NGHIEN Cim - DilN DAN
NHffNG VAN DELY LUAN
ve phong chdng tham nhung
K
hi xa hoi phan diia glal cap va hinh thanh cac tap doan quyen lire cung la liic "tan benh" tham nhung xuat hien trong dcfi song xa hoi. La mot hien tuong xa tigi tieu CLfc, tham nhung an sau vao trong moi ehe So xa hpi, khong phan biet ehe dp chinh tri, khong phan biet nifcfc Ion hay nho, khong phan biet miic So giau ngheo, phat tnen hay kem phat trien d cac quoc gia, Mpt so ntJi tren the giiJi, tham nhung lam"suy kiet co the" xa hpi, gay xao iron, mat on dinh chinh tri, Phong, chong tham nhung la cong viec kho khan, philc tap, can sir quyet Itet va kien tri, la chinh sach uu tien oia nhieu qudc gia va sir no lixc cua ca cong dong qudc te. Nhan thilTc day du tinh nghiem trong va sir nguy hai cua tham nhung, trai qua cac thdi ky. Dang ,va Nha ni/dc ta da de ra va thiTc hien nhieu chu truong, giai phap tich cifc de phong, chdng tham nhung.
Tuy nhien, de xay dimg difoc mot chinh sach phap luat hoan chinh ve phdng chdng tham nhung ciing nhu de cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhung thu'c SI/ dat du'flc ket qua tot nhat tri/dc het can co su nhat quan trong each hieu ve khai mem tham nhung, phap luat ve phong, chdng tham nhung va cd nhiing danh gia khach quan nhat ve vai trd cdng nhu chile nang cua p h ^ luat trong cdng tac phdng chdng tham nhung d ni/dcta hien nay.
1. Dong nhat trong each hieu ve tham nhung
Trong khoa hoc va thuc lien da cd nhieu quan niem khae nhau ve tham nhung.
Ban nghien cdu thudc Hpi ddng chau Au da dua ra khai mem tham nhiing: "Tham nhiing bao gdm nhiing hanh vi hoi id va bat ky mdt hanh vi nao khae cua nhdng ngudi dupc giao thuc hien mdt trach nhiem nao do ming khu vuc nha nude hoac lU nhan, nhiAig da vi pham trach nhiem dupe giao de thu bat ky mdt thii' loi bat hop phap nao eho ea nhan hoac eho ngudi khac"
Theo td ehiic minh bach The gidi (TI), tham nhung la hanh vi "ciia ngi/di lam dung chu'c vu, quyen han, hoac ed y lam trai phap luat de phuc vu eho Ipi ich ea nhan". Ngan hang The gidi (WB) cho
>VOBACHA
tUlpl".
Ban Tong thu ky Lien hop qudc cho rang:
"Tham nhung bao ham: Mdt la Hanh vi ciia nhiing ngudi co chiJc, cd quyen an cap, diam d va chiem doat tai san efia Nha nude. Hai la. Lam dung chdc quyen de true loi bat hpp phap thong qua viec sit dung cac uqy ehe chinh thdc mdt each khdng chinh thirc Ba la: Su mau thuan, khdng can doi giu'a cac Icn ich ehinh dang do thuc hien nghia vu xa hdi vdi nhiJng mdn t u Ipi rieng".
0 Viet Nam ciing ed nhieu quan niem ve tham nhung.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ed ndi ve tham 6 - bieu hien dac trUng nhat eua tham nhung, theo NgUdi:
"Tham 6 la gi? filing ve phia can bd ma ndi, tham d la: An cap cua cdng lam ciia tu, due khoet cua nhan dan, an bdt cua bd doi, Tieu it ma khai nhieu, loi dung cua chung cua Chinh phii de Jam quy rieng cho dia phuong minh, don vi minh, cung la tham 6 Oijtig ve phia nhan dan ma noi, tham d la: An cap cua cdng. khai gian, lau thue"
Theo lis dien Tieng Viet, "tham nhung fa ipi dung quyen hanh d4 nhung nhieu nhan dan lay eiia". Theo quy dmh tai Luat phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2005: "tham nhung la hanh vi ciia ngudi cd ehiJe vu, quyen han da Ipi dung chile vu, quyen han dd vi vu Ipi".
Nghien eilu tham nhung dudi gdc dp dao diic xa hdi, CO quan diem cho rang: Tham nhOng la hien tuong xa hgi lieu cue cd tinh lich sdxuai hien va ton tai trong xa hooij phan chia giai cap va hinh thanh nha nude, dupe the hien bang hanh vi loi dung ehde vu, quyen han de vu led cho ea nhan hoac ngUdi khae dUdi bat ky hinh thifc nao, gay thiet hai lai san cua nha nUde, cua tap the, ciia cong dan hoac de doan gay thiet hai cho hoat dpng diing dan cua co quan nha nude, td chuc xa hdi hoac quyen, loi ich hop phap cua cdng nhan.
