Наименова- ние образца муки
Водопогло- щение (Water absorption), % (скорректиров анное к 500
FU)
Водопогло- щение,%, (скорректи-
рованное к влажности
14%)
Время развития (Developmen
t time), мин
Стабильн
ость, мин Степень отклонения (Toleranceinde
x MTI), [FU]
Номер качества
по Фариногр
афу Мука
(контроль)
54,4 49,9 6,7 7,0 45 106
С добавлением льняного жмыха:
3% 55,7 51,2 7,5 9,3 65 102
5% 56,5 52,0 6,9 7,8 93 86
7% 55,7 51,2 6,2 7,7 84 87
Величина водопоглотительной способности изменяется от 54,4% до 55,73%, т.е. все образцы муки имеют среднюю величину водопоглощения. Время образования теста (развития) – это время от начала добавления воды до точки на кривой непосредственно перед появлением первых признаков снижения консистенции теста. При добавлении льняного жмыха эта величина увеличивается: от 6,7 мин в контроле до 6,9-7,5 мин при добавлении 3- 5% льняного жмыха, а при добавлении 7% время образования теста уменьшается на 0,5 мин по сравнению с контрольным вариантом. Более высокое значение времени образования теста приводит к более высокой стабильности теста и отсутствию разжижения теста. В данном случае, более высокую стабильность наблюдается при добавлении 3-5% льняного жмыха.
Введение льняного жмыха способствует повышению разжижения теста: этот показатель повышается при применении 3-7% льняного жмыха от 45 FU до 65-93 FU.
Показатель качества муки (номер качества) может использоваться вместе или вместо устойчивости и степени разжижения, существует высокая корреляция показателя качества с устойчивостью и степенью разжижения [ГОСТ Р 51404-99]. В опытных вариантах номер качества практически не изменяется: 86-102 ед. против 106 ед. в контроле.
Таким образом, так как номер качества является расчетной величиной (это расстояние в мм вдоль оси времени между точкой добавления воды и точкой, где значение центра фаринограммы уменьшилось на 30 FU по сравнению со значением центра фаринограммы при требуемой величине консистенции), он не всегда адекватно отражает качество исследуемой муки. Номер качества по Фаринографу выражает очертание фаринограммы одним значением. Слабая мука: размягчается рано и быстро, низкий номер качества. Сильная мука: размягчается поздно и медленно, высокий номер качества. Полученные данные могут свидетельствовать о том, что добавление льняного жмыха не оказывает заметного влияния на изменение физических свойств муки.
Из данных таблицы видно, что при внесении 5% льняного жмыха была более высокая стабильность теста, по сравнению с остальными вариантами, что приводит к улучшению реологических свойств теста.
Выводы
Использование подсолнечного и льняного жмыха оказывало существенное влияние на структурно-механические свойства теста по Фаринографу. Так добавление подсолнечного жмыха способствует повышению разжижения теста: этот показатель повышается при применении 3-5% подсолнечного жмыха от 45 FU до 52-94 FU, а при добавлении 7%
показатель степени разжижения уменьшается по сравнению с контрольным вариантом на 10 FU.
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Показатель качества муки в опытных вариантах номер качества с добавлением 3-5%
льняного и подсолнечного жмыхов практически не изменяется: 104-76 ед. против 106 ед. в контроле, а при добавлении 7% номер качества снижается с 106 до 25 ед.
Величина водопоглотительной способности в опытных образцах имеет среднюю величину водопоглощения. Отмечено, что оптимальным вариантом является 5% с добавлением подсолнечного жмыха. При добавлении 7% подсолнечного жмыха необходимо сократить замес теста.
При добавлении льняного жмыха во все образцы муки величина водопоглотительной способности имеет среднюю величину водопоглощения. При добавлении 3-5% льняного жмыха наблюдается высокая стабильность теста. В опытных вариантах номер качества практически не изменяется. Полученные данные могут свидетельствовать о том, что добавление льняного жмыха не оказывает заметного влияния на изменение физических свойств муки.
