k7KqcIv6saiH8Ifu prosiding forum iptekin 2015

(1)

INOVASI INDUSTRI BERBASIS SUMBER

DAYA ALAM

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi

Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Pertanian dalam Kerangka Ketahanan Pangan

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi untuk Keberlanjutan Lingkungan

Teknologi Tepat Guna

Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Jasa dan Industri Kreatif

Iptek, Inovasi, dan Dinamika Sosial

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Energi

Iptek dan Inovasi untuk Pengembangan Ekonomi

Pusat Penelitian Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (PAPPIPTEK

-

LIPI)

Jakarta, 2016

SUB TEMA

(2)

PROSIDING FORUM TAHUNAN PENGEMBANGAN

ILMU PENGETAHUAN, TEKNOLOGI DAN INOVASI NASIONAL KE V

INOVASI INDUSTRI BERBASIS SUMBER DAYA ALAM

SUB TEMA

-

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi

-

Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Jasa dan Industri Kreatif

-

Iptek, Inovasi, dan Dinamika Sosial

-

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Energi

-

Iptek dan Inovasi untuk Pengembangan Ekonomi

Semua makalah yang terdapat dalam prosiding ini telah melalui proses seleksi dan penilaian oleh

komite ilmiah dan telah diperbaiki oleh Penulis perbaiki juga termasuk yang di usulkan saat

persentasi

Tim Penyunting:

1.

Hadi Kardoyo, S.E, M.Econ.St.

2.

Nur laily, MT

3.

Karlina Sari, MA

4.

Sigit Setiawan

Tim Komite Ilmiah:

1.

Prof. Dr. Erman Aminullah

2.

Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, M.Sc

3.

Dr. Trina Fizzanty

4.

Ir. Dudi Hidayat, M.Sc

(3)

PUSAT PENELITIAN PERKEMBANGAN IPTEK

LEMBAGA ILMU PENGETAHUAN INDONESIA

JL. Jend. Gatot Subroto No.10, Gedung A-PDII Lt. 4, Jakarta Selatan

–

12710

TELEPON (021) 5201602, 5225206

FAX (021) 5201602

Email:

pappiptek@pappiptek.lipi.go.id

Website:

www.pappiptek.lipi.go.id

Pusat Penelitian Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi

Prosiding Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Teknologi dan Inovasi Nasional ke. 5 Tahun 2015

ISSN 2088-2645

Desainer Sampul : Vetti Rina

Diterbitkan oleh: PAPPIPTEK - LIPI

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto 10, Gedung A Lt. 4, Jakarta 12710 Telp. (021) 5201602, 5225206, Faks. (021) 5201602 E-mail: pappiptek@pappiptek.lipi.go.id

(4)

i

Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional V, Tahun 2015

KATA PENGANTAR

KEPALA PUSAT PENELITIAN PERKEMBANGAN IPTEK

LEMBAGA ILMU PENGETAHUAN INDONESIA

Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.

Alhamdulilah, puji syukur dipanjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Hanya atas seizinNyalah

prosiding seminar nasional IPTEKIN ke V ini dapat diselesaikan. Seminar IPTEKIN ke V tahun

2015 ini diselenggarakan bersamaan dengan pelaksanaan Conference International ASIALIC ke 12

tahun 2015 di Yogyakarta pada tanggal 22-24 September 2015 dengan mengambil tema besar

“

Inovasi Industri Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam

”.

Seminar Nasional IPTEKIN ke V tahun 2015 ini dilaksanakan dengan di hadiri sejumlah pakar,

akademisi dan praktisi baik dalam dan luar negeri. Oleh karena itu diharapkan dapat memberikan

sumbangsih pemikiran yang konkret, realistis, bermanfaat dan mampu menjadi jalan keluar

permasalahan bangsa dan regional ASIA. Pembicara kunci yang kompeten dari dalam dan luar

negeri telah diundang agar mampu memberikan pemaparan yang sesuai dengan seminar kali ini,

serta proses review para pemakalah dilakukan agar dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran yang

bervariatif dalam memberikan ide-ide positif untuk dijadikan simpulan maupun rekomendasi yang

akan disampaikan bagi para pemangku kepentingan atau pengambil kebijakan, dalam hal ini

kebijakan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan inovasi.

Dalam prosiding ini dimuat 37 makalah presentasi oral dan 11 presentasi poster. Semua makalah ini

telah melalui proses seleksi dan telah dikoreksi berdasarkan hasil diskusi yang kemudian dilakukan

proses editing oleh tim editor. Prosiding ini turut memuat jadwal acara, daftar pemakalah, dan

daftar panitia.

Pada kesempatan yang membahagiakan ini kami PAPPIPTEK-LIPI selaku penyelenggara Seminar

Nasional IPTEKIN ke V mengucapkan terima kasih sebesar-besarnya kepada para pembicara

utama, moderator, pemakalah, serta para peserta seminar yang telah menyumbangkan

pemikiran-pemikiran melalui makalah-makalah yang ditulis dalam prosiding ini. Kami menyadari bahwa tidak

ada sesuatu yang sempurna di dunia ini, oleh karena itu kami menyadari bahwa masih banyak

kekurangan dalam penyelenggaraan seminar nasional ini. Untuk itu, dengan tulus kami atas nama

panitia dan penyelenggara menghaturkan permohonan maaf yang sebesar-besarnya. Semoga

hadirnya buku prosiding ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca dan penulisnya

Akhir kata, selamat membaca dan teruslah berkarya

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.

Jakarta, Maret 2016

Kepala PAPPIPTEK-LIPI

(5)

ii

SEKILAS PENYELENGGARAAN FORUM TAHUNAN

PENGEMBANGAN IPTEK DAN INOVASI NASIONAL V

Sejak tahun 2011, Pusat Penelitian Perkembangan Iptek, LIPI telah menyelenggarakan Forum

Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional (Forum Iptekin). Pada tahun pertama

mengusung

tema “Peran Jejaring dalam Meningkatkan Inovasi dan Daya Saing Bisnis”. Tahun

2012 penyelenggaraan Forum Iptekin mengangkat tema “Inovasi Frugal: Tantangan dan Peluang

Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Litbang) serta Bisnis di Indonesia”, dan di tahun 2013 deng

an tema

“Mengurai Stagnasi Inovasi Berbasis Litbang di Indonesia”.

Terakhir di tahun 2014, Forum Iptekin

mengusung tema “Kapasitas Inovasi, Kapabilitas Teknologi, dan Kinerja Industri Menuju Pasar

Bebas ASEAN 2015″.

Selain menyelenggarakan Forum Iptekin, mulai tahun 2013 diadakan juga LIPI Science-Based

Industrial Innovation Award. Ini merupakan ajang penghargaan kepada kalangan industri yang

berkontribusi nyata bagi inovasi dan daya saing bangsa. Lebih lanjut, tujuan dari penghargaan ini

untuk mendorong peningkatan daya saing industri melalui pemanfaatan ilmu pengetahuan dalam

kegiatan inovasi industri di Indonesia, mendorong eksploitasi ilmu pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari

mana saja untuk kepentingan inovasi, dan mendorong alih pengetahuan melalui kerjasama ilmiah di

antara komponen-komponen dalam sistem inovasi nasional. Penghargaan ini secara rutin akan

dilaksanakan setiap dua tahun sekali.

