Tsp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGI If:
SO S A N H VIEN TRO P H A T TRIEN C H I N H THIIC (ODA) CIIA NHA 1 BAN VOI ODA CilA MOT S6 0 0 1 T A C KHAC TAI VIET NAM
Bui Thj Kim Thu Triri'riifi Dtji liiic Khoa ftpc * Oil Thai Nguyen TOM TAT
Tu nam 1986, Viet Nam tien hanh cong cupc doi mdi, dua dat nudc ra khoi d6i nghio vd chdm phat tnen. Cong cupc doi mdi dat dupc nhCl'ng thdnh tyu to Idn thi khong the khong kl den vai tr6 CLia cdc nguon vien trg dau tu nudc ngodi. Trong giai doan ndy, cdc nha vien trp tieu bilu la Nhat Ban. My, Canada, Anh. Phdp... Trong d6. Nhat Bdn dugc xem Id nudc vien trp phdt triin chinh thiic Idn nhat cho Viet Nam. Nhgl Bdn cGng nhu cdc nudc vi^n trg kh^c khi vien Irg ODA diu muon giup Viet Nam phdt triin kinh lc. x6a d6i giam iigh^o Tuy nhien, ben canh sy giong nhau thi ODA ciia Nhat Bdn cung c6 su khdc biet so vdi cac nudc khdc ve thir bgc, cac khoan cho vay, dieu kien cho vay va cac ngdnh ma ODA dSu tu.
Til' khoa: Vien tra phdi trien chinh time (ODA). Nhgl Ban, Vi^t Nam. kinh le, xd hoi Vien trg phat trien chinh thiic (Official
Development Assistance (ODA)) la mgt hinh thuc dau tir nudc ngoai. Nd dugc gpi la vien trg bdi vi cac khoan dau tu nay thudng la eac klioan cho \ a\ khong lai suat hogc lai suat thap vdi thdi gian vay dai, ddi khi cdn ggi Id hd trg, ggi la phdt tnen vi muc lieu danh nghTa ciia cdc khoan dau tu nay la phat trien kinh te va nang cao phuc lgi d nudc dugc dau tu, goi Id chinh thuc, vi nd thudng la cho Nha nudc vay.
Theo djnh nghTa cua Nhat Ban, mdt logi vien trg mudn la ODA phai du 3 yeu td: (1) Do chinh phu hogc ca quan thuc hien ciia chinh phii, (2) cd myc dich gdp phan tai thiet kinh te hoac nang cao phiic lgi cho cdc nudc nhan vien trg, (3) tinh uu dai phai tren 25% [5].
Hdu hit cac nha tai trg song phuang va da phuong cho Viet Nam deu chi bat dau hogc khdi dgng Igi nhftng chuong trinh vien trg cua minh vao dau thdp ky 90 the ki XX va dang trong giai dogn dau ciia cdng cugc ddi mdi.
Nhat Ban cung khdng ngogi le, mac dii cuoi thap nien 80 the ki XX Nhat Ban vdn vien tro nhan dao cho Viet Nam vdi myc dich "gift cau", nhung phai den thang 11 nam 1992, Nhat Ban mdi chinh thuc ndi lgi vien tro chinh thiic cho Viet Nam.
Co the ndi hinh thirc ODA la "chiee chia khoa" ngogi giao kinh te de tu do ma Nhat Ban cd the md rgng boat dgng sang eac ITnh
Tel- 0976 198 586. Email' [email protected] c.
vyc kinh te, thuong mgi va dau tu phat trien cac hoal ddng san xuat kinh doanh va djch vy tgi Viet Nam, thu dugc nhieu lgi nhuan Idn hon nhieu lan so vdi sd vdn ODA da cho do trong tuong lai. Quyet djnh ndi lai vien trg ODA cua Nhat Bdn cho Viet Nam da gdp phan quan trgng trong viec khai thdng mdi quan he ciia Viet Nam vdi cdc Id chiic tai chinh qudc te chii chdt khdc cung nhu viec khdi dgng trd lgi quan he hgp lac kinh te song phuong gifta hai nudc, Tu nam 1992 den nay, trong cac nam 1998, 1999 va 2009 khi kinh tl Nhat Ban gap nhieu khd khan thi Chinh phii Nhat Ban ludn la nha tai trg Idn nhat cho Viet Nam.