Таким образом, при внесении 3-5% льняного и подсолнечного жмыха наблюдается высокая стабильность теста, по сравнению с остальными вариантами, что приводит к улучшению реологических свойств теста.
Список литературы
1. Котик А.В. Разработка и товароведная оценка полуфабрикатов из семян льна в использовании пищевой промышленности. – Кемерово, 2012. – 265 с.
2. Оспанов А.А., Муслимов Н.Ж., Тимурбекова А.К., Джумабекова Г.Б. Исследование реологических свойств теста из полизлаковой мучной смеси для изготовления макаронных изделий. «Исследования, результаты». 2018 г. №3 (79), С 63-70.
3. Остробородова С.Н. Разработка технологии функциональных хлебобулочных изделий с применением сырья растительного и животного происхождения. – Воронеж, 2009.
-219 с.
4. Бутейкус Н.Г. Технология приготовления мучных кондитерских изделий. -М.:
Академия, 2010. – 304 с.
5. Цыганова Т.В., Миневич И.Е., Зубкова И.А., Осипова Л.Л. перспективы использования семян льна и льняной муки. //Хлебопечении России.- 2014.-№4. -С. 18-19.
6. Цыганова Т.В Технология в организации производства хлебобулочных изделий. – М.: Академия, 2006. – 448 с.
7. Бегеулов М.С., Кармашова У.О. Использование жмыхов семян масличных культур и хлебопечении //Хлебопродукты. -2015. - № 4. – С. 50-53.
8. Абдрахим А.Н., Мусаева С.Д., Изтелиева Р.А. Использование овсяной муки в производстве хлеба. «Исследования, результаты». 2018 г. №2 (78) –С 5-9.
9. Живетин И.И., Гинзбург Л.И., Масличный лен и его комплексное использование. – М.:нилка, 2000.- -312 с.
10. Живетин И.И., Гинзбург Л.И. Лен и его комплексное использование. – М.:Информ,2002. – 394 с.
11. Булданов А.С. Пищевые добавки: Справочник. – М.: Дели Принт, 2001. – 46 с.
12. https://spb.agroserver.ru/zhmykh/zhmykh-podsolnechnyy-707333.htm]
13. Бегеулов М.Ш., Сычева Е.О. «Технология хлебопечения с использованием льняного жмыха» / Известия ТСХА, выпуск 3, 2017 г.
МАЙЛЫ ДАҚЫЛДАРДЫ ҚАЙТА ӨҢДЕУ ҚАЛДЫҚТАРЫНЫҢ ҰННЫҢ ҚАСИЕТТЕРІНЕ ƏСЕРІН ФАРИНОГРАФ ЖҮЙЕСІМЕН БАҒАЛАУ
Жумалиева Г.Е. Алимкулов Ж.С., Шаулиева К.Т.
ЖШС "Қазақ қайта өндеу жəне тағам өнеркəсіптері ғылыми-зерттеу институты"
Аңдатпа
Мақалада зығыр жəне күнбағыс күн жарықтарының қарабидай – бидай қамырының реологиялық қасиеттеріне əсерін зерттеудің мəліметтері келтірілген. Күнбағыс жəне зығыр күнжарын пайдалану Фаринограф бойынша қамырдың құрылымдық-механикалық
39
қасиеттеріне елеулі əсер етті. Зығыр күнжараны ұнның барлық үлгілеріне қосқан кезде су сіңіргіш қабілетінің шамасы су сіңірудің орташа шамасын көрсетті. Зығыр күнжарының 3- 5% қосылған кезде жоғары тұрақтылық байқалады. Тəжірибелі нұсқаларда сапа нөмірі іс жүзінде өзгермейді. Алынған мəліметтер зығыр күнжарын қосу ұнның физикалық қасиеттерінің өзгеруіне елеулі əсер етпейтінін куəландырады.
Кілт сөздер: майлы дақылдар, зығыр күнжары, күнбағыс күнжары, бидай жəне қара бидай ұны, реологиялық қасиеттер, қарабидай - бидай қамыры, Фаринограф, су сіңіру, сапа нөмірі.
