DIIINDANGIAODUC
Ban chit va npi dung cua lian due nhan van dOi vdi sir phat trien cnn ngifli Viet Nam hien nay
GS, TS N(;i'Vf:N \.\N HUYfcN*
1. Ban chat ciia giao due nhfin vfin vk vin dl phat triln con nguoi
KM sinh ra, mfli con ngudi mdi chi Ik rafit ca thfi', vl coban, mang nhiing ban chat vk ban ti'nh tu nhien.
Ca the dd ldn len va ttudng thanh nhu mpt con ngudi thdng qua su Hnh hfii kinh nghidm lich su - xk hfii bao gora toan bg qua trinh tie'p xiic vdi mfii trubng bdn ngoki, d e tri thiie khoa hoe, nghd thuat, tdn giao, phap Iy, dao diic,... Bang cM'nh hoat ddng giao tid'p, ung xir, lao dfing, tranh dfi'u trong cuge sfi'ng, thflng qua hoat dgng nhfin thiie, cai tao xa hgi va tMen nMfin.., d cac ea the hinh thanh va phat trid'n
"ban tinh thu hai" (Hdghen) - ban tinh con ngum.
Toan bd qua trinh Mnh thanh va phat trie'n "ban ti'nh con ngudi" dd thuc chat la qua trinh tu giao due va giao due cua cM'nh ran ngubi. Su tid'p thu cua mfli d the dfii vdi Mnh ngMdm Hch su - xa hgi chinh Ik sir thfi'm thau tinh hoa van hda nhan loai vko trong moi d the • dd Ik su tu giao due, tu van hda. Su tac ddng mdt d c h tu giac ed chu dich cac kinh nghidm lich su - xa hdi, van hda cflng dong, vkn minh nhan loai Idn mdi d the ehinh la su giao due, giao hda eon ngudi.
Tu giao due va giao due la hai mat cua mfit qua trinh thfi'ng nhfi't trong su ehuyfi'n hda bien chiing cua su phat trie'n con ngubi.
Trifi't ly nhan van quan radm giao due nhumfit qua trinh "sinh - dudng" (sinh ra vk duy dudng) Hfin tuc ttr 'Hoc vidn Chfnh tn - HAnh chfnh qudcgia Hd Chf Minh
thfi'p de'n cao nhirng to chfi't ngum, tue la qua trinh ca nhfin khdng ngung tid'p Men van hda - van minh nhfin loai thknh vkn hda - van rainh cua ridng minh de tro thanh mdt nhan each phat trid'n cao. Trong qua trinh dd, giao due vdi tu each la hoat ddng nhkm tac ddng mpt dch cd chu dich, cd he thfi'ng dd'n sir phat trien moi con ngudi, lkm cho eon ngudi dd ngay cang nang cao dupe nhiing pham chat va nang lue do ydu d u xa hpi va d nhfin dl ra... Ia phuong thiie ti'ch cue va Meu qua dd'i vdi vide phat trid'n ngum, tue Ik dd'i vdi mue dich giao due nhkn van.
Nhuvay, giao due nhan van la giao due vi ly tudng cao dep nhfi't ma loai ngubi raong mud'n, Giao due nhan van khfing cM la mdt qua trinh "duy dudng" theo nhung muc dich tiiy tidn, ma la thue Mfin hudng Mnh thanh va phat trie'n nhiing d nhfin ngay ckng ro nMeu pha'm chat ngubi - dd la nhiing con ngubi dupe phat trid'n toan didn d c tu chfi't, nang kMfi'u, tai nang, duge the hifin siic manh ban chfi't eua rainh vi nhung muc dich cao dep.
