TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 4(69) ndm 2015
WlT Tl/dNG CANH TAN GIAO DUG TRONG PHONG TRAO DONG KINH NGHIA THUC
VA GIA TRI CUA NO
VO VAN DONG'
TOM TAT
Phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thiic ddu thi ki XX dugc coi Id mdt trong nhimg phong trdo yeu nude cd nhiiu hogt dgng cdi cdch gido due tich cue ddng gdp trong nin gido due nude nhd. Phong trdo da thuc hiin thdnh cdng viic bd cuu hgc, theo tdn hgc. Muc dich cua phong trdo la ndng cao ddn tri, ddo tgo nhdn l\cc di ddu tranh gidnh ddc Igp vd xdy dung ddt nude gidu mgnh. Bdi viil tim hiiu tu tiedng canh tdn gido due trong phong Irdo Ddng Kinh nghia thuc, tir dd rut ra nhiing gid tri huu ich gdp phdn hodn thien nen gido due Viet Nam hiin nay.
Tu khda: phong trdo yeu nude, eai cdch gido due, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc.
ABSTRACT
The innovative education thought in Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc movement and its values The "Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc" in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century is considered one of the patriotic movements which had many educational reform activities contributing positively to the education of the country. The movement successfully removed the old way of studying, and introduced the new way of studying. The purpose of the movement was lo raise general people's intellect and train human resources lo fight for the independence and build a rich and strong country. The research investigates thought of educational innovation in the Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc movement lo identify great values that can contribute considerably to the completion of education of
Vietnam nowadays.
Keywords: patriotic movement, educational reform, Dong Kinh nghia thuc.
1. Dat van de nude. Didu nay trai vol sy mong chd ban Tu tudng canh tan gido due Id mgt ddu cua thye dan Phap ndn phong trao chi trong nhiing tu tudng ydu nude cua nhan tdn tai mdt thdi gian ngdn. M^c dii vay, dan ta xudt hien vao cudi thd ki XIX dau nhung phong trao ciing da dd l^i dau an the ki XX do nhiing nhdn sT, tri thiic ydu vd ciing quan trgng trong vide cdi cdch nude khdi xudng. Muc dich cua phong giao dye, ddng thdi khoi day long yeu trdo Id "thyc hge vd thyc nghidp". Do nude vdn cd cua nhan ddn. Ddng Kinh vdy, chuong trinh ddo tao ciia phong trdo nghia thyc dugc coi Id dinh cao cua cupc chii trpng tdi thuc tidn xd hpi nhdm ddo canh tdn vdn hda ndi chung vd gido due tao ra mdt sdn phdrh hiiu dung cho ddt ndi rieng. Ben c?nh nhung ban chd khdng
* ThS, TrubTig Cao d i n g Vdn h6a Ngh$ thu^t vd Du Ijch Nha Trang;
Emaii- vovandungcdl<@gmail com
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the tranh khdi thi tu tudng canh tan giao due cua phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thyc vln cdn nhimg nhdn td phii hgp vdi xa hgi ngay nay.
2. Noi dung cua tir tirdng canh tan giao due trong phong trao Dong Kinh nghia thuc
Bdt ki cupc ddi mdi gido dye ndo ciing cd mye tidu nhdt dinh cua nd vd muc tidu dd phdi gdn lidn vdi tirng giai doan lich su cu thd md nd dupe sinh ra.
Tu tudng canh tdn gido due trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thue eung khdng ndm ngodi quy ludt tren. Trong lich su giao due Viet Nam, Nguydn Trudng To la ngudi bdn phat sung ddu tidn vdo he thdng giao due khoa cii ciia Nho hpc.
Ong dl xudt cdi each giao due theo hinh thiic tilp thu md hinh gido due phuang Tdy. Cac dd xuat ndy da dupe cdc nhd nho duy tan tidp tuc hoan thidn vd dua vao thyc tidn.
Nam 1906, chinh quyen thuc dan Phap dd thuc hien cdi each gido dye lan thii nhdt d Ddng Duang, myc dich ciia
"he thdng cdc trudng Phdp - Viet va cdc trudng nghd ddo tao nhtmg vidn chirc cd trinh dp vira du dd phuc vu cho bp mdy cai tri ciia thue dan; he thdng cdc trudng au hgc, tieu hgc, trung hgc, hau bd cdc ki thi Huong, thi Hpi dd dao tao quan lai phuc vy trong bd may tay sai cua Nam trilu" [2, tr.69]. Muc dich "khai hda" ciia thyc ddn Phdp trong giai doan ndy Id thyc ddn hda nin gido due Viet Nam dd phuc vu cho vide khai thac thupc dia vd loai bd ddn ndn Han hgc. Tuy vdy, day eung chinh Id chd dya phap li ma cdc nhd duy tan >eu nude cd thd md trudng hgc hgp
phdp. Nhu vdy, trudng Ddng Kinh nghia thuc da md dupe '"theo phuang chdm khai hda ciia chinh phu bao hd" [5, tr.74].
