So 257. Thang Ba nSm 2012
THlTC TIEN PHAT TRIEN DU LICH SINH THAI Dl/A VAO CONG DONG
• • •
BAI HOC K I N H NGHIEM CHO V U N G DU LICH BAC TRUNG BO
NGUYEN QUY^T THANG* & NGUYEN V A N HOA**
Du lich sinh thdi (DLST) dugc ddnh gid Id logi hinh tdng truang nhanh nhdt trong cdc logi hinh du lich, dem lgi nguon thu ddng ke cho nhieu qudc gia trong nhiing ndm gdn day. Tuy nhien, DLST cd khd ndng nhung khong tat yen Id mpt hinh thuc cua du lieh ben vdng, b&i cd the gap phdi suphdn doi cua cpng dong dia phuang. Tir thuc te tren, nghien cuu dd tiep can den mpt
khia cgnh m&i do Id phdt trien DLST dua vdo cpng ddng. Bdng phuang phdp tong hgp, nghien ciru tdi lieu vd phuang phdp thdng ke, bdi viet due ket mpt so kinh nghiem phdt trien DLST dua vdo cpng dong tren the gi&i, phdn tich hogt dpng DLST cda Viing du lich Bde Trung Bp (VDLBTB) vd de xudt cdc gidi phdp phdt trien DLST dua vdo cpng ddng, giiip hogt dpng DLST ciia VDLBTB tr& nen ben virng han.
Tir khda: Thue tien phdt trien; du lieh sinh thdi dua vdo cgng ddng; Vung du lieh Bde Trung Bg.
1. Gidi thieu
Ciing vai sir phat trien ciia xa hpi va trao luu du lich tren the giai, DLST ngay cang phat trien ca ve mat noi dung lan hinh thiic, dem lai nguon thu dang ke cho nhieu quoc gia. Nam 2002 chi rieng tai My, DLST da dem lai khoang 77 ti USD (LOHAS, 2005). Tu dau nhung nam 90 ciia th8 ky 20, DLST la loai hinh phat trien nhanh nhat trong nganh cong nghiep du lich, vai toe do phat trien tang khoang 20% den 34%/nam (TIES, 2006). Tuy nhien, diing truac nguy ca anh huang moi truang cho cac khu thien nhien, khu bao ton do c6 qua nhieu du khach tham quan; v4n de phat triSn DLST dugc dat ra va nhin nhan lai doi vai nhieu quoc gia tren the giai. Vi vay, ngay nay DLST dugc hieu tren ca so ket hgp ca su quan tam tai thien nhien va trach nhiem xa hgi:
"Du lich sinh thai la du lich co trach nhiem vdi cac khu thien nhien, la noi bao ton moi tru'dng va cai thien phiic lgi cho nhan dan dia phuong'' (Hiep hgi DLST the gidi TIES). Con nhi6u van dk can thao luan vk DLST, tuy nhien cd mgt dieu chae chan ring: Du lich sinh thai diing nghia khong dong nghia vdi du lich tu nhien, du lich dai chiing (Masstourist).
Kinh nghiem trien khai nhieu du an tren the gidi da
chi ra mgt trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trgng lam cho DLST khong ben vung, dd la su phan ddi cua cgng ddng dia phuang. Do DLST khdng dem lai lgi ich dang ke cho hg. De dam bao cho DLST c6 the hoan thanh ca hai muc tieu: bao tdn va phat trien lau dai, cac nha nghien ciiu da tiep can den mdt khia canh mdi dd la: "Phat trien DLST dua vao cdng ddng" (ggi tat la du lich sinh thai cdng ddng). Day cQng la xu hudng kha phd bien trong viec td chiic trien khai cac du an DLST tren the gidi ngay nay.
