QUOCTE
N H O N G BIEN DOI CHlNHTR!
6 INDONESIA HIEN NAY
• TS DOAN TRlTonVG THU Vien Chinh tri hoc.
Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Torn tdt: Ld mgt quoc gia trong khu vtic ASEAN, vd cung gidnh ddc lap cung thdi ky vdi VietNam, ketdkhi ban hdnh hdn hienphdp ddu tien (1945) vd thdnh lap nin cdng hda (1950), Indonesia da da trdi qua nhieu btidc thay dot quan trgng trong ddi song chinh tri vd dat diidc nhdng thdnh cdng nhdt dinh. Trin cd sd nhdng thay doi dy, ngdy nay, Indonesia dang Id ntidc cd htidc phdt triin manh ve tdt cd cdc mat cda ddi song. Bdi viit nghien cdu ldm rd nhdng bien doi chinh tri chu yeu tai Indonesia.
• Td khda: hien phdp, ddn chd, ddng chinh tri, quyen Itic.
1. Khdi quat the che chinh tri Indonesia dirong dai
Lap phip: Nghi vien tham vdn nhan ddn (Majelis Pennusyawaratan Rakyat - MPR), la co quan cd quyen xdy dung bode siia ddi bi^n phap, bd nbi^m bode ludn tgi tdng thdng.
Nghi vien gdm bai co quan:
(1) Hdi ddng dai dien nhan dan (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat - DPR) tue Ha vi6n, gdm 560 nghi SI, ldm nbi§m vu du thao va thdng qua ludt, hop tac vdi tdng thdng de xdy dung ngdn sach bang nam, giam sdt boat dpng cliinh tri, nhiem ky 5 ndm vd duge bau thdng qua tdng tuyen eii.
(2) Hdi ddng dai dien khu vuc (Dewan Perwakilan Daerab - DPD tiic Thuang vien, xdy dung du ludt va nhung van de lien quan den khu vuc, vimg mien, tdng cudng vai ttd dai dien cua khu vuc d tam qudc gia. Mdi tmh dugc bdu 4 dai
bieu khdng dang phai vao Hdi ddng, nhiem ky 5 nam. hidonesia cd 33 tinh thanh, vi vdy Hdi ddng nay gdm 132 nghi si.
Hinh phip: Gdm Tdng thdng, Phd Tdng thdng va ndi cac. Tdng thdng vd Phd Tdng thong la mpt Uen danh, nhiem ky ndm ndm. Nhdn than ciia Tdng thdng va Phd Tdng thdng phai dam bdo vi tdn gido, vung mi^n va dia vi xd bdi. Tdng thdng Indonesia phdi la ngudi dao Hdi, xudt thdn tCr vdng Java, Phd Tdng thdng la ngudi vimg khde, thudc ddn tpc khdc. Sau khi ddc cu, Tdng thdng se thdnh lap npi cac, gdm cac thanh vien ciia dang mmh, mot sd ciia cde dang Udn minh, va eac nhd ky tri khong dang phdi.
Tuphip: Tda an ed quyen luc cao nhdt ttong be thdng tu phdp la Tda dn tdi cao, hoat ddng ddc lap. Ddy la tda phiic tham eudi cung. gidi quydt bat ddng giira cdc tda dn cdp dudi Tda dn Hien
LfLUAN CHlNHTR!-So 5/2020
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phdp dugc lap ndm 2003, cd nhiem vu gidm sdt nhiing quy^t dinh ciia Ndi cde va Nghi vien de dam bdo cdc quyet dinh phii hgp vdi Hien phdp.
Cac ding phii: Indonesia bien cd ban 40 ddng dang ho^t ddng. Mot sd dang ldn nhu Dang Ddn chu dau tranh PDI-P (Id ddng cdm quy^n cua Tdng thdng Widodo, cuu Tdng thdng Megawati Sukarnoputri la Cbu tich), Dang Ddn chii (DP), Dang Cdng chiic (Golkar), Dang Cdng ly thinh vuong (PKS), Dang Uy quy^n dan tdc (PAN), Dang Phdt tri^n thdng nhdt (PPP), Dang Thiic tinh dan tdc (PKB), Dang Phong trdo Dai Indonesia (Gerindra), Ddng luong tri nhdn ddn (PH),DangDdnchuddntpc (Nasdem)...