Muc dich ciia viec ddi mdi la tiep thu md hinh gido dye phuong Tdy va khdng quen chpn Ipc nhiing ydu td tich cyc cua he thdng gido due cu dd tir dd dd ra mpt ehuang trinh ddo tao vdi ndi dung khd phong phu, nhay cam vdi nhimg bidn ddi thdi dai, gan lien vdi thyc tidn sinh ddng
"tim diing cdi cdn xay dyng, cdn chdng lai d ngay xir sd qude gia, d con ngudi minh" [9, tr.266]. Nhu vdy, dudng ldi canh tdn gido due trong phong trao Ddng Kmh nghia thuc khdng chi don thudn Id sy kd thira va phdt tridn nhung tu tudng cai each giao dye ciia Nguydn Trudng To, md ngugc lai, cdn tham ddm hai thd thdi dai cua cdc cudc each mang chdng dd qude vd gidi phdng ddn tdc.
Ddng Kinh nghia thuc dupe khdi xudng d Hd Ngi vdo khodng thang 3 ndm 1907 do nhiing nhan sT, tri thire yeu nude cd uy tin duong thdi diing ra xin nhd cdm quydn Phap cho thdnh lap, td chiic vd hoat ddng. Cdc nhan sT, tri thirc ddt ten trudng Id Ddng Kinh nghia thuc vdi y nghia: Ddng Kinh la ten thanh Thang Long dudi thdi Hd Quy Ly. NghTa thuc Id trudng day de Iam dai nghTa, vi dai nghia ma day ngudi, khdng vi tidn, khdng thu hpc phi. Vdi danh nghia mot trudng tu thuc, trudng ddt try sd tai sd 4 vd sd 10 phd Hdng Ddo, Ha Ndi vd dugc td chiic phdng theo md hinh Khanh Ung nghTa thuc ciia Nhat Bdn. Sy xuat hien ciia Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc Id mdt hien tupng mdi la tren binh dien gido due, vi the lan tda nhanh ehdng trd thanh phong trao
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) ndm 2015
nghTa thuc tren cd nude. Chii truong ciia trudng Id dua tu tudng ddn chii, van minh phuang Tdy thay cho kinh dien nho gia de chuydn ddi gido due qudc ddn, chdn hung edng nghd vd canh tdn dat nude.
De cd thd canh tdn trong giao due mdt each triet de, cae nhd nho yeu nude da bdt ddu tir vide phd phan thi gidi quan ciia Nho giao. Hg cho rdng "Ngdy nay chi ridng cai thuydt mdnh trdi cung du ldm cdn trd y chi canh tranh ciia qudc ddn ta. Mdnh la cdi khdng din ma lai den.
Ngudi quan tir tri mdnh Id bilt khdng thi trdnh dupe didu hai, khdng the hudng dugc dilu lgi, nhung cai ddng lam thi cii lam. Cho ndn tri mdnh Id de khuyen lap chi, ddu bidt rdng ngudi khdng cd ehi thi khi gap vide la cdu trdi khdn trdi giiip cho, hdng vide lai dd cho trdi hai" [6, tr.62]. Bdng vide phe phdn the gidi quan
"thdn quydn" ciia Nho gido, cac nhd nho ydu nude trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thuc da tao ndn mpt budc dot pha mdi khi phii nhan he thdng giao due cudi thdi Nguyeh, ddng thdi md ra mdt chan trdi mdi cho tu duy gido dye Viet Nam.
Cdc nhd nho ydu nude trong phong trao Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc cho rang, phuang phap cim nude tdt nhdt Id ndng cao dan tri, "nude idm sao cd thd ty manh hay ydu dugc! Nude manh hay ydu la do dan... Chua he cd dan ydu md nude manh... Mudn nude duge binh tri md mong d vua hiln tudng gidi thi khdng bang mong d dan manh. Dan manh thi nude ydu cd the chuyen thdnh manh va manh Idu dai" [6, tr.57]. Myc dich ciia gido dye Id "khai dan tri" dl ddnh thiie ldng ydu nude ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam.
Hp khdng dinh "nin giao due mdi phai Id mgt ndn gido due yeu nude thuang ndi, dan tdc hda, khoa hpc hda va dai ehiing hda, hudng tdi myc tieu khai ddn tri, chdn dan khi, hau ddn sinh, ldm co sd eho vide thuc hidn hai muc tidu tdi hau gdn chat vdi nhau la chdn hung, hidn dai hda dat nude vd khdi phye chu quydn qudc gia - ddn tde" [10, tr.286]. Vdi myc tieu Id giai phdng dan tpc bat ddu tir vide canh tdn trong giao due, phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc da tao ra dugc mdt budc ngodt ldn trong tidn trinh lich sir gido due Viet Nam. De dat dugc myc tidu do thi phdi gdn li iuan vdo thyc tien, chdng tu tudng phong kidn da ldi thdi, thyc hidn eai cdch tu tudng, vdn hda - xa hdi, ndng cao trinh do dan tri, ehii truong day bang chti qudc ngii la chinh, kem thdm chti Hdn, chii Phdp. "Thieu nidn chiing ta phai ra siic hge cai hiiu dyng, chd dd cdi hgc khoa cii phd hdng chi hudng eua minh" [6, tr.74].