Trong quy hoach tdng the phat trien du lich VN giai doan 1995 - 2010 va chien luge phat trien du lich VN giai doan 2000 - 2010, VDLBTB dugc xem la mdt trong ba vung du lich trgng diem ciia ca nude (keo dai tu Quang Binh den Quang Ngai). Day la viing du lich cd tiem nang va the manh de phat trien hoat dgng DLST vdi ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien da dang, phong phii, lai cd day dii cac dang dia hinh dugc phan bo tren mdt khong gian hep. Thuc tk trong nhihig nam qua, hoat dgng DLST d nhiSu dia phuang trong VDLBTB rat khdi sac. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing mat dat dugc, viec phat trien hoat dgng DLST theo danh gia van chua tuang xiing vdi ti8m nang cua Viing va da bat dau bgc Id nhiing ySu kem,
* ThS., NCS Trwdng Dai hgc Nong nghiep Ha Noi Email: [email protected]
** TS., Trwdng Dai hoc Cong nghiep TP.HCM PHAT TRI^N DU LICH
PHAT TRIEN KINH TE Sc^^57, Th^ng Ba ndm 2012
gay tac dgng .xau den mdi trudng, canh quan. Do vay, nliam thiic day sir phat Iricn DLST ben vung thi vice nghien cim va dc ra cac giai phap phat tridn DLST dua vao cdng ddng tai VDLBTB la ml can thict. Da co mgt so ngliien cim lien quan \ c van dc nay tai VN nhu ciia Tiin Tlii Mai (2005), Tiing Tiij Duyen Hdng (2007), Nguyen Quyet Tliang (2010) vi\ c;ic nghien ciiu phat trien DLST cdng ddng tai cac dicm tai nguyen tir nhien. Tuy nhien, cac nghien cim tren chii yeu di \ ao gidi thieu hoac khai quat hoat ddng DLST cgng ddng tai mgl sd diem tai nguyen tir nliicn liay kinh ngliicni ciia mgl qudc gia cu the. Chua cd mdt ngliien cim nao nham tdng hgp thuc tien phat Iricn DLST cgng ddng tncn ihc gidi mdt each cd he thdng va khao sat danh gia thuc trang nham dua ra de xual phai trien DLST cgng ddng tai VDLBTB. Chinh vi vay, trong nghien cim nay tac gia cd gang tdng hgp, phan tich thuc tien, danh gia mgt sd thuc trang chii yeu nhim dua ra nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem va giai phap de phat trien DLST dua vao cdng ddng tai VDLBTB.
2. Cd sd dij' lieu va phu'dng phap nghien cufu
Ve dir lieu nghien euu: Bai viet sir dung sd lieu thii cap dugc lay tir kinh nghiem trien khai DLST cdng ddng tren the gidi va sd lieu tir cac dja phuang trong VDLBTB ciing mdt sd ngudn khac. Ngudn sd lieu sa cap tir nhieu cugc dieu tra trong nam 2010 va dau nam 2011 gdm: Dieu tra khdng lap lai du khach tai 12 diem tai nguyen cd hoat ddng DLST phat trien gdm:
khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang, Bach Ma - Lang Cd, cac khu vuc bien tai Da Nang, Quang Nam va mdt sd diem tai nguyen khac trong viing. Sd phieu dugc tinh theo cdng
Ns'xZ^
thiic: n — r (Trong dd: N: Luang NxA x + .s'xZ
khach du kien thdi diem dieu tra; do tin cay = 95%; Ax trong pham vi cho phep = 5%; s: la do lech chuan ). Sd lugng mau dugc dieu tra thuc te la 1.600 mau, sau khi loai di nhiing mau hdng cdn lai la 1.216 mau fldn han mau tinh theo cdng thiic tren la 542 mau^, trong dd cd 468 mau khach qudc te (Nguyen Quyet Thang, 2011). Dieu tra hg la 248 mau, chii yeu la cdng ddng quanh mdt sd diem tai nguyen tu nhien: VQG Phong Nha; bien Canh Duang (54 mau), bien Cira Timg, Cua Viet (32 mau), VQG Bach Ma, bien Lang Cd (62 mlu), bien Non Nude, Ngii Hanh San (44 mau); Cira Dai - Quang Nam (34 mau); bien My
Khe (22 mau). Phdng van nhanh vdi 16 chuyen gia, can bg quan li du lich, quan Ii diem tai nguyen Ur nhien va doanh nghiep du lich va dieu tra, khao sat 12 khu du lich tai cac diem tai nguyen tu nhien va 8 dan vi lir hanh cd khai thac cac chuang trinh DLST kha manh Irong vimg fchiem thj phan khoang 52,9%
lugng khach DLST den vimg nam 2009) gdm Cong ty TNHH lu hanh Huang Giang; Cdng ty cd phan du lich VN tai Hue va Da Nang; Trung tam lii hanh - Cdng ty du Hch Xanh Hue; Cdng ty du lich Nhan Thang; Cdng ty du lich VictCircle; Chi nhanh cdng ty lir hanh Saigon Tourist tai Hue va Da Nang
Ve phuang phdp nghien eihr. Phuang phap nghien ciiu chii yeu trong bai viet la phuang phap ldng hgp va nghien ciru tai lieu ket hgp vdi phuang phap thdng ke dugc sir dung trong viec chpn dia diem nghien ciiu, ehgn mau dieu tra, lira ehgn tieu chi phan tich.