EVALUATION OF FLOUR PROPERTIES WITH THE USE OF WASTE PROCESSING OF OIL CROPS WITH THE USE THE SYSTEM OF THE FARINOGRAPH
Zhumalyeva G.E., Alimkulov G.S., Shaulieva G.T.
"Kazakh research institute of processing and food industry" Ltd.
Abstract
This article presents the data of studies on the influence of flax and sunflower cake on the rheological properties of rye-wheat dough. The use of sunflower and Flaxseed meal had significant effects on the structural and mechanical properties of dough in the Farinograph. When adding flax cake to all flour samples, the value of water absorption capacity has an average value of water absorption. With the addition of 3-5% flaxseed flour, high stability is achieved. In experimental versions, the quality does not change. The data obtained may indicate that the addition of flax meal does not have a noticeable effect on the change in the physical properties of flour.
Key words: oilseeds, linseed cake, sunflower cake, wheat and rye flour, rheological properties, rye-wheat dough, Farinograph, water absorption, quality number.
УДК 616.94-022.7-095-055.3
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC REGIMEN DURATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Kozii N.V., Chornozub M.P., Shahanenko V.S., Avramenko N.V., Kurdzeka A.
BilaTserkva National Agrarian University, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Annotation
One of the major factors of antibiotic use regimen is the duration of treatment. Common approaches to determining the duration of the course of antibiotic therapy are not optimal, as shown by an increasing problem of the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and the low effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in diseases of infectious and non-contagious etiology.
In this article we highlight the results of modern research pertaining to the effects of antibiotic therapy duration on the treatment outcome and the resistance development.
The duration of treatment is one of the important factors of the regimen of antibiotic use, which affects the results of treatment. When developing a regimen for the use of antibiotics the clinical status of the animal as well as characteristics of pathogens and their sensitivity to antibiotics should be taken into account. In addition, careful compliance with the prescribed course of treatment and justification of its cost are also important. The analysis of the relevant research allowed drawing the following conclusions. The results of modern research pertaining to the duration of antibiotic use show that short-course antibiotic regimen is mostly superior to conventional longer lasting antimicrobial treatment. The two main possible complications of the
40
inappropriate duration of antibiotic regimen are incompleteness of treatment and the development of antibiotic resistance. The used end-points for antibiotic treatment (clinical or bacteriological cure, relapses etc.) are subjective, complicated and not reliable. The efficacy of procalciton in or others blood markers for antibiotic treatment monitoring, has to be studied more extensively.
The overuse of antibiotics in human and animal health practice is a highly relevant issue in modern medicine. In spite of this, the study of the efficacy and consequences of the short-course antibiotic regimen is limited in veterinary medicine. Therefore, this issue needs more attention, particularly in food animal industry, which has direct consequences for human health.
Key words: antibiotic, regimen, treatment, resistance, clinical outcome, relapses.
Introduction
Common approaches determining the duration of the course of antibiotic therapy are not optimal, since there isan increasing problem of the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and reduced efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in diseases of both infectious and non- contagious etiology.
Duration of treatment is one of the defining indicators of the antibiotic use regimen which affects the results of treatment. When developing regimen for the use of antibiotics the clinical status of the animal as well as characteristics of pathogens and their sensitivity to antibiotics should be taken into account. In addition, careful compliance with the prescribed course of treatment and justification of its cost are also important. The two main possible complications regarding of the duration of antibiotic the rapy are incompleteness of treatment and the development of antibiotic resistance. The commonly used end-points for antibiotic treatment (clinical or bacteriological cure, relapses etc.) are subjective, complicated and not reliable. Various blood markers (e.g., procalcitonin) are available for the monitoring of the antibiotic treatment; however, their efficacy needs further investigation. The lack of knowledge of the current state of antibiotic resistance research can lead to inappropriate and excessive antimicrobial treatment regimen.