Sesi ini untuk peserta dari berbagai institusi/lembaga/universitas di Indonesia. Makalah dan

presentasi dilakukan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dengan tema-tema yang telah ditetapkan dalam

Konferensi Asialics ke-12 ini. Selain presentasi oral, panitia juga menerima makalah dalam bentuk

poster. Makalah presentasi oral telah diseleksi oleh Tim Reviewer. Makalah terpilih dapat

diterbitkan dalam jurnal ilmiah terakreditasi.

Pada tahun 2015 ini, Forum Iptekin menjadi bagian dari Konferensi Internasional ASIALICS yang

ke-12 dan merupakan sesi spesial di antara rangkaian acara ASIALICS 2015. Selaras dengan tema

ASIALICS 2015 maka tema Forum Iptekin 2015 adalah: Inovasi Industri Berbasis Sumber Daya

Alam, dengan sub tema:

1.

Kebijakan Iptek dan Inovasi

2.

3.

4.

5.

Iptek dan Inovasi di Sektor Jasa dan Industri Kreatif

6.

Iptek, Inovasi, dan Dinamika Sosial

(6)

iii

DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar Kepala PAPPIPTEK-LIPI i

Sekilas Penyelenggaraan IPTEKIN ii

Daftar Isi iii

Daftar Panitia vi

Sambutan Chairperson, Organizing Committee vii

Sambutan Kepala LIPI viii

Pidato Kunci

1 Prof. Dr. Rajah Rasiah 1

2 Prof. Dr. Erman Aminullah 14

3 Dr.Ir. Dwi Soetjipto, MM 36

4 Dr. Michiko Iizuka 46

5

Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, M.Sc

76

Makalah Seminar

1 Kebijakan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Dalam Perspektif Good Governance oleh

Taufik Hidayat dan Dewi Saraswati 77

2 Pemetaan Jaringan Inovasi Di Kota Pekalongan oleh Jarot S. Suroso 83

3

Permasalahan Penerapan SNI ISO 9001:2008 Di Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia oleh Agus Fanar Syukri, Jimmy Abdel Kadar, Amelia Febri Ariani, Rahmi Kartika Jati

92

4 Structural Trap Pengembangan Inovasi Pada Masyarakat Pesisir oleh Armen Zulham 100

5 Sumber daya Organisasi, Orientasi Kewirausahaan dan Inovasi Berbasis Sumber daya

Alam Dalam Industri Batik di Madura oleh Djoko Poernomo 108

6 Komparabilitas Proyeksi Produksi dan Konsumsi Energi Baru dan Terbarukan Indonesia

terhadap Negara-negara di Dunia oleh Indri J Asmara, Elmi Achelia, Maulana Akbar 116

7 Perubahan Iklim Dan Energi Surya: Pengaruh Dan Dampaknya Pada Kebijakan Inovasi Di

Indonesia oleh Anugerah Yuka Asmara, Sigit Setiawan, Mia Rahma Romadona 126

8 Kajian Faktor Teknologi dan Sosial Keberlanjutan Operasional Sistem Biogas pada

Peternakan Sapi Skala Kecil oleh Arini Wresta, Henny Sudibyo 135

9

Kelayakan Pakan Gel 'Pakan Yang Dibuat Tanpa Mesin Pellet' Berdasarkan Nilai Kecernaan Nutrisi Dan Hematologis Pada Ikan Koi, Cyprinus Carpio Haematopterus Oleh

Edison Saade

,

Zainuddin, Siti Aslamyah dan Ridwan Bohari

142

10

Pengelolaan Limbah Bawang Merah Sebagai Pupuk Organik Mendukung Inovasi Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam Pada Tanaman Hortikultura di DKI Jakarta oleh Emi Sugiartini, S. Bahar, T. Ramdhan dan P.W. Prihandini

151

11 Pengelolaan Sagu Terpadu di Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti oleh Bambang Hariyanto,

Budhi Santoso R., Agus Tri Putrantodan Syofi Rosmalawati 160

12 Pembenah Tanah Alternatif Untuk Mendukung Produktivitas Padi Gogo Pada Ultisol

Sukadana, Lampung Timur oleh Neneng Laela Nurida, A. Dariah 169

13 Teknologi Energi Hijau Dalam Sistim Usaha Tani Konservasi Untuk Peningkatan Kualitas

Lahan oleh Ishak Juarsah 176

14

Desain Sistem Kompensasi Bagi Usaha Kecil Menengah Kluster Kerajinan Dalam Peningkatkan Motivasi Kerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus UKM Kota Bogor) oleh Preti Idianti, Diandra Rizko Siswanto

185

15

Pembelajaran Kolektif Sebuah Perusahaan Start-up Teknologi, PT Multidaya Teknologi Nusantara (Cybreed) oleh Uruqul Nadhif Dzakiy, Ari Uliana, Hanif Indra P erdana,

Bambang Ardiansyah, Xenia Almirany Latif , Miraya Dardanila

(7)

iv

Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional V, Tahun 2015 16

Komunikasi Deliberasi Ekuitas dalam Menumbuhkan Kapital Sosial Hijau: Hidrogen dari Alga Hijau Deliberative oleh Novieta Hardeani Sari, Kiki Rezki L., Fitria Hidayanti, dan Ucuk Darusalam

205

17

Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Pantai Berbasis Socio-Edu-Eco-Tourism di Kabupaten Purworejo oleh Aulia Nur Mustaqiman Tushy Octafadiola, Agat Ardinugroho, Kurniawan, Yuliana Farkhah

219

18

Peran Kebijakan Sains dalam Mewujudkan Industri Basis Berkelanjutan Berbasis Morfokonservasi Lingkungan (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Kabupaten Bantul, dan Kabupaten Kulonprogo) oleh Fajar Sugiarto, Garda

224

19 Inovasi Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam dalam Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata di

Kabupaten Banyuwangi oleh Puji Wahono 232

20 Model Akselerasi Inovasi Industri Kreatif di Jawa Timur oleh Edy Wahyudi 244

21

Upaya Mempopulerkan Gumuk Pasir Sebagai Studio Alam Untuk Pengembangan Industri Pariwisata Berbasis Eco-Socio-Tourism oleh Yuliana Farkhah, Aulia Nur Mustaqiman, Kurniawan, Agat Ardinugroho, Tushy Octafadiola

254

22 Inovasi Pengawet Nira Alami Instan TANGKIS Generasi-1 pada Produksi Gula Kelapa

Organik oleh Karseno, Mujiono, Pepita Haryanti, dan Retno Setyawati 260

23

Pemanfaatan Limbah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Sebagai Pupuk Slow Release oleh Solihin, B. D. Erlangga, Eki N. Dida, Yusianita, A.Saepulloh, E.B. Santoso, Widodo

267

24 Pembenah Tanah Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan oleh Ishak

Juarsah 271

25 Analisis Finansial Agribisnis Terpadu Serei Wangi, Sawi dan Sapi Potong di Desa

Sumurugul, Purwakarta, Jawa Barat oleh Hermanto, Nugrahapsari, RA 280

26 Pemetaan Peluang Pasar dari Penelitian Botani LIPI: Pendekatan Consumer Insight oleh

Diah Anggraeni Jatraningrum, Ragil Yoga Edi 286

27 Peran Social Marketing Untuk Mencapai Sustainable Consumption oleh Ayu Ekasari 295

28 Analisis Ekspor Impor Komoditas Prioritas Hortikultura di Indonesia oleh Nugrahapsari,

Khaririyatun, N 309

29 Analisis Kompensasi pada UKM Komoditi Susu di Kota Bogor oleh Arinindya

Retnaningtyas, Amalia Aviliani 316

30

Pengolahan Sumber Daya Lokal Menjadi Produk Inovatif: Pengalaman Diseminasi Teknologi Pengolahan Mi Berbasis Jagung (Zeamie) di Sumenep, Madura oleh Yanu Endar Prasetyo, Enny Solichah, Doddy Andy Daramajana, Rima Kumalasari