NIU cii hgc theo ldi cu "thi nude ta se khdng ddi nao hung thinh dugc" vd "hgc la dl ed ich cho ban than minh vd cho qudc gia, xa hgi" [6, tr.72]. Trdn quan didm do, phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc chu truong xay dyng nen gido due qudc ddn, "dudng ldi gido due qudc dan Id lam rd cdi li tuang quan giiia nude vdi dan, cho ddn bilt hg cd vi tri, chiic ph|in ra sao vd iam thd ndo dl gay y thiic ai qudc di qudn, bdi dudng tdi nang ty trj ty lap. Mgt nude khdng cd gido due qudc dan thi tram hg u md, khdng bidt qudc gia, chinh hi la gi" [6, tr.46].
Phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc dd hudng ddi tugng gido due Id todn ddn, khdng phdn biet gid tre, trai gdi, giai
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cap... nen da thu hiit dupe nhilu ngudi tham gia. Trude khi thdnh lap "tiing ddn ciia trudng se md lan khdp Ha thanh, tir mieng ngudi ng truydn sang mieng ngudi kia. Ai cung mong ngdy khai trudng dl xem nghia thuc ddu tidn ciia nude nhd ra sao" [3, tr.53]. De thu hut dan di hgc, mrdng khdng thu hgc phi, khdng thu tidn tdi lieu cua hgc vidn, tham chi cdn eung edp chd an d cho edc hge vidn khd khan.
"Tnidng cd mdt try sd chinh ldm nai thudng tryc vd chd an d cho mdt sd hpc sinh qua ngheo. Ldp hpc Id cdc dinh chiia hodc nha rpng mugn cua tu nhan" [7, tr.97]. Cd nhilu lo£ii hinh ldp hpe phii hgp cho nhieu ddi tupng dugc md ra nhu:
ldp hpe ban ngay, ldp hgc ban ddm, ldp hpc cho ngudi ldn vd ldp hpc cho tre em.
"Trdng hpc rdng lam, md hgc trd ed ngdy cd dem udc ddn bdn trdm, phan ldm nhidu ldp: ldp thi dd nhiing dng cii, dng tii (nho) hgc chir Phdp; ldp thi dd nhiing dng dd biet chir Phdp hgc chii' Nho; ldp ngudi ldn, Idp tre con, trang con trai, trang con gai, thii ty, vdn minh lam" [9, tr.251]. Vipc khuyin khich phu nii ddn trudng dd hgc la mgt trong nhiing tu tudng tiln bd trong phong trdo, ddng thdi eiing phii nhan ddi tuong gido due cua Nho gido khi hp xem phy nir vd tieu nhdn nhu ddi tupng bdt tri khdng the gido dye.
Tren tinh thdn dd, tu tudr^ canh tdn trong gido due eiia phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc dd cd myc dich rd rdng vd ddi tupng gido due phong phii vupt xa ddi tupng gido dye ciia Nho giao cudi thdi nhd Nguydn. Khi dd xac dinh duge myc dich va ddi tupng giao dye, cdc nha tu tudng ciia phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa
thyc da dua ra ndi dung vd phuang phdp giao dye phii hgp.
Ndi dung gido due trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thuc. Cd the khdng dinh rdng tdng ldp tri thiic ndi chung vd cdc nhd nho tidn bd ydu nude ndi ridng dd nhan thdy vide khai thac thudc dja ciia ngudi Phap niip dudi chidu bdi "khai hda van minh" da mang lai cho dan tdc Viet Nam su ldm than dau khd. Tuy nhien, edc nhd yeu nude thdi bdy gid eung nhdn thdy tinh tich eye eiia vdn minh, khoa hpc, kT nghd ciia ngudi Phdp. Vide md trudng day hpc d cdc nude thupc dia ciia thyc ddn Phap tuy mang muc dich ddo tao tay sai nhimg nhting gia tri trong dd nhu tinh nhdn vdn, vdn hda lai chiia nhieu ydu td tich cue. Chinh vi nhdn thay didu dd md Phan Chu Trinh da dd ra "hung ddn tri, chdn ddn khi, hgu ddn sinh " md sau nay da dnh hudng rdt Idn ddn cac nhd gido due Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc. Cdc nha nho ydu nude ra siic kdu gpi ngudi ddn hpe van minh vd cac mdn khoa hpc, kT nghe Phdp dd mdt ngdy kia xdy dung ddt nude trd ndn van minh, ty eudng, himg manh.