3. Thu'c tien phat trien du ijch sinh thai du'a vao cong dong tren the gidi
3.1. Xdy dung cdc chinh sdch cho DLST hu&ng den cpng ddng
Hau het cac qudc gia deu coi day la cdng tac nen tang nham trien khai cac mat hoat ddng khac. 6 Australia, chien luge qudc gia ve phat trien du lich ben virng (National Strategy for Sustainable Development) va cac chuang trinh DLST qudc gia dugc khdi thao nam 1992, trong dd cd rat nhieu diem nham tao ca hdi cho ngudi dan ban xii tham gia. Tai Indonesia, cac td chiic nhu Tdng cue Bao ve thien nhien va Bao tdn (Dirjen Perlindungan dan Konservasi Alam), Bd Lam nghiep va Trdng rimg, Bd Du lich va Nghe thuat, cac ban phat triSn d cac dia phuang (Dirjen Pembangunan Daerah), Hiep hgi DLST Indonesia (Masyarakat Ekowisata Indonesia - viet tdt Id MEI) ciing nhu cac td chiic phi chinh phil da tham gia vao viec thiet lap cac "nguyen tac chi dao" cho sir phat triSn cua DLST d Indonesia.
Trong 5 nguyen tac chinh nhim phat triln DLST tai Indonesia thi cd 3 nguyen tic quan trgng gin ket DLST vdi cdng ddng dd la: (1) Lien quan den cgng ddng dia phuang; (2) mang lai lgi ich kinh te cho cgng dong bi anh hudng true tiep nhat bdi hoat dgng du lich; va (3) bao ton cac gia tri van hda - xa hgi va tdn giao cua cgng ddng dia phuong (Anak Agung Gde Raka Dalem, 2002). Ngoai ra, nhung hudng dan
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S6 257, Thang Ba nSnt2dl2 TOOI
chung cho su phat trien ciia DLST d cip chinh quyen dia phuang tai Indonesia da dugc xuit ban ngay 28/4/2000, trong dd nhirng tieu chi phat triSn DLST dua vao cdng ddng rat dugc coi trgng. Cue Quan li tac ddng mdi trudng (viSt tit B A P E D A L ) dugc thanh lap ciing da de ra nhiSu chinh sach va phat trien mdt sd chuang trinh DLST gin vdi cdng ddng de lam mau.
3.2. Trien khai cdc quy hogch DLST gdn vdi cpng ddng
Viec trien kliai cac quy hoach DLST gin vdi cgng ddng dugc coi la khau quan trgng nham dam bao cho cdng ddng cd the tiep can va hudng lgi ich til' DLST. Tai du an Kliu bao tdn Annapuma (ACAP) Nepan dugc thiet lap nham giam thieu tac ddng tieu cue ciia du lich, bao ve ngudn tai nguyen mdi tnrdng. Trong du an nay, cdng ddng dia phuang da dugc tham gia ngay tir khau quy hoach DLST, hg dugc tham khao va gdp y trong qua trinh ra quyet dinh. Du an ACAP dugc danh gia la rat thanh cdng trong viec dat dugc cac muc tieu de ra. Rieng cgng ddng ngudi Huaorani - nhdm ngudi ban xii Amazon sdng xung quanh cdng vien qudc gia Yasuni tai Ecuador, mdt khu du trii sinh quyen da dugc UNESCO cdng nhan; ngudi ta da trien khai quy hoach DLST gan vdi cdng ddng rat chat che. Mdt loat cac cudc hgp ve quy hoach va djnh hudng cd su tham gia cua cdng ddng da bao quat nhieu van de: tir nhirng quan diem ve DLST va bao ve mdi trudng, dSn quan li va phan phdi thu nhap, dao tao va cac van de khac v.v;.
3.3. Triin khai cdc chuang trinh ddo tgo DLST cho cpng dong
Thuc tien trien khai DLST dua vao cdng ddng tren thS gidi da chi ra vai trd quan trgng ciia viec dao tao cho cgng ddng dia phuang. Dieu nay se giiip cho cgng ddng cd the tham gia va hudng lgi tir DLST.
Trong nguyen tic dat ra cho chien luge phat trien DLST tai Thai Lan, yeu cau ve giao due dao tao da dugc de cap tai tieu chi thii ba: "DLST phai day manh phat trien giao due va tao ra cac nhan thiic de duy tri he sinh thai cua khu vuc, thay vi chi khai thac tang trudng kinh te" (Vunsadet Thavarasukha, 2002). Hiu het cac du an thanh cdng tren the gidi dhu cho thay vai trd quan trgng ciia giao due cdng dong. Nhu cdng dong ngudi Huaorani ciia
Quehueri'ono (Ecuador) da dugc dao lao de chuyen giao ky thuat rat tdt. Dudi su ho trg ciia mdt cong ly cd ten: "Cac phieu luu sinh thai TROPIC" Trong giai doan dau, TROPIC da nhd mot ngudi nau an tir ben ngoai cdng ddng dao tao ngudi Huaorani che bien thirc an, sau ciing ngudi Huaorani se dam nhan cdng viec (Andy Dnamm, 1998). Ngoai ra, cdng ddng cdn dugc dao tai cac kien Ihirc ve bao vc tai nguyen mdi tm'dng, ngoai ngii, dao tao nghe v.v..
