KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
CHAT LUPIMG IXIGUOIXl MUOC TAI THf X A TU SOIV, TiiMH B A C IXIIIVIH
Pham Bidi Tuan\ N g u y ^ Xuiin Thanh^
D6 van Nha^ N g u y ^ HiiuThanh^
TOMTAT
Cac nguon thai gay ap luc den chat luong nude thi xa Tii Son bao gom cac boat dong: san xuat cong nghiep.
tieu thii cong nghiep lang oghe. nong nghiep, y te. t ^ sinh. Nuoc thai san xuat tir cac khu cong oghiep Km va CO ha tang bao ve moi tmdng dam bao dat quy chuan xa thai: hiu bet cac cum cong nghiep va lang ngbe CO chat lugng mroc thai khong dam bao; nuoc thai sinh boat khu VIK do thi duoc xu ly dam bao xa thai.
nuoc thai ta cac khu vuc nong thon chua co hinh thiic tbu gom va xu ly phii hgp; nuoc thai chan nuoi xii ly bang biogas co hieu suat thiip va chua dap liog theo quy chuan. Ntiuc mat tai cac song, kenh muong va ao ho ciia thi xa hau het d^u da bi 6 nhi€m N va P vo ca va coUfoims. Dac biet, miic do o nhidm hmi co tai cac thuy vuc tiep nhan true tiep nuoc thai chan nuoi rat cao. Ben canh do, mot sd thuy vuc tiep nhan nuoc thai tir cum cong nghiep va lang nghe coo xuiit hien dau hieu nhiem ban hoac bi 6 hhi§m sat va chi. Chat lugng nuoc duoi dat tren dia ban hau bet nSm trong gidi ban cho phep ctia QC\^' 09:2015/ETNMT (khong hi 6 nhiim) nhimg da co dau hieu bi suy thoai, nhifem ban do cac boat dong phat trien va san xuat Til khoa: Ngudn nuoc. chat luong nuoc, 6 nliiim nude, nude tudi.
La mdt do du cong nghiep cd mat do dan s6 cao nhat tinh Bac Ninh (2631 nguoi/km^, voi nhidu khu cong nghiep (KCN), cum cong nghiep (CCN) va nhieu lang nghe ndi tieng da giup cho su phat trien kinh te ctia thi xa Tir Son, tinh Bac Ninh thdi gian qua ben tuc duy tn dugc b tdc dd kha cao, tdc do tang trudng binh quan trong 5 nam (2011-2015) dat >
15%, nam 2017 dat miic > 17,0% (L'BND thi xa Tir Son. 2018). Tong san pham tren dia ban thi xa nam 2018 tang 4,2% so vdi nam 2017. Mat khac, su tang trudng ciia san xuat cong nghiep, lang nghe cimg vdi su tang dan so ciing tac dong khdng nho den moi truong cua thi xa bdi lugng chat thai phat sinh ngay cang gia tang ve sd lugng, da dang ve chiing loai, trong khi viec dau tu cho xir ly chat thai b cac ccr so con han che hoac khdng van hanh thuong xuyen, mot s6 CO sd chira dau tu day du cong trinh xu ly chat thai, gay 6 nhidm mot truong a nhieu noi, anh huong den ddi song va sinh hoat cua ngudi dan. TTieo bao cao ve cong tac bao ve mdi tnrong cua tinh Bac Nmh (2017), chat lugng ngudn nude mat (song, ngdi, ao.
' Khoa Quan ly Dat dai. Hgc vien None nghiep \"iet Nam
" Nghien ciiu sinh Khoa Quan ly Dal dai. Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
^ Trung tam Tu van Khoa hoc Cong nghe TNMT Hgc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
ho), nude dudi dat cua tinh Bac Ninh noi chung va thi xa Tir Son ndi rieng dang cd dau hieu bi 6 nhiem tai nhieu vi tri va vao cac thdi diem khac nhau.
Vi \\ do tren, nghien ciiu nay dugc tien hanh nham xac dinh cac ngudn gay d nhiem, danh gia hien trang chat lugng nude cua thi xa Tu Son. tii do giup cho cac cap, nganh chuyen mon tham muu de xuat cho chinh quydn nhiing giai phap phu hgp de bao ve, duy tri va cai thien chat lugng ngudn nude ciia thi xa, bao ve mdi tnrcmg sdng.
Z. PHUDNG PHAP NGMBi CUU
2.1. Phuong phap d i ^ tra, thu thap dir lifeu thii c ^
Thu thap thong tin cap nhat ve dac diem kinh te, xa hdi ciia cac xa, phuong va ciia toan thj xa Tir Son;
trong do tap trung vao hien trang phat tiien cac khu, cum cong nghiep, CCT scr y te. chan nuoi, lang nghe, bai chon lap/Id dot tren dia ban thi xa (thdng tin ve ca so san xujit, kinh doanh, loai hinh, phirong thiic quan ly chat thai...).
2.2. Phuong phap d i ^ tra, thu fli^ dir lieu so Dieu tra, thu thap thdng tin dugc tien hanh thdng qua dieu tra, phong van. Da dieu tra 4 nhdm ddi tugng bao gom; can bg quan ly moi trudng ciia thi xa (1 phieu); can bg quan ly mdi tnrong ciia xa.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2019
KHOA HQC CONG NGHE phuong (12 phieu); co sd san xu^t, kinh doanh, dich
vu (120 phieu) va hg dan (120 phi^u).