Nhung diem tuong dong
Hipn nay, khodng 50 nha tai trg quoc te da phuong va song phuang dang hogt dpng d Viet Nam, tuy mdi ddi tac cd mdt ddc diem rieng trong chinh sach hd tro Viet Nam tuy thupc vdo quan he nhieu mat vdi Viet Nam va chinh sach vien trg phdt trien quoc gia tung thdi ki, nhirng tat ca deu cd muc dich chung la hd trg thyc hien cac muc tieu phat tnen uu tien cua Viet Nam trong kinh te-xa hgi va xoa ddi giam ngheo. Trong thdi gian qua, ben cgnh nhftng thanh tyu dang ghi nhan trong cong cugc doi mdi, Viet Nam van cdn gap rat nhieu khd khan, nhat la trong viec ddm bao ddi sdng cho nhan dan viing ndng thdn, vimg sau viing xa. Do do, Nhat Ban cung nhu hau het cac nha tai trg khac da danh nhftng uu tien trong chuong trinh vien trg eua minh vao viec Ll
Bili Thi Kim Thu fap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHI^ 94(06): 11 - hd trg chinh plui Vipt Nam tien hanh cai each
trong Ciic ITnh vyc quan li nha nudc, \ii> dyng cac llic che \iriig mgnh nhdm nang cao hipu qua quan li nha nudc. chu trgng lid trg chuyen sang nen kinh li- tli| irudng; nang cao ddi
•^dng ngudi thin, dac bici Id d nhung vinig ndng thdn va mien niii. xay diiiig co so hg tang, nang cao cac djch \\i _\ le vji giao dye;
hd lip bao \'0 mdi inidng. dac bipt trong vipc bao \c Midi trirdng dd thj \'a mdi trirdng cdng nghiep Day ciing la uu diem ciia chinh phu Vipt Nam trong cdng cugc xoa ddi giam nglii'o \a phat Inen d;it nudc.
Cdc nhd tai trg khi trien khai cac chuong trinh
\ li'ii Irg phai trien ciia iniiili lgi Vipt Nam hau het deu trien khai qua hai kenh song phuang (tryc [icp gifta hai chinh plui) va da phuang (thdng qua cac chuong trinh ciia cac to chirc qudc ti- hogt dgng tgi Viet Nam). Qua kenh song phuang. cac nha tdi trg deu md rgng moi quan he ddi tac ciia minh khdng chi vdi cac quan chuc Chinh phii d cac cdp Trung irong vd dia phuang ma cdn vdi cac td chirc quan chiing xa hdi. cac ca nhan va cac nhdm dan cu d cac cdng ddng. Qua dd. hp cd the hieu biet hon ve nhu cau ciia cac ddi tac nham nang cao hieu qua cua chuang trinh vien trg.
Vdi su cd mat ciia nhieu nha lai trg song phuang va da phuong hogt dgng tgi Viet Nam, \ iec tang cudng dieu phdi gifta cac nha tdi trg la mgt nhu cau vd cimg can thiet de nang cao hieu qua ciia \ icn trg nudc ngoai tgi Viet Nam, de nd thyc sy trd thanh mgt dgng lye cLia su phdt trien k.nh te-xd hgi cho Vipt Nam. Bd Ke hogch va Dau tu gift vai trd chinh trong vipc quan li vipn trg phat trien chinh thuc va cac thii tyc ciia nhd tai Irg. d?ie bipt la Anh, Canada. M\ va Nhat Ban.
Nhirng dicm khac biet
Ben cgnh nhftng diem tuang ddng tren. so vdi vien trg cQa cac qudc gia khac lgi Viet Nam, ODA ciia Nhat Ban cd mgt sd diem khac bipt.