3.4. Thiet lap cde md hinh qudn li phu hgp De trien khai tdt hoai ddng DLST cdng ddng Ihi can phai co md hinh quan li phii hgp. Day ciing la mat cdng lac ma chimg ta con rat "lung timg", chua CO kinh nghiem. Qua viec nghien ciru cac mo hinh quan li DLST cdng ddng, tac gia thay viec trien khai cac md hinh deu hudng den mdt trong hai khia canh:
(1) Tiep can sir tham gia (Participatory approach):
tuc cgng dong dugc trao quyen trong viec ra quyet dinh va dugc hudng lgi ich tir DLST; va (2) tiep can lgi ich (Benefical approach): cdng ddng dugc chia se lgi ich nhung han che dugc trao quyen.
Tai du an phat trien DLST d Vudn qudc gia (VQG) Gunung Halimum (Tay Java Indonesia), vdi muc lieu phat trien bao tdn va sir dung ben virng tinh da dang sinh hgc tren ca sd trao quyen cho cdng ddng dia phuang. Ngudi ta da thanh lap mdt to chiic cdng ddng dja phuang (KSM). KSM cd mdt hdi ddng cac uy vien (gom dai dien cac lang nghe, dia phuang ciia chinh phii, phi chinh phii, va dai dien VQG). Trong dd mdt ban dieu hanh gdm: mdt nha lanh dao (ketua), thu ky, thii quy... dugc lap ra de dieu hanh hoat ddng. Kieu hoat ddng nay gidng nhu hgp tac xa d VN. KSM ciing vdi Cac td chiic khac da tham gia tich cue vao cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng thong qua viec tuyen truyen cho du khach va cgng ddng bang cae tai lieu quang eao, ban dd, video v.v..
Sd lieu thu duge cho thay du an d Gunung Halimun da thu hiit 80% khach du lich trong nude va 20%
khach qudc te trong nam 1998. Thu nhap binh quan ciia mdi hd gia dinh dugc chia tir 11 % lgi tiic ciia KSM khoang 178.000 Rupiad /gia dinh/nam. Thuc te thu nhap nay cdn cao han nhieu bdi chi tieu eiia du khach den VQG. Cdn tai Sua Bali (Gianyar, Bali Indonesia) - Mdt khu du lich nhd da nhan dugc giai thudng du lich "cd trach nhiem vdi xa hgi" tai Berlin (Dice) nam 1996. DSn vdi Sua Bali ngoai viec
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PHAT TRIEN KINH TE So 257, Thdng Ba nSm 2012
thu gian, du khach cdn co llic hoc licng Indonesia ciing nhu nghe Ihual truyen Ihdng cua Bali nhu:
nghe thil cdng, khac go, nau an v.v.. Ilg dugc coi la mgl phan ciia cgng dong, tloi lai hg phai lang I USD dc hao ldn khi den lang (Anak Agung Gdc Raka Dalcm, 2002). Trong cac du an Ircn Ihi dir an VQG Gunung Halimum la md liinh dicm Irong vice trao qu\cn rgng cho cgng ddng dia phuang. Cdn khu du lich Sua Bali la hinh mau Irong vice lao sir hudng Igi cho cdng dong.
Mgt Irong nhirng md hinh rat mdi ma VN ndi chung Vii VDLBTB ndi rieng can phai xem xet, dd la md hinh quan li thdng qua hiep hgi. Day la md hinh rat CO lgi the de tiep nhan lai trg lir cac du an, td chirc phi chinh phu...Tai khu bao ton cgng ddng Baboon (Belize), dudi sir hd Irg true liep cua Hiep hdi Audubon Belize, ngirdi ta da thanh lap mgl hdi ddng quan li gdm: dai dien chii dat, cdng ddng lang va hiep hdi (R.H. Horwich, D.Murray, E. Saqui, J.
Lyon and D. Godfrey, 1998). Ngoai ra, ngudi ta Cling thanh lap hgi ddng cd van chu yeu lam tu van cho cac hoat ddng. Sir tai trg cua chinh phu va cac td chirc trong \'iec xay dung co sd vat chat, hd trg dao tao, giao due, quang ba...thudng thdng qua hiep hdi va cac du an phat trien. Cac gia dinh dja phuang deu dugc khuyen khich cd phdng cho thue. Cae dich vu khac nhu di Ihuyen, cudi ngua, hudng dan vien deu do dia phuang cung cap va dugc dieu phdi thdng qua nhan vien cua khu bao tdn. Day la md hinh hoat ddiig rat thanh cdng trong viec ket hgp: hiep hdi (ddng vai trd quan li chung); hdi ddng tu van du lich (ddng vai trd tu van giam sat) va hdi ddng quan li du Hch (dieu hanh hoat ddng). Cac md hinh tren la bai hge cho VN ndi chung va VDLBTB ndi rieng Irong viec phat trien DLST cdng ddng.