D90 Hdi Id qudc giao. Khi nhdm cbiic, Tdng thong phai tuyen the trung thanh vdi tdn giao cila minh.
Indonesia Id qudc gia ASEAN theo cbinb the cOng hda tdng thdng, nin cdng hda nay ra ddi nam 1950. Hien phap bien banh la Hien phdp nam 1945, dupe sua ddi vd bd sung ndm 1999, 2000,2001 va 2002. Hidn phdp quy dinh, quyg'n hanh phap dupe ttao cho Tdng thdng - do cu tri bdu true tiep ttong cupc bdu cir todn quoc.
Trudng hgp khdng cd cap iing cu vien ndo dupe lira chpn, ngudi dan se true tigp lua chpn giiia 2 cdp iing cu vien cd sd phieu cao nhat ttong cudc tdng tuy^n cd, cap img cii vien nao nhdn dupe sd phieu cao nhat se dugc bd nhiem lam Tdng thdng va Phd Tong thdng'",
Ong cCt vien Tdng thdng va Phd Tdng thdng In- donesia phdi la edng dan Indonesia, chua bao gid nhdp qudc tich nude khdc, khdng phan bgi td qudc vd CO dii ndng luc de thuc thi nhiim vu. Hg phii ttanh cii theo dang phdi, khdng chdp nhan ling cu vien dpc lap. Nhiem ky cua Tdng thdng la 5 nSm. vd ehi dugc ndm giii vi tri tdi da bai nhiem ky. Tdng thdng cd nhiem vu vd quyen ban gdn Mn voi vi tri nguyen thii qudc gia nhu tiidng linh cae
luc lugng vu ttang, ban hanh lenh an xa, thay mdt qudc gia ky ket cde dieu ude qudc te, tuygn bd tmh ttang khan cap, bd nhiem dai sii tai nude ngoai vd tiip nhdn dai su nude ngodi. Ddi vdi mdt sd nhiem vu, quyen ban khi thuc hien thi phai dua tren y kien hode su phe chudn eila mdt co quan khdc. Vi du, khi tuygn bd ebidn ttanh bay hda binh, Tdng tiidng phai dupe su phe chudn ciia DPR.
Tdng thdng cd quyen phu quyet ddi vdi ede du ludt dd dugc CO quan lap phdp thdng qua. Hien phdp quy dinh DPR cd tham quyen ban hdnh ludt, nhung moi du ludt d^u phai cd su thao ludn vd thdng nhdt giira Tdng thdng va DPR. Sau khi dat dugc thdng nhdt, Tdng thdng mdi ky xde thue, ngugc lai, du luat ed thi khdng dugc bdn tdi niia.
Tdng thdng cd thue quyen ldn, cu the Id ttong qua ttinh lap phap, Tdng thdng va DPR ed vai trd ngang nhau, Tdng thdng cd quyen trinh du an luat ra DPR va ban banh cdc quy dinh dudi ludt de tiiuc hign cde luat kbi can thigt.
Tdng thdng Indonesia, vi vdy, khdng ehi ndm bdnh phap va la nguyen thu qudc gia ma edn ndm thuc quyen trong lap phdp, dieu nay cbo phep Tdng thdng tham gia mgt each cbu ddng va chi phdi cdc boat dgng lap phap. Tuy nhien, Tdng thdng lai khdng cd quyen giai tdn MPR, vd hoan todn cd thi hi MPR phd truat neu bi chiing minh la pban qudc, tham nhung, ed banh vi d nhiic bode bi chiing minh la khdng du kha nang hoan thanh nhiem vu. Thu tuc ludn tpi bdt ddu bdng viec cd it nhdt 2/3 thanh vien DPR ddng y luan tdi Tdng thdng trudc Tda an hien phdp.
Trong vdng 90 ngay, Tda an nay phai ra phdn quydt vi viic Tdng thdng cd tiiuc su bi phe trudt nhu quan di^m cda DPR hay khdng. Kbi phan quyet Id phe trudt thi vu viec se dugc chuygn len MPR di giai quygt ttong vdng 30 ngay tigp tiieo.
Phien hgp ciia MPR dd phe trudt Tdng thdng phai cd it nhdt 3/4 tdng sd thanh vign tham gia.
QU6CTI
Tong thong Indonesia Joko Widodo tuyen the cho nhi^m ky nam ndm thic hai cua minh _ Anh: AP
Tdng thdng se bi phg trudt neu cd it nhat 2/3 ttong sd do ddng y^'.