324

31 Valuasi Ekonomi Untuk Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air DAS Mahat Hulu oleh Firman

Hidayat, Naik Sinukaban, Kukuh Murtilaksono dan M. Parulian Hutagaol 332

32 Meningkatkan Produktifitas Sagu Menggunakan Alat Pengolah Sagu "Landaka" oleh

Luter, Rumiyati 350

33 Optogenetik: Metode Masa Depan Untuk Menangani Gangguan Otak oleh Akbar Prasetyo

Utomo 358

34

Rekayasa Silika Amorf Sebagai Material Preservasi Mikroorganisme (MPMO) Untuk Mendegradasi Senyawa Fenol oleh B. D. Erlangga, E. T. S. Agustinus, H. Sembiring, Effendi, E. N. Dida, F.Saebani

368

35 Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Sumber daya Genetik, Pengetahuan Tradisional dan

Ekspresi Budaya Tradisional oleh Anne Gunawati 373

36 Analisa Ekonomi Penggunaan Pupuk Organik dengan Mesin Aplikator Pupuk Organik

pada Budidaya Jagung oleh Arustiarso 380

Poster

1 Perbanyakan Pinus Merkusii Unggul dengan Setek Pucuk oleh Rika Rahmawati, Corryanti 387

2 Pengaruh Umur Panen dan Suhu Penyimpanan Umbi Bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus)

(8)

v

Wulandari, Endang Susilowati

3

Sistem Fed-Batch untuk Hidrolisis Enzimatik Tandan Kosong Sawit pada Solid Loading Tinggi oleh Ardiyan Harimawan, Made Tri Ari Penia Kresnowati, Yohanes Eko Chandra Sugiharto*, Rina Mariyana, Andry, Hana Nur Fitrian

402

4 Pengaruh Pemupukan dan Media Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Klon Kakao

Spesifik Andomesinggo DI Sulawesi Tenggara oleh Baharudin 409

5 Karaterisasi dan Evaluasi Galur Mutan Sorgum Manis Hasil Iradiasi Sinar Gamma oleh

Endang Gati Lestari, Iswari S Dewi dan Nur Amin 420

6 Efektivitas Formula Herbisida Organik Dalam Menekan Pertumbuhan Gulma PRA

Tumbuh di Rumah Kaca oleh Jati Purwani, Dyah Manohara, M.H. Bintoro 426

7 Formula Pupuk Organik Untuk Meningkatkan Persentase Tumbuh Pembibitan Lada

(Piper nigrum L) oleh Jati Purwani, Dyah Manohara, M.H. Bintoro 431

8 Respon Bibit Tebu Varietas KK G1 Kultur Jaringan Terhadap Pemupukan Kompos

Serasah Daun Tebu dan Pupuk Kandang Sapi oleh Sumanto, Jati Purwani 439

9 Testing of Sugarcane Mutan Somaclone Derived From Chemical Mutation and In Vitro

Selection oleh Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, Sri Hutami 445

10

Dampak Aplikasi Pebenah Tanah Alami dan Sintetis Terhadap Perbaikan Sifat Fisik Tanah dan Produktivitas Tanaman pada Lahan Kering Beriklim Kering oleh Ai Dariah, Neneng L. Nurida

453

11 Respon 3 Varietas Unggul Serai Wangi Pada Lahan Bekas Erupsi Merapi di Sleman

Yogyakarta oleh Sumanto, M Syakir, Dibyo Pranowo dan Maman Herman 462

Makalah Seminar yang diterbitkan dalam warta Vol. 13 Nomor 2/2015

1

Komplementariti antara Sumber Daya Manusia dan Infrastruktur dalam pengembangan Kapasitas Litbang di Bidang SDA di LIPI: Pendekatan Resources-Based View oleh Hadi Kardoyo, Sayim Dolant, Sigit Setiawan, Setiowiji Handoyo

468

Susunan Acara 469

(9)

vi

DAFTAR PANITIA

Penanggungjawab

:

Sekretaris Utama LIPI

Ketua

:

Dr. Trina Fizzanty

Sekretaris

:

1.

Wati Hermawati, MBA

2.

Dra. Nani Grace Berliana, M.Hum

Kesekretariatan

:

Chichi Shintia Laksani, S.E., M.E

Akomodasi dan Konsumsi

:

Adzans Sofiawan, S.Sos

Keuangan

:

Ummi Aslamah

Perlengkapan

:

Kesuma Putri, S.Sos

Protokoler

:

1.

Sarman Ray, S.Sos., MAP

2.

Budi Antono, S.E

Pengembang/Pengelola WEB

:

Indri Juwita Asmara, S.Kom., M.TI

Humas dan Dokumentasi

:

1.

Purwadi, S.Sos.

2.

Ontin Fatmakartika, S.IP

Persidangan

:

M. Zulhamdani, MT

Komunikasi IPTEKIN

:

Prokoso Bhairawa Putera, SIP., M.A

Pameran dan Poster

:

Sobari

Vetti Rina Prasetyas, SH

Scientific Committee/

: 1.

Prof. Dr. Erman Aminullah

Komite Ilmiah

2. Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, M.Sc

3.

Dr. Trina Fizzanty

(10)

vii

Welcoming Address

Chairperson, Organizing Committee of

12th ASIALICS Conference and the 5th Indonesian STI Forum

Welcome to all participants of the conference. We are very grateful for your attention and

participation in the conference.

The 12th ASIALICS International Conference and the 5th Science, Technology, and Innovation

(STI) National Forum areconducted at the Royal Ambarukmo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, on 15-16

September 2015 with the theme: Innovation Driven Natural Resource Based Industry. The

conferencesare considered as outstanding international and national forums to present and discuss

progress in research, development, policies, standards, and applications of the topics related to the

Innovation Driven Natural Resource Based Industry.The conference offers high quality technical

activities including research sessions, posters presentation, and business dinner.

The conference presents the international and national Keynote speakers. Prof. Dr. Rajah Rasiah,

University of Malaya, Malaysia; Dr. Michiko Iizuka, the United Nations University (UNU Merit)

the Netherlands;Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia, Prof. Dr.

Erman Aminullah, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia, Dr. Dwi Soetjipto,President

Director, PT Pertamina (Persero), Indonesia.

Whether you are a technologist seeking to understand new applications, a scientist or a post

graduate student looking into the latest technological tools to support your research or represent an

industry that requires science, technology, and innovation natural resource data and information to

support its business needs, the 12th Asialics conferencewill connect you with new ideas and

opportunities.

We believe you will experience a high quality international as well as experience a taste of the

Indonesian Culture, particularly Javanesse

culture in Yogyakarta, a city known as “The Never

Ending Asia”.

We wish you a fruitfull conference and enjoy the beauty of Yogyakarta.