Nhuvfiy, giao due nhfin van la vfi'n de cd ti'nh nhan loai vk tinh toan d u . Boi vi thuc tfi'lieh sugiao due ciia xfi hgi loai ngubi eho thfi'y, mpt mat, bfi't eu qufi'c gia nko ciing thuc Men giao due cho d c thihe ngudi d a minh; mat khac, san pha'm giao due (eon ngudi) d a cac qufi'c gia vdi cac he thfl'ng giao due khac nhau lai mang nhung dac trung phk'm chat khac nhau. 0 dfiy (trir trubng hpp d nhfin cd khuynh hudng d bidt) ro vfi'n de Iy tudng xa hfli, mue tidu giao due va quan 83
DIINDANGIAODVC die'm giao due, Ly tudng xk h^i khac nhau din dfi'n muc tidu vk quan did'm giao due khac nhau. Ciing Ik giao due nhung nhilu nin giao due khac nhau dk tao ra nhiing eon ngubi khac nhau, trong dd cd nhthig mlu ngudi ed the phat trid'n rfi't cao rakt nky nhung lai tMfi'u hut trira trpng rafit Ma. Cd ngubi phat triln cao ve tri tufi nhung phk'm chfi't dao due vk vkn hda Iai thfi'p. Cd ngudi cd hpc thuc phong phii nhung lai thid'u chfi't nhfin vfin vk thfira ehi hknh dfing ngugc lai vdi ly tudng nhfin vkn; khdng chi khdng phfi'n dfi'u cho tid'n bfl xk hfli rak ebn d n trd, thfim chi xfim hai thknh qui tid'n bfi xk hdi.
Rd rkng, trid't ly giao due nhkn vkn MOn dang Ik vfi'n de dat ra buc bach dd'i vdi nhfin loai. Giao due nhkn vkn vk phat tnen con ngudi Ik hai pham trti nhung thuc sir etmg mang raflt nfii dung ban chfi't: giao due nhfin vkn, tu nd hkm chiia phat trid'n eon ngudi.
Phat ti-ifi'n con ngubi cd ngMa la hudng eon ngudi vuon tdi nhiing phfi'm chfi't vk gia tri nhkn vkn. Hoac ed the ndi, cM cd con ngudi nhfin van mdi Ik eon ngmri phat trid'n diing ngMa cua nd.
2. Thuc trang cua gifio due nhfin vkn d6i vdi su phat trien con ngudi Vifit Nam thdi gian qua Ly tudng phat trie'n con ngiroi theo hirong nhfin van d Viet Nam the Men ro tiong nen van Men lau dbi, trong Hch suvan hda, van hgc, nghd thufit phong phii eua dan tflc Vidt Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong d e che do xa hfli khae nhau, ly tudng dd khdng dupe thue Men thuc su diing ngMa vk hokn tokn day du.
Sufi't gin mdt nghin nam Bac thufic, nin giao due Viet Nam duoc tifi'n hanh chu yfi'u theo tu tudng Nho giao. Theo chufi'n muc cua nin giao due nay, nhifiu phim chfi't con ngubi dugc chii tigng (trang Meu, nhfin nghia, tu thkn, khiem tfi'n, hgc hoi, fin hba,,.), song nhin chung Ik phidn dien vk nhilu gia tri lOch lac.
Muc dich cua nen giao due nho giao la tao ra nhirng ngudi qufin tu, nhtrng bfic trugng phu thdng liu kinh su, nhung khi hknh dgng thi lai Ifi'y d c quy pham le nghia lkm dau, cfl't sao giu yen nen nep phong kifi'n, dd Ik nhung con ngubi 10 thufle va phuc timg - "khkc ky phuc Id".
Hon 80 nam dudi che dp thd'ng tri cua thuc dfin Phap, ngudi dan ViOt Nara rafi't quyen lam chu dfi't nudc, mat ea quyin lara ngudi. Nen giao due do thuc dan Phap tie'n hanh d Vifit Nam la trang bi Mfi'n thiic phuong Tfiy cho mfit so'it ngubi Vidt Nam nhfim diing
ngubi ViOt Nara tri ngudi ViOt. Nin giao due dd khfing th^c sir mang y nghia "khai hda vkn rainh" {nhunguj|||
Phap ndi), l^i ckng khdng hi ed y nghia nhkn vkn, mi thuc chfi't dd Ik vfin hda nfi dich.
