vi
KARAKTERISASI DAN SKRINING FITOKIMIA SERTA UJI EFEK ANTIDIARE EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI SARANG SEMUT (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.)
PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN
ABSTRAK
Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan salah satu penyebab kematian di Indonesia. Tumbuhan sarang semut (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.) telah digunakan secara empiris untuk mengobati diare. Tumbuhan sarang semut mengandung tanin yang berpotensi mengurangi intensitas diare. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik simplisia, golongan senyawa kimia simplisia dan ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut serta efek ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut sebagai antidiare.
Simplisia umbi sarang semut dikarakterisasi dan diskrining fitokimia. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Maserat yang diperoleh diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator selanjutnya difreeze dryer. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diskrining fitokimia dan diuji efek antidiare ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut terhadap tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi oleum ricini menggunakan metode intestinal transit/metode lintasan usus halus yaitu menghitung persen lintas yang dilewati norit sebagai marker dan loperamid HCl sebagai pembanding.
Hasil makroskopik simplisia umbi sarang semut berupa potongan-potongan yang berlubang atau berongga, berwarna coklat kehitaman, berbau menyengat, berasa pahit dan agak sepat. Hasil mikroskopik serbuk simplisia terlihat adanya butir pati, parenkim, dan pembuluh kayu. Hasil penetapan kadar air simplisia umbi sarang semut diperoleh 7,98%, kadar sari larut air 6,95%, kadar sari larut etanol 5,75%, kadar abu total 2,80%, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,25%. Hasil skrining fitokimia simplisia dan ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut diperoleh senyawa flavonoid, glikosida, saponin, tanin, steroid/ triterpenoid. Ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut mempunyai efek sebagai antidiare. Hasil uji efek antidiare kelompok norit diperoleh persen lintas marker norit (74,63 ± 0,23), oleum ricini dan norit (87,54 ± 0,78), ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut dosis 2,5 mg/kg bb (66,46 ± 0,82), dosis 5 mg/kg bb (62,56 ± 0,45), dosis 7,5 mg/kg bb (55,37 ± 1,23), dosis 10 mg/kg bb (35,41 ± 0,98), dan loperamid HCl dosis 0,4 mg/kg bb (44,97 ± 1,20). Ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut dosis 10 mg/kg bb mempunyai efek antidiare yang lebih baik dibandingkan loperamid HCl dosis 0,4 mg/kg bb, dan dosis 2,5, 5, 7,5 mg/kg bb (p < 0,05).
Kata kunci: antidiare, metode lintasan usus halus, ekstrak etanol umbi sarang semut
vii
CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDIARRHEAL TEST EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT
OF ANT PLANT (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.) ON WHITE MALE RATS
ABSTRACT
Diarrhea is a public health problem and one causes of death in Indonesia. Ant plant (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack.) have been used empirically to treat diarrhea. Ant plant contain tannins have been potentially reduce the intensity of diarrhea. The purpose of this study are to understand about the characteristics of simplicia, chemical compounds of simplicia and ethanol extracts of ant plant and its antidiarrheal effect.
The simplicia ant plant characterization and phytochemical screening. Extraction is done by maserating using ethanol solvent 70%. Maserat that gained is evaporated by rotary evaporator then extract by freeze dryer. The extract that gained from previous process phytochemical screening and the antidiarrheal activity test of ethanol extract of ant plant on white male rats induced oleum ricini used intestinal transit method which by calculating the percentage of traffic that passed norit as a marker and loperamid HCl as control.
Macroscopic results of ant plant simplicia was small pieces perforated or hollow, brown to blackish, it was odor, taste bitter and a bit acidic. Microscopic results of simplicia powder showed starches, parenchyma, and xylem. The simplicia ant plant has the water content value was 7.98%, the water soluble extract of simplicia value was 6.95%, the ethanol soluble extract of simplicia value was 5.75%, the total ash value was 2.80%, and the acid insoluble ash was 0.25%. The result of phytochemical screening showed that simplicia and ethanol extract ant plant contained flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids. The ethanol extract of ant plant have antidiarrheal effects. The results antidiarrheal effect of norit group of cross marker norit percent (74.63 ± 0.23), oleum ricini and norit (87.54 ± 0.78), the ethanol extract ant plant a dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw (66.46 ± 0.82), a dose of 5 mg/kg bw (62.56 ± 0.45), a dose of 7.5 mg/kg bw (55.37 ± 1.23), a dose of 10 mg/kg bw (35.41 ± 0.98), and loperamide HCl dose of 0.4 mg/kg bw (44.97 ± 1.20). The ethanol extract of ant plant dose of 10 mg/kg bw have antidiarrheal effects better than loperamide HCl dose of 0.4 mg/kg bw, and dose of 2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg bw (p < 0.05).
Keywords: antidiarrheal, transit intestinal method, ethanol extract of ant plant