Cd quan diem lai cho rang: Tham nhung la mdt hien tuong xa hoi, trong do cat td chile, tap doan, ca nhan,...l0i dung nhdng Uu the ve chdc vu, eUflng vj, uy tin, nghe nghiep, hoan canh ciia minh hoac ngudi khae, Iffl dung nhdng su hd ciia
phap luat de true Ipi bat chinh.
Cung ed quan diem cho rang tham nhung la hanh vi duoc thuc hien bdi ngudi ed chifc vu quyen - han V3 thudng gan vdi nhiem vu cong, hay thudng gan vdi qua trinh quan ly nha nudc. Song, lai cd quan diem eho rang tham nhung khdng ehi gidi han bdi cat hanh vi thudc cae cuquan nha nude ma no eon ton tai trong nhieu cat mdi quan he ngoai nha nude khac hay con goi la trong khu vue tu.
Nhu vay, mac du dien giai khae nhau song hau het eac quan diem tren deu giong nhau d chd eho rang: Tham nhung la hanh vi trai phap luStcua ngifdi CO chiic vu, quyen ban hoac 6i/ac giao thi/c hien cong vu, nhiem va nhiing da Igi dung chitc vu, quyen han hoac cong vu, nhiem vu do de vu lai cd nhan, lam thiithai hoac de doa gay thiet liai den /cB' ich cua nha mfdc, quyen va la ich hap phap cua to (hifc, ca nhdn.
Tii each hieu tren ve tham nhung, nhin dudi goe dp la mdt hanh vi vi pham phap luat, tham nhung ed nhiing dac diem sau'
Jhd nhat, chu the tham nhung la ngudi ed chile vu, quyen ban. fiat diem cua tham nhung ta chu the thuc hien hanh vi phai la ngUdi ed chde vu, quyen han. NgUdi cd chile vu, quyen han bao gom- can bp, cdng chde, vien chde; si quan, quan nhan chuyen nghiep, cdng nhan quoc phdng trong cu quan, don vi thudc Quan ddi nhan dan; sT quan, ha si quan nghiep vu, si quan, ha sT quan chuyen mdn -kythuattrangcOquan,d(fnvithudcCdngannhan dan; can bo lanh dao, quan ly trong doanh nghiep cua Nha nUdc; tan bd ianh dao, quan ly la ngUcS dai dien phan vdn gdp eiia Nha nude tai doanh nghiep; ngudi duoc giao thuc hien nhiem vu. cdng vu cd quyen han trong khi ihuchien nhiem vu, cdng vu dd (khoan 3, fiieu 1, Luat phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2005), Nhin chung, nhdm ddi tUOng nay co dac diem dac thu so vdi cat nhdm doi luong khae nhU: ho thUdng la nhdng ngudi co qua trinh cdng tac va cdng hien nen cd nhieu kinh nghiem;
dupe dao tao cd he thong, la nhung chuyen gia tren nhieu linh vUc khac nhau; la nhung ngudi ed quan he rdng va cd uy tin xa hoi nhat dinh va tham thi td the manh ve kmh te. Nhdng dac diem nay eua thu the hanh vi tham nhung chinh la yeu to gay kho khan cho viec phat hien, dieu ira, xet xU hanh VI tham nhung.
Jhdliai, chu the tham nhiing Ipi dung chile vu, quyen han dupe giao. "ipi dung chile vu, quyen harf'de vu Ipi la daetrung thil hai cua tham nhung.
Khi thue hien hanh vi tham nhung, ke tham nhiing phai sir dung "ehdc vu, quyen han cua minh" nhu mdt phuong tien de mang lai loi ich cho minh, cho gia dmh minh hoac cho ngUdi khae. Day la yeu td CO ban de xac dmh hanh vi tham nhung. Mdt ngudi ed ehdc vu, quyen han nhung khdng lot dung ehilc vu, quyen han dd thi khong the cd hanh vi tham nhung Tuy nhien, khdng phai mpi hanh vi ciia
B tac & Plmt triin - se 27+28
NGHIEN cim • D I I N DAN
nguoi cd chde vu, quyen ban da loi dung chde vu, quyen han do deu duoc coi la hanh vi tham nhung.