Ddi vdi can bg quan ly; thu thap thdng tin chung;
cac ngudn phat sinh d nhiem tren dia ban; hien trang cac cong trinh bao ve moi truong Qb dot, bai chon lap, xu ly nuoc thai/nuoc cap); cac giai phap bao ve mdi truong (BVMT) dang trien khai; cac phan anh, kien nghi tir cong ddng dan cu dia phuong. Tai cac CO so san xuat, kinh doanh, dich vu: thu thap thong tin chung ve san xuat; thu tuc phap ly ve mdi truong;
phat sinh va quan ly chat thai. Tai cac hg gia dinh;
thu thap thdng tin chung; nhu cau sii dung cac nguon tai nguyen (dat, nude mat, nude dudi dat) va phuong thiic su dung; hien trang phat smh chat thai sinh boat; van de d nhiem moi trudng va anh hudng;
cac kien nghi khac.
2.3. Phuong phdp lay mau
- Lay 18 mhi nude thai (NT) dai dien tai cac nguon thai tap trung. Ion theo cac nhdm nganh san xuat, kinh doanh, dich vu cd nguy ca cao gay 6 nhiem mdi trudng, cac mlu nude thai dugc lay mau theoTCVN 6663-10:2011 (ISO 5667:2006). Cu the:
NTl, NT2; Nude thai sinh hoat tir khu dan cu dd thi.
NTS, NT4: Nude thai sinh hoat khu dan cu ndng thon.
NT5, NT6: Nuoc that chan nuoi hd gia dinh.
NT7, NTS: Nuoc thai chan nuoi tap trung.
NT9, NTIO; Nuoc thai lang nghe.
NTH, NT12, NT13: Nuoc thai CCN.
Tir NT14 den NT17: Nuoc thai KCN.
NT18: Nude thai Benh vien Da khoa Tir Son.
- Lay 22 mau nuoc mat, trong do cd 17 mau nuoc mat (hi mSu NMOl den NM17) nhan thai (tir khu, cum cong nghiep, lang nghe, y te...) va 5 mau nude mat ao hd (tir NM18 den NM22). Lay mau theo TCVN 6663-4:2011 (ISO 5667:2006) va TCVN 6663- 6:2011 aSO 5667:2006).
- Lay 18 mau nuoc dudi dat (nude ngam), tir mau NNOl den NN18, tai cac vi tri dai dien cho khu vuc chiu tac dong cua hoat dong san xuat cong nghiep, bai chon lap va cac khu vuc mdi trudng nen (it chiu tac ddng). Lay mau theo TCVN 6663-11:2011 GSO 5667:2006).
2.4. Phirong phap phan tich
- Ddi vdi mau nuoc thai phan tich cac chi tieu;
pH, tdng chat ran lo limg CTSS), BOD5, NH/, tong nito (TN), tong photpho (TP), S^", colifonns, chu yeu la cac chi tieu the hien cho kha nang 6 nhiem chat h u u CO.
- Ddi vdi mau nude mat phan tich cac chi tieu:
pH, DO, EC, tong chat ran lo limg (TSS), COD, BOD,^, CI", NO^-, NO3, NH/, PhotPO/-, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Colifonns.
- Ddi voi mau nuoc ngam phan tich cac chi tieu:
pH, dp cimg (tinh theo CaCOj), CI", NO2", NOj, NH/, P04^, As, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, cohforms.
- Phan tich mau theo cac phuong phap hien hanh (Bangl).
Chi tieu TSS
pH
Do ciJmg (tinh theo CaCOJ EC
CI- DO COD BOD5 TongN NH/
NO2 NO,
BSng 1. Phuong phap phan tich miu nir6c Phuong phap phan tich
TCVN 6625:2000 TCVN 6492:2011 TCVN 6186:1996 SMEWW 25108:2012 TCVn 6194:1996 TCVN 7325:2004 SMEWW 5220C:2012 TCVN 6001-1:2008 TCVN 6638:2000 US EPA Method 350.2 TCVN 6178:1996 TCVN 7323-1:2004
Chi tiSu TongP P O / H2S Pb Cd Hg As Fe Cu Zn Mn Cohforms
Phuong phap phan tich TCVN 6202:2008 TCVN 6202:2008 TCVN 6637:2000 SMEWW 31138:2012 SMEWW 31138:2012 TCVN 7877:2008 SMEWW 31138:2012 TCVN 6177:1996 TCVN 6193:1996 TCVN 6193:1996 SMEWW 3500-Mn.B:2012 SMEWW 92218:2012 2.5. Phuong phap d^nh gid
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Doi vdi nude thai: dua vao QCVN 40;2011/BTNMT, QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 62:2015/BTNMT. QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT va/hoac tham chieu cac quy chuan tuong duong (QCVN 11- MT:2015/BTNMT; QCVN 12-MT;2015/BTNMT:
QCVN 13-MT;2015/BTNMT cho cac nganh san xuat dac thii).
Ddi vdi nude mat: dua vao QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT.
Ddi vdi nuoc ngam: dua vao QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT.
3 . KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Nguon thai
Cac ngudn thai gay ap lire den chat lugng moi trudng thi xa Tir Son bao gom cac boat ddng san xuat cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep, ndng nghiep (trdng trgt, chan nuoi va nuoi trdng thuy san), y te, dan sinh...