Thuc hiOn ly tudng giao due nhfin vfin, tir khi nudc ViOt Nam dfin chu c^ng hba ra dM (1945), vdi ban chfi't chd'dO xfi hfli mdi, Chinh phu ViOt Nam dfic bidt quan tfim dd'n phkt triln con ngubi, Bfing rafii trubng xk hfli mdi - nin dfin ehu theo hirong xfi hfii chu nghia, bfing tinh thin lao dfing mdi - lao dflng lkm ehu dit nudc, lao dflng sang tao vi raflt nudc Vidt Nam giku manh, vfin minh, ran ngdn hanh phiic, Chinh phu ViOt Nara dfi tao mpi dilu kidn thufin Ipi de toan dfin dupe tir giao due vk dupe giao due.
Vdi mdt ho thfl'ng giao due tir trung uong dd'n dia phuong, ngay tir nhung thfip nifin radi hba binh, nen giao due ViOt Nara dk nfing cao tara dkn tri va dieu dfic biOt quan trpng Ik budc diu xky dung dupe nhtrng chu thd' lao dflng cd tri thiic, d trinh dp nhfi't dinh vl khoa hpe, ky thufit vk nkng luc Ikra ehu xa hfli, xfiy dung mdt xk hdi mdi - xfi hfii theo hudng xa hfii chu nghia.
Muc tidu giao due eua nhk nude Vifit Nam xfi hpi chu ngMa Ik xay dung nhung ran ngudi "Vira hoi^ vua chuydn" (Hi CM Minh) - nhiing ehu the lanh dao cd phfi'm chfi't dao diic ttong sang, trung Md'u vdi nhan dfin va ro trinh dp chuyen mfin cao. Con ngudi Iy tuoi^
rak nin giao due xk hfii chu ngMa vuon tdi la ran nprni phat trien tokn didn "tri, diie, the', my", nhung con ngubi cd kha nang timg budc lam chu ban thfin, lam chu xa hgi, lam chu tMen nMen (C. Mac).
Mfiu Mnh giao due dd Ik hfi't sue cao dep. Tuy nhifin, giua Iy tuong va Mfin thuc bao gid ciing d nhung khoang dch. Hon nua, ti'nh kha thi eua mgt nin giao due ludn di Hin vdi nhung dieu Men Mnh t l - xk hdi ciia mdt qude gia. Qua nua thiky phan dk'u phat tiiln Mnh te, van hda, xk hfii, Viet Nam da tao ra dupe budc nhay vgt vl nhilu mat so vdi Hch su cua nunh. Vd phat trifi'n ran ngubi, nhung pham chk^, gia tri txuydn thfi'ng quy bau cua dkn tdc dupe phat huy cao dd; nhiing phfi'ra chk't cM'nh tri vk ban Hnh eon ngubi dupe ren luyOn; hgc vfi'n va su Mlu bie't, khoa hpc, ky thukt, nang lue lao dfing vk vkn hda ndi chung, Id'i sd'ng ndi rieng duge nfing Ien mfit trinh do cao.
Tuy nMdn, su chifi'm IinH nhung mue tidu con ngubi phat trien la mflt qua trinh. Quan mfim va
DlfeNDANGlAOPyC thue tien giao due, do nhung han che Hch su, k l ea nhfin thiie, thM gian qua vfin con nhilu han chfi'.
Nhiing tifiu ehi vl eon ngubi phat trie'n con cd nhung mat thidn Idch va thie'u hut. Nhu elu giao due tinh than xa hfii chu nghia cao nhieu khi lkm cho rauc tieu con ngubi "vira hfi'ng vira chuydn" bi pha vd, con ngubi dao due duoc chu trgng hon con ngudi tki nkng.