2. Nhung doi moi chinh tri o Indonesia Tin quyin ciio cic dia phuong
Sau thdi Suharto, 5-1998, bdu het cac cai each CO ban vg ludt bau cii va hien phdp Indonesia deu dat dupe nhiing thanh edng nhdt dinh. Indonesia da chuyen ddi tir che dd chuyen quy^n bdc nhdt Ddng Nam A ttd nen tu do vd dan chu hon. Hien nay, ngudi ddn Indonesia dugc bdu cir tu do, edng bdngva cd tinh canh ttanh cao bon vdi khoang 40 dang gidnh quyen lue ttong MPR. Cae dang phai xay dung ddng minh nhdm dat da sd phieu can thigt de thdng qua cdc ludt. Ghe nghi vien duoc ddnh gid rdt cao, khien cac cupc bdu cu mang tinh canh ttanh khdc liet, ttong trudng hop can thiet, Tda dn Hien phap Indonesia se phdn xii neu cd cde ttanh chap giiia cdc dang ttong qud tiinh bdu cir.
Sau kbi Suharto tii ehuc giila tinh ttang bat dn ve cbinb tri, kinh te vd xd hdi, Indonesia bdt tay tign banh mdt chuong trinh tan quyen, dupe gpi Id "tu tri kbu vuc" {otonomi daerah). Habibie da phat ddng tien trinh md ttong hon mdt ndm da ldm cbo Indonesia ttd nen ddn cbu bon. Trudc do, quyen luc cbi tap tnmg cbii yeu vdo cbinb quyen trung uong {pemerintah pusat). Chiic ndng cbinh cua cbinb quyen dia phuang - tai lang, xd, tinh, tiianh phd - la tuan theo cde chmh sach va cbi thi qudc gia. Hg tiiong nay da vap phai su chdng ddi manh liet eua nhan dan, nhieu tinh da eho rdng each thuc kigm sodt kinh te, qudn su va bp may quan lieu cua Jakarta la qud khde ngbiet, hdu bet cdc loi ich tii tai nguyen thien nhien d cdc khu vuc ngoai ciing Indonesia dgu ebdy vg bp may chinh quyen tmng uang. Cdc tinh, tiianh khac nhu West Papua va DongTunor
LfLUAN CHINHTRj-So 5/2020
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cho rang, theo co sd Uch sir, hg khdng thudc su quan ly cua Indonesia. Mdt sd tinh nhu Aceh, Tdy Papua, Ddng Timor va Bali cho rdng bp khac biet vdi nhung khu vuc khdc cua Indonesia ea vg mat tu tudng, van hda va tdn giao, vi the deu mudn tach ra khoi Indonesia. Cae boat ddng chdng ddi quygn kigm soat cda trung uong - nhu Phong ttao Tu do Papua (0PM) va Phong trao Tu do Aceh (GAM) bi quan ddi dan dp, ddn tdi nhiing cupc ndi chien vd dan dp ttong suot bang chuc nam.
Thong qua ca che quyen tu tti kbu vue, Indonesia vin giu dugc su thdng nhdt va todn ven ldnh thd.
Xic lip ph^m vi trich nhi$m cic cip dia phuiong
Hign phap Indonesia (siia ddi nam 2002) tuy khong ghi cu the nguyen tac tam quyen pban lap nhung chiu anh hudng cua nguygn tdc nay khi quy dinh ve to chiie bo may nha nude. Trong bd may nha nude tnmg uong cua Indonesia cd co quan thuc tbi quyin lap phdp rigng so vdi hanh phap vd tuphap.