The overuse of antibiotics in human and animal health practice is a highly relevant issue in modern medicine. In spite of this, the study of the efficacy and consequences of the short-course antibiotic regimen is limited in veterinary medicine. Therefore, thisissue needs more attention, particularlyin food animal industry, which has direct consequences for human health.
Analysis of recent research and publications
The resistance of the pathogens to the drugs used to control the infection is a long lasting problem. It applies to viruses and microbial organisms in human [24, 32] as well as in veterinary [1, 2, 4, 17, 23] medicine.
The main purpose of the work was to review the scientific literature devoted to the study of the influence of antibiotic regimen duration on the development of antibiotic resistance.
Materials and methods
The latest scientific veterinary and human medicine literature pertaining to the subject was reviewed and discussed.
The results and discussion
When it comes to antibiotic use one of the main causes of resistance development is non- compliance to the treatment regimen. Dinh A. et al. [14] emphasized that antibiotic treatment durations are still not well studied. The authors point out some objective and subjective causes that make it difficult to perform proper trials to better evaluate the options for treatment regimen.
Very often even the use of conventional and widely excepted antimicrobial regimenincreases the development of resistance. Bhatt C.P. et al. [3] showed that out of 460 newly registered infectious cases, 9 (1.9%) cases were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) and among 90previously treated cases 11 (12.2%) were found to be MDR.
One of the major factors of antibiotic use regimen is the duration of treatment. In this article we review and highlight the results of modern research pertaining to the impact of antibiotic usage duration on the treatment outcome and the resistance development.
41
Short-course antibiotic therapy is a widely studied alternative to the conventional antimicrobial regimen. Most of the studies evaluating the short-course antibiotic usage in tuberculosis patients [7, 8, 20, 28, 36, 38] indicate that the shorter treatment regimens have the potential to reduce transmission of resistant strains; are highly effective and well tolerated bypatients; are associated with a decrease in the prevalence of second line drugs-resistant and extensively drug-resistant pathogens; and are effective at preventing the acquisition of MDR mycobacteria.
At the same time J. Gao et al. [16] demonstrated that a standard short-course antibiotictherapylead to a subsequent development of acquired drug resistancein mycobacteria, which may bea causefor treatment failure.
Other authors [25] evaluated the efficacy of supervised tuberculosis therapy versus self- administered therapy in decreasing acquired drug resistance, antimicrobial treatmentfailure and relapse frequency of the disease. They found that supervised therapy was not significantly better than self-administered therapy in preventingantimicrobial treatmentfailure, relapse or acquired drug resistance and indicated the need for research to identify other causes of poor microbiologic outcomes.
Chotiprasitsakul D. et al. [9] compared the outcomes of patients receiving short-course (6-10 days) vs prolonged-course (11-16 days) antibiotic therapy for Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. The authors found that a short course of antibiotic therapy yielded the same clinical outcomes as a prolonged course. The authors also suggested thata short course of antibiotic therapy may preventsubsequent emergence of multidrug-resistantgram-negative bacteria.
Pugh R. et al. [31] used a short lasting (6 to 8 days) antibiotic regimen for the treatment of pneumonia (not due to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli). The authors concluded that such a therapy most likely does not increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes, and may even reduce the emergence of resistant pathogens when compared with a prolonged course (10to 15 days) antibiotic therapy. However, they point out that for the pneumonia due to non-fermenting Gram- negative bacilli, there seems to be a higher risk of relapseafter short-course therapy. The results of similar experiments [29, 30, 33] lead mainly to the same conclusion but the authors stressed the importance of the use of the individualized strategy (including the monitoring of some clinical features or the level of serum procalcitonin) in order to safely reduce the duration of antibiotic therapy in pneumonia cases. The superior efficacy of short-course antibiotic therapy for pulmonary diseases was also confirmed by D. Deshpande et al. [13].
Pinzone M.R. et al. [26, 27] compared the clinical efficacy of a short-course versus an extended-course antimicrobial regimenin randomized controlled studies. No differences were found in terms of clinical success, bacterial eradication, adverse events or mortality rate. Analyzing similar studies D. Sutijono et al. [35] found that in three out of four studies, whichrepresent two- thirds of patients observed, no significant differences in treatment failure or relapse rates were found between a 3-day and 5-day course of antibiotics.
