Effe ct of Or ga n ic M a t t e r s An d W a t e r St r e ss On
Pe r for m a n ce of Rice in Ve ge t a t iv e Ph a se
1
* Cut Nur I chsan,
1Erida Nurahm i,
1Okt rya Rochm ad,
1Bakht iar,
1Efendi,
1Sabaruddin
1
Depart m ent of Agrot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ure, Syiah Kuala Universit y, Darussalam ,
Banda Aceh 23111, I ndonesia;
* Corresponding Aut hor
: cut _nurichsan@unsyiah.ac.id
Abst r a ct
Drought becom e a m aj or lim it ing fact or in w orld cereal prod uct ion. Various m et hods are used t o solv e t his problem such as irrigat ion m anagem ent by m anaging t he soil m oist ure effect iv ely for t he plant s t o grow norm ally . Anot her w ay t o im prov e t h e w at er holding capacit y w it h t he addit ion of organic m at t er in soil. Anot her w ay by plant ing drought t olerant rice v ariet ies. Drought - t olerant rice v ariet ies lik e I npago 8 w it h v arious doses of organic m at t er and w at er st ress at v eget at iv e phase t reat m ent done t o analy ze t he change of rice plant perfor m ance at t he v eget at iv e phase of t he rice crop due t o drought and organic m at t er dose. At v ery low w at er cont ent , w h ich happened repeat edly during t he v eget at iv e phase causes t he change in root grow t h, plant height , lengt h and w idt h of rice leaf significant ly .
Ke y w or ds: Organic Mat t er, w at er st ress, rice, v eget at iv e
I n t r od u ct ion
The effect of global warm ing need t o be addressed urgent ly t o alleviate t he negat ive im pact s that could be caused low product ion of m aj or crops in t he world ( I PPC, 2007) . Cereal crops such as rice are very sensit ive t o wat er short ages. Product ion of rice in dry season in Aceh was 5.4 t on/ ha for rice field and 2.4 ton/ ha for upland rice field ( BPS, 2014). Because t his plant is basically a plant t hat grows in watery condit ions. To resolve this issue, water m anagem ent required to deliver wat er to t he boundary t hat allows t he plant t o grow norm ally ( De Dat ta, 1981) .
For a plant to grow norm ally requires to im prove soil m oist ure in plant root ing m edium by adding organic m at ter to increase t he water holding capacity of t he soil. The addit ion of organic m att er can provide benefits of im provem ent in physical, chem ical and biological fert ilit y of soil. Physical im provem ents such as water- holding capacit y due t o organic m at ter funct ion in changing the soil st ruct ure. Porosit y is expected t o m inim ize t he effect s of drought t hat happens frequent ly in t he last decade. I t is necessary for adapt ive cropping pat terns t o m it igat e drought effect in rice cult ivat ion.
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t h ods Pr oce d ur e
This research was conducted at plast ic green house at BPPT Lam pineung in Syiah Kuala dist rict with daily t em perat ure of 28° C up to34 ° C , from January t o April 2014. The st udy was conduct ed in a random ized block design wit h a 4x4 fact orial wit h 3 replicat ions. The t reat m ent fact or were wat er st ress and organic m at ter consist ing of four levels equall t o 0, 20, 30, 60 tons per hect are. While water st ress consist s of four levels which are well wat ering every day, st op watering unt il t he leaves roll up t o form a shallow V, deeply V rolled leaf, and form ing a shallow U rolled leaf,and t hen cont inue watering. Assessm ent of rolled leaf based on evaluat ion score of rolled leaf effect of drought ( I RRI , 2002) .
Each polybag filled wit h 10 kg of soil. Organic m at t er used for t he t reatm ent was rice st raw com post . urea fert ilizer equivalent t o 200 kg per hect are, SP36, 150 kg per hect are, KCl 50 kg per hectare. The param eters observed in rice vegetat ive phase, were plant height , leaf lengt h, leaf widt h, num ber of t illers, weight of root and root volum e. Plant height is m easured from t he ground t o t he t ip of t he highest leaf clum ps of plant s. Leaf widt h m easured at t he center of t he leaves on t he sam e leaves t hat have been m arked. Weight root weighed at t he age of 60 days aft er the root s are washed clean and wipe with a dry t issue. Root volum e is m easured by wat er replacem ent m et hod ( I RRI 2012).
