KHOA HOC & PHAT TRieN
YEU TO
THANH CONG TRONG CNC
• Oinh The Phong
MUCTl£U P H A T T R | £ N K H A C M U C T I C U KINH DOANH
CNC d cac nudc dang phdt trien va cdc nude chuyen ddi tu nen kinh te tgp trung thudng cd hai myc tieu. Mot: myc tieu mang tinh phdt trien qude gia {gpi tat: myc tidu phat trign) mang tinh dai han, vi du: nang cao tigm lyc KHCN, tgo ra nhiing nganh mdi, vv. Hai: myc tieu kinh doanh mang tinh thj trudng, thudng ngdn han hon, vi du: dg trang trdi chi phi hogt dgng hay dau tu cho muc tigu phdt trien. Khdng xdc djnh, tdch bach tdt hai myc tidu ndy ddn den chang dgt dupc mue tigu nao cd. Day la nguyen nhdn ciia viec da sd cac khu CNC d nudc dang phat trien it thanh cdng hay khdng hoat ddng.
d cdc nude phat trign, hai myc tigu nay triing khdp hay rdt gan nhau ngn viec xac dinh, tdch bgch vd quan ly chimg khdng qua khd khdn. Nhung ddi vdi cae nudc dang phat trien va cac nude chuyen ddi tu nen kinh tg tap trung, vigc ndy khd khan hon vi:
- hai myc tieu trgn (phat trign va kinh doanh) CO the khdc nhau, tham chi mdu thuan nhau trong giai doan nhit dinh;
- eac nudc dang phat trien cd nhieu vigc phdi lam, ddt nhieu tham vgng duy y chi vd thieu thyc tg, nhung vdn the hien tren chinh sach ldm CO quan thi hdnh khd ung xu;
- chua tao ra dugc thi trudng CNC ngi dja, chua hd trg du de DN tham gia thi trudng CNC bdn ngodi.
Myc tieu phdt trign trong KHCN khdng phai la dya mai vao ngudn nha nudc ma phai tao ra thj trudng ty do to Idn han rat nhieu. Vi vay.
Khd khdn khi phat trien cong nghe cao (CNC) hay D6\ mdi-S^ng tao (DMST) d cdc nudc dang phat tri^n hodc chuyen doi td n^n kinh te tap trung trUdc het chU(i phdi it chuyen mon khoa hoc-cong nghe ma d viec nhan biet dung ve minh, ve the gidi va tim ra each lam, mo hinh thich hdp.
mgt tigu chi de danh gia CNC thanh cdng Id d ty Ig tham gia ciia DN tu nhdn trong do. Neu nha nude khdng hd trg tao ra thj trudng cho CNC thi it nhat eung khdng dua ra cac chinh sdch dnh hudng xdu ddn thj trudng.
Bgn canh mdt thi trudng CNC the gidi Idn manh, myc tidu phat trien CNC cua cac nudc ygu khdng the xuat phat chii yeu tir y chi va cac ygu Id qudc gia md phdi xuat phat tit ben ngodi. Khdng gan vdi hg thdng CNC the gidi thi khdng tdn tgi dugc.
Nhung ldm CNC khdng phdi de ty cung ty cdp hay thay the hdng nhdp vi didu nay khdng khd thi do vdn mua cdng nghg qua Idn ma san lugng de dimg npi dja chua dgt digm hda vdn {break-even-point).
Vi vdy, CNC theo myc tigu phat trien hay myc tieu kinh doanh dgu phdi gan vdi thi trudng CNC ben ngodi.
Dau tu CNC cho myc tigu phdt trien khd khan vi phai tgo ra thj trudng (ngi hay ngogi thi) trong khi CNC de kinh doanh {ehii ydu de xuat khau) thi hau nhu khdng (ngoai mot sd viec tidp thi). Vigc tao thj trudng KHCN doi mdi {KHCNDM) d nhung nudc cham phdt trien Id rat khd vi nhu cdu CNC ngi dja thap va chu yeu phai xuat khdu. Dieu nay cang khd hon khi yeu cau CNC phai de tieu dimg ngi dia nhung lai phdi sinh Idi vi day la hai dieu mau thuan.