Siti Nuramaliati Prijono

(11)

viii

Welcoming Remarks of LIPI’s Chairman

12th ASIALICS Conference and the 5th Indonesian STI Forum

Good morning, Excellencies, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentleman.

Assalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

First of all, it gives me great pleasure to extend to you all a very warm welcome on behalf of

Indonesian Institute of Sciences and to address how grateful we are to Ministry of Science,

Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia, PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk., University of

Gadjah Mada and University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran who have accepted our invitation

to organize

The 12

th

ASIALICS International Conference and the 5

th

Indonesian Science,

Technology and Innovation (STI) Forum in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

This conference provides great opportunity to exchange ideas and share valuable insights among

local and international participants. This year, the conference covers the topics related to

Innovation-Driven Natural Resource Based Industry.

With the size of 1.9 kilometer

square and tropical climate, Indonesia is surrounded with abundant

natural resources. For decades, Indonesian economy has been much depending on natural

resource-based industries, such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and mining sectors. These sectors employed

more, but create lower added value than manufacturing sector. According to National Bureau of

Statistics, in 2014 there were 35.25 percent workforce population who work in natural-resource

industries, but these sectors contributed to only 18.77 percent of national GDP. While

manufacturing sectors only employed 13.31 percent of Indonesian workforce, but could contribute

to 7 percent of GDP higher than primary sectors. The figure indicates the problem of low

productivity in natural-resource based industries. This is a big challenge for Indonesia to transform

Indonesian industry from natural resource economy to manufacturing industry and to knowledge

industry.

Developed countries have learned to shift their economy structure from natural-resource industries

to manufacturing industries in order to boost their economic growth. Economic development based

on natural-

resource industries could contribute less significant contribution to countries’

development than manufacturing industries. However, most developing countries are still trapped in

exploitation and export of their abundant natural resources. This has caused severe problems: the

long-term non-sustainability, production inefficiency, commodity dependency, and social

inequality.

We cannot ignore the fact that manufacturing industry is the growth engine of most developed

countries, but we also cannot rely our economy only to this industry. As the richest country in

natural resource diversity, Indonesia should find a way to transform indefensible, vulnerable, and

inefficient natural-resource industry into sustainable, resilient, and productive ones. In order to

achieve that, innovation in this industry is urgently required.

(12)

ix

rank out of 143 countries, behind Thailand (48

th

) and Vietnam (71

st

). While based on Global

Competitiveness Index 2015, Indonesia is ranked 34

th

out of 144 countries, slightly improved from

the previous year but still behind Thailand.

LIPI as the leading research institution in Indonesia should play active role in providing science and

technology that is useful for innovation in natural-resource industries. As an example, unit of

Appropriate Technology LIPI has designed a circulating fluidized bed reactor for biomass

gasification; or researchers of Biotechnology LIPI who have found bio-fertilizer from microbacteria

and bio-fuel from micro alga.

We cannot work alone in promoting innovation-driven natural resource industries, thus we invite all

stakeholders to actively participate so we can work together to achieve our goals. Hopefully, this

conference will yield valuable and insightful recommendation for developing innovation-driven

natural resource industries.

In conclusion, we wish you productive and successful conference, and pleasant stay in Yogyakarta.

Good morning.

Wassalamualaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Yogyakarta, September 15

th

2015

Chairman of LIPI

(13)

(14)

1

Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional V, Tahun 2015

BIOGRAPHY

Rajah Rasiah is Professor of Economics and Technology Management at the Faculty of

Economics and Administration, University of Malaya. He was the first holder of the Khazanah

Nasional Chair of Regulatory Studies and a Professorial Fellow at UNU-MERIT and a member of

the GLOBELICS scientific board, and an advisory member of the Industrial Development

Research Centre, Zhejiang University. He is also a member of the National Science Research

Council, Malaysia, and an advisory member of the Export Committee of the Ministry of

International Trade and Industry, Malaysia. He has contributed extensively to projects

commissioned by UNCTAD, World Bank, ILO, UNIDO, UNESCO, UNDP and WIPO in Africa,

Asia and Latin America. He obtained his doctorate in Economics from Cambridge University in

1992, and was a Rajawali fellow at Harvard University in 2014. He is the 2014 recipient of the

Celso Furtado prize from the World Academy of Sciences for his contributions to the field of social

sciences. He has supervised 32 Doctoral Theses and 18 Master Theses.

More than 100 scientific papers have been presented since 2007 at various international

conferences. About 17 books have been published in national and international publishers, among

others are:



Rajah Rasiah, Bruce McFarlane and Sarosh Kuruvilla (2015)

Globalization,

Industrialization and Labour Markets in Asia

, London: Routledge



Zhang Miao and Rajah Rasiah (2015)

Institutionalization of State Policy: Evolving Urban

Housing Reforms in China

, New York: Springer



Rajah Rasiah, Mike Yap and Santha Chenayah (2014)

Monetary Economics

, Sham Alam:

Oxford University Press.

Almost 150 scientific papers have been published in Internationally Refereed Journals. The current

papers among others are:



Rajah Rasiah, Ajit Singh and Dieter Ernst (2015) Alice Hoffenberg Amsden: A

Consummate Dirigiste on Latecomer Economic Catch-Up,

Institutions and Economies

, 7(1):

1-8.



Rajah Rasiah, Yap Xiao Shan and Yap Su Fei (2015) Sticky spots on slippery slopes: The

development of the integrated circuit industry in emerging East Asia,

Institutions and

Economies

, 7(1): 52-79.



Zhang M. and Rajah Rasiah (2015)

Globalization, industrialization and labour markets in

China

,

Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,

20(1): 14-41.



Myint, M. M., Rajah Rasiah and Singaravelloo, Kupusamy (2015)

Globalization of

industrialization and its impact on clothing workers in Myanmar

, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,

20(1): 100-110.



Rajah Rasiah, Crinis, V. and Lee Hwok-Aun (2015)

Industrialization and labour in

Malaysia

,

Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,

20(1): 77-99.

Prof. Dr. Rajah Rasiah, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Title of the Speech: Technological Upgrading and Manufacturing

Synergies in Asian Clusters: The Significance of the Systemic Quad

(15)

2 Forum Tahunan Pengembangan Iptek dan Inovasi Nasional V, Tahun 2015

ABSTRACT

Technological Upgrading and Manufacturing Synergies in Asian Clusters: The Significance

of the Systemic Quad

Rajah Rasiah

University of Malaya, Malaysia

The concepts of clusters have evolved since its first usage by Marshall in the 20

th

century. The

development of successful clusters through the operations of small firms epitomised the

Marshallian notion of clusters as small artisanal firms dominated inter-generational flows of

knowledge through collaborative links and competition to shape the famous Italian industrial

districts. However, clusters took on a new dimension when high technology operations required

further complexities as a consequence of both stronger demand for learning and innovation that

required linkages with R&D laboratories and integration with global sources of knowledge and

markets. The mushrooming of science parks with new start-ups regularly graduating from

incubators to mature as high tech firms have added to the pressing demand for advances in the

concept of clusters. As a solution for the overwhelming changes that have faced clusters since

mainstream app

roaches have focused on Porter’s concept of clusters, which refers to

a geographic

concentration of related companies, organizations, and institutions in a particular field that can be

present in a region, state, or nation.