Trudc het vc ihu bac, Nhat Ban la nha tai trg ODA hang dau cua Viet Nam, ludn gift vftng d vi tri sd 1. ODA ciia Nhat Ban danh cho Viet Nam ludn chiem ti le cao trong tdng sd vdn cam ket ODA cua cac nha tai trg qudc le cho Viet Nam. Chdng han, nam 2006 cam ket 12
ODA ciia cac nha tai trg cho Vipt Nam la 3,7 ty USD thi rieng Nligt Ban la 835 Iripu USD, chiem khodng 22%. Nam 2007, ODA ciia Nhgl Ban danh cho Vipt Nam la 890 iripu USD trong long so 4,4 ty USD chiim khoang 2iyo. Nam 2008 thi Nhat Ban vSn chiim 21%
(5]. Vdi tu each la mgt nha lai trg song phuang. My dugc xem la qudc gia kem hao phdng iiliai irong sd cac nudc giau cung cap vipn trg cho Vipt Nam, Vipn trg ciia M\ chi chiem khoang 0,1% GNP (Gross National Product - tire Tdng san lugng qudc gia) so vdi 0.3% muc chung ciia cac nudc chau Au. So vdi moi quan hp chinh trj va kinh te thi vien trg cLia My qua khiem tdn. My chua bao gid dung trong tdp 10 nha tai trg song phuong Idn nhat ciia Vipt Nam.
Thir hai, ODA ciia Nhat Ban da phan la cac khoan vay (chiem khoang 87.05%). Day la diem khac bipt Idn so vdi mgt sd nha tai trg khac ciia Vipt Nam. dac bipt la Canada, bdi tat ca cac vipn trg ciia Canada tai Viet Nam deu la vicn trg khdng hoan Igi \a hd trg kT thugt. Canada khdng cung cap cac khoan vay dudi bat ki hinh thuc nao cho Viet Nam. Vien trg khdng hoan lai cung chiem da sd trong ODA cua Anh. Ke tu khi chinh thuc cung cap ODA cho Viet Nam (1994) din 2004. chinh phu Anh da vipn trg khdng hoan Igi cho Viet Nam hon 200 trieu USD; trong dd. chi tinh rieng tu 1999-2004 la 190 Iripu USD. Ndm tai khoa 2003-2004. ngan sach vien trg danh cho Vipt Nam da tang len 26 trieu bang Anh so vdi tai khda nam trudc vdi muc vien trg khoang 60 tripu bang Anh [4].
Nam 2004. Bg Phat trien qudc tl (DFID) cam ket vipn trg 59 tripu USD. sang tai khoa nam 2005-2006 da tang tdi 60 trieu bang Anh/nam: giai doan 2006-2010 binh quan 50 iripii bdng Anh/nam. Sau khi ki thoa thuan khung ve quan he ddi tac phat trien gifta hai giai dogn 2006-2015. ngay 12/11/2007, Bd Phat trien quoc te ciia Anh dd thong bao viec chinh phii Anh vien trg khdng hoan lgi 100 trieu bang Anh giai doan 2007-2011 [5] cho Chuong trinh tin dyng hd trg xda ddi giam ngheo vdi phuong thiic ehuyin true tilp cho chinh phu Viet Nam khdng thdng qua Ngan hang the gidi de tiet kipm chi phi quan li.
Bili Thj Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHH 94(06): 11-15 Tin dung uu dai chiem phdn Idn trong ODA
vi theo each giai thich ciia ngudi Nhat, hp co
"triet li" rang vdn ODA la vdn hd trg. giiip cho cdc nu'dc dang phat trien, gidm bdt khoang each giau ngheo. Do dd. ben canh khoan cho vay khong hoan lai theo thong le, nudc nhan vien trg ODA phai tuan thii nguyen lac "co vay cd tra". Bdi lc, khi ngudi di vay cd phdi tra ng thi mdi clui y thich dang den hieu qua cong trinh, den nghTa vy tra ng.