0 day cd sugiao thoa gida hanh vi nay vdi eat hanh VI tdi pham khac, do vay can lUu y khi phan biet hanh vi tham nhung vdi eac hanh vi vi pham phap luat khac
M ba, muc dich eua hanh vi tham nhiing la vu ! d , Hanh vi tham nhung la hanh vi cd y, Muc dich eua hanh vi tham nhung la vu loi. Neu chu the IhUt hien hanh vi khdng cd y thi hanh vi dd Ididng la hanh vi tham nhung, Vu Ipi d day dUOc hieu la loi Ich vat chat hoac Ipi ich tmh than ma ngUdi cd Chile vu. quyen han da dat duoc hoac eo the dat dupe thdng qua hanh vi tham nhiing. Nhu vay, khi xu ly ve hanh vi tham nhung, khdng bat budc thu the tham nhung pbai dat dUpt loi ich Phap luat Viet Nam hien nay quy dmh viec danh gia tinh that va mdc dd nguy hiem cua hanh vi tham nhung chu yeu dua tren can t i l xac dmh nhdng Ipi ich vat chat ma ke tham nhung dat dUtft de t d do quyet dinh mdc dp xil ly, Loi ich vat chat hien nay trong cO die thi trudng the hien drat nhieu dang khac nhau, neu chi can cd vao nhdng tai san phat hien boat thu hdi duoc d^ d^nh gia loi ich ma ke tham nhung dat duoc thi se la khong day du. Them nOa, cac iPi ich vat ch3t va tinh than dan xen rat khd phan biet; vi du nhu: viec dung tai san cua Nha nude de khuyeeh truong thanh the, gay dung uy tin hay cacmdi quan he de thu loi bat chinh. Trong trudng hop nay, muc dich cua hanh vi vda la loi ich vat that, vira la Ipi ich tinh than... fidi vdi khu vuc tu, khi ed vu viec tham nhung xay ra, phap luat da cd nhdng su deu chinh nhat dinh, Tuy nhien, cung cd trudng hpp, ngudi cd chde vu, quyen han trang tat to thde, doanh nghiep thudc khu vUc tueau ket, mot noi vdi nhdng ngudi thoai hoa. bien thai trang khu vUc cong hoac toi dung anh hUdng cua nhdng ngudi nay de true loi. Trang taldng hpp dd, ho trd thanh dong pham khi ngudi to hanh vi tham nhung bi truy ciAi trach nhiem binh su.
Cdc hanh vi tham nhung theo quy dinh cua phap tuat hien hanh
Bd luat hinh su, Luat phdng, chong tham nhiing nam 2005 da phan loat tham nhung theo hanh vi, Theo dd, nhdng hanh vi sau day thudc nhdm hanh vi tham nhung:
- Tham d tai san.
- Nhan hoi Id.
- Lam dung chifc vu, quyen ban chiem doat tai san.
- Lpi dung chde vu, quyen han trong khi thi hanh nhiem vu, cdng vu vi vu toi,
- Lam quyen trong khi thi hanh nhiem vu, cdng vu vi vu Ipi.
- Lpi dung chde vu, quyen han gay anh hudng vdi ngudi khac de true lot,
- Gia mao trang cong tac vi vu loi, - Dua hoi to, moi gidi hdi Id duoc thuc hien bdi
ngudi cd thdevu, quyen han degiai quyet cdng viec cua to quan, to t h i l ^ d m vi hoat dja phucfng vi vu loi.
- Ld dung chde vu, quyen han sit dung trai phep tai san cua Nha nUdc vi vu tOl
- Nhiing nhidu vi vu Ipi
- Khdng thuc hien nhiem vu, cdng vu vi vu Ic^.
- Loi dung chde vu, .quyen ban de bao ehe cho - nguc^ cd hanh vi vi pham phap luat vi vu loi; can trd, can thiep trai phap luat vao viec kiem tra, thanh tra, kiem loan, dieu tra, tniy td, xet x i thi hanh an vl vu loi,
Trang 12 hanh vi tham nhung neu tren, cd 7 hanh vi da dupe quy dinh trong 8p luat hmh sU nam 1999, dUoc sda ddi, bd sung ngay nam 2009 va cd hieu luc ILI ngay M-2010; hanh vi thdS den hanh vi ihd 12 mdi duoc bo sung do day la nhdng hanh vi da phat sinh va dang trd nen pho bien tren thUc te, tan duoc quy dinh cu the lam to sd phap ly cho viec xdjy. So vdi nhdng hanh vi tham nhung tai Phap lenh chdng tham nhung nam 1998 va cat toi pham ve tham nhung trong Bp luat hinh su nam 1999; dupe sda ddi, bo sung nam 2009 thi Luat phong, thong tham nhung td bd sung 5 hanh vi tham nhung mdi. Day la nhOng hanh vi xuat hien ngay tang pho bien trong thdi gian gan day, Viee quy dmh them 5 loai hanh vi mdi nay la can thiet va la CO sd phap ly de dau tranh vdi nhdng bieu hien ngay tang phdt tap ciia tham nhung. Tuy nhien, khdng phai moi hanh vi tham nhung deu bi xd ly ve hinh su ma chi nhdng hanh vi hdi du cac dau hieu cau thanh toi pham quy dinh trong Bd luat hinh su thi mdi duoc xac dinh la toi pham va t)i xir ly bang bien phap hinh sU, (eac hanh vi duoc quy dmh td khoan 1 den khoan 7, fiieu 3 cua Luat) con nhUng hanh vi khac (tC( khoan 8 den khoan 12, fiieu 3 cua Luat) duoc xac dinh la hanh vi tham nhung nhung chua cau thanh toi pham thi dupe xd ly bang bien phap ky luat.