Tlieo sd heu tdng hop, tren dia ban thi xa hien cd 3 khu cong nghiep tap tnmg (KCN VSIP, KCN Tien Son va KCN Hanaka); 9 cum cong nghiep san xuat lang nghe va da nghe va 9 khu tiiuong mai dich vu lang nghe tap trung g cac xa Huong Mac, Phii Khe, Ddng Ky.
Hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cung dang diln ra tren tong dien tich trdng trot 2.337 ha, 154 d-ang trai va d khoang 250 ho chan nudi gia sue, gia cam vol quy mo trung binh va Idn (> 500 nghin con gia cam va > 30 nghin gia sue).
Ddi vol linh vuc y te, thi xa hien co 73 ca sg y te' gdm 01 benh vien da khoa thi xa, 12 tram y te aia cac xa, phuong, 01 trung tam y te thi xa va cac phong kham tunhan.
3.2. Hien trang chat lugng nuoc thai tren dia ban thi xa Tir Son
Ket qua phan tich 18 mlu nude thai the hien b bang 2.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
BanE2. KAq KH mau
NTOl NT02 NT03 NT04 NT05 NT06 NT07 NT08 NT09 NTIO NTH NT12 NT13 NT14 NT15 NT16 NT17 NT18 QCVN 40:2011, cotB QCVN 14:2015, cotB QCVN62:2016, cotB QCVN28:2010, cotB
pH 7,1 7,2 6,8 7,5 7,2 6,7 7,0 7,3 7,1 7,4 6,9 6,8 7,0 7,2 7,8 7,4 7,8 7,3 5,5-9 5-9 5,5-9 6,5-8,5
ua phan tich nuoc thai trendiabanthixa Tir Son TSS BOD,, H,S N H / N„ P„
mg/l 11
45 152 43 200 156 246 307 87 120 437 169 52 82 6 2 2 33 5,5-9 5-9 5,5-9 6,5-8,5
24 27 220 90 330 225 550 560 85 105 90 270 90 30 20 19 11 34 50 50 150 50
KPH KPH 1,1 KPH 2,5 1,0 2,0 1,5 KPH KPH KPH 1,3 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,5 0,5 4 4
9,4 7,7 37,6 49,0 34,4 25,9 60,8 46,2 5,7 26,7 8,8 11,3 1.5 12,3 1,2 0,5 0,4 3,2 10 10 10
10,5 9,2 59,4 51,1 52,8 47,6 76,3 63,4 7,4 28,4 10,8 13,2 4,9 14,5 3,4 9,6 10,5 6,7 40 150
0,7 0,16 3,75 2,42 14,6 12,6 22,3 33,8 0,62 2,1 KPH 3,85 0,2 0,2 KPH 0,16 KPH 4,5 6 10 10
Colifonns MPN/lOOml 1.700 3.300 700.000 400.000 2.200.000 90.000 500.000 80.000 2.300 240.000 200 80.000 1.700 140.000 220.000 220 90 900.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 Ghi chd. "KPH" - Khdng phat hien (dudi ngudng phat hien cua phuong phap phan tich).
3.2.1. Chat luong nude thai shih hoat
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Nuoc thai sinh hoat (tir mhi NTOl den man
NT04) dugc thu thap tai cac khu dan cu Ion tren dia ban phuong Trang Ha. xa Ddng Ky, Phu Chan va Phil Khe.
Gia hi pH dao ddng trong khoang 6,&-7,5, trong gioi ban cho phep theo QCVN 14:2015/BTNMT ve nude thai sinh hoat.
Gia tri BOD5 (dac trung cho ham lugng chat huu CO trong nude) dao ddng tii 24 den 220 mg/l. trong do 50% sd mau vugt gidi ban cho phep.
Tuong tu, mat do vi sinh vat, ndng do tong N va N-NH4* cung duoc phat hien vugt gidi han cho phep tai 2/4 mau nude thai sinh hoat.
Nuoc thai sinh hoat khu viic do thi (phuong Trang Ha va Ddng Ky) deu cd cac thong sd nam trong nguong cho phep, trong khi dd, dau hieu 6 nhiem chat hiiu ca duoc phat hien 0 mau nuoc thai sinh boat khu vuc ndng thon lay tai xa Phd Chan (NT03) va Phil Khe (NT04). Nong dp N H / va colifonns ciia cac mhi NT03 va NT04 lan luot vuot QCVN 14:2015/BTNMT (cot B) tir 3,7-4,9 lan va 80- 140 lan. Nong do chat ran lo lung (TSS) duoc phat hien cao nhat tai mau NT03, dat 152 mg/l, tuong ting gap 1,5 lan QCVN. Mlu NT03 co phat hien thay H^S voi nong dp 1,1 mg/l.
Nude thai sinh hoat phat sinh tir cac khu dan cu nong thon hau het duoc thai trtrc ti^p khdng qua xu ly hoac xu ly khdng dam bao (he thdng b^ phot) gay anh huong den chat lugng cac thtiy virc tiep nhan, dac btet nguy ca cao ve d nhiem him ca. Trong khi dd, nude thai do thi tai mot sd phuong ciia thi xa da dugc thu gom va xu ly dat quy chuan (nha may xii ly nude thai sinh hoat thi xa Tir Son, cong suat xu ly 33.000 mVngay ddm), loai bo dang ke thanh phan d nhiem, gdp phdn giam tai cho cac thuy vuc nhan thai tren dia ban.