3.5. Gido due moi tru&ng cho cpng ddng dia phugng
Cho den nay, cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc DLST deu thira nhan vai trd cua viec giao due mdi trudng. Nd duac xem la mdt cdng tac trgng tam khdng the thieu nham phat trien DLST ben viing.
Thuc tien nhieu nude da cho thay ben canh viec xay dung cac tieu chuan bao ve mdi trudng thi can phai phd bien cho cdng. dong mdt each rdng rai bang nhieu hinh thiic nhu phan phat an pham, chieu phim, tranh anh, dien kich, thdng qua dien giai mdi trudng
v.v.. Tai Thai Lan, Cue Du lich Thai (TAT) phoi hgp cimg cac ca quan khac da soan thao cac tieu chuin cho lirng khu vuc ciia DLST nhu lan bien, xem chim, di xe dap leo niii...Trong dd, hg rat quan tam den vice giao due y thirc cho cdng ddng dia phuang thdng qua cac trung tam giao due moi Irudng, cac buoi chieu phim, cac an pham phai khdng V.V.. Cdn nhicu viing lai Belize thanh cong Irong vice giao due mdi Irudng va van hda Ihdng qua cae chuang Irinh ticp can cdng ddng. Dieu nay da gdp phan khuyen khich sir dung ben viing lai nguyen Ihicn nhien, nang cao su hicu biet ve di san van hoa CLia Belize.
3.6. Ldm tdt cdc mat cdng tdc khde
Nham Ihuc day vice phat trien DLST dua vao cdng ddng, nhicu nude da lam idt nhieu mat cong lac khac nhu: Cdng tac dau tu cho viec phai trien DLST cdng ddng, cdng tac quang ba cho DLST, phat trien cac san pham, djch vu DLST gan ket vdi cdng ddng, bao ldn van hda ciia dia phuang \.v..
nham lam cho DLST phat trien hieu qua va viing han.
4. Thu'c trang hoat dong DLST du'a vao cpng dong tai VDLBTB
Thue le nhiing nam qua, hoat dgng du ljch lai VDLBTB rat khdi sac, nhung van chi phat trien chu yeu loai hinh du ljch van hoa. Sd lugng khach DLST mac dil cd tang nhirng tdc do tang rat cham (chiem 22'/o long sd khach den \ung nam 2010).
Viec dau lir hoat ddng DLST da cd budc phat trien manh trong nhiing nam gan da\. Theo thdng ke cua tac gia, chi linh rieng khu vuc Lang Cd, Canh Duong va phu can (TT.Hue) da cd 12 du an dau tu (tinh tir nam 2006 den 2/2011), sd vdn da va dang dau tu udc khoang 11.932 ti ddng. Mgt sd mat cdng tac nhu quang ba, quan li tai nguyen, giao due mdi tnrdng eiing da timg budc dugc day manh. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing mat dat dugc, viec phat trien hoat dong DLST tai VDLBTB van cdn rit nhieu bit cap nhu chua mang day du nhirng dac trung vdn cd cua no va da bat dau bgc lg nhiing yeu kem, gay tac dgng xau den mdi trudng, canh quan. Dac biet, tai nhieu diem tai nguyen, hoat ddng DLST van chua dugc su img ho manh me ciia cgng ddng trong viec bao ve nguon tai nguyen, mdi trudng.
P H A T T R I ^ N D U LjCH
So 257, Thdng Ba nSm 2012
Bang 1 . So lu'dng khach DLST den VDLBTB tif 2005 - 2010
CHl TIEU Tong so khach DLST
Khach quoc te
Khach noi dia
So voi tong so khach DL
OVT Ngan ngimi Ngan ngcKfi
Ngan ngLKyi
%
2005 996,8
367
620,8
16,1
2008 2.194,5
735,7
1.458,8
23,8
2009 1.801,7
597
1.204,7
19,8
2010 2.372,5
813,7
1.558,8
22
TDTTBQ 1,19
1,11
1,20
Nguon: S6 li^u cua cac dja phuong va long hgp cue tac gia
Vao nam 2010, ket hgp vdi cudc dieu tra dac diem khach DLST, tac gia da dua them nhirng cau hdi ve nhu cau DLST gan vdi cdng ddng ddi vdi du khach (1.216 mau). Trong phan cau hdi de tim hieu mong mudn ciia khach tham gia tim hieu sinh hoat ciia cdng ddng dia phuang hay khdng. Va cau hoi khach da dugc tham gia tim hieu sinh hoat ciia cgng ddng hay chua. Ket qua dieu tra dugc the hien tai Hinh 1 va2.
