn vdn Hda Hue, Hud.
Trung tam Bao tdn Di tieh Co do Hue (2009), Diiu chinh guy hogch bdo tdn vd phdt huy gid tri Di tich Cd dd Hui 2010 - 2020.
Nguydn Minh Tue va nnk (2010), Dia UDu lich Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Vidt Nam.
Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thua Thidn - Hue (2011), Bdo cdo kit qud kiem ke ddt dai tinh Thica Thien - Hue ndm 2010.
Biii Thi Hai Ydn (chu bidn) (2007), Tdi nguyen du lich, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi.
(Ng^y Tda so$n nh$n du^ bdi: 22-02-2013; ngdy phdn bi$n danh gid: 08-4-2013;
ngdy chSip ntidn dang: 24-5-2013)