3.22. Chat luong nude thai chan nudi Nude thai chan nuoi (tir mau NT05 den mau NT08) vdi 02 hinh thtic chan nuoi nho le hg gia dinh (30-70 con Ign) va chan nudi tap trung (trang trai tren 250 con Ign) dugc thu thap tai phuong Dinh Bang va Dong Nguyen deu cd mtic do 6 nhiem cao ddi voi chat huu CO, chat ran lo limg, dinh dugng va colifotms.
Gia tri BOD5 trung binh dat 227+64 mg/l, ca 4 mau phan tich deu vugt gioi ban cho phep theo
QCVN 62:2016/BTNMT ve nude thai chan nudi, mirc vugt cag nhat 3,7 Idn.
Tong chat ran la lung ti'ong nude that trong khoang 156-307 mg/l, vuot quy chuan cho phep tir 1,5-3,1 lan.
Phuong phap xu ly nude thai chan nudi bang biogas xii ly chat hiiu ca khong triet de, ddng thai khong cd hieu qua doi vol N va P dan den ndng do cac dinh duong trong nude thai dau ra van g mtic cao. Ndng do N H / dat 25,9-60,8 mg/l, N„ dat 47,6- 76,3 mg/l cao gap nhieu Mn so vdi trong nuoc thai sinh boat. Dac biet, nong do P„ va colifonns b tat ca cac mau deu vuot quy chuan cho phep nhieu Idn, ttr 1,26-3,38 lan ddi vdi P,^ va tir 28-440 lan ddi vol mat do colifonns. O nhiim coliforms trong nuoc thai cd nguon gdc tir phan dong vat gay ra mdi nguy Idn ddi vdi sue khde con ngudi sir dung nude tai cac thuy vuc ti^p nhan nude thai nay.
3.2.3. Chat luong nude thai edng nghiep Nude thai cong nghiep tap trung duoc lay tai 9 vi tri xa thai (tir mau NT09 d^n m&u NTl7) cua mot sd khu, cum cong nghiep va lang nghe c6 quy md Ion tren dia ban thuoc cac nhdm linh vuc san xuat (tai che) sat, thep, det nhudm hoac da nganh, trong do, mdt sd diem lay mau chua qua xir ly, xa thai true tiep ra ngoai moi trucmg; mot sd di^m l^y mau sau he thdng xii ly nude thai cua khu cong nghiep.
Cd 5/9 (chiem 55,5%) mau nude thai vuot quy chuan doi voi BOD^ va dugc thu thap tat lang nghe va CCN nam trong cac khu vuc dan cu, khdng c6 mau nude thai nao td KCN vuot chuan dot vdi chat hiiu co.
Ham lugng chat hiiu co kha cao cimg anh hudng den nong do N trong nude thai.
Co 3 mau vugt QCVN ve NH4* (chiem 33,3%).
Nong do chat thai ran la limg trung binh trong nuoc thai dat 106+136 mg/l, cd su chenh lech rat Idn giiia cac mSu.
Cac mlu CO TSS Idn nhat gdm mau nuoc thai lang nghe Da Hoi (NTIO), CCN Doc Sat (NT12) va CCN Lo Sung (NTH), tuong ling nong do TSS dat 120, 169 va 437 mg/l, vugt gidi ban cho phep tir 1,2 den 4,3 lan, trong khi dd cac mdu nude thai cua cac KCN cd gia tri TSS thap hon nhieu, dac biet nuoc thai cua 3 KCN Hanaka (NT15), Tien Son (NT16) va VSIP (NT17) c6 TSS chi dao ddng tii 2-6 mg/l.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Cac lang nghe va CCN tren dia ban nam lan
trong cac khu vuc dan cu thuong c6 su gia nhap ciia dong thai sinh hoat giau hiiu ca.
Ndng dg H2S hau het khdng phat hien thay trong cac miu phan tich, ngoai mau NT12 (CCN Doc Sat).
Mat dp colifonns phat hien vugt QCVN tir 16-48 Ian trong 50% so mSu tai lang nghe Da Hdi, CCN Ddc Sat, phan khu Tan Hdng - Hoan Son va KCN Hanaka.
3.2.4. Chat luong nude thai y te
Nude thai y te dugc thu thap tai edng thoat nuoc thai (sau he thong xir ly) cua Benh vien Da khoa thi xa Tir Son (NT18). Ket qua phan tich cho thay gia tx\
cua hau bet cac chi tieu phan tich deu nam trong gidi han cho phep theo QCVN 28:2010/BTNMT ve nuoc thai y te. Viec sii dung he thong xu ly nuoc thai P^O (ket hgp ben tuc qua trinh ky khi, thieu khi va hieu kht) cho hieu suat loai bd cao dot vdi chat hiru co, dong thai loai bo dugc dmh duong N, P phat sinh thii cap bdi qua trinh phan hiiy. Tuy nhien, mau nude thai CO mat do coliforms rat cao, dat 900.000 MPN/100 ml cho thay, hoac hieu qua khu triing cua he thdng khdng tdt hoac c6 the do anh huong cua cac dong thai khac gia nhap ma chtra dugc kiem soat triet de.