M^t khac, do can nhanh chdng nfing cao trinh dp dfin tri ma giao due chu yeu tkp trang vko con ngudi kid'n thiic - hifi'u bid't, it quan tfim dd'n con ngudi hknh dfing - thue hknh... Kha nkng bie'n tri thiic thknh ky nkng thue hknh; vide vfin dung kidn thuc khoa hpe, ky thufit, cdng nghe vao lao dpng san xufi't ciing nhu d e hoat ddng xk hfii d ngubi Vidt Nara hidn nay ebn yd'u. Tu chfi thid'u ly thuyet, qua rafi'y chuc nkra giao due, eon ngubi Viet Nam hidn nay Iai qua thien ve Iy thuyet, it chu y tao ra nhung con ngubi nang ddng, sang tao, chua that quy trong gia tri sang tao. Do dieu MOn Mnh td - xa hpi, mfl Mnh giao due Iy tudng
"tri, diic, the, my" chua dupe phat trie'n cfin dfii: rakt the chfi't bi xera nhe; my due chua trd thknh phuong diOn thid't yd'u trong cau tnic nhfin each. Cae khia canh quan hO eon ngubi d nhfin - eon ngudi tap the, con ngubi tu nMdn - con ngubi xa hdi, con ngudi ly tri -tinh d m , con ngubi nhula san phk'm Hch suvk con ngum nhu Ik chu the tao ra Uch su, con ngum hidn tai - eon ngudi tuong lai... chua duoe ket hop trong mfit chinh the thfi'ng nhat va hai hda.
Su chuyen bid'n manh me ciia thbi dai, su phat trid'n Mnh tfi' - xa hgi trong nudc md ra nhilu d c h nhin mdi, tuduy mdi ve mpi mat cua cudc sdng, trong dd cd nhirng van de nhuthang gia tri con ngubi, cac tidu cM' nhkn van ve con ngudi, van dl mfiu ngudi theo Iy tudng nhfin van. Trdn the' gidi nhung nara gin dfiy xua't Men nMlu mlu ngubi. Trid't gia ngubi Anh • Drucker ndu ldn 5 mfiu ngudi thm dai: con ngubi tinh than, eon ngudi tri tud, con ngubi Hung, con ngubi kinh te', con ngubi tfim ly. Nha trid't hgc ngubi Bungari V. Prodanop lai dua ra d c mfiu ngubi:
con ngubi each mang, eon ngudi da diOn, con ngudi cue quyen, con ngudi ehinh tri, con ngudi tu tuong, con ngubi dao diic, eon nguM kinh doanh, con ngudi van hda,...
6 ViOt Nam, ttong bfi'i d n h chuyen dii ldn d e he gia tii, Men nay cd the tam ggi dang ed su "dk'u tranh"
giiia "con ngum kmh te^ vk "con ngudi dao diic", "eon
ngubi edng chuc" va "con ngubi Mnh doanh", "ran ngubi tkp thd'" vk "eon ngubi ca thd'"... Thuc trang do thi hidn su chuye'n bid'n quan trpng trong nhfin thiic va quan niOm ly tudng ve eon ngudi trong khat vpng tim ra nhiing hudng di thich hpp nhfi't eho mue tidu nhkn dao Vidt Nam ndi ehung, giao due nhkn vkn ViOt Nam ndi ridng,
3. N^i dung phkt triln con ngudi Vi^t Nam theo Iy tudng nhfin vkn
Loki ngubi dang bude tu tin qua thap nien diu thidn nidn ky thii ba. Didu dd ve nguyen tfic ciing cd ngMa, ham lugng nhkn vkn trong con ngudi da dat tdi miic rat cao. Mat khac, nhu cau phat trie'n con ngudi ciing tie'n len radt trinh dfi mdi, rat da dang vk vdi nhilu dac trung mdi. Xk hfii Vifit Nam, nin giao due Viet Nam tifi'p tuc thuc Men Iy tudng giao due cua minh, phfi'n da'u tao ra nhiing ron ngudi theo mfiu Mnh ro chfi't nhfin van cao nhk't.
Phdt triin the chdt Ik co so diu tidn cua rapt con ngubi phat trifi'n theo hudng nhan vkn. Ngubi Vidt Nam thudc chung nguiri nho hon so vdi nhilu chung ngubi khac. Tfi't nMen, siic khde va sir cudng trang cua mgt eo the khdng chi phu thudc vko cMeu cao vk trgng lugng, song dd cung la nhiing chi sfl'quan trgng. Giao due thi chfi't vdi khoa hgc Men dai vk cac dieu Mdn Mnh te' - xa hdi td't d n lkm tang dan d c chi so hinh the. Dieu dkc Met ttong phat tne'n the chfi't la phat trid'n bd nao, huy ddng td'i da kha nang hoat dpng d a nfio, ren luyen do linh hoat vk tinh nhay cua "bd may thdng minh" ngubi Viet. Phat trid'n the chat cung cd ngMa la Ikra tinh nhud hda d c kM quan thao tac, d m giac, xiie giac... Dd la nhiing dieu Men tifin quye't de mdi eon ngudi hy vpng dat tdi nhiing dinh cao cua cupc sd'ng.