2 . Tac hai cua tham nhung
TTiam nhung ed the gay ra rat nhieu hau qua nghiem trong tren tat ca cae linh vUc ciia ddi song xa hpi. Cd the khai quat nhdng tac hai chu yeu cua tham nhdng d nhUng diem chinh sau
Jhiinhat, tdchgi vechinh tri Tham nhung la trd iuc Idn ddi vdi qua trinh ddi mdi dat nude va lam xdi mdn long tin cua nhan dan ddi vdi Dang, Nha nude, ddi vdi sU nghiep xay dung dat nude, tien ten chu nghia xa hdi. Quan diem va t u duy dot mdi cung vdi co the, phap luat dung dan, phu hop da bi te tham nhung lam cho meo md, Doi tUOng tham nhung da lpi dung sU thdng thoang eua co ehe, chinh sach de thuc hien hanh vi tham nhung.
Nguoc lai, ke tham nhung lai loi dung yeu tau tang eudng kiem tra, giam sat va cae bien phap khac de doa dam. doi hoi 16 cua cac doi tUOng bi thanh tra, kiem tra Co ehe, chinh sach da trd thanh cong tu de thuc hien nhdng loi ich ca nhan.
Trong tinh vuc dau t u nude ngoai, tham nhung se tam nan long cac nha dau tU neu chung ta khong cd bien phap lup thcfi ngan chan va day liii mac dii Viet Nam dupe coi la qudc gia on dinh, an toan ve ehinh iri, xa hdi. Hien nay, tinh hinh tham nhung d nUde ta da d mdc nghiem trong, dang bao ddng.
Tham nhung khong chi xay ra d cap Trung uong, d nhdng chuong trinh, du an Irni ma con xuat hien nhieu trong cae cap ehinh quyen co sd - la co quan tiep xuc vdi nhan dan hang ngay, gi^i quyet nhOtng cdng viec lien quan trUc tJep den loi Ich eua nhan dan.Tac hai nguy hiem cua te tham nhung, tang phi gay anh hudng true tiep den hieu qua cua viec tliuc hien chu truong, ehinh sach ve kmh te - xa hoi hoac mot nhiem vu quan ly nhat dinh cua Nha ni/dc, Tong quat hon, su nghiep each mang xay dung va bao ve Td qudc xa hdi chu nghia la su nghiep cua loan fiang, loan dan, Nhan dan chlnh 1^ ddng luc, chu the. muc dich cua each mang, fie nhSn dan mat niem tin, tdc la chdng ta da danh mat mot sdc manh vd cung to Idn, tham ehi cd tinh chat quyet dinh ddi vdi sunghiep each mang. Do do neu khong day lui dupctham nhung thi nose trdthanh vat can Idn eho thanh cdng cua cong cuoc ddi mdi, cho sdc thien dau tua fiang, de doa sutdn vong eua ehe dS.
Thif hai, tac hai ve kinh te. Tham nhung gay thiet hai rat Idn ve tai san cua Nha nUdc, ciia t^p the va cua cdng dan. 6 nudc ta, trong thdi gian qua, nan tham nhiing dien ra tren \k cS ik linh vuc cua ddi song xa hdi, gay thiet hai Idn den tai san cua Nha nUdc, lien cua, thdi gian, cdng sdc cita nhan dan. Vdi dpng co vu Ipi, mdt sd ngUdi da loi dung VI trl eua minh trong bd may nha nude hoac loi dung nhdng quyen han nhat dmh dUOc phap luat hoac eo quan nha nude ed tham quyen giao cho de thuc hien cac hanh vi nham chiem doat tai san hoac cac loi Ich khac cua Nha nUdc, cua tap the hoac ea nhan. IHau qua cua hanh vi tham nhiing khdng ehi la viee tin san, loi Ich cua Nha nude, cua tap the hoaccua ca nhan bi bien thanh tai san rieng cua n g u ^ thuc hien hanh vi tham nhung, ma nguy hiem hon, hanh vi tham nhiing edn gay thiet hai, gay that thoat, tang phi mdt tuong Idn tai san cua Nha nude, eua tap the, cua cdng dan. Vi 1^ ich ca nhan ma nhdng ke tham nhung san sang nhap ca mdt day chuyen san xuat da lac hau hay mpt eon tau mua ve ehi ed the ban sat vun, nhiing cdng trinh xay dung chua sd dung da hu hong... 0 mdc do thap hon, viec mdt sd can bo, cdng chde quan lieu, sach nhieu ddi vdi nhan dan trong khi thucthi cdng vu, lam dung quyen han trang khi thi hanh cong vu khien eho nhan dan phai mat rat nhieu flidi gian, cong siJe, tien bac de cd the thuc hien duoc cdng viee cua minh nhu xin cap cac loai giay phep, giaychdng nhan, hoac eac loai giaytdkhac, Neu xet tdng trudng bop mpt thi gia tri vSt chat bl lang phi cd the khdng qua Idn, nbung neu tong hop nhdng vu viec dien ra thudng xuyen, tien tuc trong cupc
MP tac d P\>,l- UlCi} ' So 27.23 I
NGHIEN CllfU-DliN DAN V9ffi
song hang ngay thi con sd bi that thoat da d mdc do nghiem trpng,
Thdba, tac hai vexa hgi. Tham nhung xam pham, tham thi lam thay ddi, dao ton nhdng chuan mUc dao ddc xa hdi, tha hoa dpi ngu can bp, cdng ehdc nha nude.