3.3. Hi§n trang chat lugng nuoc mat
3.3.1. Chat luong nude mat ddng chay (sdng.
kenh, muong)
Bang 3. K^t qua phan tich chat lugng nuoc mat tren dia ban thi xa Ttr Son
De danh gia dien bi^n chat luong nude mat dong chay Iheo khong gian, 15 mau ntrde da duoc lay tai cac diem thuong nguon va ha ngudn ctta song Ngu Huyen Khe va cac kenh, muong thuy Igi dong vai tro quan trpng doi voi thi xa nhu kenh heu Nam, kenh heu Trinh Xa, kenh tieu 6 xa va cac kenh, muong nhanh.
Ket qua phan tich dugc trinh bay tai bang 3 cho thay: hau het cac mau nuoc mat dong chay (tir NMOl den NM15) deu vugt nguong gioi ban theo QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT cot BI chat luong nude mat cho muc dich tuoi doi vdi cac chi tieu ve DO, BOD5, COD, NH4* va NO2". Ve nong dp cac Idm loai. ngoai Fe CO 1/3 sd mlu phan tich c6 nong do vugt qua nguong gidi ban cho phep, cac kim loai khac cd ndng do rat thap hoac khdng phat hien dugc. Chi co 3 man (20%) nuoc mat dong chay bi 6 nhilm coliforms, trong do 2 mlu (NNll, NM12) Hen quan den tiep nhan nude that chan nudi.
Sdng Ngti Huyen Khe la nguon nuoc mat chinh ctia thi xa Tir Son (NM07. NM08). Chat luong nude sdng CO dau hieu 6 nhiem N H / (1,7-2,1 mg/l, vugt nguong 1,9-2,3 lan) va NO," (0,42-0,64 mg/I, vugt nguong cho phep 8,4-12,8 lln). Cac chi tieu khac nam trong gidi han cho phep.
Chat luong nuoc song va kenh. muong co xu huong thay dot (heo khdng gian tir thugng nguon ve ha ngudn do sir gia nhap boi nude thai tir cac boat ddng phat trien hai ben bd ciia thiiy vuc.
T T 1 9, 3 4
!i R 7
^
11
n
13 14 l.S
IR 19
I/&1
NMOl NM02 NM(B NMM NM05 NM06 NM07 NM08 NM09 NMIO N M l l NM12 NM13 NM14
^fM15 NMI6 NM17 NM18 NM19
pH 7 4 7fi fiS 1?, 7?.
7 1 7 1 7 4 fi9 fi'l P. 5 7 1 fi7 fi.S RO HR fi?
7,1 7,5
E C m S / m
21 36 28 52 49 43 24 25 63 31 64 58 43 93 92 40 45 68 31
D O BOD5 COD a NH.* 1 NO,-1 NO,-1 P O . * 1 A s Cd Pb 1 C u ! Zn 1 M n H E F e 4,2
3.4 2,0 3,9 3,8 3,7 4 4,1 3,8
M
2.0 2,4 4,0 4,0
M
3,9 3,7 2,0 3,7
13 47 134 17 22 19 10 9 30 29 300 175 15 14 45 14 16 165 33
9.4 91
?.?Si
m
40 33 18 Ifi Sf) 55 559 Sfi3 35
•>fi
«fi
?fi 9Q 310 65
KPH 17
9 47 37
•^8 16 13 4.H 30 21 42 27 128 50 48 34 38 11
0 4 0,6 3 4 6 5 6.1 2 7 2 1 1 7 9 1 1 3 1 1 7 1 0 5 KPH KPH 8,8
?.<>
fifi 15.0 0.4
KPH 0 6 8 0 8 4 0 4 8 0,40 0 6 4 0 6 4 0 4 ? 0:^0 0 22 KPH 0 0 ? 0 1 7 1 3 0 0 28 0 1 5 0 1 3 0,05 0,01
0,86 0 1 0,98 0.55 0,50 0,20 0,84 0 56 0,45 0 30 0.30 KPH 2,28 5 60 KPH 0 20 OfiO KPH KPH
KPH 0,24 0,20 0,20 0,04 0.20 KPH KPH
^20 KPH 7,50 1,20 KPH KPH 0.84 KPH KPH 0.30 KPH
0,004 O009 0 0 1 6 0 022 0,012 0 011 0,004 0 003 0 020 0 007 0 002 0,003 0 009 0,016 0,012 0,011 0 002 0,028 0,009
KPH KPH 0.0005
KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,0004 KPH KPH KPH
0.004 0.003 0.104 0.003 0,001 0.001 0.001 0.002 KPH KPH 0.002 KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.002 0,007 0.024 KPH
0.045 KPH 0,174 0,034 KPH KPH 0,03 0.025 0.015 KPH 0.180 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.030 KPH 0,026
0,073 0 06 1,630 0,005 KPH 0.020 0.030 0,029 0.260 KPH 0.970 KPH 0.02 KPH 0.110 0.250 0,985 0.690 0,005
KPH 0,11 KPH 0,12 KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.21 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.17 0.20 0,10 KPH
KPH KPH 0.0002
KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH
2,24 3 3 0 9.60 .5,10 1.12 1.12 1,30 1 0 0 0,66 IfiR 0,93 0,80 0,14 0,56 1,80 3,90 2,80 0,93 0.34
CoSfyrms MFN/lDOiri
2403 2 M a ) 1300 3500 2330 3500 2200 2400 4600 5403 80X0)
imsa
70 MO 9X)00 _^ 2m 1500 _ 90000 J 9.400
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
T T 20 21 22
Mau NM20 NM21 NM22 QCVN08:
2 0 1 5 3 1 QCVN08:
2015,B2 pH 8 3 7,4 8.0 55B
5,59 EC m S / m
35 40 25
D O I B O D J C O D I CI 1 N I L ' 1 N O , 1 NO,-1 P O . * 1 A s 1 Cd 1 Pb 1 Cu | Zn | Mn | H g | Fe niR/1
3.8 3 8 3,9
> 4
> 2 27 21 19
15
25 51 40 35
30
50 33 27 11 350
KPH 4.9 KPH
0,9
0,9 0.23 0,64 KPH
0.05
0,05 0.10 0.42 KPH 10
15 KPH KPH 0.16
0,3
0,5 0.006 0,013 0,00]
0.05
0,1 KPH KPH KPH
0.01
0,01 KPH KPH KPH
0,05
0,05 KPH KPH KPH
0,5
1 0.028 0 050 KPH
1,5
2 KPH KPH KPH
0.5
1 KPH KPH KPH
0,001
0,002 0 56 0 84 0 20 1,5
2 Colifoa MPN/IOC 9400 ILOOO 9.200
7.500
10.00C
3.3.2. Chat luong nude mat tinh (ao, hd) Thi xa Tir Son co nguon nude mat tinh tirong doi doi dao. bao gdm hang tram ha mat nude ao. ho phuc vu cho nhieu muc dich khac nhau: canh quan, thuy lgi, nuoi trong thuy san, didu hoa, dieu tiet hoac chiia va dong hoa nirde thai.