By the end of the 20th century serious concern for human and veterinary medicine was posed by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica. The study done by H.M.
Chen et al. [6] proved that short (3-5 days) course of ceftriaxone therapy for patients with severe gastroenteritis due to non-typhoid Salmonella infection facilitates faster clinical recovery.
Khariwala S.S. et al. [18] showed that prolonged use of antibiotic after free flap reconstruction of head and neck defects does not prevent postsurgical site infection better than short-course antibiotic regimen. Moreover, the authors noted that long-course antibiotic regimen was associated with a higher risk of pneumonia.
To prevent postoperative infections in clean orthopaedic surgeries P. Mathur et al. [19]
assessed the efficacy of a short (24 h, 3 doses of 1 g intravenous cefuroxime perioperatively spaced 12 h apart) course of perioperative antibiotic prophylactic regimen compared with the conventional existing 5 days regimen of intravenousantibiotics (cefuroxime 1 g twice daily along with amikacin 15 mg/kg in 2 divided doses) followed by oral cefuroxime, 500 mg twice daily until suture removal.
The authors found that there was no significant difference in rates of postsurgical site infection
42
among the two groups in the study. They also suggested that implementation of ashort course perioperative regimen may help reduce antimicrobialresistance, the cost of treatment and adverse reactions to antimicrobials.
Oliva A. et al. [21] report a case of bloodstream infection caused bypandrug-resistant Klebsiellapneumoniae. An innovative regimen of short-course treatment with colistin plus double carbapenem was used in patients with evident success. The authors pointed out the synergistic and bactericidal effects of the regimen.
Analysis of the systematic reviews comparing the effectiveness of short and long courses of oral antibiotics for infections treated in outpatient settings was made by E.E. Dawson-Hahn et al.
[11]. The authors concluded that there isa good quality evidence that short course of antibiotics are no less effective as longer ones for most common infections managed in outpatient settings. At the same time they emphasized that the impact of short regimen on antibiotic resistance and associated treatment complications requires further research.
The main two possible adverse consequencesregarding of the inappropriate duration of antibiotic regimen are under treatment and the encouragement of antibiotic resistance. De Santis V.
et al. [12] retrospectively reviewed data on all patients with bacteraemiain community-hospital over a 6 month period. Causative pathogens, resistance patterns, use and duration of monotherapy or combination therapy, breakthrough and relapse rates, and patient outcomes were assessed. The authors found that the use of short-course antibiotic regimen was effective in achieving good clinical outcomes, lower rates of antibiotic resistance and clinical relapses. They emphasized the further need to study short-course regimens to estimate clinical efficacy and antimicrobial resistance potentials.
The global superiority of short-duration antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infections was proved with the use of innovative methods of evaluating data on antibiotic trials [5].
The conclusion of many specialists today is that the fixed conventional long-lasting antibiotic regimens do not meet expectations possibly because of their role in further fueling the development of antibiotic resistance [37]. This is supported with data obtained by Crotty M.P. et al. [34] which indicate that long-course antibacterial use in the setting of viral pneumonia had no impact on clinical outcomes but furthermore it increased the incidence of subsequent multidrug-resistant organism infection/colonization.
The increasing amount of the research data indicates that short-course antibiotic therapy is advantageous comparing to conventional mostly long-lasting regimens measured by clinical outcomes. The main advantages of short-course regimen are decreased risk of the development of antibiotic resistance, better client adherence and economic efficiency. However, there are alsocases when expectations for short-lasting regimens were not met. For example, in the study of D.S.Y.