Tuy nhien, ben cgnh viec cung cap tin dyng uu dai, Irong mdt sd nam gdn ddy Nhgl Bdn cung uu tien hon trong vipc tdng cudng cac khoan vay ODA khdng hoan lgi, ddng thdi xem xet cd cac bien phap nhdm giiip Viet Nam gidm ganh nang ng nan. Hon nfta, hieu qua vien trg khdng phy thudc vdo Nhat Ban ma phu thugc chii yeu vao dudng Idi, chinh sach vd ky nang qudn li nha nudc tiep nhan vien tro. Tren thuc te, eho dii hipu qud vien trg cua Nhat Bdn dat dugc d muc do nao thi Viet Nam cung da gia tang dang ke tich luy trong nudc de phuc vy cho dau tu va phat trien nhftng nam qua.
Thir ba, so vdi cac nha lai trg klidc, chinh sach ODA ciia Nhat Ban cho Viet Nam cd nhilu net ndi trdi: dd la hd trg Viet Nam tu lye tu cudng thdng qua viec phat trien tren co sd ha ting; khdng kem theo cac dieu kien khat khe, khong gdn ODA vdi vipc thyc thi chinh sach nhu Ngan hang Thi gidi (WB) va ngan hang chau A hoac cac van de chinh tri nhgy cam nhu dan chii, nhan quyen nhu cac nudc chau Au.
Cac td chuc qudc tl nhu WB, Quy tiln le the gidi... uu tien phat triin kinh te trudc rdi mdi xoa ddi giam ngheo. Cac uu lien trong chuang trinh vien trg ciia My ciing khdng lap trung vao ITnh vyc xoa ddi giam ngheo md danh chu yeu cho viec hd trg viec thuc hien Hiep djnh Thuang mgi My-Vipt. Khac vdi cac nha tai trg ndi tren, Nhat Ban coi viec xoa ddi giam ngheo ciing can thiet nhu tang Irudng kinh te va cho rdng cdi thien mdi Irudng sinh hoat va xa hgi la de hinh thanh nen nhftng dieu kien can ban cho thiic day tang trudng kinh te trong tuong lai.
Vdi nhgn thirc nhu vay, ben canh viec hoan chinh CO sd ha tang, cai thien mdi Irudng dau tu de thiic day tang trudng. chinh phii Nhat Ban coi trpng vipc ho trg cho cac hoat ddng xoa ddi giam ngheo, gido dye, y te, phat trien cac dia phuong, phdt trien do thj va mdi trudng. Cac ITnh vyc \x\\ tien trong chinh sach ODA ciia chinh phii Nhdt Ban rat phii hgp vdi cac djnh hudng phat trien kinh te-xd hdi ciia Viet Nam vd dap irng dugc cac nhu cau bii'c xiic Vict Nam xem xet ve nhu cau su dyng vdn cho cdc myc lieu phat trien kinh te-xa hpi. Vict Nam ciing nhu cdc nudc tiep nhan vipn trg ciia Nhdt Ban khac cam nhan thay vien trg ciia Nhat Ban thyc sy phii hgp va dap ung dugc cac yeu cau ciia Viet Nam trong viec tap trung khdi phye vd xay dung co sd hg lang kinh le - lien de va dieu kien thiet yeu cho phat trien kinh te-xa hgi, va cho vipc md rdng, nang cao chat lugng cdc dich vu xa hgi CO bdn CLia ngudi dan [2].
Cac du dn ma Nhat Ban trien khai tgi Viet Nam chii yeu la cac du an "phan cung" tuc id viec xdy cac co sd hg lang. Trong khi cdc dy an cua Canada Igi cac du an "phan mem", tap trung vao viec xay dyng, quan li va thyc hien chinh sach, nang cao ndng luc cua ddi tac thdng qua dao tgo, lap huan nghien cuu thuc dia. ODA ciia Anh lap trung vao viec dat dugc ba muc lieu nhdm hd tro viec thuc hien chien luge phat trien va giam ngheo loan dien ciia Viet Nam la:
- Thiic day viec su dung c6 hieu qua va binh ddng cac ngudn tai chinh cong
- Hd trg cae nd luc ciia chinh phii trong qua trinh phat trien va dam bao tinh trdch nhiem ddi vdi cdng dan ciia cac ca quan nha nudc - Hd trg qud trinh chuyen ddi ve kinh te va xd hgi cua Viet Nam [3, tr.5]
Cdn ODA ciia My thi tap trung chii yeu vd ITnh vuc cdi each kinh te, hd trg nhdn dao, phdng chdng HIV/AIDS. Binh quan trong nam 2002-2003, 32% vien trg ciia My ddnh cho viec hd trg kinh te phat trien, hd trg nhan dgo cung chiem 32%, y t l chiem 29% va mdi trudng chiem 9% phan cdn lai [6].