26,50%
12,20%
0 Chira dugc gia • Da dugc tham gia n Khong
61,30%
tra lcri
4,10%
8,20%
9,80%
"dlpiiiSkiJIliI^
Hi^m J^ -^ '^AiT^^^^^BBBflMfl^^^^^^^
79,20%
•Mudn rtiam gia • Chira chae chin D Khong mu6n t/gia D Khong co y kifin
Hinh 1 . Mong muon cua du khach tham gia tim hieu sinh hoat cua cong dong dja phu'dng Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua tac gia
Trong phin dieu tra ve cam nhan ciia du khach ve su tham gia cua cdng ddng dia phuang, cd 956 phieu (78,6%) khach tra ldi, cdn lai khach khdng cd y kiSn (Hinh 3). DiSu nay da phan anh miic do tham gia cua cdng dong bieu hien thdng qua cam nhan ciia du khach la rit thip. Ngoai ra, tac gia da diSu tra 248 hd tai mgt so di6m tai nguyen tu nhien trong vimg. Ket qua diSu tra the hien tai Hinh 4 cho thiy rit nhi8u ho khdng cd thu nhap tir du lich, mdt sd hg khac thu nhap tir du lich dem lai khdng dang kg. Hiu het cac hg cd thu nhap tir du Hch dSu khdng cho biet cu thS thu nhap cua minh.
Hinh 2. Ve tiep can cua du khach tim hieu sinh hoat cua cong dong dja phu'dng
Ngudn: So lieu dieu tra cua tac gia
Trong phan tim hieu viec thu hut ngudi dia phuang vao lam viec tai cac doanh nghiep du ljch, k8t qua khao sat tai 12 khu du lich vao dau nam 2011 cho thay: viec thu hut ngudi dia phuang vao lam viec d nhieu khu du ljch tang vdi tdc do tang trudng binh quan tir nam 2008 den 2010 giao ddng tir 1,14 den 1,41 lan (tuy timg doanh nghiep). Trong dd, cd mpt sd doanh nghiep cd ti le thu hiit lao ddng dia phuang rat cao, dieu nay se giiip giam chi phi lao dgng cho dan vj. Trudng hgp cu the la Khu nghi mat Lang Cd (Thira Thien Hue) - dugc thanh lap tir nam 2002, d6n nay Khu nghi mat Lang Cd da trd thanh mdt dja chi hap dan du khach vdi tdng sd khach nam 2010 la 24.422 (lugt khach). Hien tai so lugng lao dgng tai dan vj han 120 ngudi. Ti le sir dung lao ddng dja phuang qua cac nam the hien qua Hinh 5.
Ti le lao dgng dia phuang eiia khu du lich nam 2010 chiem 93,6%/tdng sd lao dgng, con lai tir cac nai khac den, chii yeu la can bd quan li. Trudng hgp cua Khu nghi mat Lang Cd la kha dien hinh trong
PHAT TRltN DU LICH
P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E
So 257, Thdng Ba n3m 2012
26.^8%
3
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32.60 29.9
^
0.00% 10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%
Hinh 3. Cam nhan cua du khach ve su" tham gia cua cong dong
Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua tac gia
vice tao vice lani cho cdng ddng, do dan vj da cd chien luge trong \ icc dao tao ngudn nhan lire lau dai ngay tir ngay dau thanh lap. Cdn tai nhieu dan vj du ljch khac trong VDLBTB thi ti le nay dang cdn thap do nhieu nguyen nhan nhu khd khan trong viec tuyen dung lao ddng dja phuang do han che ve trinh do, han che \e ngudn kinh phi dao tao v.v...
Ket qua dieu tra ciia tac gia tai 8 doanh nghiep lir hanh cd khai thac cac chuang trinh DLST kha manh trong viing thi rat it chuang trinh (tour) DLST dugc khai thac lien quan den cdng ddng dja phuang, sd chuang trinh khai thac chiem 9,3%/tdng sd chuang trinh gidi thieu (thdng ke nam 2009 den thang 3/2010). Ket hgp vdi sd lieu thu dugc tir dieu tra du khach, chi cd 41,3% (503/1.216 phi6u; khach tra ldi da biet cac chuang trinh DLST cdng ddng thdng qua sir gidi thieu ciia cac cdng ty lij hanh; rieng ddi vdi khach qu6c tS ti le nay la 36,8% (173/468 khach qudc te dugc dieu tra). Sd lieu tren mac dii chua loan
fi.4n%
Cao Kha Cao Trung binh Khdng ddng kk Khdng CO thu nhdp
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00%
Hinh 4. Thu nhap tif du lich ddi vdi cong dong Nguon: So li^u dieu tra cua tac gia
dien nhung da phan nao phan anh viec td chuc cac chuang trinh (tour) DLST cdng ddng tai VDLBTB van chua dugc quan tam va quang ba tdt. Trong phan phdng van nhanh vdi 16 chuyen gia va can bo lam cdng tac lien quan den DLST thi chi cd 02 ngudi tra ldi la cd sir gan ket giiia du ljch va cong ddng d miirc trung binh, cdn lai la d muc thap va ehua ed bieu hien rd.