Trudc nhdng loi Ich bat chinh da hoac se cd dupe khi ttiue hien hanh vi tham nhung, nhieu can bp, cdng chile da khdng gid duoe pham chat dao ddc cua ngudi can bd each mang. Can bd, cdng chde khi thuc hien hanh vi tham nliung da khdng con lam viec vi muc dich phuc vu su nghiep each mang, phuc vu nhan dan ma huong tdi viec thu duac ear lpi ich bat diinh, bat chap viee vl pham phap luat, lam trai cdng vu, trai luong tam, dao ddc nghe nghiep. Vi vay. tham nhiing khdng ehi phat sinh d trong cac \ii\h vuc kinh te. tai chinh, ngan hang, dau tu, xay dung co ban, quan ly dat d a i . , . ma con cd xu hudng lan sang cae linh vuc ma t d trudc toi nay it cd kha nang xay ra tham nhiing nhU: van boa, y te. giao due, the dye, the thao. Dieu dang bao ddng ta mdt sd can bd, cdng chde coi viec tham nhiing trd thanh binh thudng. Ho cho rang, ddi tupng quan ly dUffiig nhien phai "bdi dudng" khi mudn thuc hien tac cdng viec thudc trach nhiem cua ngUdi can bd, cdng ehdc. fid chinh ta bieu hien cua su suy thoai, xudng cap ve dao ddc mpt each nghiem trpng.
Hon the, tham nhiing con xam pham nhdng gia tri dao ddc truyen thong cua dan tdc, khi ngudi thuc hien hanh vi tham nhung td khi ta giao vien, bac sT, nhiimg ngudi boat ddng trong linh vuc giao due, y te, van boa, xa hdi - nhung ngUdi xay dUng nen tang tinh than eho xahpL
3. Nhat quan trong quan ^ e m ve phong, chong tham nhung
Phdng, didng tham nhung la nhiem vu duoc eac quoc gia tren the gdi quan tham thue hien, Cd thihm'Phong, dmg tham nhiing ia cac bien phap ma nhd nUiK dp dung de phong ng^a, ngdn chdn sif plidt sinh cac hanh vi tham nhOng, phdt hien ditgcva x^ly cdc hanh VI tham nhung Theo nhu each hieu nay, cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhung bao gdm eac boat ddng sau:
Tifju' nhat, hoat ddng phdng ngda tham nhung Phdng ngda tham nhung la bien phap de de phdng, ngan ngda suphat sinti cac hanh vi tham nhung. Tuy theo dieu kien hoan canh kmh te, chlnh tn_, xa hdi ma moi nUdc cd nhdng each thUt. bien phap phong ngda khac nhau. Trong dd dang ke nhat la tang eudng tinh cdng khai, minh bach ddi vdi cac hoat ddng cua Nha nude; minh bach tai san, thu nhap eua cdng chde; kiem soat chat ehe tai san, thu nhap ciia nhdng ngudi cd ehdc vu, quyen ban;
cai each thu tuc hanh chinh, dua dng dung cdng nghe vao quan ly; thue hien tdt thanh toan khdng dung tien mat, nang tao trach nhiem ciia ngudi
ddng dau, thUc hien tdt quy tac Ung XLI, quy tac dao ddc nghe nghiep, tang eudng cdng tac quan Iy nha nudc, quan ly kinh te xa hdi tren cac tinh vUc, Viec thuc hien cac bien phap nay la ^ e u kien can thiet de de phdng, ngan ngda cac hanh vi tham nhung nay sinh tren thue te,
Thd hai, hoat dong phdt hien tham nhung.
Phat hien tham nhung la qua trinh tim ra cac hanh vi tham nhdng dupe thUc hien bdi tac chu the cu the. Do chu the tham nhung thudng la nhUng ngudi cd chde vu, quyen han va mdt sd tRfdng hpp dupe ehe day bdi nhung thu doan het sdc tinh vi, tham chi con duoc cac cdng cu quyen luc ehe chan, do dd viec phat hien tham nhung la mdt trong nhdng cong viec het sdc khd khan. Hien nay tham nhdng thudng duoc phat hien thdng qua tac hoat ddng nhu: thanh tra, kiem tra, kiem toan, dieu tra, kiem sat. Ben canh dd, khdng the khdng nbac tdi vai tro phat hien va cung cap thdng tin eua cac eo quan, td chde dac biet la cac co quan thdng tan bao chi va su giam sat tua ddng dao quan chung nhan dan.
Thif ba. hoat dgng xir ly tham nhung. Xd ly tham nhung la ap dung cat bien phap trdng phat cua nha nudcddi vdi ngUdi td hanh vi tham nhung.