Guang cdc nude Au chdu treo do, Ngudi Nam ta phdi cd ldm sao...
Cung ca, ciing dien ciing thuyin, CUng thuang, ciing hgc dua chen vdi ngudi...
Tri khdn ta md lic ray,
Cd khi gidu mgnh dg tdy ndm chdu [ll,tr.l33].
Cde nhd tu tudng Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc mdt mat tdn cdng vdo nin gido due phong kiln mgt cdch mdnh liet bdng hmh thiic ldn an ndn gido due ciia Nho gido
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) ndm 2015
"khdng dem lai lgi ich qudc gia, xa hdi cho nhan loai" [6, tr.75]. Mat khac, hg kd thira ndn gido dye tidn bd cua thuc ddn Phdp. Chinh vi the, ndi dung vd ddi tugng giao due ciia Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc cd nhiing didm tuang ddng vdi nen gido due Phdp, khdng mau thudn vdi chuong trinh gido due ciia thyc dan Phdp ddt ra cho thugc dja, Tuy nhidn, chii truong trong phong trao Ddng Kinh nghia thyc la lay chu nghTa yeu nude Idm ndi dung chinh de long ghep vdo npi dung chuang trinh giang day. Sach Nam qudc dia du viet: "Xin cd ldi kinh cdo dong bdo rang: ngudi nude ta khdng thd khdng ydu nude mmh. Mudn thd trudc hdt xin hay hpc dia du nude ta" [8, tr.322]. Thdm chi trong bai hdt eung xudt hien tinh thdn ydu nude, nhu: "ldm cho rang rd dng cha/ Cd long ydu nude mdi la ngudi Nam" [8, tr.316]. Ndi dung giao dye dugc Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc cap nhat lidn tuc vd mang tinh hihi dung. Hg da kich liet phd phan ndn giao dye Nho hpc truyen thdng ddt dao diic ldn hang dau, xem tri ndng Id thir ydu. Cdc nhd canh tdn gido dye trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc da ddi mdi npi dung gido due, tir hpc cde kien thiie vd dyng chuyin sang hpc cac kiln thiic htiu ich. "Theo Ii chung thi hpc la dd cd ich cho ban than minh va cho qudc gia xa hdi. Cd ba didu, mgt la hgc ve sinh tiic la ldm cho than thd cudng trang, khdng bdnh tat; hai la hpc trj sinh, tiic la hpc phuong phdp ldm cho cd thiic dn, dd mac vd qudn li san nghiep;
ba Id hpc lam ngudi, lam qudc ddn tiic la hpc each ty kidm che vd each ddi xir vdi qudc gia xa hdi. Dat dugc ba dilu dy la
hgc hiiu dung, khdng dat dugc ba didu ay la hgc vd dung" [6, tr.72]. Nhu vay, npi dung giao dye cua Ddng Kinh nghia thuc tap trung d 3 vdn dl chinh Id diic due, tri due vd thd due.
Dd ed ndi dung gido due phii hgp vdi timg bdc hgc, cdc nhd canh tdn gido dye da phdn thdnh ba bdc hpc, bao gdm:
tidu hpc, trung hpc vd dai hpc. 6 bdc tieu hpc vd trung hpc, ngi dung ehinh Id trang bi nhimg kidn thiic pho thdng; cdn dai hgc, ndi dung chinh la di sdu vdo dao tao nganh. Tat cd ddu can cii theo trinh do hidu biet ciia ngudi hgc dd xdp idp.
Chuong trinh gidng day trong nha trudng tir kidn thiic pho thdng ddn cac nganh ddo tao thyc nghidp ddu la nhOng kien thiic qudc td, hidn dai, cap nhdt. Ngi dung gido dye ctia Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc chii trgng cdc ITnh vyc: chmh trj, kinh te, xa hpi nhdm dd ngudi ddn hidu biet ve quydn Ipi vd nghTa vy eiia minh, ve xa.hdi, qudc gia, thd gidi. Tuy vdn phdng theo chuang trinh nhd trudng thyc dan nhung dugc s o ^ theo myc dich tuydn truydn ddi mdi cd ndi dung yeu nude, keu gpi dodn kdt, bdi trir l6i hpc cii, khuyen hpc quoc ngO, diing hang san xuat trong nude, md mang cac nghd cdng thuong, sdng theo loi mdi.
"Bilt phdn cdng lao dpng, bilt diing may mdc, thi tilt kiem dugc siie ngudi, co nhilu v$t phdm, dd la eai lgi thii nhdt.
Nhung cd cdi lai, tdt cung cd eai hai kdm theo. Da phdn cdng thi mdi ngudi se chi ldm mgt vide, va sudt ddi khdng thay ddi.