«
Qua ket qua dieu tra tren, mac dii chua day du nhumg ciing cho thay buc tranh khai quat ve hoat dgng DLST d VDLBTB van chua gin vdi cong ddng dja phuang mdt each rd net; lgi ich mang lai cho cdng ddng ehua cao va chua dugc phan phoi ddng deu; cac chuang trinh (tour) du ljch gidi thieu den du khach chua dugc quan tam va phat trien; viec tao gia trj hudng lgi, dem lai viec lam cho cdng ddng nhu trudng hgp ciia Khu nghi mat Lang Co chua nhieu. Dieu nay se anh hudng rat ldn den su hap dan cung nhu tinh ben vung cua hoat ddng
100.00%
50.00%
0.00%
t>0?*0*8 91J10H 93^01 •
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Hinh 5. Ti le su' dung lao dong dja phu'dng tai Khu nghi mat Lang Co - Hue Nguon: So lieu cua Khu nghi mat Lang Co
8
PHAT TRI^N DU LICH19901
So 257, Thang Ba ndm 2012
DLST. Tir thuc te tren, tac gia thiet ngh! da den liic can phai nghien ciiu, tap trung dau tu eho viee phat tri6n DLST dua vao cdng ddng tai VDLBTB.
5. Cac de xuat phat trien DLST du'a vao cong dong VDLBTB
Tir thuc tien kinh nghiem trien khai DLST dua vao edng ddng va thuc te tai dja ban tae gia dua ra mgt sd bai hgc kinh nghiem va de xuat cho VDLBTB nhu sau:
5.1. Xdy dung cdc chinh sdch vd nguyen tdc chi dgo phdt trien DLST dua vdo cpng ddng
Day la mdt trong nhiing van de rat co ban, lam co sd phap li cho viec phat trien DLST gan vdi cdng ddng. De boat ddng DLST cdng ddng tai VDLBTB phat trien trudc het can phai xay dimg mgt ca che chinh sach, tao hanh lang phap li cho boat ddng nay.
Cac chinh sach can ban hanh trudc mat nhu xay dung hudng dan cho DLST dua vao cdng ddng, cac chinh sach lien quan den viec trien khai quy hoach, bao ve mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi trudng van hda ciia cdng ddng, chinh sach khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep du ljch mang lai lgi ich cho cdng ddng v.v...
Ben canh dd, can nhanh chdng ban hanh cac
"nguyen tic chi dao" cho DLST cdng ddng, trong dd tap trung vao cac van de sau: (1) Hd trg cac chuang trinh bao tdn thien nhien; (2) Mang lai lgi ich kinh te cho cdng ddng dja phuang; (3) Bao tdn cac gia tri van hda-xa hdi cua cdng ddng; va (4) Tuan thu cac quy dinh lien quan den du ljch va bao tdn mdi trudng.
5.2. Triin khai cdc quy hogch DLST gdn v&i cpng dong
Viec xay dung quy hoach tai VDLBTB, dac biet tai cac diSm tai nguyen tu nhien nen diing tren quan diim trao quySn ban vdi quy md rdng cho dia phuang. D6 lam dugc diSu nay, quy hoach DLST tai VDLBTB phai dua tren nguyen tac hudng din cdng ddng. Cu th8 theo tac gia, quy hoach phai dua vao cac nguyen tic sau: (1) Cd su tham gia ciia cdng ddng dja phuang; (2) Quy hoach phai hudng d6n viec bao tdn tai nguyen va van hda cgng ddng; (3) Tan dung tai nguyen vdn cd va vat lieu cua dia phuang; (4) Thilt ke md hinh phu hgp vdi canh quan va dac diem cua cgng dong; va (5) Tinh den su bSn vimg lau dai va dam bao lgi ich cua cgng ddng.
5.3. Hd trg cong tdc ddo tgo nghe phuc vu DLST
Nham nang cao vai trd va sir tham gia ciia cdng ddng trong phat trien DLST, can cd sir tham gia ciia Nha nude, cac ban nganh, doanh nghiep trong viec hd trg va nang cao edng tac dao tao nghe cho cdng dong dia phuang. Vice dao tao, hd Irg cdng ddng tai cac diem tai nguyen VDLBTB rat can cac khoa dao tao nhu hudng dan vien dja phuang, nau an va phat trien cac djch vu phuc vu du ljch...Dac biet can cd su hd trg, khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tham gia vao cdng tac nay. Ngoai ra, cac dja phuang trong VDLBTB can cd chinh sach chuan bj dao lao, bdi dudng ngudn can bd quan li cho DLST, trong do uu lien con em d cac dja phuang nham chuan bj cho tuong lai lau dai.