The chat phat trien la nen tang diu tidn eua su phdt triin tri tu?. Bfl nao la MOn than vfit chat cua tri tud. Hkra lugng tri tufi cua nko tang Ifin trong qua trinh tu giao due vk giao due. Nhung giao due nhfin vkn khdng ehi don thuin Ik "nap" kifi'n thiic vao nao.
Dilu quyd't dinh nha't dd'i vdi vide phat trien nao Ik luyOn tri thdng minh vdi phuong phap tu duy uyen chuyen, nkng ddng vk sfic ben vdi su thu nap vk van ddng theo hudng md. Dd cMnh la to cha't khdng the thid'u cua mgt tri tufi Men dai, mk mufi'n vuon tdi tim sang tao trong thbi dai Men nay tM mfli ngubi phai ro.
He thfl'ng mo cung cho phep ron ngubi tii tud tu tin lua
DIIINDANGIAODVC chpn thfing tin, ehu dpng xac dinh hudng di dung, each tifin hknh hoat dpng tfli uu.
Tinh thdn (tinh cdm) Ik hfi qua true tifi'p eua thi chk't vk tri tue. Khi the chfi't eudng trang, tri tufi minh min, phong phii thi tinh thin sang khoai vk sang trong. Tinh thin sang khoai vk sang trong d raSi ca nhkn nfing tfim Hon, phfi'm chfi't eua eon ngudi Ifin, thfli thue con ngudi hknh dfing vi dieu hay lfi phii. Thuc t l cuoc sdng cho thfiy, dbi song tinh thin cao hon nhilu lln dbi sfl'ng vfit chfi't. Cd nhk vkn dk tirag ndi: "Tfim hin eon ngudi ebn nkng gfi'p ngMn lln thi xac ran ngubi".
Thigidi tinh thin duoe giki tda, tinh d m duoe rung len Ik llie ngudi ta duoc giai phdng mgi sue raanh ban chfi't ngubi, mpi tiim nfing ngudi; dd eiing Ik Iiic d nhfin duoc gfin vdi cflng ding, ea nhfin gkn vdi xk hfli, con ngubi giao hok vdi thifin nhifin - vu tru. Dd ehinh Ik hanh phiie eiia con ngudi - rauc dich cao quy rak cuge sd'ng hfing vuon tdi.
Dqo due vira la nhung chuk'n raue, nhiing quy ude xa hdi de d cflng dong duoc tu do hba muc bfin nhau, vira la nhu d u tinh thin ma eon ngum tirnfiu Ifin dl phfi'n dk'u vuon tdi. Triet gia ngubi Due I. Kant hd't sue tinh t l khi eho rang, dao due Ik Hnh vuc ma eon ngudi vuot qua dugc gidi han "bat kha tri" eua ly tinh dl vuon tdi tu do. Vuon tdi tu do Ik vuon tdi su thanh thidn. Phat trie'n y thiic dao diic, tinh d m dao due vk hanh vi dao diie, du d thdi dai nao ciing Ik thupc tinh tinh thin - thue tidn va nhu d u tMd't yd'u eua con ngudi - xa hdi, eho nfin Ik bd phfin khdng the tMe'u ciia mgt elu tnic nhkn d c h phat trien, vk do vky, bao gid eung la mue tidu eiia giao due nhkn van.