Ong et al. [22] the use of short-course empirical gentamicin regimen in patients with sepsis was associated with an increased incidence of renal failure but not with faster reversal of shock or improved survival in a setting with low prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. In another study M. Sartelli et al. [34] emphasized the conditions on which the short antibiotic regimen may be applicable. The authors suggest that a short course of antimicrobial therapy (3−5 day) can be used in stable patients with adequate control of source, fever and leukocytosis. In critically ill patients an individualized approach is always mandatory and patient’s inflammatory response should be monitored regularly. The authors propose to use procalcitoninlevelas guidance for antibiotic treatment regimen in critically ill surgical patients.
The results of trials by M.R. Pinzoneet al. [26] indicate that in cases when causative agents were not a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, short-course regimens were as effective as long- course regimens in patients with pneumonia. The authors also stressed the importance of using the accustomed stop-points for antibiotics, i.e. clinical signs or biomarkers such as procalcitonin. In the authors’ opinion, this monitoring approach allows reducing antibiotic exposure and the risk of antimicrobial resistance development, without negatively affecting clinical outcome.
In general, the appropriate treatment of infection diseases remains challenging. The proper regimen development and application is limited by the shortcomings of pathogen isolation and
43
sensitivity testing, antimicrobials availability and economic issues. As pointed out by M.R. Pinzone et al. [24] this often results in empiric selection of antimicrobials, based onlyclinical judgment, suggesting possible local patterns of antimicrobial resistance etc. In the authors’ opinion, these issues may greatly contribute to prolonged and ineffective courses of antimicrobial therapy.
Reviewing the literature pertaining to the issue S. Esposito et al. [15] also noted that despite the large number of data available, the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment remains an individual decision mainly based onclinical criteria. The authors believe that the shorter antimicrobial therapy can be equally effective compared to conventional, mostly longer duration, antibiotic regimens and that the less extended expose to the antibiotic will reduce antibiotic resistance, drug expenses and side effect rates.
Conclusions
The analysis of the above data allows drawing the following conclusions:1. Duration of treatment is animportant factor of antibiotic use regimen that influences treatment outcomes;
2. Clinical status, isolation of causative pathogens and determining their sensitivity, adherence to the regimen and economy issues have to be accounted for while elaborating antibiotic use regimen;
3. The results of modern research pertaining to the duration of antibiotic usage show that short-course antibiotic regimen is mostly superior to conventional longer lasting antimicrobial treatment.
4. Short-course antibiotic regimen usually shows similarly good clinical outcomes, lower rates of both antibiotic resistance and clinical relapses.
5. The two main possible complications regarding the inappropriate duration of antibiotic regimen are incompleteness of treatment and the development of antibiotic resistance. They both need to be addressed closely in clinical and trial environments.
6. The used endpoints for antibiotic treatment (clinical or bacteriological cure, relapses frequency etc. are subjective, complicated and often not reliable. The efficacy of procalcitonin or other blood biomarkers for antibiotic treatment monitoring have to be studied more extensively.
In spite of the importance and public awareness of different aspects of antibiotic treatment in human and animal health practice, the study of the efficacy and consequences of the short-course antibiotic regimen is limited in veterinary medicine. Therefore, the subject of antibiotic resistance development needs more attention, particularly in food animal industry, which has direct consequences for human health.
Perspectives of future investigations
One of promising avenues to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance is the development of metal nanoparticles (copper, silver, etc.) with antibacterial properties. Investigators have to assess efficacy and safety of new drugs for animal and human health. It is also necessary to promote the testing of new antimicrobial drugs on large scalewhich may allow developing more efficient protocols for animal treatment.
Bioethical standards. The study of all reviewed articles was done according to accepted bioethical standards.
Conflict of interests. All of the authors of the article have agreed on the part of contribution and support the material to be published.
List of literature
1. Apparao D. Relationship between results of in vitro susceptibility tests and outcomes following treatment with pirlimycin hydrochloride in cows with subclinical mastitis associated with gram-positive pathogens / D. Apparao, L. Oliveira, P. Ruegg // J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
2009.vol. 234(11). p. 1437 ̶ 1446.
2. Aslantaş Ö. Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis cases / Ö. Aslantaş, Demir C. // J. Dairy Sci. 2016. vol. 99(11) . p. 8607 ̶ 8613.