5.4. Trien khai cdc md hinh qudn li DLST dua vdo cpng ddng phu hpp
Qua nghien cuu cac md hinh tren the gidi va thuc tl tai dja ban VDLBTB, tac gia de xuat phuang an ddi vdi cac khu thien nhien hoang da, khu bao tdn, vudn qudc gia v.v...nen tao dieu kien cho sir tham gia ciia ngudi dan (Participatory approach). Rieng ddi vdi cac khu du ljch, khach san, khu giai tri...do cac doanh nghiep dau tu tai cac diem tai nguyen thi nen cd chinh sach khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep mang lai lgi ich cho cdng ddng (Benefical approach) nhu tiep nhan ngudi dja phuang vao lam viec, sir dung cac san pham dia phuang, phat trien cac san pham phuc vu du khach do cgng ddng phuc vu (bieu diin nghe thuat truyen thdng, hudng dan nau mdn an dja phuang, day nghe thu cdng...) v.v...Nen nghien cim thanh lap cac md hinh kieu nhu "hgp tac xa djch vu" nham phan phdi lgi ich cho cdng ddng. Dae biet, cin thanh lap hiep hdi DLST tai VDLBTB nhim ho trg cho cac cdng tac dao tao, chia se kinh nghiem, quang ba, thdng tin ve DLST... ciing nhu tao lgi the trong viec tiep nhan, chuyen giao cae du an tai trg ciia cac td chiic trong va ngoai nude ve phat trien DLST.
5.5. Ddy mgnh cong tdc.gido due moi tru&ng cho cpng dong
Chuang trinh giao due phai dua tren nhieu hinh thiic, bdi vi khdng the liic nao ciing de dang tap trung cgng ddng dan cu lai mgt chd. Ben canh cac hinh thiic nhu phan phat an pham, td chiic cae budi
PHAT TRI^N DU LjCH O
P H A T T R I E N K I N H T E So 257, Thdng Ba ndm 2012
ndi chuyen, phat ddng cac phong trao bao vc nidi Irudng...thi vice giao due nen su dung nhirng hinh thirc de hieu, dc nhd nhu: cliicu phim, Iranh anh, cac chuong Irinh hicu dicn \;in nghe...Thuc ticn a nude ta ndi chung v;i VDLBTB ndi rieng, can phat huy loi
\ai Ird cua cac id chirc doan llic va c;ic hdi nhu Cuu chien binh, Iloi Phu nir. Ndng diin v.v... Irong cdng lac luycn lru\cn. giao due nidi trirdng va bao ve ngudn lai nguyen.
5.6. Ddy mgnh viee ddu tu eho DLST vd ldm tdt ede mat edng tdc khde
Nha nude \a cnc dja phuong trong viing can cd chinh sach day manh \ ice dau lu ca so ha lang, co SO' \at chat cho DLST cung nhu hd trg cdng tac nghien ciiu tai nguyen. hd Irg phai Iricn cac nghe Ihii cong truyen ihdng ciia cong ddng dja phuang v.v...
Ben canh dd can lam idl cac mat cdng tac khac nhu cdng tac quang ba cho DLST, phat Iricn ciic san pham, djch vu DLST gan ket vdi cdng ddng, bao tdn
\ an hda truyen thdng cua dja phuang v.v...
6. Ket luan
Phai iricn DLST di,ra vao cdng ddng se gdp phan lich cue trong viec thuc day sy: phat trien ben viing ciic hoat ddng du Ijch tai VDLBTB. De lam dugc dicu nay, vice Ihuc hien ddng bg cac mat tir de ra co che chinh sach, lam Idl cdng tac quy hoach gan vdi cdng ddng, cdng tac dao lao, id chirc cac mo hinh hgp li, cdng lac giao due mdi trudng va hd trg trong cac mat cdng tdc khac la rat can thiet. Nha nude, nganh du ljch ciing cac dja phuang trong VDLBTB cin nhanh chdng ban hanh cac chinh sach va nguyen tic chi dao cho DLST nham lam nen tang de Irien khai cac mai cdng tac khac. Chinh .sach va nguyen Uic chi dao nen hudng den vice trao quyen rdng va mang lai lgi ich thict thuc cho cdng ddng. Trong qua trinh Id chirc va phat trien hoat dgng DLST, can tiep tuc nghien ciru cac phuang phap quan li phii hgp vdi lung dieu dieu kicn cu ihc ciia lirng dja phuang, tirng dicm lai nguyen. Cd nhu vay viec phai Irien hoai dgng DLST tai VDLBTB mdi dam bao duoc tinh ben virng va dat dugc nhirng muc tieu de ra, gop phan thuc day su phat trien ciia nganh du ljch nude nha>
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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