While such a concept deals with connectivity and competition

within a geographical space, we argue that it misses some of the fundamental elements of

collective action that defines a dynamic cluster, i.e. differentiation, coordination and collaboration.

Using the automotive cluster in Jakarta, button cluster in Qiaotou, and the electronics clusters in

Hsinchu and Penang respectively, this lecture seeks to advance the concept of the systemic quad to

better explain the role of institutions, meso organizations and knowledge flows in the evolution of

cluster synergies and technological upgrading. In doing so, the systemic quad embraces the

fundamental pillars of the industrial district, i.e. cluster cohesion through connectivity,

differentiation, coordination and collaboration, but argues that firm-level technological upgrading

in the face of competition requires institutional change to also power improvements in basic and

high tech infrastructure, and increased global integration.The agglomeration of high tech support in

science parks has reduced the need for extensive internalized R&D operations so that small firms

can participate in frontier innovation activities. The evidence also shows that the Schumpeterian

forces of creative destruction helps renew dynamic clusters, including those located in the

developing economies.

(16)

3

(17)

(18)

5

(19)

(20)

7

(21)

(22)

9

(23)

(24)

11

(25)

(26)

13

(27)

(28)

15

BIOGRAPHY

Erman Aminullah graduated from the Science Policy Post-Graduate Studies at Saitama University

in Japan in 1996, and Public Policy Doctoral Degree mayoring in Science and Technology Policy

from the University of Indonesia, in 1998. He achieved Professor of Research at the Indonesian

Institute of Sciences in 2006 in the field of Technology Policy. He has produced several scientific

papers based on research and books on technology policy, economic development and

industrialization. He is also a speaker in various seminars and visiting research on technology

policy both at home and abroad. He is currently working as a senior researcher at the Centre for

Science and Technology Development Studies (Pappiptek), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

in Jakarta, Indonesia. His research interests are on System studies (system dynamics modelling),

interdisciplinary policy research, technology management and innovation policy. His current

articles that published as book and chapter in book as well as published in several journals among

others are:

Aminullah, E (2004). Systemic thinking for public, business and economic policy making. Jakarta:

PPM Press, 2004. (in Indonesian).

Gammeltoft, P. and E. Aminullah (2006). Indonesian innovation system at a cross roads, in

Patarapong Intarakumnerd & Bengt-Åke Lundvall & Jan Vang, 2006 (ed).

Asian innovation

systems in transition

, Aldershot UK: Edward Elgar publishing.

Aminullah, E., T. Fizzanty, G. S. Indraprahasta and I. J. Asmara (2015). Technological

convergence in Indonesian firms: cases of biobased chemical product innovation.

Asian Journal of Technology Innovation

,

Vol. 23, No. S1, 9

–

25

Aminullah, E., P. Dian, M. N. Irene and C. S. Laksani (2014). How capital goods firms upgrade

innovation capacit: a ycase study.

Journal of S&T policy and R&D management, 12(2):105-118

Aminullah, E., T. Fizzanty, K. Kusnandar and R. Wijayanti (

2013).

Technology transfer through

OFDI: the case of Indonesian natural resource based MNEs.

Asian Journal of Technology Innovation

, 21(S1): 104

–

118

Aminullah, E. (2012). Coping with low R&D intensity in Indonesia; policy insight from system

dynamic model.

Journal of S&T policy and R&D management, 10(1):1-10

He also attended and presented papers in various international and national conferences on Science

and Technology Policy areas.

Prof. Dr. Erman Aminullah, Center for Science and Technology

Development Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Title of the Speech: Learning, R&D Intensity and Economic

Prosperity in Low R&D Countries (LRDCs): Envissioning the

Indonesian Future

(29)

LEARNING, R&D INTENSITY AND ECONOMIC PROSPERITY IN LOW R&D COUNTRIES (LRDCs) : ENVISSIONING THE INDONESIAN FUTURE

Erman Aminullah, LIPI-Indonesia

Abstract

This paper is about modes of learning, R&D intensity and economic prosperity in low R&D countries (LRDCs), especially Indonesia. R&D intensity for long-term economic growth was analysed viewed from infrastructure quality and researcher in R&D. The results of analysis to the varieties of indicators revealed five points: first, simple learning by doing with very low R&D intensity is maintained by the LRDCs (in Indonesia) to produce low end products by using low and medium technology (LMT);

second, high R&D intensity was the foundation of entering the global networks of production and innovation for the former developing countries (Korea and Taiwan) and followed by China, India; third, economic prosperity is related to infrastructure quality and intensity of innovation with R&D; fourth, raising the intensity of innovation with R&D require the improvement of infrastructure quality and the increase of competent researcher in R&D; and fifth, high economic prosperity with low R&D intensity is uneven phenomenon in the world. High economic prosperity coincide with technology dependence society would create instable and unhealthy economic growth in the long run.

Science policy options for industrial technology development to raise R&D intensity in Indonesia are, first at macro level, the Indonesian government should: i. pushing growth through infrastructure development correspond to innovation with R&D investment, ii. driving growth through industrial innovation with R&D correspond to the sufficiency of researcher in industrial R&D, iii. implementing the effective policy instruments to raise industrial expenditure on R&D correspond to the increase of researcher in industrial R&D, and iv. focusing the limited R&D financing on the country potency for industrial technology leader in the future or make some buy some strategy. Second, at micro level, R&D institutions and universities in Indonesia should: i. invest in sophisticated research laboratories infrastructure followed by recruitting the highly competent researchers, ii. upgrade the quality and quantity of country’s higher education to produce graduates and post graduates, iii. utilize competitive brain-gain by applying internationally comparative rewards to attract the returning of highly competent researcher from abroad, iv. implement conducively legal and institutional supports to maintain highly competent researcher in industrial R&D, and v. manage new technology mastery by strong support to the priority fields of sciences, where new materials and life science-based R&D for industrial technology development will be important for Indonesian competitiveness in the future.

Key words: R&D intensity, infrastructure quality, economic prosperity, researcher in R&D, science policy, industrial technology development .

1. Introduction

1.1 Key problems: R&D, innovation and infrastructure

(30)

17

innovation networks (GIN) (De Prato, 2013). The rise of some developing countries in global innovation networks was driven by blending between upgrading through learning and substantially increasing in R&D intensity (Ernst, 2006).

LRDCs need to raise R&D intensity to become the players of GPN and GIN in the future, it is an actual reason. But the important reasons of raising R&D intensity for LRDCs are: i. to increase productivity and competitiveness of leading economic sectors (mining, agriculture and industry), ii. to disersify the sectors of economy towards higher value added activities and foster structural change in the economy, iii. to address the basic needs problems including clean waters, foods availability, electricity supply, health and medicine availability, etc., iv. to increase the absorptive capacity of industry in modifying and adapting the foreign technology beside to generate new knowledge and technology, v. to increase the level of domestic technological capability in the process of catching up foreign tehnology; vi. to create high quality standard in higher education in producing highly competent scientist and engineers to work in R&D. (Ernst, 2006, Bell, 1999; Iizuka, 2011; Cohen, 1990; Hausmann, 2011; Guimon, 2014; World Bank/IBRD, 2012)

The key problems of LRDCs are more than R&D and inovation. Global competitiveness index 2014-2015, released by World Economic Forum (WEF) put infrastructure, innovation and company R&D as the problematic elements in developing countries. For example, the problematic elements of Indonesian competitive index are infrastructure (rank: 36), innovation (rank: 31) and company R&D (rank: 24) among 143 economies. It means that infrastructure, innovation and company R&D are the critical problems in Indonesia. The Indonesian government has set infrastructure program as one of development priorities in the next 5 years (2014-2019) to speed up more efficient economic activities to compete in global market in the long run. Indonesia goverment improved institutional framework to tackle institutional weakness embedded in innovation and R&D, that was by upgrading the Ministery of Research and Technology (MRT) to becoming Ministery of Research and Technology and Higher Education (MRTHE).