Khi cdng xudng ddng cira thi cdng nhan mdt vide. Cd may mdc thi ngudi sdng vd nghi thu cdng se ohlt ddi. Bk trdnh cdi hgi dy, khdng cd each ndo khac Id md
mang vide hgc hdnh" [U, tr.95]. Dk ndi dung gidng day dd hidu, de nhd, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc edn bidn soan ngi dung dudi d^ng tho ca, ddng thdi bidn tap lai sdch dd "lam r5 cdi li tuong quan git^a nude vd ddn, lam cho hg bilt vi fri ciia hp trong xa hOi d chd ndo, chirc phdn ra sao, va lam the ndo dl gay y thire di qudc, ai qudn, bdi dudng tdi ndng ty tri, ty lap...
Phdm nude ma khdng cd gido due qudc ddn thi tram hg u md, khdng biet quoc gia la gi, chinh tri Id gi" [6, tr.46].
Khdng chi dimg lai d vide phe phdn nin giao due ciia Nho giao, Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc cdn phd phan nhtmg phong tuc tap qudn hu lau, nhu:
Ong khoa muc din thdy tong li Mdu tham dn vd sd lg ddi.
Sao khdng md mdt trong ngudi Ndm Chdu rgng rdi, sdu lodi dua tranh.
Cdn gilt thdi tham dn gidnh udng.
Chi chdu ddu trong chdn hudng thdn [6, tr.60].
Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc cdn dua ra nhOng Idi khuyen thiic tinh mpi ngudi:
Rdt hgi khdng gi bdng ddnh bgc, Thua sinh hu md dugrc ciing sinh hu.
Biit bao dieac dugc thua thua, Vi nhu gigt nu&c chin rd khdc ddu [6,fr.349].
Cac bdi gidng thudng hudng ddn bdi trir tp nan nghidn rupru, ma chay, cudi xin cd hu, nie tin di doan, khuydn hpc, chdn hung cdng thuong nghidp, fruyin bd tu tudng dan chu, cdng bdng, bdc di...
"Qudc ddn dpc ban" trang bj cho ngudi hpc nhiing kiln thiie ca bdn nhdt vd he
thdng ludt phdp, nha nude, quydn lgi va nghTa vu cua cdng dan. Vdi muc tidu khoi day long yeu nude, gido dye y thiie dan tdc, noi guong, tidp budc td tidn thi khdng cd mdn hpc ndo cd siic hap ddn vd tao ndn sire manh to ldn nhu mdn Lich su. Vi qua mdn lich sOr, mpi ngudi hidu rang: "Nude ta han bdn nghin nam nay cd ddi hung, ddi phi, nhung vdn la ngudi nude ta ldm chu" [6, tr.56].
Dd ngudi hgc ed the tidp can npi dung mdt cdch dd dang, Ddng Kinh nghia thuc da dua ra cdc phuang phdp tdi uu nham chuydn tdi kidn thiic ddn ngudi hpc. Ngay tir khi chuan bi phd bidn tri thirc canh tdn dd chdn hung ddt nude, Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc dd lya chpn vd phdt huy nhidu phuang thiic giao due khdc nhau nhu kd thira cdc phuang phap gido due cii cdn mang lai tinh hipu qud, ddng thdi tidp thu phuang phdp gido dye mdi cua thdi. dai nhu; diing van ty ciia Viet Nam; hidu dinh sdeh vd chii frpng ddn thyc tai ddt nude; thay ddi edeh thi cii bdng cdch bd ldi vdn bidn ngdu cu, chi thi Qudc ngii' vd Toan phap; ldy ngudi hgc ldm trung tdm, khuydn khich tinh than tu do thao ludn ciia ngudi hpc; phdt hidn nhdn tdi thuc su bdng cdch dua sinh vidn tdt nghidp vao thOr thdch qua cong tdc d cdc bp, vidn.
Ndu nhu trudc day trong Nho hpe eiia chd dp phong kidn tridu Nguyen diing chii Hdn ldm phuang tidn de truyin tai thdng tin, thi din nay chir qudc ngii" lai dupe lam phuang tidn chinh dd truyin tdi thdng tin din ngudi hgc. Qud trinh thay thd ndy ciing dd gap phai mudn van khd khan, thir thdch bdi chii Han da tdn tai
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(69) ndm 2015
Idu ddi vd gdn bd vdi cdc nhd nho Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, den dau thd ki XX, do tinh chdt vd nhu cdu tiep thu nhiing kidn thiic khoa hgc trdn thd gidi de dp dung vdo gido dye Viet Nam, cung nhu vide can thidt dd thidt lap mdt ndn giao dye dai chiing, gido due toan dan ndn cac sT phu cdp tidn Viet Nam nhan thdy chir Qudc ngti lai ed vai trd nhat dinh vd nd cd "khd nang bidu thi mpt each dd dang, chinh xdc bdt ki dm thanh ndo cua tidng Viet"
[12, fr.520]. Han niia, chir qudc ngii dugc cdu tao hdt siic don gidn, dd dpc, de nhd, chi cdn hgc tap vdi thang la cd the sir dyng dugc. Cde sT phu cdn ddnh gid: "Chi cd chii Qudc ngii vd mdn Qudc van mdi cd thd dimg ldm lgi khi sdc ben nhdt, phd thdng nhdt trong vide md mang ddn tri, gido due qudn chiing dd dua qudc gia tien kip theo da van minh eiia nhdn loai tren thd gidi" [1, tr.56]. Trong Van minh tdn hgc sach cdn khuyen: "Ngudi frong nude ndn hgc lay chtr qudc ngir de trong vai thdng, ddn bd tre con ddu biet chti vd ed thd dimg. Dd thyc Id budc ddu tien de md mang fri khdn vdy" [8, tr.l23]. Chii truong dgy chii qudc ngu the hien ddng thdi mdt loat tu tudng vd hdnh ddng tiln bd eiia Ddng Kinh nghia thue.