D a t a An a lysis
Analysis ovarian used t o see t he effect of organic m at t er and water st ress ( F t est ) . The significance in level of t he t reat m ent analyses wit h t his significant difference ( LSD 0.05)
Resu lts a nd D iscussion
Tabel 1. Effect of organic m at t ers on t he perform ance of t h e rice plant s at v eget at iv e phase
No Param et er Dose Treat m ent of Organic m at t ers ( T/ ha)
0 20 30 60 LSD
0.05
1 Plant height 15 DAP ( cm ) 28,67 b 31,67 c 29,08 b 24,00 a 0,92
2 Plant height 30 DAP ( cm ) 46,25 b 55,75 c 46,00 b 31,50 a 1,35
3 Plant height 45 DAP ( cm ) 63,00 c 73,25 d 61,00 b 54,92 a 1,98
4 Plant height 60 DAP ( cm ) 79,75 b 99,45 c 83,20 b 74,53 a 2,78
5 Num ber of t illers 15 DAP ( perhill) 1,42 a 2,00 c 1,42 a 1,58 b 0,11 6 Num ber of t illers 30 DAP ( perhill) 5,25 a 8,00 c 6,17 b 5,72 a 0,30 7 Num ber of t illers 45 DAP ( perhill) 10,58 b 15,25 b 11,33 c 8,58 a 0,54 8 Num ber of t illers 60 DAP ( perhill) 20,92 b 22,58 c 21,08 b 17,50 a 0,92
9 leaf lengt h 30 DAP ( cm ) 14,42 c 17,75 d 12,42 b 10,08 a 0,64
10 leaf lengt h 45 DAP ( cm ) 22,25 c 27,92 d 20,75 b 14,42 1,08
11 leaf lengt h 60 DAP ( cm ) 34,00 b 43,33 b 36,08 c 25,00 a 1,66
12 leaf lengt h 30 DAP ( cm ) 0,57 b 0,63 d 0,60 c 0,53 a 0,01
13 leaf w idt h 45 DAP ( cm ) 0,84 a 1,02 c 0,95 b 0,81 a 0,05
14 leaf w idt h 60 DAP ( cm ) 1,36 b 1,50 d 1,44 c 1,18 a 0,05
15 Root w eight ( g) 29,08 a 76,58 d 43,88 b 51,69 c 1,82
16 Root v olum e ( cm3) 63,33 a 120,83 d 79,17 b 84,17 c 3,40
Tabel 2. Effect of int erv al w at ering of t he appearance of t he rice plant s in t he v eget at iv e phase
No Param et er Wat er St ress t reat m ent
S0 S1 S2 S3 LSD
0,05
1 leaf lengt h 30 DAP ( cm ) 14,46 c 13,67 b 12,25 a 12,67 a 0,64
2 leaf lengt h 45 DAP ( cm ) 22,87 c 19,17 a 19,50 a 21,25 b 1,08
3 leaf lengt h 60 DAP ( cm ) 36,95 b 33,08 a 33,49 a 34,33 a 1,66
4 leaf w idt h 30 DAP 0,59 b 0,64 c 0,55 a 0,56 a 0,01
5 leaf w idt h 45 DAP ( cm ) 0,93 0,97 0,88 0,88 -
6 leaf w idt h 60 DAP ( cm ) 1,42 1,45 1,33 1,37 -
7 Root w eight 60 DAP ( g) 51,06 c 52,23 d 47,66 b 30,78 a 1,82
8 Root v olum e 60 DAP ( cm3) 89,49 c 88,33 c 82,50 b 70,90 a 3,40
I nt eract ion bet ween doses of organic m at ter and wat er st ress on t he appearance of t he rice plants veget at ive phase.
Tabel 3. Av erage lengt h of rice leaf ( cm ) age 30 DAP due t o t he dosage of organic m at t er and w at er st ress.
No
Dose of Organic
Mat t er
( T/ ha)
Wat er St ress t reat m ent
S1 S2 S3 S4
1. 0 18,33 Cd 13,33 Bb 10,00 Aa 16,00 Dc
2. 20 24,33 Dc 17,67 Db 17,67 Db 11,33 Ba
3. 30 12,00 Bb 14,00 Cd 10,33 Ba 13,33 Cc
4. 60 9,67 Aa 9,67 Aa 11,00 Cc 10,00 Ab
BNT 0, 05 0,16
on t he num ber of t illers at the age of 15, 30, 45, 60 days aft er plant ing ( DAP) , leaf lengt h, leaf widt h, weight of roots and root volum e. But increasing organic m at ter from 20 t o 30 tons per hectare decreased plant height , num ber of t illers, leaf lengt h, leaf widt h, root weight and volum e of root s t hat are generally lower and significant ly different wit h all average value of param eter in t he t reat m ent of 20 t ons per hect are. But higher and significant ly different wit h t reat m ent wit hout the addit ion of organic m at ter.