S 6 1 8 . N G A Y 20.9.2012 www. tiasang.com.vn T H ^ ? 9 25
KHOAHQC & PHAT TRI£N
G A N V O I THI TRUONG CNC B C N N G O A I
C^NC nudc dang phdt trien can gdn k^t vdi CNC bgn ngodi vi phy thugc cd ve d^u vdo (nguygn v§t !i§u, sd hii-u tri tug, ban quyen, vv) vd dau ra (xudt khau san phdm). Neu ehi dya trgn nhu c4u vd dau vdo n^i dja thi dy dn sS khdng khd thi vd bd 15 ca hgi kinh doanh,
Gdn vdi thj trudng CNC bdn ngodi khdng cd nghTa phdi kinh doanh vdi bdn ngodi md Id bi^t bgn ngodi hg ldm gi, c6 dnh hudng den ta th^ ndo, vv: Tir dd md hogch djnh de ldm vdi hp. Dd Id "Tu duy todn c^u, hdnh dgng dja phuong" {Think globally, act locally). CNC mang tinh todn cau hda r^t cao. Neu khdng ndm bdt, gdn ket vd phdn dng linh hogt dugc vdi thi trudng CNC bdn
HMi 1: MO hkih Khoa hQC-OOng ngh0 t u y ^ tinh
N ^ i t e c * « PtiilM§B
CNC theo muc tieu phdt trien hay muc tieu kinh doanh d i u phdi gdn vdi thj tfUdng CNC ben ngodi. Gin vdi thj trUdng CNC b i n ngodi khong cd nghia phdi kinh doanh vdi ben ngoai ma Id biet ben ngodi ho ldm g), cd dnh hUdng den ta the nao, vv: Tii do ma hoach dinh d l ldm vdi ho. Dd Id "TU duy toan cau, hanh dong dia phUtmg"
H n h 2 : M d hinh D A I m v f - Sang taio v a tniT
N g o n cOfy n t f e b£n
vdibfrirgoS N e n t p
ngodi Ihi khong the khd thi.
CNC nudc dang phdt trien phdi gdn vdi chuoi CNC the gidi vi ta chi "bdn" duge mgt vdi cdng dogn nhat djnh vd chi nhu-ng chuSi cung dng qu6c t^ mdi cd kha ndng "mua" cac cdng dogn ndy de ghdp vdo chuSi ciia hg. Vi vgy, gdn vdi CNC the gidi sS tgn dyng t6i da sy chuydn mon hda cua tirng nudc, tung DN. Cac mdt cdn d6i, cdc ti^m ndng chua su dyng den trong nudc c6 thd tim ra cdc "mdnh ghep" toi uu trdn thj trudng the gidi dd hgp tdc kinh doanh.
Chu dgng hogch djnh vigc gdn ket vdo ehudi cung ung CNC se tgo digu kien ket hpp vdi phdt trien CNC quoc gia, cung cdp nhan cdng tri thuc, gia tdng sy epng ndng (syner^) CNC. lang sy lan tda CN ciia FDI vd thdnh lap cae chiim cong nghigp phy trg, chiim DMST.
Hda nhdp chudi cung ung CNC the gidi ndn bat ddu tu cac cdng doan san xuat {business process outsourcing, BPO) rdi nang cap dan len edc cdng doan tham dyng tri thuc {knowledge process outsourcing, KPO). Khi hda nhgp chuoi cung ung edn tan dyng tdl da cac the manh nhu:
digu kign thien nhien, dja ly, ky ndng bdm sinh san cd hay hien trgng eiia eae ea sd ha tang, w.
Khi gdn vdi chuoi cung ung ben ngoai, DN cac nudc dang phdt trign dugc cung cap CN, ky nang, chia se tiep thj, R&D, vv.
Mgt digu quan trgng la viec gan vdi bgn ngodi mang tinh chuyen mon, ky thuat, vi vay can dupc hoach dinh ngay d cdc phong ban chuyen mon, chu khdng d phdng Ddi ngoai hay Hgp tac qudc tg.
Chi CO nhu vay thi mdi thyc sy gan ket cdng vide dugc.
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Ap DUNG M d HlNH o 6 l M O I - S A N G T A O " M d ' '
Mo hinh ddi mdi-sang tgo
"md" {open innovation, viet tat:
DMST md) dugc GS. Henry
2 6 TiE^PS!D9 s d 18. NGAY 20.9.2012
KHOA HOC & P H A T TRieN_
Vudn hoa cong nghe cao tai D i Lat
Chesbrough, Dgi hpc UC Berkeley, My, de xuat trong tac phdm "DMST md-Menh linh mdi di tgo dung id sinh lai tir Cong nghe " nam 2003
Trong DMST md. td chuc hay DN DMST su dyng hpp ly cac ludng nhap vd xudt tri thuc dg gia tang DMST eua minh vd qua do, thi trudng su dung chung ve DMST trgn thg giai se dupc md rdng rat nhieu.