Chinh quyen dia phuong Indonesia co ban dupe to cbiie vd hoat ddng theo nguygn tde ket hgp giiia tap quyg'n va tan quy^n, giila tap trung vdi phi tap trung vd tu qudn, gdm cd cap tinh [vting I), cdp huyen, qudn (vung II}, cdp xa (cap xa, phudng) va cdp thdn. Ba edp dau thi td chue tuong tu nhu be tiidng cbinb quyin dia phuong Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, edp thdn d Indonesia la mdt cap chinh quyen ddc lap trong he thdng cbinh quyen dia phuang. Co chd bd nhiem ddng vai ttd chi phdi ttong viee thidt lap bg may cbinh quyen dia phuong, nhdt la ddi vol cdc chuc vu ehii ehdt trong bg mdy hanh chinh. Cbinb quyin cap tinh CO Thdng ddc, Co quan hanh chinh va Hdi ddng dai dien tinh. Thdng ddc la ngudi dling ddu mdt tinh va ddng thdi eiing la dai dien cho Tdng thong 0 dia phuong, ed bd may edng chuc dia phuong gidp viee ben canh co quan hanh chinh. Hai co
quan nay phdi hgp voi nhau ttong viec ban hanh luat le cua dia phuong va ngan sdch cua tinh. Hgi ddng dai dien tinh dong vai ttd quyet nghi. Ben eanh cac co quan cap tinh, huyen con cd co quan dai dien cua cac Bp d cdp trung uong dat tai dia phuong. Rieng cbinh quyen cap xa d Indonesia khdng ed co chg tu tri, ma la co quan hanh chinh cap dudi cua quan, huyen hay thanh phd. Trudng phudng, xa la ngudi diing dau cua phudng, xa. Tai edp ndy khong ed Hdi ddng dai dien nhung van cd eae ehi nhanh dai dien mpt sd bO. Rieng d cdp thdn, he thong chinh quyen cung duoc td chiic gan nhu cdp xa nhung khdng ddt co quan dai dien eua cac Bp Tnmg uong.
Quy dinh vi biu cu va luat vi ding chinh tri (ma Indonesia
He thdng bdu cii Indonesia dp dung theo each dai dien theo ty le, khde vdi ede nude khac ttong ASEAN la dung cdch bau da sd hoac hdn hop.
Luat bau cu do Qudc bdi soan thao va thdng qua nhung ttong qua trinh thao ludn tbi cac td chiic xa bdi, bpc gia vd co quan nghien eiiu van dugc gdp y kien dg hoan thien.
Bdu cir Nghi vien d Indonesia la bau cii theo dang chinh tn, he thdng nay khdng cho phep mot dang nao chiem da sd ttong Nghi vien, vi vay, cdc dang ldn thudng phai thda hiep voi nhau dg tiianh lap cbinb phu lien minh. Lan bdu cu Nghi vien gan ddy la vao 4.2019 vdi 16 ddng tiiam gia ttanh cit. Trong do, thdng lpi ldn nhdt thudc vg PDI-P vdi 19,33%, Dang Germda voi 12,57%, cdc dang tiep theo ldn luat la Golkar, PKB, Nasdem va PKS.
Digu dang chu y la d mdt dat nude cd 87% ddn sd tiieo dao Hdi, cac dang tiieo xu hudng Hdi giao cbi chiem khoang 20% sd ghe ttong Nghi vien.
Mdt dac diem cua be thdng bau cir Nghi vien Indonesia la chi cd khoang 1/3 nghi SI tning cu da CO kinh nghiem boat dong Nghi vien d cdp dp qudc gia bode ea d cap do qudc gia va dia phuong.
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QUOCTETy le tdi cu thap dong ngbia phdn ldn nghi si Id nhiing ngudi mdi vao nghe, mdi bdt ddu quy trinh tim bieu cbinh tri d cimg mdt digm xuat phdt.
Ngodi ra, cae nghi si tning cii cung khdng nhdt qudn trong vigc theo mgt dang phai nao, ddc biet la nhihig dang nhd va thieu dudng ldi va quan diem cbinh tri rd rang. Vdd cdch thiic nhu vay, thue tg eho thay cudc bdu cii 2019 o Indonesia cd tdi 193 trieu cit tn tham gia bau cii DPR vd DPD tai 805 nghin diem bd phigu tten 6 nghm bdn dao ldn nhd va cd tdi 16 dang cbinb tri khae nhau, vi thg, rat khd cd ddng nao gianh uu the tuyet ddi.
Ddi vdi CO quan hdnh phdp, viec bau cii DPR rat quan ttpng, qua do dg tim ra iing cu vien tdng thdng nude nay. Theo Luat Bdu cii tdng thdng mdi, ehi nhiing dang bode lien mhih cac dang gidnh dugc 25% ttgn tdng sd 560 ghe ttong DPR, mdi dupe quygn dg cii iing cu vien tong thdng vd phd tdng thdng.