The addit ion of organic m at ter equivalent t o 60 t on/ hect are decrease plant height , num ber of t illers, leaf length, lengt h widt h. But for root weight and root volum e was higher and significant ly different com pared t o the weight of t he root and root volum e wit hout organic m at ter t reat m ent. This showed t hat organic m att er up t o 20 t ons/ hectare gives a bet ter effect on t he perform ance of rice plants at t he vegetat ive phase. This is because the nature of organic m at ters t hat can affect t he availabilit y of water during t he dry season but in excessive doses, it will adversely affect the physical propert ies of t he soil, especially lack of oxygen which causes low act ivit y of root s.
Table 2 shows t he changes in t he perform ance of t he rice plant s in t he veget at ive phase due t o water st ress which is done by st opping t he water unt il t he plants show sym pt om s of water shortage wit h changes in leaf form in t he shallow V, deeply V rolled leaf and u rolled leaf form . Treat m ent of wat er st ress causes a decrease in leaf lengt h, leaf width, root weight and root volum e significant ly. This is because t he wat er st ress causing various dist urbances in t he m etabolism of plants t hat cause changes in t he form at ion and part it ion fot osint at ( Taiz and Zeiger, 2002).sim ilarly reported by Lisar et al ( 2014) in water st ress condit ion plant cell produce varios com pat ible com pound t o keep hom eostasis in plant cell.
Tables 3, 4.5, 6, 7 shows t he interact ion bet ween doses of organic m at ter in t he plant ing m edium with water st ress on leaf lengt h ages 30, 45, 60 days after plant ing and root weight and volum e of rice root age 60 DAP. I ncrease in organic m att er up to 20 t ons per hectare increase t he length of leaves com pared t o t reatm ent wit hout water st ress. But the dose of organic m at ter 30 t o 60 t onnes / hect are decline in leaf lengt h of rice plant s than well watered.
Organic m at t er equals to 20 t ons / ha increase t he lengt h of t he leaf at t he age of 30.45, 60 DAP com pared wit h t he length of the leaves on the sam e water st ress but without t he organic m at ter t reat m ent. Whereas if wat er st ress im proved by st opping watering unt il leaf rolled form ing deep V has longer leaf at age of 30, 45, 60 DAP at 20 tons of organic m at t er per hectare. I t com pared to average value of length leaf wit hout increasing organic m at ter. Sim ilarly, t he increase in st ress if followed by an increase to 60 t ons of organic m at ter per hect are leaf lengt h longer than t he lengt h of t he leaves wit hout t he addit ion of organic m at ter. Sim ilar result were observed Rajasekaran et al., ( 2015) by observing Organic m at ter affect ing t he root lengt h, shoot lengt h, weight wet and dry weight rice seedlings. And also observed by Bagayoko ( 2012) by observing the addit ion of organic m at ter t o the soil up t o 15 ton/ ha can increase t he num ber of seedlings of rice plant height
I ncreased water st ress can reduced wit h increasing doses organic m at ter t he growing m edium . This is due t o t he high levels of organic m att er in t he root zone is st ill m ore m oist urized than without organic m at ter. The highes of Root volum e and root weight is in the t reatm ent of organic m at t er of 20 t ons/ hect are wit h water st ress t reatm ent by st opping watering unt il t he leaves roll form ing deeply v. This is because t he soil m oisture were bet ter wit h t he addit ion of 20 tons of organic m at ter per hect are whereas if organic m att er increased 30 t o 60 t ons/ hect are decrease in volum e and weight of rice root. Sim ilarly report ed by Suardi ( 2002) in wat er st ress condit ion rice root weight is higher in drought t olerant variet y. This is because when the wat er deficit occur also m ake im balance of wat er in plant cells ( Taiz and Zeiger, 2002) . Wat er st ress in plant change biochem ist ry propert ies of the plant ( Zhou and Yu, 2010) .m any com pat ible com pounds are synt hesized by enzym es in wáter st ress conidit ion ( Lam bers et al., 2008) .sim ilarly report ed by Reddilas ( 2011) in water st ress condit ion the rice plant produce m ore t rihalosa as osm oprotectant. Physiological disorder that occur when the rice plants in water st ress, also decreased relat ive wat er cont ent in leafs ( Sikuku et al, 2012).
Con clusions
There is change of perform ance at vegetat ive phase of rice plant s under water st ress condit ions which can be reduced by increasing dose of organic m at t er in t he plant ing m edium . The addit ion of organic m at ter equivalent to 20 t onhectare gives a bet ter perform ance of rice plant at veget at ive phase.
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