Ket qua phan tich 7 mau nude ao, ho dugc lay tai cac xa/phudng Chau Khe, Phii Chan, Phii Khe, Tan Hong, Dinh Bang va Dong Ngan (tir mhx NM16 den NM22) dugc trinh bay tai bang 3 cho thay: co 6/7 mau CO ndng dd BOD5 va 5/7 mlu co nong do COD khong dam bao theo cot BI, QCVN 08:2015/BTNMT chat Itrgng nude mat phuc vu miic dich thuy lgi. Tuy nhien, ddi chieu vai cot B2 chat lugng nude mat khdng sir dung cho thuy lgi ma cho cac muc dich khac yeu cau chat luong thap (vi du nhu canh quan), hau het chat lugng nude cac ao, hd nay deu dam bao.
ngoai 02 mlu lay tai xa Phii Khe va Phit Chan vugt chuan.
Nuoc mat tat ao Quan (xa Phii Chan) 6 nhilm hiiu CO tuong ddi cao, len den 165 mg/l dot vdi BOD5 (vuot chuan 6,6 lan so vdi QCVN 08 - cot B2) va 310 mg/l dot vdi COD (vuot 6,2 Idn) do thuong xuyen tiep nhan nude thai sinh hoat tir khu dan cu.
Nong do N H / va NO2 vugt qua gidi ban cho phep theo quy chuan 08 tai mot sd mSu la he qua ciia su tich dong chat hiru co. Cu the, ndng do N H / trong cac mhi tir miic khdng phat hien duoc den 15 nig/1, ty le mhi vugt gidi han tren 57% (4/7 mm), trong dd cao nhat la mSu NM18, lay tai ao Quan (vuot 16,7 lan) va thuy vuc nhan thai tii lang nghe Da Hdi (mlu NM17, vugt 7,3 lan).
Tuong tu, NO2 cung vuot chuan tai 4/7 m^u, miic vugt tir 2,6-12,8 lan. Asen (As) dugc phat hien co mat trgng tat ca cac mlu phan tich nhung deu nam trong gidi han cho phep ciia quy chuan.
Khong CO mlu nao phat hien su c6 mat cua Hg, chi CO 1/7 mlu phat hien co mat Cd, 2/7 mau phat
hien co Cu va 3/7 mlu phat hien co mat Pb va Mn.
Nong do cua chung deu nlm duoi ngudng QCVN.
Zn va Fe cd mat trong hlu het cac mlu nude, trong do co 28,5% sd mlu vugt chuan ddi voi Fe tai ho sinh hoc tiep nhan nude thai tir boat dong san xuat sit. thep cua CCN Chau Khe 1 va lang nghe Da Hoi. tir 1,9-2,6 lan (2,8-2,9 mg/l).
Dac diem chung cua cac ho sinh hgc tiep nhan nude thai san xuat sdt, thep la lugng tiep nhan xap xi bang lugng bay hoi va lugng tham do dd mtrc nuoc trong ho ludn on dinh (tinh tdi thoi diem hien tai chua timg xay ra cac su cd mdi trudng nhu tran, tham lau hda chat tii trong hd ra ben ngoai).
Mat dp coliforms trong cac mau nude tdn tai d mtic cao la he qua cua he smh thai nude tinh, thuong xuyen tii, dgng. Mat dp cohforms phat hien trung binh 19.328+31.324 MPN/100 ml, vuot chuan dot voi 2/7 mlu lay tai ao Quan (vuot 9 lln) va ao Ca Tren (vugt 1,1 lan). Ngoai ra, cac mlu nude tai ao Dinh Thon (xa Phil Khe), ao Den Dam (phuong Tan Hong) vl ao tai khu phd Xuan Thu (phuong Ddng Ngan) deu cd mat dp coliforms dao ddng tir 9.200- 9.400 MPN/100 ml, xap xi quy chuan cho phep (10.000 MPN/lOOml).