Ben cgnh vide lay chii qudc ngii lam phuang tidn truyen dat thi Ddng Kinh nghTa thye cdn sir dyng phuong phdp day hpc tich ciic nhu ldy ngudi hpc ldm frpng tdm. Ngudi thay day tir cdp thap phd cap ddn cap chuydn mdn ddi hdi phdi cd tam, ed tdm vd cd fri dd cd vdn cho ngudi hpc, hudng ddn phuang phdp cho ngudi hpc tidp can tri thiic vd ty hpc chii khdng ldm nhidm vy thay cho ngudi
hpc vd khdng xiic pham din nhdn pham hgc trd. Trong gid hpc, thdy ndu vdn dd de ngudi hgc gidi quydt van dd, ngudi hpc ty do tranh luan dd tim ra chan Ii.
Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc da dp dung mpt loat cdc phuang phap gidng day mdi, vdi nhidu hinh thiic sinh dpng nhu; gidng sdch, dpc bdo, binh van, didn thuydt va nhiing budi ngoai khda ndi chuydn thdi sy hoac khoa hpe nhdm khoi day tdi ndng, de sdng tao, kieh thich bdu nhiet huyet ciia ngudi hpc, "cho phep hgc fro ban bae tha hd, khdng phdi nd hd, khdng can thd each gi hdt. Rdi them vao dd m^y bai vd todn Phdp, ve chir Qudc ngu dl cho cdi md hgc sinh hgc va thi khdng frdi ngupc vdi vide hp thuc phai lam" [4, tr.l23].
Cdc phuong phap giao due de truydn tdi thdng tin cua Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc khdng cimg nhac ma ngugi lai hdt siic linh boat. Tiiy vdo chu de, tiiy doi tupng ma dua ra phuang phdp gido dye phii hpp, ed chu dd dugc sii dung bdng phuang phdp didn thuyet, giao luu; ed chu dd dupe phd cap bdng ca dao, tyc ngii... Phuang phdp dien thuyet dupe coi la mpt phuang phap gido due hdt sire mdi me chua timg cd frong lich sii gido dye Viet Nam. Vdi phuong phdp ndy thi thdy va frd duge thao ludn hdt siic tu do, soi ndi, khai gpi dugc khd ndng tu duy, sdng tao ddi vdi ngudi hpc.
3. Gia tri tir tirdng canh tSn gido due trong phong trao Dong Kinh nghia thyic
Mgc du tdn tai trong mdt thdi gian ngdn nhung tu tudng canh tan gido dye trong phong trao Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc
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dd dd lgi nhidu gia tri to ldn ddi vdi lich sir Viet Nam khdng chi trdn ITnh vyc giao due ma cdn tren cdc ITnh vyc khdc nhu chinh tri, tu tudng, van hda, xa hpi...
Tir nghien ciiu tren, chung tdi nit ra mdt sd gia tri trong ITnh vyc gido due nhu sau:
(i) Ndi dung gido due phdi ddp irng dugc nhu cdu cua xd hdi
Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc dd nhdn ra rdng mudn lam cho cugc each mgng gido due thdnh cdng thi trudc hit phai ehu trpng den vide xdy dyng ndi dung gido dye phii hpp vdi xu thd phat triln cua thdi dgi. BChi ndi dung gido dye dap img dugc nhu cau xa hdi thi sdn phdm ciia nd mdi cd ieh cho cdng ddng, vd nhu vdy gido dye mdi trd thdnh nhan td quan trpng gdp phdn vdo vide xdy dung ddt nude. Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc da gdn chat dupe tu duy li ludn vol tu duy khoa hpc. Didu dd dupe thd hidn d chd: Ddi vdi xa hdi, gido dye dugc gan lien vdi cdc mdn hgc khoa hge xd hdi; ddi vdi nen sdn xuat vat chdt, gido due dupe gdn lien vdi cdc mdn khoa hgc ty nhidn; vd ddi vdi chi'nh bdn thdn mdi ngudi, giao dye dupe the hien qua cdc hoat dpng xa hdi, kinh doanh, nghd thuat, vdn hda... Vi vdy, ndi dung gido due ciia Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc khdng chi dirng lgi d vide truydn dat tri thiie md cdn gdn tri thiic vdo cudc sdng. Ngudi thdy, nhd trudng khdng tdch rdi mdi lien he vdi xd hpi, qude gia vd ngudi hpc chinh Id trung tdm ciia qud trinh gido due. Giao dye phdi cd su kit hgp giira nhd trudng, gia dinh va todn xa hpi. Trong dd, trdch nhidm cung nhu khd ndng nhdn thiie cua ngudi thdy ddng vai trd quan trpng trong tiln
trinh cdi cdch giao due cua phong frao.