Viec xd ly tham nhung khdng chi nham muc dich trdng tri ngudi cd hanh vi tham nhung ma con cd muc dieh ran de, giao due nhdng ngUOi khac de ho khdng dam thuc hien hanh vi tham nhung. Viet ket tuan mdt ngudi td hanh vi tham nhung hay khdng va trach nhiem phap ty nhu the nao, ehe tai xd ly ra sao can tdvao tinh chat mdt do va hau qua cua hanh vi tham nhung. Thdng thudng nha nudc ap dung cac bien pap xd ly ky luat, hanh chlnh, trung phat ve kmh te hoac truy edu trach nhiem hinh sU.
trong dd viec truy edu trach nhiem hinh su dupe ap dung ddi vdi nhdng hanh vi tham nhung d mUc do nghiem trong, gay nguy hiem cho xa bdi. fidi vdi cac hanh hanh vi tham nhung gay nguy hiem ciio xa hdi khdng Idn thi phap luat quy dinh tac bien phap xd ly hanh chinh Trong trudng hop hanh vi tham nhung gay thiet hai v i t a l san, quyen tai san thi budc khac phuc hau qua hoac boi thudng thiet hai, nhdng tai san do tham nhung ma cd thi dupe thu hdi ndp vao ngan sach nha nudc hoac tra tai cho ehusdhdu.
4. Phap luat ve phong, chongtham nhung
Trong khoa hoe phap ly, phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhdng chua duoc coi la mdt nganh luat ddc lap vdi ddi tuong dieu ehinh va phuong phap dieu chinh rieng biet.
Ttieo nghia rdng, phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhung cd the hieu ta cac quy djnh gdp phan vao viee phdng ngifa, phat hien va xd ly tham nhung. Tuy nhien, neu hieu theo nghia nay thi khd eo the he thdng hda mdt each day du va nit ra dUOc
nhdng dac diem rieng cua phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhdng.
Theo nghia hep, phap luat ve phdng chdng tham nhung la long the eac quy pham phap luat dupe the hien trong luat phong thong tham nhung va cac van ban hudng ddn thi hanh. Nhung hieu theo nghia nay thi tung td diem khdng hoan toan chinh xac vi ben canh Luat phdng, chdng tham nhung va eac van ban hudng dan thi hanh Luat phdng chdng tham nhung. con rat nhieu van ban thudc nhieu nganh luat khac nhau cdng ed tac dung phdng chdng tham nhung va cd the duot xem la phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhdng,
Theo cau true logic, phap luat ve phdng chdng tham nhdng bao gom cac nguyen tac chung, cac ehe djnh phap luat va cac quy pham phap luat cu the duoc CO quan nha nude cd Mm quyen ban hanh theo tnnh tu, ihu luc do phap iual quy dmh, trong do cd chUa dung cae quy tac xdsuchung duoc nha nudc dam bao ttiUc hien nham dieu chinh eac quan he phap luat ve phdng chdng tham nhung theo y chi eua nha nudc
Td nhdng each hieu tren, cd the dmh nghia- Phap luat ve phong, cimg tham nhung Id tong the cdc quy pham phdp ludt do co quan nha nudc co tham quyen ban hanh nham xdc dinh cdc bien phdp phong ngiio, phdt hien, xifly tham nhung; tochi^c, hoat dong ciia ca quan phong, chong tham nhung;
phdt huy vai tro. trdch nhiem cua cong dan, to chde trong phong. chong tham nhdng; hap tdc qudc te ve phong, chong tham nhung vd cdc bien phdp bao dam nham phong. cimg tliam nhung co hleu qua.
Td cRnh nghia tren. cd the thay, phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhdng cd nhdng daediem sau:
Tndnhat, phap luat ve phdng, chong tham nhung xac dmh rd nhdng hanh vi nao la hanh vi tham nhiing va nhdng bien phap cudng ehe nha nudc can ap dung ddi vdi cac chu the ed hanh vi do Cac bien phap dupe ap dung cd the la bien phap liinh su, hanh chlnh hoac kmh te, tuy theo tinh chat, mdc do cua hanh vi tham nhdng.
ih^ hai, phap luat ve phdng, chong tham nhung dieu chinh cae quan he phat sinh gifla cac CO quan, id chde, ca nhan trong phdng ngira tham nhung va cac quan he gida cat co quan thdt nang cua nha nudc vdi cac to chde, ca nhan trang viec phat hien, xd ly cae hanh vi tham nhiing; quy dmh cae bien phap dUOc ap dung de phdng ngila tham nhung, dong thdi, quy dinh vai trd, trach nhiem cua coquan, id chde, ca nhan trong phdng, chong tham nhung,
Ihd bo, phap luat ve phong chong tham nhung si]i dung cac each thuc, phuong phap tac ddng nham han ehe, ngan chan, phdng ngda, phat hien, xdly hanh vi tham nhung de bao ve Im ieti cua nha nudc, quyen va lot Ich hop phap cua td chiJc, ca nhan, Cac phUOng phap dieu ehinti cua no mang tinh quyen uy, phuc tung, nudc moi chu the phap
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luat phai tuan theo,
5. Vai tro cua phap luat ve phong, chong tham nhung
Phap luat ddng vai trd vd cung quan trong trong ddi song xa lidi ndi chung, trong linh vue phdng, chdng tham nhung ndi rieng Vai trd eua phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhung cd the duoc Idiai quat qua mpt so eac diem nhUsau:
Thd nhat, phdp luat ve phong, chong tham nhimg lir ca sd phdp ly de nhan dien tham nhung.