13
Bili Thj Kim Thu Tap chl KHOA HOC A CONG NGHI- 94(06):
ODA cua Nhgl Ban \el chung trong lat ca c;ic lien chi va khia cgnh la lirong doi thuan lgi va hftii ich. phii hgp vdi nhu can su dyng eiia Vipt Nam. ndi cluing luong doi "de" hon so
\di cac nudc khac Nd khdng cd cac dieu kipn rang bugc qua khat klie \;i Ip lieu. Cd Ihe ndi ODA cua Nhgl Ban neu so simh vdt vipn trg ciia cac nha tai irg khac Ihi cd rat it cdc dieu kipn di kem. Vc nguyen tdc. chinh plui Nhgl Ban tuMJii bo \ipn trg dugc cimg c;ip cho cac nudc lii'p nhan la nhftng dicu khoan vipn tig khdng dieu kien. ngoai lift mpt so chirong trinh vipn trg cd tinh chat dac bipt va khdng tluritng \u\en. mang tinh bd sung thi cd dicu kien kem theo vc han cliO trong dau thau. Xcl
\e tdng the ilii Nhgl Ban da khdng dat ra cac dieu kiOn mang tinh chat ap ddt gdn vdi chinh trj Trong khi dd, vipn tro ciia cac nha tai Irg khac. eho dii la cac nudc cung cap vien trg d quy md idn hay nhd. cung cap vipn trg trong cac ITnh vuc uu lien nao deu it hay nhieu dp dat cac dieu kien rang budc gan vdi nhftng lgi ich kinh te v;i thuong mgi.
Tuy nhien. chinh sach ODA cua Nhat Ban cung dya tren nhftng nguyen tac nhat djnh va yeu cau Viet Nam phai chap nhgn. Chdng hgn. nguyen tac khdng su dyng sai myc dich vien trg. hogc khdng vien trg cho cac chuong trinh quan sy hogc yeu cau phai sir dyng \ ipn trg cd hieu qua nhat, chdng tham nhiing [1.
tr.307]. Viet Nam, cung nhu cac nudc tiep nhgn vien trg ciing deu phai tinh den nhftng dieu kien "an" phai luan theo. Bdi viOii iro ciia Nhat Ban tu\ khdng ddi hdi cd cam ket \ e chinh sach. song tren thyc te nd gan ket rat chat vdi cac myc tieu kinh lc va chinh tri ciia Nhat Ban. dgc biet la hd trg cho dau tu \a thuang mai.
So vdi cac nha lai trg khiic. vipn trg cua Nhgl Ban bi thdt chat rat Idn, dac bipt la cac khoan cho \ay. thudng phai dugc su dyng de cac nha thau Nhat Ban triin khai. Hon nfta, qiui trinh tiep nhan va su dung von \ii> ciia Nhat cdn kha rudm ra, phirc tap hon so vdi cac nha dau tu khac
Thir lir, neu nhu tai trg ciia Anh khdng thuc hien rieng bipt, ma Idng ghep dong tai trg cho cac chuong trinh qudc gia ciia Viet Nam ciing vdi cac nha tai trg khac; cdn My khdng tham 14
gia tich eye vao cac hogt dgng phdi hof chung cimg vdi cdc nha tdi trg khac trong khudn khd do Chuong trinh phat trien Lier Hgp Quoc hoac WB |6] ... thi vipn tro ciia Nhgl Ban tgi Viet Nam vdi cac dy an cd quy md khac nhau dugc trien khai tuong ddi da dgng, d nhieu cap khac nhau tu Trung uong den dja phirong. Do dd, cd rat nhieu ddi tac tham gia vao viec thyc hien vipn trg ciia Nhat Ban. dgc biel la sy tham gia ciia nhieu ddi tac tu Nhat Ban. Dieu nay, mgt mat giup cho viec trien khai vipn trg the hien diing eac nhu cdu va kha ndng ciia cac ben lien quan, mat khac la mill ca hgi tdt de xay dyng va phat trien cac moi quan hp ddi tac gifta cac ca nhan va td chuc ciia hai nudc.