Theo OECD, 51% cdc edng ty da qude gia hang dau thud khodn ngodi tdi 5% ehi phi R&D va 31 % thue khodn ngoai tdi 10% chi phi R&D cua hp. Nhu cdu thug khoan ngodi ciia the gidi trong CNTT ludn vupt kha nang dap ung va dy kien se len ddn 18%. Tdng gia tri thug khodn ngoai hang nam trgn thg giai vg IT la 118 ty USD (trong giai doan 2006-2008). Lam cac thue khoan tham dyng tn thuc {KPO) trong CNTT Id loi nhdt vi chi phi dau tu chi la 1:7.500 so vdi lam thue khoan cdng doan san xudt (BPO).
Trong DMST md, DN nhd co uu the sau:
- phan ung linh hoat han va cd nhirng mang ludi hgp tac theo chuyen nganh sau han;
- chuyen mdn hda hon ve thj trudng ngdch, phan khiic thi trudng nhd le (niche, narrow market segments) ma eae cdng ty da qudc gia bd qua;
- CO the hogt dgng d nhidu nai tren the gidi ngn se hudng Igi qua kinh tg quy md vdi cdc chudi cung ung khac nhau.
Trong md hinh KHCNDM "ddng" vdi dac trung Id: CN dugc khdi tgo tu KH cung hg thdng vd it trao ddi KH, SHTT vdi ben ngoai.
Md hinh KHCNDM md (Hinh 2) cd nhiing dac tinh md sau
- CN khdng ehi Id cdng doan tidp theo KH (trong ciing hg thdng) md "md" ra trao ddi tri thuc, SHTT vdi ben ngodi;
- Tinh "md" the hign d: 1/ Ranh gidi gida KH vd CN ngdy cang khdng rd 2/ Tu mgi chd trong chudi KHCNDM deu cd the cd cac "nga re" ra thi trudng dudi dang chuygn giao CN, mua ban SHTT, thanh lap DN {spin-off) hay thuong mai hda do cac du dn dau tu mao hiem (venture capi- tal, vv):
Ddc digm md hinh DMST trong CNC.
- Vdn de thj trudng, md hinh kinh doanh quan trpng han nghien cuu vg san pham;
- DMST md trong CNC yeu cau gan chat vao mang ludi DMST md (Open Innovation Network) tren thg gidi de: 1/ tiep thi de cd hop ddng, mua dau vao (SHTT, CN, vv), nam bat xu hudng 2/
xuat khdu sdn pham, vv.
- Ban ddu uu tien DMST phi CN {VD: thay md
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KHOA HOC & PHAT TRieN
BJngso l i n h gifia hai md hinh KHCNDM dong v i md
M6h)nh KHCNDM "dbng"
"Mu vjio'ciia CN phv t h u ^ ' d j u la cua KH (c6 luo nhl&u KH thi c6 bjy nhi&u CN, kA qui KH kim tinh ihig d^ng th) CN thira hUdng, vv)
T6n tfl v i khAng tfn d^ng du^c nhOng phit Irlln khAng dfing bO. mSt cin 66\. lit thf mf nh vu^t tr(tl trong h^ th6ng
Phil trifn KHCNDM phij thu^c vio vdn, silc mua cua nfn ktnh tf trong nifdc
Hiu hft ngirM t i i gi6i lim trong l6 chifc cCa ta
Ta phii tu phit minh, phit irifn, sin xuit-klnh doanh, phin phdi...
L^i nhuin chu yfu di/a trfn phit minh sing chf, nghifn cilu-phit trifn
KhAng phit minh, khim phi se khong kmh doanh KHCNDM diToc
Al dua sin ph Jm ra thj trutmg inflh sf thing 1^
Ai cd duoc phin Idn cic y tuAng hay nhJt th) sf thing
Phii gidchit cic SHTT cua ta df doi thu khAng dugc hudng igi tir cic SHndd
MA h)nh KHCNDM "mar
Cd thf mua SHTT, bin quyf n, tri thilc, qu^ d^u it/ mao hifm ben ngoai df lim CN
Tin d^ng, phit huy dif(tc cic phit trifn khdng dAng b(, mjt cjn ddi, cic thf mf nh vu(n tr^l cOa hf thSng, tf o ra cic nginh kinh tf mOi nhgn, din dfn cic chuyf n djch cSn bin vf ciu tnic nfn kinh tf theo hudng kmh tf tri thij'c, phit trlfn"phl nAng nghifp"nhu Singapore, HongKong, vv.