Khi phan loai nhu d u cua con ngudi, nhk xfi hdi hoc ngudi My H. Maslaw dfi xep nhu d u thfi'ra ray Ien dinh diem cua tam giac nhu d u . Nha tara ly hpc ngubi Nga Rubinstein ciing cho rfing, nhu elu thfi'ra my la loai nhu d u ngubi nhfi't. Thfi'ra ray la chk't dupe thkng hoa bdi su kit hpp hai hba vk hokn tMdn d c yd'u tfi'gia tri nhfin thue, gia tri dao diie, y ngMa cufic sfi'ng, thoa mfin nhu d u dep eua eon ngubi. Do vay,yiu tdthdm my trong cfi'u tnic ngudi chid'm vi tri dac MOt. No la dinh cao eua to hpp d c phfi'm chfi't ngudi. Su phat trie'n y thiic thfi'm my, tinh d m thiin my, tii thue vk nfing lue thfi'm my cua con ngum chinh Ik Hnh vue tu do vk rfi't nhay d m cua the gidi tinh thin, dua con ngubi tdi trang thai hai hba ehfin - tMfin - my.
Trfin dfiy la d c phfi'ra chfi't nhfin vfin cfi'u thknh
chinh t h i cua mgt nhfin each do lich su vk vkn hda^^^^^
nhfin loai tao ndn. Nhung con ngubi theo diing nghia Iy tudng nhkn vkn khflng thi chi Ik ehinh t h i nhirlili;"
san phfi'm cua lich sii-vk vkn hda. Mkt quan ttpng hon cua con ngudi Ik b tu d c h chu t h i tao ra lich sir - van hda, tuc Ik eon ngubi, bkng tfi't ca sue raanh vk tii nkng tac dflng vko xk hfli, tu nhidn, xky dung euflc sfl'ng theo mue dich ehfin ehi'nh.
Ndi each khac, ban chfi't vk mue tidu giao due nhfin vkn khflng chi Ik xfiy dung ran ngubi dao Iy, dng Iy vk nhfin Iy, mk ebn Ik nhtnig cflng dfin ed y thuc vk tai nkng tac dfing vko ngoai gidi d l ngky d n g tao ra bO rakt xfi hfli radi, thoa mfin ngky d n g cao yfiu d u ehfin ehinh cua con ngubi.
Con ngubi dd, trude hd't ra kha nkng kfi't hop nhuin nhuyin ly thuyit vd thuc hdnh, bifi'n tri thuc thknh ^ nfing, ed thi dkt minh vko cdng nghd thue hknh coa mdt linh vuc chuyen radn. Dilu dd ra ngMa, bran nguiji ly tri, tri tuO phat trien cao, tri tuO khfing chi Ik tri thue raa bid'n thknh "bd nao" nhay ben, khdng cM thi MOn d "su Met" mk d su tinh thdng vk "kheo leo". 0 con ngubi nky, tri tuO Ik tufi nkng sang tao ra gia tii cuflc sd'ng.
Nhu vfiy, dkc trung nd'i bat o ran ngum hknh dpng ebn Ik khd ndng sdng tqo. Cupc sflng Mfin dai dbi hoi eon ngudi phai vfin dung kho nkng luc td'ng hgp theo Md'u tu duy nkng dgng, ti'ch cue. Nhung d nhfin ton tai nhu nhirng "kho bach khoa tri thiic" xua nay khflng Mfim. Van de la tir kho tri thue dd, bang dch nhin radi, each nghi radi, thfing qua quy lukt vfin dflng d a tMdn nhidn vk xk hfli, chu the vach ra duoe hudng di mdi, dd la ti'nh nang dflng lieh sucua d nhan. Chi voi ti'nh nang dpng sang tao dd ngudi ta mdi ro thi tao ra dugc kha nkng de timg bude Ikm chu ban thkn, lam chii xfi hgi, di sfiu kham pha bi mfit eiia thfi gidi, thn ra Huong di toi uu eho phat triln xa hfli.
Nha giao due hgc ngubi Nhfit Ban T. MaMguehi td the'ky tinroe dfi ndi rang: "Cufic sfl'ng ron n g i ^ Ik mgt qua trinh tao ra gia tri", "ding thm, trong qua ttinh sang tao, nhkn p h ^ con ngiroi Cling dupe hinh tMinh',
"giao due d n hudng con ngubi di tdi mue tieu dd".
Con ngudi M^n dai ciing phai la eon ngubi d khi nang chuye'n hpe vfi'n, Mnh ngMOm thanh vkn hda;
Men tao ndn su tie'n bfl vfin hda cua ca nhfin cung nhu cua xfi hfii. Mli ngubi tu giao due dd' tao ra gia tri van hda eho minh, ding thdi eung phai trd thknh
DlfiNDANGIAOPyC nha giao due tao ra gia tri vfin hda cHo ngubi khac.