The development of infrastructures (roads, irrigation, ports, dam) supported by strengthening the structure of upstream industries (iron and cement) and deepening the development of downstream industries (manufacturing sectors) are critical to drive economic growth. Indonesian infrastructure development successfully drove economic growth before the economic crisis of 2007. The past events of overshooting in property construction and lack of competitiveness based on R&D activity stirred economy growing up followed by crisis. After the 2007 economic crisis, infrastructure development has lacked behind. The importance of infrastructure development has become the development priority at present, where the sources of financing for infrastructure investment will increase due to increase in the availability of government savings from the withdrawal of fuel subsidies. Meanwhile the importance of raising R&D intensity has been discussing for a long time, but it has not yet come to the implementing agenda in Indonesia.

1.2 Review of literatures

Coping with the problems of infrastructure generally refer to the development of construction sector. Pushing the construction sector to grow more rapidly is expected to drive economic growth in the future. The driving growth through construction sector development has been explained in some literatures (Giang, 2011; Ozkan, 2012; Kahn, 2014, and Chiang,2015). The supply chain of construction sector have the backward linkages not only with the mining sector (iron, cement) but also engaging directly to advance the manufacturing sector (heavy industry, automated construction) and attract indirectly regional development (industrial zones) and innovation infrastructure (techno-parks regions).

Investment in construction sector and its multiplier effects to develop backwards and forwards

linkages through supply chains have been widely studied by O’brien (2009) and Pryke (2009). More specific

(31)

The LRDCs urgently need massive own science and technology (S&T) capabilities for creating and

shaping their own knowledge and technologies, where ‘systemic’ changes in S&T management,

organization and policy as well as broader economic and political structures should be implemented. (Elly, 2009) Moreover in coping with the problem of innovation, the government of former developing countries took active part for the promotion of science, technology and innovation (STI). The Korean government took a leading role in R&D infrastructure for technology development. Korea built integrated R&D estates for developing technologies at regional levels in 1980s. (Lee, 1988) The Turkey government spent significantly to increase public R&D expenditure that affected the increase of private R&D investment. (Ozcelik, 2008) Then, promoting innovation through techno-park has been becoming the mainstream program of current Indonesian administration.

In case of Indonesia, innovation in the manufacturing sectors generally as the results of learning

through “informal experiences” and not through “formal scientific activity or R&D intensity” (Aminullah

2012, 2014). Modes of learning include: i. learning through working in the production floor as the learning by doing, ii. learning through the use of machinery equipment and production systems as the learning by using; iii. learning through interaction with users, suppliers, parent companies in the design and modification of product and production process as the learning by interacting; iv. and learning from the succesfull of past experience as a role model for the future as the learning by modelling. About learning by DUI (doing, using, and interacting) see also Lundvall (2009)

A state of the art in learning was constructed by Kodama that the modes of learning shifted beyond the simple mode of learning by doing toward learning by porting, via learning by using and learning by integration. In the past, Japan went beyond simple learning by doing toward learning by using in steel making technology, so as to Japan surpassed Germany and the US. Korea went beyond learning by using toward learning by integration in steel making to catch up Japan in 1990s. In ICT Japan went towards learning by integration in the production of LCD technology then moved towards learning by porting in numerical control (NC) technology. A shift from simple learning by doing to learning by using, integration and porting are the results of learning through R&D activities conducted by competent researcher in R&D. (Kodama, 2014)

1.3 Way of understanding the complex problems

(32)

19

The dynamics of growth and investment (in infrastructure and R&D) was firstly introduced by Senge (1990), it is the state of mutually reinforcing dynamics between economic growth and economic capacity to grow, where the growth is limited by the internal dynamics of balancing elements inside the system. Mutually reinforcing dynamics is the higher the growth, the larger capacity to grow, then pushes the growth to be higher. Economy growth is also constrained by balancing dynamics of investment that has its own dynamics. The increase of investment on physical capital takes time to have an effect on growth, but the increase of investment on R&D takes even longer time to have an impact on growth. Therefore, the delay in the outcome of capital and R&D intensity will effect on slow growth. Conversely, an increase in economic growth can occur under the lack of investment in infrastructure and R&D, where the growth is actually driven by past investment. The symptoms of growth recovery and lack of investment has appeared in Indonesia since the 1997 crisis, where growth went hand in hand with problematic infrastructure and low R&D intensity in supporting the productivity of manufacturing sectors.

Graph 2 represent the dynamics of economic growth, R&D and infrastructure we call here as “EGRI

model” that works as follows: first, high economic growth will be achieved by sufficient investment to increase economic activity. An increase in economic activity will generate strong financing power. However, the more expansive the economic activities, the more intense the economic competition to evolve in a free market, the larger the expenditure for financing the investment, the weaker the financing power for capital investment then back to lower the economic activity. Second, a large economic capacity with sufficient capital investment on infrastucture development could effect on generating an unstable growth if the economy loose in coping with the pressure of free market competition, due to low competitiveness of product and service in economy. Third, instability in economic growth can be prevented by the sufficient innovation with R&D intensity together with the availability of large economic capacity. The larger the economic capacity, the bigger the fund to finance R&D intensity, the more innovative product and service emerge, the more competitive the economy, again the larger economic activities and its feedback to enhance the capital investment. Fourth, balancing the capital investment and R&D invetsment create a stably high capital efficiency. The stable economic growth is achieved by creating a positive feedback between economic activity and R&D intensity, where technology innovation is driven by reinvesting the yields of economic activity into R&D intensity for creating competitive product and service in the economy. Fifth, the more competitive product and service will push the private sector to race in conducting innovation with R&D intensity.

(33)

For methodological explanation about the system, elements, variables, measurements, data, model simulation are technically represented by the results of validation as shown in the Appendix 1. This paper is organized in the following order: i) introduction, ii) learning with low and without R&D activity, iii) R&D intensity and economic propserity, iv) infrastructure quality and R&D intensity, v) researcher in R&D and science policy, and vii) conclusion and policy implications.

2. Learning with low and without R&D activity

2.1 Statistical evidences

Viewed from statistical evidences, Indonesia has practiced to keep on low R&D intensity in the last 30 years. The stagnant expenditure on R&D in Indonesian economy was shown by national R&D intensity that continued to fall steadily from 0.54% in 1982 to around 0.08% of GDP in 2010. The industrial R&D was only around 0.013% of GDP that contributed to around 20% of national R&D in 2010. While, the government R&D expenditure (not include R&D expenditure in higher education) was around 0.067% of GDP, althogh it covered to 80% of national R&D activity, how ever it has little or almost no meaning due to rarely produced commercial innovation. The Indonesian economy continued to growth despite its national R&D intensity continued to decline. For the period of 1990-2010, GDP rose 30 fold at nominal value and grew constanly 7% before the crisis then 5% after the crisis of 1997. On the other hand, national R&D expenditure rose 16 fold, but R&D intensity declined from 0.13% in 1990 to 0.08% of GDP in 2010. (Pappiptek-LIPI, 2011) See Graph 3.