Danh gia chung, chat lugng nude mot sd ao, hd dai dien tren dia ban thi xa Ttr Son da bi 6 nhiem chat hiru co din den DO, BOD5, COD, NH/. NOf va coliforms vuot gtdl han cho phep. Ngoai ra, tdn du mot sd KLN nhu sat, kem va chi duoc tim thay cd nong dp cao bon tai cac ho sinh hoc nhan thai cua cac CCN va lang nghe san xult sat, thep.
3.4. Hien trying chfit lugng nude dirdi d^t (ntrdc ngdm)
Anh hudng ctia nude thai tdi chat lupng nude nglm phtic tap hon so vdi nude mat do nuoc ngam con chiu anh huong tir cac yeu td khac song song voi anh hudng cua nuoc thai nhu: dia chat, sii ditng dat, sir dung ngudn nude ngam... dac biet phu thuoc vao tinh chat cua gieng lay mau nude (WHO, 1993).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2019 43
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Bane 4. K^t auk ohan tich nuoc duoi d£t trftn dia han th. ^u T,v ^m^
Mau
NNOl NN02 NN03 NN04 NN05 NN06 NN07 NN08 NN09 NNIO N N l l NN12 NN13 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN17 NN18 QCVN 09:
2015 pH
6.8 6.9 7,9 7.5 6.3 6.3 6.5 7.0 8.0 6,7 6,8 6,0 6,7 7,3 7,5 7,6 8,1 7,7 5,5- 8,5
TDS Dp
ctmg NH,- NO,- NO PO,- CI As Cd 1
Pb Cu Zn Mn Fe
mg/I 156
144 194 288 162 198 162 144 168 246 198 330 96 212 246 276 222 258 1500
100 104 80 54 58 108 92 90 72 190 146 214 160 77 186 114 106 144 500
KPH 0,23 KPH KPH KPH 0,70 0,40 KPH KPH 3,20 0,11 KPH KPH KPH 1.70 KPH KPH KPH 1
KPH KPH 1,82 0.6 KPH ; 0,4
0.11 1 KPH 0.02 1 2.7 0.06 0.2 0.08 1 KPH KPH KPH KPH
1,43 0,15 0,16 0,08 KPH 0.04 KPH KPH 0,19 1
0.4 0.3 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0,4 0,5 KPH 0,2
15 0.08 KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.16 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.2 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0.26
18 14 17 45 37 38 13 KPH KPH 7 13 88 KPH
26 79 30 41 44 250
KPH 0.021 0.006 0.010 KPH 0,052 0.020 0.014 0.013 0,085 0,020 KPH KPH 0,022 0,002 0,027 0,002 0,008 0,05
KPH i KPH KPH 1 0 , 1 ' KPH 0,001 ' KPH ' KPH KPH 0.002 KPH ' KPH
1,05 0.1,") KTH KPH ' 0.001 KPH KPH KPH KPH
KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,005
KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,001 0,003 KPH KPH 0,002 0,003 0,001 KPH KPH KPH 0,01
KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 1
0,15 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 0,06 0,02 KPH KPH KPH 3
0.48 0.13 0,10 KPH KPH KPH 0.10 2,90 0,11 0,37 KPH 0,23 KPH KPH 0,5
l.'i2 1.10 0.34 l."2 0.80 12,40 10,64 0,96 0,84 11,76 0,81 8,60 0,66 0.60 KPH 5,90 0,14 0,26 5
Coliiorms MPS/
100ml KPH KPH 8 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 23 KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH KPH 27 KPH
3 Ket qua phan tich 18 mlu nude dudi dat dugc
thu thap tai cac gieng khai thac nuoc ngam b khu dan cu; khu vuc lan can khu, cum cong nghiep, lang nghe; bai chon lap,... 6 do sau tii 2045 m) trinh bay trong bang 4 cho thiy: chat luong nuoc ngam cua thi xa Tir Son hlu he't nam trong gioi han cho phep cila QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT ve chat lugng nude duoi dat nhung da co dau hieu bi suy thoai. nhiem ban do clc boat dgng phat that, hoac tang dia chat trong khu vuc, the hien qua cac chi tieu NH/, NO2", As, Mn, Fe va coliforms. Ndng do mot sd kim loai nang (KLN) khong nam trong nguong an toan danh cho nuoc an udng theo QCVN 01:2009/BYT, vi vay cln cd bien phap canh cao ddi vdi nguoi dan trong truong hop sir dung cho muc dich nay.
Do sau ciia gieng khoan va xii ly nude co ben quan vdi miic dg lan truyen cua cac chit 6 nhidm tii nude thai vao ting nude nglm. Dp sau nuoc nglm nong, kha nang bi 6 nhiem bdi clc chat tbai nhieu hon, 3/18 mlu nude 6 nhiem coliforms ddu b do sau
< 30 m va 2/18 mlu nude 6 nhiem N H / d do sau < 22 m.
Mlu nuoc duoi dat chua qua xif ly va da dugc xir ly eg hoc (be Igc vat beu thd) tai cimg mot khu vuc (mlu da qua Igc NN13 va chua qua Igc NNIO, NNll,
NN12, phuong Chau Khe; mau da qua Ipc NX04 va chua qua loc NN03 thuoc 02 phirdng giap ranh Dong Ngan va Trang Ha) cho thay hieu qua loai ho ddi voi TDS dat khoang 32-70%, 40-100% ddi vdi As. 66-9496 ddi vdi Fe; hieu qua khong rd rang doi voi Pb, Mn va CI va hoan toan khong co hieu qua ddi voi viec loai bo clc chat N, P vl vi sinh vat
Viec loai bo ddng thai As va Fe cd hieu qua tdt ddi VOI mlu nude su dung ket hgp loc co hgc truyen thdng vdi gian phun mua don gian do tie dung oxi hoa mdt phln Fe-' Mn-* va cac chat khu khac nhu HjS, -As (IE), ngoai ra gian mua c6 tac dung lam bay hoi cac chat hiiu ca de bay hoi trong nude va CO,, NH3.