(ii) Ddi mdi gido due phdi bdt ddu tie tu duy vd phuang phdp
Chiing ta cd the thay cdc nhd tu tudng canh tan giao dye trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thuc khdng phdi la nhirng nhd gido dye hay nhting gido vien chuydn nghidp. Vd cupc van ddng canh tan gido due ciia hg thyc ra Id mgt cudc van ddng chinh tri. Tuy nhidn, tu tudng ciia Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc dupe xem la mdt ludng gid mdi thdi vdo tu duy gido due cua ngudi Viet Nam. Ldn ddu tien trong Ijch sir Vidt Nam, Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc da cdng khai phd phan tu tudng Nho gido ldi thdi, bdo thii, tri trd; ddng thdi khdi xudng vide ddi mdi tu duy vd phuang phdp trong each tiep can fri thiie phii hpp vdi thdi dgi. Quan diem ndy ciing dd gdp phdn thurc tinh ldng ydu nude cua dan tpc Viet Nam luc bdy gid, budc dau tdn cdng vdo he tu tudng Nho hpc phong kidn ldi thdi, md dudng cho tu tudng mdi. Tu tudng canh tdn giao dye trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc dd gpi ra nhiing y kien khd xdc dang vd muc dich giang dgy va hpe tap, vd nguydn Ii phuang chdm gido due qudc dan ciing nhu kinh nghidm truydn thy tri thire.
Phuang phap giao due trong phong trdo canh tan cilng dupe Ddng Kinh nghia thuc rdt chii trpng. Neu nhu trudc ddy Nho hpc lay ngudi thay ldm trung tdm thi den nay vai trd do lai dugc thay the bdi ngudi trd. Phuang phdp day hgc mdi ddi hdi ngudi hpc phai cd tinh thdn ty hgc, ty nghidn ciiu, biet cdch ddt vdn dd, dd xuat nhting y tudng mdi. Khdng
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) ndm 2015
dimg lai d do, cdc nhd tu tudng canh tan giao due trong phong trao Ddng Kinh nghTa thyc cdn da dgng hda phuang phdp dd phii hgp vdi timg ddi tugng vd timg mdn hgc.
(iii) Gdn viic dgy chie vdi dgy ngirdi, dgy nghi
Cde nha eanh tan gido due trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc dd ra ngi dung giao dye phai gdn vdi vide khoi ggi dupe tinh than yeu nude va tu cudng ddn tpc, gido dye cd nhidm vu khoi day long ydu nude d ngudi hpc de hp trd thdnh mpt ngudi yeu nude chdn chinh.
Thdng qua giao due, ngudi hpc khdng chi dugc hpc van hda hoac hpc nghd phii hpp vdi sd trudng, ma cdn cd dgo diic, tu duy vd cdc kidn thire can thidt dd Iam mpt cdng ddn tdt cd ich cho xa hdi. Nhu vay, quan didm gido due cua cdc nha canh tan trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc Id bdi duong thd lyc vd tri luc cho ngudi hpe.
Quan didm ciia cdc nhd tu tudng eanh tdn gido due trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thyc Id gido due phdi gdn vdi vide dinh hudng nghd nghidp. Cd thd ndi, lan ddu tidn trong ndn gido dye Viet Nam, ngudi hpc dugc hgc nhidu mdn thudc khoa hpc xa hdi vd khoa hgc ty nhidn (thidn van, dja Ii, vat li, hda hgc, todn hgc, thd due...). Mac dii tdn tgi trong thdi gian ngdn, nhung kidn thiic lidn quan din thyc nghidp chi mang tinh chat khai tdm nhung nd da cd sy chuyin bidn rdt ldn so vdi Nho hpc trude day.
Ddng Kinh nghTa thye mudn ddo tao ra sdn phdm uu vidt de ddy manh sdn xudt, dua kinh td nude nhd tidn ldn trinh do co
khi, md rdng thi trudng trong va ngodi nude.
Gid tri thie tie Id di cao tinh nhdn vdn trong gido due. Tu tudng canh tdn trong gido due cua phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thyc phii hgp vdi yeu eau ciia thdi dai, tu duy giao due ed su ddi mdi so vdi tu tudng bdo thii Ige hgu cua thdi cugc.