(34)

21

Trends of R&D activities in Indonesia (1969-2013)

Time

%

o

f

G

D

P National

Gov _sector Gov _institution Higher institution Industrial sector

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2012 0,0

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Source: data and estimation based on Indonesian science and technology indicators, P appiptek-LIPI (2013, 2011, 2007,2006) Time

P

e

rc

e

n

t

Gov_share

Ind_share

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

There are three situations that related to low R&D intensity in Indonesia, namely: i. large portion of Low and Medium Technology (LMT) industry, ii. lack of the government attention, and iii. share of private R&D intensity is very low. Such a low R&D intensity have kept Indonesia defending to produced low end products in the economy, as shown by large portion LMT industry in industrial sectors. (Aminullah, 2011, 2012)

First, Indonesian industrial sector is generally dominated by LMT industry. The industry produces low technology products that does not require R&D facility. In the period of 1998-2007, approximately 60-65% of industries produced low technology products, such as food products, beverages, shoes, textile products and articles of textiles, leather and leather articles, wood and paper products, rubber and plastic articles, metal and metal goods. Around 20-25% of industries produced medium technology products, only small portion of them performed R&D activity with low intensity. Even in the medium technology industry such as component of automotive industry did not do their own R&D as the source of innovation, because their R&D activities were generally performed by its parent company abroad.

Second, the government attention towards the development of S&T has constantly decreased since 1990s. In the 1980s, S&T budget was about 2.5% of total government budget, furthermore in the 1990s it dropped to around 0.5%, and then S&T budget remained approximately 0.5% of total government budget in the 2000s. The continuous decline in the ever low S&T budget parallel with positive economic growth seems to be a typical phenomenon of Indonesia. For the comparison, high attention on S&T has paired with high economic growth in China, with S&T budget amount to 4-5% of total government budget over last 30 years. (Zong-lay, 2010)

Third, private sector is generally less interested in reinvesting their production yields into R&D activity. Aminullah (2012) shown that, in the period of 1990-2013 the increase of production did not effect to the increase of R&D intensity. The objective of investment in private sector normally for productivity improvement through capacity enhancement, business expansion, distribution network and sales promotion those are less requirement, even without, the support of R&D facility. In 2010, industrial R&D expenditure was very small, only 0.013 % of GDP or it was about US$ 90 million of the Indonesian GDP amount to US$ 700 billion. (Pappiptek-LIPI, 2011)

(35)

2.2 Cases study evidences

(i) Innovation in capital goods firms

Product innovation in Indonesian capital goods firms are conduted as the improvement of existing machineries products. It is the results of informal learning without conducting formal R&D activity to create minor innovations, which is ‘new to the firm’ innovations — rather than ‘new to the market’. The innovation is stimulated by the limited co-operative arrangements by producer, supplier and consultant. The producers-users interaction are in the forms of exchange in goods and information as well as cooperation to stimulate innovation. Some cases of upgrading machines and related technologies in capital goods firms are as follows: i) co-development of new machines by users-producers interaction, i.e. the modification of Fluidized Bed Combustion technique; ii) collaboration between user-producers in upgrading or customizing standard machines, i.e. supplying control panel; and iii) development of new machines, equipments and tools, i.e. development of Nozzle Air Distributor, power plant, passenger boarding bridge and medical device (USG). The main driver of technological learning in the capital goods firms is the vision of top management. (Aminullah, 2014)

(ii) Innovation in natural resource based firms

Some natural resources based firms has conducted product innovation driven by internationalization of production network through outward FDI. The natural resouce based MNEs are in the areas of foods and natural cosmetics. The MNEs have developed their owned knowledge capability then transferred and adapted the knowledge to host countries. The firms conduct product innovation with R&D activity, either with intramural or extramural R&D. A large food firm does not has its own R&D facilities and generally conduct product innovation through extramural R&D by collaborating with other innovation sources, such as universities and research institutions. The food firm provides full R&D financing and buy the intelectual property on the product inovation conducted by universities.While annother food firm has invested in R&D facility and allocated intramural R&D financing for developing new product innovation. Then, the natural cosmetic firm has grown from a small firm to a large firm then expanded to MNEs by developing various product innovation with internal R&D activity. (Aminullah, 2013)

(iii) Innovation in bio-based chemical firms

Biobased chemical firms acquire, develop, and accumulate knowledge and technology through interactive learning among R&D unit, production, marketing units inside the firms, as well as interaction with external sources of knowledge (universities, research institution, suppliers, and users). The large scale of firm acquires knowledge basically through R&D activities, monitoring of scientific advancement, and technology spillover, but for the small firms gain knowledge and technology through learning by DUI (doing, using, and interacting) inside their small laboratory. The biobased chemical firms develop technology by conducting R&D activities to solve the negative environmental impact, to find effective pest control, and to improve soil fertility as well as to meet the standard of safety and security of biobased chemical products. Innovation in the biobased chemical product is driven by: i. solving the environmental problems induced by petroleum-based products, ii. finding innovative raw material supply; and iii. developing processing technology to meet the standard of safety and security in biobased chemical products. Supporting the chemical firms to interact with public R&D and university is important to promote technological innovation through R&D. The enabling factors of biobased chemical products innovation are the availability of scientists and researchers in university to conduct research collaboration in firm’s R&D unit. (Aminullah, 2015)

3. R&D intensity and economic prosperity

(36)

23

The categorization of R&D intensity and grouping of prosperity here based on the cluster of data distribution in X-Y graph with the references of “Sussex manifesto” (1970) and World Bank category (2014). The Sussex manifesto defined the target of R&D intensity for developing countries 0.5% of GDP (see Ely, 2009) and the World Bank category of prosperous country by high income percapita more than US$ 10,600. Therefore the categories of R&D intensity are as follows: low (less than 0.5% of GDP), medium (0.5-1% of GDP), high (1-3.5% of GDP), and very high (more than 3.5% of GDP). While the level of prosperity are grouped into: less prosperous (GDP percapita less than US$ 10,600), prosperous (GDP percapita US$ 10,600-100,000), and very prosperous (GDP percapita more than US$ 100,000)

Levels of R&D intensity viewed from economic prosperity vary by countries. The general pattern is that an increase in R&D intensity in line with the increase of country economic prosperity. Most developed economies with high level of R&D intensity are prosperous countries. Two countries, Luxemberg and Norway with high R&D intensity are very properous countries, Two countries, India and China, with high R&D intensity are still less prosperous countries. Only one country (Korea) with very high R&D intensity is a properous countries. See Graph 4.

Furthermore for the countries with moderate level of R&D intensity, we identify two countries (Argentina and Slovakia) are prosperous countries and one country (South Africa) is still less prosperous country. Two countries (Oman and Chile) with low R&D intensity are prosperous countries (GDP percapita more than US$ 10,600). More ever, three countries (Indonesia, Thailand and Philipinness) with low R&D intensity are less prosperous countries. In short, properous countries tend to have R&D intensity more than 0.5% of GDP, while less properious countries tend to have R&D intensity less than 0.5 of GDP.