KHCNOU cd hai phin: phin ndi ning vi phjn hfp tic vdi bfn ngoil (ft hay khdng phu thuOc vdn, silc mua ndi d|a)
Khdng phii hiu hft ngirdi gidi lim cho ta: Cii chinh l i : thu d^ng duoc tn thik d M n ngoil
Thuf khoin ngoii vf R&D hay sin xuit-kinh doanh cd Icri cho ci bfn lim thuf khoinvibfnlhuf khoin
Df cd Idi nhuin khAng nhit thift phii xuit phit til nghifn cult
Da sA cic kinh doanh KHCNDM khdng phii d ^ trfn ; ^ i t minh, khim phi cda chinh minh
Cd md h)nh kinh doanh tdt quan trong hon Ala ra thi tnfAng trUdc
Al sir dung mdt cich hifu qua nhit cic y tudng trong vi ngoil cdng ty thi se thing
Bin, mua SHTT vdi bfn ngoii dfu cd lof nfu lim hop ly
hinh kinh doanh) ban DMST trong R&D. CN vi ddu tu thdp. it phy thuQC ben ngoai, vv;
- Chii y kinh doanh d ngoai vi cdc CN {edge of the market) vi d dd cd nhidu cdi dg DMST hon va it ygu cdu nang lyc cao vg KHCNDM (thay vi d trung tdm cdc CN); Tuong ty nhu vgy, CNC nudc dang phat trien khong ngn chii trpng vdo CN
"ngudn";
- Muc tigu phat trien vd myc tieu kinh doanh khdc nhau vd cung yeu edu cd cdc md hinh DMST md khde nhau.
DMST md quan hg chat che vdi SHTT md cdc nudc vdi nen KHCNDM "ddng" chua quen, Quan he giua DMST md vdi SHTT cd nhung dge trung:
- Mua-Bdn SHTT gia tang, tgo ra edc thj trudng trung gian ve SHTTvd ciing nang dgng;
- Tang thgm nhidu each de lap cdc DN (spin- off) qua cac hang mye ddu tu vg SHTT;
- Tang khd nang thdm nhdp edc thj tnrdng hay ITnh vyc kinh doanh mdi;
- DN DMST d nude dang phat trien se cd them cac ngudn dau tu, cung cdp dich vy, ky ndng quan ly, vv tu cdc quy dau mao hiem nudc ngodi;
- Cac nudc dang phdt trien cd the tiep cgn vdi kho tang ket qua nghien cuu khoa hoc to Idn hon
nhieu so vdi ngudn trong nudc de tgn dgng the mgnh ve chuyen mon, tri thuc ciia hp de tao ra CN;
- Tang sy nhgy ben, linh boat, thich ung vdi thj trudng ciia trudng dgi hpc, vicn. vm nhidu md hinh kinh doanh, logi ddi tac, cdc thj trudng ngoai nudc;
- Tang linh higu qud vd gidm thieu KHC- NDM nhd nudc.
***
Ban dd DMST hay mang ludi DMST cua the gidi {Global innovation Networks) khdng ve theo cac nude do eon ngudi dat ra md theo nhung tieu chi ty than ciia nd. Mang ludi nay, mpt mgt la thdch thue khd vupt vdi nhidu nude, nhung mgt khdc lai md ra co hdi rpng ehua tung cd cho cde nudc dang phdt tridn co the su dyng thg manh sdng tao, tri thuc ciia minh de binh dang phdt trign, digu md hp khd ldm dupe neu "ddng cua". Ddi-mdi hay ky nguyen Sang tao, theo GS. R. Florida, la "trd choi vd Cling md..." {The Creative Age is a wide-open game). Trong dd, tieu chi chpn Ipc de sinh tdn khdng phdi Vat-chat, Tai-nguygn thien nhien md Tri-thuc vd Nang-lyc nam bat
CO h p i . i_i
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