Sd di phap luat la co sd phap ly de nhan dien tham nhung la bdi chlnh cae quy dmh cua phap luat da dua ra khai niem tham nhiing va eac dau hieu dac thu eua tham nhung, phap luat quy dinh cu the eac hanh vi tham nhung vdi cac dau hieu dac irung cua no va su phSn hda ve tinh chat. Tuy theo thuc trang tham nhung va muc tieu, yeu cau cua viec dau tranh phdng chdng tham nhung ma Nha nude ban hanh cac quy ^ n h de nhan dien tham nhung thdng qua Ccic dau hieu dac thu cua tham nhung, Cd the ndi, vdi vsec quy dinh cac hanh vl tham nhung, phap luat da tao dieu kien nhan dien tham nhung, nhan biet dupe cae hanh vi tham nhung xay ra tren IhUc te, ddng thdi, phan biet dUOc hanh vi tham nhung vdi hanh vi vl pham phap luat khac, gida hanh vi tham nhung nay vdi hanh vi tham nhung khat
Mhai, phdp ludt tao lap khuon kho phdp lyde phong ngita tham nhung. fie cd tac dung trong viec phdng ngda tham nhung, mot mat cae quy djnh eua phap luat tren tat ea eac tinh vUc eiia ddi song xa hdi tan phai dam bao suchat ehe ca ve ndi dung tan hinh thdc nham han ehe sU loi dung ke hd cua phap luat de true toi hoac neu td toi dung thi cung td du dieu kien de phat hien ra, Ben canh dd, phap luat quy dmh rd cac bien phap phdng ngda tham nhung cu the, trong dd neu rd each thuc, ndi dung va trach nhiem cua cac co quan, td chde, ca nhan trang xa hdi doi vdi viec thUc hien cac bien phap phdng ngda tham nhung, Thdi gian qua, phap luat ve phdng chdng tham nhung d nudc ta da rat coi trong phdng ngda tham nhung va thuc le cac quy pham phap luat ve phdng ngda tham nhung chiem ty le rat Idn trong Luat phdng chong tham nhung nham tao lap khioon khd va xay dung y thu'c phdng ngda tham nhung trang cac ddi tuong va tinh vuc cd nguy cotham nhung cao trang xa hdi.
Mba. phdp ludt ve phong cimg tham nhiing tao lap khuon kho phdp iy dephdt hien, xirly tham nhung.
- Phap luat la cosd phap ly eho qua trinh phat hien tham nhung hay ndi each khae la tim ra nhdng vu viec tham nhung de tren to sd dd td bien phap khac phut Ihiet hai xay ra, xem xet, ra quyet dmh xdly nhdng ngudi td hanh vi tham nhung va tai san Iham nhung. Thdng qua viet quy dmh tu the trinh tu, thu luc, tham quyen cua cac cUquan ehdc nang
trong viec phat hien hanh vi tham nhung cung nhu eac quy dmh bao ve, khuyen khich cac c^ nhan, td chde cung cap thdng tin td giac tdi pham tham nhung. Phap luat da va dang lao ra hanh lang phap ly can ban cho qua trinh phat hien tham nhiing.
- Phap luat la can ed phap ly de eac co quan cd tham quyen xem xet, k^t luan cac hanh vi tham nhung, xac dinh tai san tham nhung. de I d dd ra cac quyet dinh loily ddi vdi nhdng ngudi cd hanh vi tham nhung, nhdng ngudi co lien quan va tai san tham nhung. Tuy theo tinh chat, miJc dd eua hanh vi vi pham de cd hinh thdc xd ly vi pham ky luat hanh chinh hoac truy edu trach nhiem hinh su.
D i dang nhan thay, so vdi cac quy dinh ve phdng ngda thi cac quy djnh ve phat hien va xilr ly tham nhung thudng it hon, nhung lai mang tinh cudng the rat cao. Cac bien phap ehe tai xd ly, cac hanh vi tham nhung cung nhU tai san tham nhung thudng la nghiem Idiac hon. Che tai ddi vdi nhdng ngudi cd hanh vi tham nhung dUOc phap luat quy dinh rd trong phap luat hinh su hoac trong cac quy dinh ve xd ly ky luat, hanh chlnh doi vdi can bd, cong chde, vien chde va nhOng ngUtfl' cd lien quan, trong dd, hinh thdc xd ly hinh su ddi vdi hanh vi tham nhung hien nay la tUOng ddi nghiem khac, cao nhat la t d hinh. Bien phap xd ly tai san tham nhung dUoc ap dung la thu hdi, tich thu tai san tham nhung va tra lai tai san eho chu sd hdu, ngUdi quan ly hop phap hoac sung quy nha nudc,
Thd ft/, phdp ludt ve phong chdng tham nimg Id casdplidp ly decdc caquan phong chong tham nhiing thdc hien chdcncing, nhiem vu, quyen han, trach nhiem ciia minh trong phong chong tham nhdng. Viec phdng ngda, phat hien, xd ly hanh vi tham nhung cd lien quan den hoat ddng cua cac cO quan nha nudc, do dd phap luat ve phdng chong tham nhung vdi cac quy dmh cu the ve trinh tu, thu tuc, each thiic lien hanh Irong cdng tac phdng chdng tham nhung la co sd phap ly quan trpng de eac cP quan chde nang ap dung cac bien phap phdng ngifa, phat hien hanh vi tham nhung, xd ly nhdng ngUdi cd hanh vi tham nhdng, Ben canh do, mdi eo quan trong bd may nha nudc deu cd ehdc nang, nhiem vu, quyen han neng nen phap luat phdng chong tham nhung vdi cac quy dinh ve trinh tu, thu tuc, ehdc nang, nhiem vu quyen ban, co cau to chde cua tdng cO quan chde nang trong phdng chdng tham nhung gidp cac co quan chde nang men khai cac hoat ddng, nhiem vu phdng chdng tham nhung mdt each tap chung, chu ddng va cd hieu qua hOn. Ddng thdi, phap luat cung la can cd phap ly de can bd, cdng chde nha nudchieu rd tham quyen, trach nhiem cua minh trong viec quyet djnh cac van de cd lien quan den cdng lac phdng chdng tham nhung.