Ty le Fe/As trong cac mlu co mat dong thoi Fe va As tuong doi Idn, dao dgng trong khoang 30-523 lln, ddng thoi hlu het pH trong khoang 6.5-7,5 (tren 72% sd mau) dugc danh gia la thich hgp de su dung phuong phap loai bo As trong nude lgi dung hydroxit sat theo nguyen ly oxy boa - ddng ket tiia (Nguyen Manh Khai va nk, 2011). Do vay, cln khuyen cao sii dung rdng rai phuong phap xti ly nay de dem loai hieu qua ddng thai ve ve sinh, mdi trudng va kinh te.
4.KErLUiU\l
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE Cac ngudn tiiai gay ap luc d^n chit lupng mdt
hudng ndi chung, chit luong nude noi rieng ctia thi xa Tir Son bao gom cic boat ddng phat tnen, san xuat cong nghiep, tieu thu cong nghiep, ndng nghiep (trdng ti-pt, chan nuoi vl nuoi trong thuy san), y te, dan sinh...
Ket qua danh gia chat lupng nuoc thai xa vao cac thiiy vuc trdn dia ban thi xa cho thay: Nude thai san xuat tir cac KCN Ion vl cd ha ting bao ve mdi truong dam bao dat quy chuan xa thai; ban het cac CCN va lang nghe co chat lugng nude thai khdng dam bao;
niroe thai smh hoat khu vuc do thi tm mdt so xa/phu6ng nhu Ddng Ky, Trang Ha, Dinh Bang duoc xu ly dam bao xa thai, nude tiiai tir cac khu vuc ndng thon chua co hinh thiic thu gom va xu ly phii hgp; nuoc thai chan nudi xu ly bang biogas co hieu suat thip va chua dap ling theo quy chuan
Nude mat tai cac song, kenh muong va ao h6 cua thi xa hau het deu da hi d nhiem bdi chat hiiu co, din den su gta tang ctia ndng do cac ion N va P vo co va coliforms. Dac biet, miic do 6 nhiem hiiu eg tai cac thuy vuc tiep nhan true tiep nude thai chan nuoi rat dang bao dgng. Ben canh do, mot sd thuy vuc ti^p nhan nude thai tir cum cong nghiep va lang nghe cdn
xuat hien dau hieu nhigm ban hoac bi 6 nhiem sit va chi.
Chat lupng nude ducn dat ti-fen dia ban hlu het nam trong gidi ban cho phep ciia QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT (khong bi 6 nhiem) nhung da co dau hieu bi suy thoai, nhiem ban do qua trinh khai thac vl cac boat dgng phat trien va san xuat, dac biet the hien ro qua sirxam nhap vi sinh vat.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Manh Khai vl nk (2011). 0 nhiem asen trong nuoc nglm v l kha nang xii ly tai chd quy md ho gia dinh tai xa Trung Chau, Dan Phugng, Ha Ndi. Tap chi Khoa hgc - DHQG Ha Ndi, v 27, n 1, 2011, 22-29.
2. Sg Tii nguyen va Mdi trudng Blc Ninh (2017). Bao cao cong tac bao ve moi truong nam 2017.
3. Uy ban Nhan dan thi xa Tir San (2018). Bao cao tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi va cong tie dieu hanh 6 thing dau nam 2018.
4. WHO (1993). Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution - A Guide to Rapid Source Inventory techniques and their Use in formulating Environmental control Strategies.
QUALTIY OF WATER RESOURCES IN TU SON TOWN, BAC NINH PROVINCE Pham Bich Tuan, Nguyen Xuan Thanh,
Do Van Nha, Nguyen Huu Thanh Summary
Waste sources tbat put pressure on water quabty Tu Son town includes activities such as industnal production, handicraft industry, agnculture, health, and people. Wastewater from large industnal zones and environmental protection infrastructure meets tbe emission standards; Most industrial clusters and craft viOages have unsafe wastewater quality; Domestic wastewater in urban areas is treated to ensure waste discharge and wastewater from rural areas without proper collection and treatment; Livestock wastewater treated with biogas has low efficiency and does not meet the standards. Surface water in the rivers, canals and ponds of the Town are raosUy contaminated with inorganic N and P and coMorms. In particular, the level of organic poIluUon in water bodies receiving direct hvestock wastewater is very high. In addition, some water bodies receiving wastewater from industnal clusters and craft villages also show signs of contamination or contammation of iron and lead. The quality of underground water m the area is mostiy within the permitted limits of QCVN 09: 2015/BTNMT (not contaminated) but there are signs of degradation and contamination due to development and production activities.
Keywords: Water source, water quality, water pollution, irrigation water Ngudi phan bien: TS. Ltrong Van Anh
Ngly nhan bai: 12/6/2019 Ngly Ihong qua phan blSn: 12/7/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 19/7/2019
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2019