Ket luan
Vipt Nam hipn n;i\ van nam trong nhdm nudc dang phat trien, vi the xoa ddi giam ngheo la mgt clui tnrong Idn. mgt quyet sach Idn va nhat quan ciia Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam.
Chinh phii Nhat Ban da cd nhftng ddng gop quan trpng trong chuang trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo d Viet Nam. Ngoai \ iec hd trg cho cac cdng trinh he thdng dien. thdng tin lien Igc, mrdc sgch. trudng hpc. \e sinh mdi trudng cho cac trudng hoc. \ te d nong thon. thi thdng qua viec tiep can cac phuang tipn kT thugt mdi nhat nen trinh do ciia cdng nhan ViOi Nam cung da dugc nang cao Ben cgnh dd. Nhat Ban cdn giiip \e kinh nghipm dao tgo nhan luc. dac biel la can bp lam cdng tac xoii ddi giam ngheo de day nhanh lien trinh thyc hien cac chuong trinh qudc gia \c xoa ddi giam ngheo. Chinh nhd sy hd iig dd ma ddi sdng dan cy nhieu vimg dugc cai thipn. diic bipt la \ung sau, vung xa.
viing dan tgc it ngudi.
Tinh den dau ndm 2012 thi Nhat Ban van la nudc cung cap ODA Idn nhat eho Viet Nam. Myc dich chung ciia cac nudc cung cap vien trg ODA eho nudc ta la giiip Viet Nam phat triin kinh te - xa hoi va xda ddi giam ngheo. Ben cgnh do ODA ciia Nhat Ban ndi len 4 diem khac so vdi cae nha vien trg khac. Chinh su khac nhau dd cd thi Ihay, ODA cua Nhat Ban kha phii hgp vdi kinh te-xa hgi va dl dugc ch^p nhan d Viet Nam ban so vdi cac nudc vien trg khac.
Bili Thj Kim Thu Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ 94(06). 1 1 - 1 5 TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
[1]. Ngo Xuan Binh (1999), Quan h? Nhat Bdn- [4]. hllp:// 0DA.mpi.gov/0DAvn/D6i tdc nudc ASEAN, chinh .idch vd Idi Ira ODA, Nxb Khoa hpc ngodi/cdc nhd tdi trp song p h u o n c
Xah6i, HaNpi.
[2]. Judith Randel & Tony German (2000), Thirc [5], Website ciia Bp Kc hogch vd Ddu lu Viet trgng cua vien tra, Nxb Chinh Ui Qu6c gia, Hd Npi, Nam: htlp://www mpi.gov.vn/
[3]. Depratmenl fo. International Development [g], http://vn,usembassy.gov/www haid brienng (2004), IVhal are we doing to help Vietnam
achieve their deveicpineni goals'^ 2003.
S U M M A R Y
C O M P A R I S O N O F J A P A N ' S O F F I C I A L D E V E L O P M E N T A S S I S T A N C E ( O D A ) W I T H O T H E R P A R T N E R S ' O D A T O V I E T N A M
Bui Thi Kim Thu' College of Sciences - TNU
Since 1986, Vietnam has conducted reforms to take the country out of poverty and slow development. The great achievements the country has gained are partially contributed by investment from foreign countries such as Japan, America, Canada, England and France Among these donor counuies, Japan is considered the biggest official development assistant to Vietnam.
Bolh Japan and other donors are providing ODA to Vietnam to help economic development and poverty reduction. However, apart from the similarity, Japanese ODA has some differences from other contries' ODA in terms of the hierarchy, loans, loan conditions and investment sectors.
Key words: Official development assistance (ODA), Japan, Vietnam, economic, social.
Ngdy nhdn-09/04/2012: Ngdy phdn bien 15/04/2012, Ngdy diiyet dang: 12/06/2012
Tel- 0976 198 586: Email llmblk'a,lmt.eclii com