Ihif nam, phap ludt ve phdng chong tham nhung id casdplidp ly dephdt huy vai tro, trdch nhiem cua cong dan, to chde trong phdng chong
tham nhung. Phap luat quy djnh vai trd, trach nhiem cua cdng dan, to' chde trong phdng chdng tham nhung. Can cii vao cac quy dinh eua phap luat, eong dan va eac to chuc trong xa hdi did ddng tham gia vao cdng tae phdng chdng tliam nhung bang nhieu each khach nhau, hoacthUe bien quyen giam sat ddi vdi eac hoat dpng cua cac eo quan eua nha nude vacae td chde ca nhan trang xa hdi nhSm phat hien cac hanh vi tham nhdng; cung cap thong tin ve tham nhung cho cae co quan chde nang cua nha nUde trong qua trinh tien hanh thanh tra, kiem tram dieu tra de phat hien va xdly tham nhOng.
M sdu. phdp ludt ve phong chong tham nhung Id chuan mdc decdc chd the lua dion nhiing xdsilphu hap trong ddi song phdp ly. Phap luat bao gdm nhdng quytaexdsuehungdupcnha nudc ban hanh va bao dam thue hien; cae quy pham phap luat chda dung rat nhieuf gia tri chuan mue tdviSc hieu phap luat ma cae td ehdc, ca nhan trong xa hot cd su lua chon cho minh each ilng xd phii hpp va khdng bi vi pham phap luat Dot vdi cac eo quan, i d chde, don vi nha nude a nhdng ngudi cd chde vu, quyen han can phai cd sU lUa chpn xil su cua minh theo nguyen tac chi dUOc tam nhdng gi ma phap luat quy dmh, eho phep, theo dung tham quyen, trinh tU, thu tuc; dot vdi cat td chde ca nhan khac trong xa hdi thi lua dipn nhtimg xd suma phap luat khdng cam hoac bat budc pbai lam.
M bay. phdp ludt ve phong cimg tham nhung Id co sd phdp ly de bao ve quyen en ngui^, bao dam cong bdngxd hgi, phdt triin ben vdng Xuat phat viee bao ve cac quyen va lot ich hop phap ciia cdng dan, bao ve lot Ich chung eua xa hpi, tranh sif xam hai eua eac chu the, nhat la nhdng ngUdi ed chde, cd quyen trang xa hpi, phap luat ve phong chdng tham nhung da ddng vai trd quan trang trong viec bao ve quyen eon ngUdl cung nhutaolap subinhdang, bao dam duoc cdng bangtrongxa hoi va phat trien ben vdng.
Jhd tdm, phdp ludt ve phong chong tham nhung la co srs phdp ly de tien hanh cdc hoat dong hop tdc qudc te phong chdng tham nhung. Oiong tham nhiing khdng chi la cdng viec rieng cua bat cd mdt qudc gia nao ma eon la trach nhiem cua cdng dong qudcte.ThUe te, cd nhdng hanh vitham nhung duoc thuc hien xuyen qudc gia, ddi hoi phii cd sU phdi hop gida cac nUde irong viec phat hien va xil ly tham nhung. De tao tap khudn khd phap ly trong dau tranh chdng tham nhiing, eac nUdc tren the gdi da chung lay xay dung tdng Ude ci)a lien hop quoc ve chdng tham nhung. Trong khudn kho hpp tac quoc te song phuong, da phuong, cae nUdc cd quan he ngoai giao ciing da thdng nhat xay dung cac thda thuan hoac ffieu ude qude le ve nghien edu, dao tao, xay dung chinh sach, trao doi thdng tin, hd tro tai chlnh, tro giup ky thuat trao ddi kinh nghiem, tuong trp tU phap trong phdng chdng tham nhung Q
Htip tac s Phat trieu • sd 27+28