Cdng hien ldn nhdt eiia phong frdo la ndng cao dan fri, khoi ggi gia tri nhan vdn vd nhdn ai. Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc da vugt qua pham vi eiia minh de trd thanh mgt phong trdo truyen ba tu tudng, tri thiic sdu rdng, gdp phdn vao vide xdy dung mdt ndn gido dye "canh tan", khoi day ldng yeu nude, y thiie ddn tgc cua nhdn ddn, chu trgng giao due rihdn cdch dgo diic. Vi vdy, ndi dung gido dye trong phong trao het siie coi trgng vide frau ddi tinh than ydu nude cho todn dan, trudc hdt la thanh thidu nidn. Ddng Kinh nghTa thue bat ddu xdy dyng mdt ndn giao due hoan toan mdi nhdm thye hidn myc tieu chinh tri giai phdng ddn tpc ra khdi dch xam lupc. Md hinh gido dye trong phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc gdn liln vdi xa hdi vd de cao phuang chdm ty lyc cdnh sinh, lidn he ehdt che vdi qudn chiing vdi xd hpi dd xdy dyng va cung cd nhd frudng. Phong frao ddu cd tinh quan chiing rdng ldn the hidn mdt bude tidn bd mdi, budc tiln dang kd vd mat ddn tri cung nhu thd hidn khd rd sire mgnh eiia quan ehiing.
Phong trao dd dd lai mot nin tang li lugn vl xdy dyng mdt xd hpi theo dudng ldi duy tdn, cdi cdch toan didn xd hdi mpt cdch hda binh, cdng khai, hpp phdp... Tu tudng canh tdn frong gido due eua phong trdo Ddng Kinh nghia thuc hudng tdi vide hodn
thien con ngucri va giai phong con nguoi thoi gian khong dai va khong the lam cho khoi bat cong, ap bite, huong toi viec hoan xa hoi thay doi can ban, nhimg co the thien cai dep o hp. thiy day la tu tuong d6i moi hk siic 4. Ket luan- mSnh liet. Phong trao canh tan trong giao
Co the noi rang tu tuong canh tan due da co nhihig gia tri nhit dinh nhu phe cua phong trao Dong Kinh nghia thuc phan quyfa liet tu tuong tri tre, bao thii nhu mot luong gio moi dSu tien th6i vao cua Nho gia, tiSp thu cai moi, cai hien dai nen giao due Viet Nam. Mac du ra doi tren thS gioi dk xay dung mgt ngn giao trong mgt giai doan dSy bien dong ciia due dgc dao, tien tito ciia Viet Nam thich lich sir Viet Nam, chi tdn tai trong mot nghi vol thoi dai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Vu Han (1973), Van hoc Viet Nam Ihi ki XD( - tiin bdn thi ki XX (1800 - 1945), Nha sach Khai Tri xuat ban, Sai Gon.
2. Ly Tiing HiSu (2005), Luang Vdn Can vd phong trdo duy tdn Dong Du, Nxb Van hoa Sai Gon.
3. Nguyen HiSn Le (2000), Dong Kinh nghia thuc, Nxb Van hoa thong tin.
4. Phan Nggc Lien (2006), Gido due vd thi cir Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hgc su pham Ha Ngi.
5. Dang Thai Mai (1974), Vdn tha each mang Viet Nam ddu thi ki XX, Nxb Van hgc.
Ha Ngi.
6. Vu Van Sach, Vu Thi Minh Huong, Philippe Papin (1997), Vdn tha Bong Kinh nghia thuc, Nxb Van Hoa, Ha Ngi.
7. Chuong Thau (1996), Tir Khdnh Ifng nghia thuc cua Nhdt Bdn din Dong Kinh nghia thuc a Viet Nam, Tgp chi Nghien ciru Nhgt Bdn, (2).
8. Chuong Thau (1997), Dong Kinh nghia thuc vd phong trdo cdi cdch vdn hoa ddu the ki XX, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin.
9. Nguyen Dang Tien (chii bien), Nguyin Tien Doan, Ho Thi Hong, Hoang Manh Kha (1996), Lich sir gido due Viet Nam truac cdch mgng thdng 8 - 1945, Nxh Giao due.
10. Pham Hong Tung (2008), Vgn hog chinh tri vd lich sir dudi goc nhin vdn hda chinh tri, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Ngi.
11. Vien Viln Dong Bac co Phap (1997), Vdn tha Dong Kinh nghia thuc, Nxb Van hoa.
Ha Ngi.
12. Trin Hai Yin (2002), Nhin lgi vdn hoc Viet Nam thi ki XX, Nxb Chinh tri QuIc gia.
Ha Ngi.
(Ngiy Tda soan nhin dime bii: 05-8-2014: ngiyphin bien danh gii: 15-8-2014:
ngiy chip nhin ding: 15 -4-2015)