Thay ddi trong tiin trinh dan chu hda Nhung giai doan lich sir quan trgng ciia Indonesia cbo thdy, viec cai each theo hudng dan ehu, cdc dang chinh tri duoc tham gia nhieu bon va cd ca hpi binb ddng cao hon. Sau khi Indonesia tuyen bd dpc lap, qudn dpi Ha Lan quay ttd lai nhdm thigt lap lai deb cai tri. Do do, Indonesia phai ttai qua 5 nam (1945 -1950) viia dau tranh ngoai giao va vira vu trang de bao ve dgc Idp. Thang 12-1949, Hd Lan cdng nhan Indonesia Id qude gia doe lap vd chuyen giao chinh quyen cho chinh phu Uen hiep Indonesia. Thdng 8-1950, cbinb phii Ugn higp gidi thg va nude Cdng hda Indonesia thdnh lap, Indonesia chinh tbiic bdt tay vdo qua trinh xdy dung vd phdt trien dat nude.
Mac dil day Id thdi gian Indonesia phai tap trung vao eude ddu tranh ehdng thuc ddn Ha Lan, nhung ngay trong qua trinh dd, nhd nude Indonesia dd ra ddi. Dde biet tii nam 1945, Indonesia dd ban hdnh ban Hign phdp ddu tien
vol 5 nguygn tdc Pancasila ndi tieng. Cae nguyen tde nay dii cdn cd nhiing han ehe, song d miic dp nhdt dinh dd tao nen tdng ddn chd cho Indonesia qua tu tudng nhdn vdn vd bmh ddng gida cac tdn gido. Nhiing tu tudng CO ban nay di theo sudt lich sir Indonesia ve sau, la co sd giup Indonesia ttd thanh mdt nha nude the tue thay vi mdt libd nude Islam gido.
Cu thg, vdi md hinh Dan chii Tu do a Indonesia kdo ddi tii 1950 dgn 1959, Indonesia da thuc bien tu do bdu eii, tu do ngdn luan, bdo chi ciia ngudi dan, Ii;rc lugng qudn su chua cd vai ttd thuc su quan ttgng ttong ddi sdng chinh tri xd hdi... Tuy nhign, do khdng thuc hien vigc phdn quyin vd do nhiing khd khdn vg kmh tg, xa hpi, su mdu thudn qua ldn giiia ede hic lugng ehinh tri - xa hdi ttong nude va tham vgng md rOng quyen luc cua Soekamo va luc lugng quan su, md bmh Ddn ehu tu do da that bai.
Tiep dd, tir tbdi ky Ddn ehii ehi dao den thdi ky Trat tu mdi, cde quyen ddn cbu, tu do ciia ngudi dan hi ban chg: bau cit khdng dupe td cbiic, thigu tu do bao cbi cdc dang ehinh tri va cac td chiic xd hpi hi ban chg boat dpng. Su tdp trung quyen lue vao cbinh quyen trung uong dupe day len miic cao nhat. Moi phong ttao chdng ddi 1^ ehmh quygn trung uong deu hi dan dp. Tuy nhien, ttong thdi ky Trat tu mdi, vdi ehinh sdch phdt trien kinh te tu ban chu ngbia, kinh tg Indonesia dd tdng trudng nhanh chdng, ddc biet so vdi cdc tiidi ky Ddn ehu nr do vd Dan ehu cbi daa Chinh su tdng tiuong kmh te cao dd mang lai tinh hgp phdp cho chg dp Trat tu mdi, la co sd de che dd nay tdn tai sudt hon ba tiiap nien til ndm 1966 den ndm 1998.
Them vao do, su chia re ndi bg va su iing bd cua qudc tg ngay eang suy giam da khien cbinh quyen tiidi Trat til mdi tiiieu di ngn tang tdn tai. Cudc khiing hoang ndm 1998 khien nen kinh te - xa hdi rdi loan. Phong ttao dau tranh bieu tinh ciia sinh
LfLUAN CHINHTRj-So 5/2020
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vien, cdng nhdn, ndng ddn, ddn ngheo thdnh tiii va mgt bd phan giai edp trung luu dang cao khien tdng thdng Suharto bude phdi tir chiic vdo thdng 5-1998. Che dd Trat ti/ mdi sup dd da md dudng cho cai edch ddn ebii d Indonesia.
Sau khi chg do Trdt tu mdi sup do, phong ttdo dau ttanh ciia cac luc luong tien bg dign ra ddn toi hang loat cai cdch cbinh tri - xd bgi quan trong. Nhiing cai cdch ddn chd dd dupe thuc bien nhu tiiay ddi ca chg bdu eir, phat trign ca che giam sat vd can bdng ttong bp may nhd nude, cai thien cac quygn eo ban eua ngudi ddn, tbiic day qua ttinh phan quyen cbo cac dia phuong.