3.2. Capacity to raise R&D intensity

As described previously, low level of R&D intensity has persitently declining in Indonesia since 1980s. R&D intensity was only 0.1% of GDP in 2013 (not include R&D intensity in higher education). Based on GIR model, Indonesian R&D intensity would rise from 0.1% (2013) to around 0.72% of GDP in the year 2045 (in conjuction with 100 years of Indonesian independence). The economic growth would remain positive, although the economic instability could accur after the year 2020 for period of 5-10 years. Indonesia would have the resilience to pass the instability as it was in the success story of coping with the

(37)

global economics downturn in 2008. How such moderate figure of R&D intensity 0.72% of GDP would happen in 2045. The figure is likely to happen not as the repetition of Indonesian’s current story that has consistenly devoted to low figure of R&D intensity in the last 30 years, but it is the logic of low “initial

condition” inside system that is “too small to have a big push”. See Graph 5.

The estimation of optimum push towards moderate figure of R&D intensity 0.72% of GDP is depicted in Graph 6. In 2015 R&D expenditure is largely (85%) contributed by government sector. The yearly increase of goverment budget for R&D activities in public sector was normally constant around 10% per year. In the period 2015-2025, the goverment budget for R&D activities in public sector is considered to have average increase by around 15 % per year, thus the amount of government budget for R&D activities should increase four times from the position around Rp 13 trillion in 2015 to Rp 46 trillion in 2025. Along with the private sector R&D spending is expected to have average increase by around 30% per year, it should be rising 23 fold from the position of Rp 3.3 trillion in 2015 to Rp 77 trillion in 2025. These optimum push could set back to low figure of R&D intensity less than 0.5% of GDP, if Indonesia consistenly devoted with the business as usual (BAU) activities.

FUTURE TRENDS OF R&D INTENSITY AND ECONOM IC GROWTH IN INDONESIA (2012-2045)

TIME

RDpGDP

rGDP

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,080

-13,0 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,208

-8,40 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,336

-3,80 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,464 0,800 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,592 5,400 RDpGDP

rGDP 0,720 10,00

Source: the simulation results of EGRI model, 2015

low initial condition

future past

(38)

25

Source: the simulation results of EGRI model, 2015

FUTURE TRENDS OF CHANGE IN GOVERNM ENT AND INDUSTRIAL R&D IN INDONESIA (2012-2045)

TIME

P

E

R

C

E

N

T

rGovRD

rIndRD

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 0,0

10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0

Source: the simulation results of EGRI model, 2015

S HARE O F GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRIAL R&D (1990-2045)

TIME

Gov

Ind

1990 2005 2020 2045 0,0

20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 future

past

The expectation towards high R&D spending by industrial sector is supposed to be something unstoppable due to the pressure of global market (ASEAN Economic Community), where ASEAN producers fiercely compete to place for best product and services in regional market. The competitive race will become a reality where more industrial sectors are producing innovative products and service through R&D. It is the pressure of global market would carry out the industrial sector to shift its mindset from simply enjoying from what they have been successful producing without R&D toward producing innovative products through R&D. The contribution of industrial sector in R&D is expected to rise from 20% in 2015 to 62% in 2025.

3.3. High prosperity with moderate R&D intensity in future

As explained before, the trend of Indonesian R&D intensity is expected to increase from low (0.1% of GDP) in 2013 towards moderate (0.72% of GDP) in 2045. The moderate figure is still below the general trend of prosperous countries. As a properous country, the magnitute of Indonesian economy would become US$ 5 trillion in 2035 and within 10 years afterward it would fold twice to US$ 9.5 trillion. In the year 2045 the total population of Indonesia is estimated to reach 357 million people. The Indonesian GDP percapita would increase from around US$ 3,760 (2015) to become US$ 24,000 in 2045. The standard of living Indonesian people in 2045 would be almost equal to the South Korea in 2015 (GDP percapita US $ 24,000).

There is a sharp difference between Indonesia and South Korea. High GDP per capita of South Korea is fitting to the nation of leader in innovative technology, especially electronic and ICT. South Korea is highly advanced economies in innovative industries and creative societies with R&D expenditure of 3.4% of GDP (2012). While the Indonesian position in technology innovation would be still in the medium level of sophistication. Indonesia would be difficult to have the global competitiveness in sunrise industries such nano-technology, biotechnology and renewable energy with R&D expenditure would still 0.72% of GDP. See Graph 7

Graph. 6

(39)

FUTURE TRENDS OF R&D INTENSITY (%) AND GDP PER CAPITA (US$000) IN INDONESIA (2012-2045)

TIME

RDpGDP GDPpCAP

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 RDpGDP

GDPpCAP 0,080 0,000 RDpGDP GDPpCAP

0,208 5,000 RDpGDP GDPpCAP

0,336 10,00 RDpGDP GDPpCAP

0,464 15,00 RDpGDP GDPpCAP

0,592 20,00 RDpGDP GDPpCAP

0,720 25,00

Source: the simulation results of EGRI model, 2015 South Kore a (1990-2013)

TIM E

GN IpC ap R&DpGDP

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

GNIpCap R&DpGDP

6.000 1,60 GNIpCap R&DpGDP

9.800 1,98 GNIpCap R&DpGDP

13.600 2,36 GNIpCap R&DpGDP

17.400 2,74 GNIpCap R&DpGDP

21.200 3,12 GNIpCap R&DpGDP

25.000 3,50

future past

Although Indonesia is rich in natural resources and biodiversity but it seems would be unsuccessful to exploit promising technology through R&D activities. Indonesia would face the “uneven phenomenon” of high prosperity with moderate R&D intensity, that is high living standard with GDP percapita of US$ 24 thousand coincides with technological dependence society. The medium figure of R&D intensity around 0.72% of GDP generally relate to moderately innovative society. It is the feature of a country still buy much and make less in fulfiling of people needs for products and services. Indonesia could prosper and be strong in term of GDP parallel with unhealthy condition due to lack of nutrient in technological learning with R&D intensity.

4. Balance of infrastructure quality and R&D intensity

4.1 Relationship between infrastructurue quality and R&D intensity

The development of infrastucture in EGRI model represented by construction investment which covers investment for: first category of buildings such as industrial factories and warehouses, commercial retail and leisure facilities, offices all office workspaces, including in mixed-use, public education, health and administration, residential houses and apartments, dam agricultural irrigation & miscellaneous; and

(40)

27

As described in section one, the country with better infrastructure will have active innovation through R&D, thus the more sophisticated the infrastructures tend to have higher R&D expenditure and the more competitveness the industries. Then, the more industries with the globally competitive product and service the more they spend on R&D to meet very high demand in global market. The relationship between infrastructure quality and R&D intesity is depicted in Graph 8.

Private R&D mostly in industrial sector would increase by more than three times from the amount of Rp 3.3 trillions (in 2010) to become Rp 11.6 trillions (in 2020) and national R&D expenditure will become 0.22% of GDP in 2020. The prerequisites to realize this estimation are: first, implementation of government institutional supports (tax incentive for R&D activities); second, committed private sector to grow through innovation with R&D activities not satify with what they have been very succesfully doing before through innovation with low or without R&D activity. (Aminullah, 2014)

4.2 Industrial and economic impacts of construction investment

Even though innovation in construction sector is limited and is often accused of being non-innovative and conservative sector. Most of innovation type is organizational innovation and technical change such as pre