Nhiing edi cdch ndy da ndng eao trdch nhiem tham gia chinh tri cua ngudi ddn. Song song vdi do, nen kinh tg Indonesia ciing dat dupe nhung budc tdng tnidng viing chdc, vi thg ciia Indonesia ngay cang ndng eao tten trudng khu vuc vd qudc tg. Vdi md hmh dan cbu tham gia dupe thigt lap nhu hien nay, Indonesia dang dugc danh gia Id qudc gia ddn chu bdc nhdt Ddng Nam A vd la ngn dan chd ldn thu ba tten the gidi (xet theo sd dan).
Thuc te cbo thdy trong nhung nam gdn ddy, Indonesia Id mdt trong nhiing ngn kinh tg nang dpng nhdt d chau A, thu hiit ddu tu tu khdp noi tten the gidi va dang tro thdnh mdt tbi trudng tieu dung phdt trien vdi tdc do nhanh. Toe dp tSng trudng tuy cd cham lai nhung vdn duy tri d miic 5,04-5,05% ttong ndm 2019'^'. Day van Id tde do tang trudng nhanh ttong nhdm G20.
Tuy cdn cd nhiing tranh ludn vg su tang trudng ciia Indonesia Id ehu yeu dua vdo ngudn tai nguyen thien, nhung thuc te ngn kinh Xi cua hidonesia khdng chi dua vdo dd, Hign nay, hidonesia la mOt ngn kinh te ngay edng ndng dong va tdng Idp tnmg luu dang phdt tridn. Cdc nghien oiu eho thdy, cdc tdng lop trung luu va gidu CO aia hidonesia se tdng gdp ddi, len hon 141 ttigu ngudi ttong 5-6 nam tdi. Ldp tte ciia Indonesia
ddm nghi dam ldm, tu lue vd day tham vpng, tang lap trung luu eua Indonesia dang la dpng luc thuc day nen kinh te. Cac Unh vuc nhu ngdn hdng, du lich, giai tri, thuc pham vd bdn le, dich vu cua Indonesia ciing dang thue day tdng trudng vd tao ra nhieu cdng an viec lam, ddng gdp gdn mdt nira tdng san lugng cua ngn kmh te. Nen kinh te Indonesia dd di mot chdng dudng dai kg tii nam 1998 vd dd ttdi qua mdt su chuyen bien ddng ke.
Indonesia van phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thach thlic ttong tuong lai, nhung cd the ndi nude ndy dd di mpt chang dudng ddi ttong mpt khoang tbdi gian ngdn va da cd nhiing thay ddi thanh edng.
Trong su chuyen ddi ay, vai ttd quan ttpng nhdt la nen tang hien phap, vdi mpt qudc gia cd vi tri dia ly dde thu vdi hang nghin hdn dao, tdng dien tich qude gia rgng ldn, da dang ve cdc thanh pban ddn tdc va rdt nhiiu tdn giao, sdng viia dan xen, Vila dpc lap, tbi viec tdn tai mpt bien thuc chinh tri nhieu dang la diiu eo the giai thieh dupe D
(1), (2) KhoaLuat-Daihgc Qudc gia HaNoi, Trung tam nghien ciiu quyin con ngudi va quyen cdng dan: Tuyen tap Biin phap mot sd qudc gia, Nxb Hdng Diic, Ha Ndi, 2012, tr,133-134,134 -135.
(3) Indonesia nam 2019 se tang Uudng thip htm muc tidu, https://bnews.vn.
Tai lilu tham khao:
1. Michael Yabuda: Cac van di chinh tri qudc techiu A - Thai Bmh Duang Nxb Van hgc. Ha Ngi, 2006.
2. Td Van Hda: Nghien cliu so sanh hiin pbip cic qudc ^a ASEAN, Nxb Cbinb tri qudc gia, HaNpi, 2013.
3. Nguy&n Trudng: Thigidi thai hiu Chiin Uanh lanh, Nxb Tri tiiiic, Ha Npi, 2010.
4. Alben P.Blaustein, lay A.SigIer: Cac ban hiin phap lam ndn lich su, Nxb Cbinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2013.