Dfl'i vdi giao due nhan van, van de khdng phai la con ngubi "phdi nhu the ndo", ma la eon ngubi "ed khd ndng vd si cd khd ndng ra sao" trude sii rafinh lieh su dfi'i vdi su phat trid'n van hda eiia chinh minh eiing nhu eua cpng dfi'ng. Hudng phat trie'n nhu vfiy, thue sulk HO thfing md dfl'i vdi su phat trid'n eon ngum van hda. Dd chinh Ik difi'u Men md rpng tu do phat trien con ngubi trude trach nhidm cung nhuy nguyOn vk kha nfing cua eon ngubi.
Nhung eon ngudi khdng phai ehi bie't sang tao ra lieh su, van hda, ngMa Ik nd khdng chi biet hy sinh va cong hiin. Tfi't nhien, trong su nghiep xay dung xfi hdi mdi vk vdi tucach Ik chil the tao ra van hda thi hy sinh vk eflng hien vira la nghia vu vu-a la niem vinh quang. Nhung dkc trung quan trong nhat trong cudc sd'ng mdi eon ngudi, cufi'i cimg, dd la dugc hudng thu va duoe thudng ngoan radt d c h hop ly, ehinh dang nhung thknh qua do rainh sang tao ra. Vdi y ngMa nhfin vfin, tM thuong ngoan va hudng thu cMnh dang vk hop ly ehinh la muc tieu vuon tdi ly tuong cua loki ngudi.
De bao vd vk thuc hidn ly tudng dd, con ngubi san sang hy sinh Icri ieh d nhkn, hy sinh d cMnh ban thkn minh. CMu dung va hy sinh Ik y cM vuot qua sir d n ttd cua eai xfi'u, d i ac, dl dat tdi d i tfl't, cai dep - tdi hanh phiic ran ngiroi. Thudng ngoan va hudng thu (vdi nghia chan cM'nh
vk hgp ly) phai la mdtnhuduvkkha nang ldn ttong con ngudi hifin dai.
Cach hudng thu dung, trinh dd thudng ngoan cao- dd Ik trinh dp van hda d a nhkn d c h phat triln cao. Qua trinh tie'n bd di tdi tu do, hanh phiic chan cM'nH Ik qua trinh giam dan mfiu sfl' hy sinh, chiu dung, tang din ty sfi' hudng thu, thuong ngoan;
phat trifi'n van hda hudng thu va thudng ngoan cho moi ngubi. Dd thue sir la dinh cao cua eon ngudi phat trid'n theo hudng nhan vkn.
Nhuvfiy, con ngudi phat trid'n theo Iy tudng nhkn van la con ngubi dupe thue sir trd ve chinh rainh, phat trien tat d d c tfl'chat thufle ban chat nhan ban, nhkn dao, nhan van cua minh, thirc Men dupe tfi't d nhiing gi eon ngudi can cd va se phai ed.
Tu tudng nhfin van dd'i vdi viec phat trie'n ran ngubi Viet Nam trong tuong lai dfi dugc Dang, Nha nudc, nhfin dfin Viet Nam ghi trong Cuong linh xdy dung dd't nudc trong thai qud dq lin ehd nghia xd hdi: dat
"eon ngudi d vi tri trung tdm cua phdt triin kinh ti - xd hdi; con ngudi vdu Id muc tiiu vda Id ddng luc cda su phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi.
Vide thue hidn muc tieu dd da duwc Dang, Nhk nudc vk toan dan ta coi la cupc cdch mang con ngudi va bang mdt Chien luqc phdt triin eon ngudi; tdt cd vi con ngudi vd do con ngu&i.
Su nghidp giao due nhan van va ke't qua ciia giao due nhan van ia rafit qua trinh, khong cd die'ra tan ciing, ciing gidng nhu pham chat nhfin van, khat vong nhan van, nang lue vuon tdi the gidi nhfin van eua con ngubi la vd ciing tan. Cd the ndi, mlu ngubi phat trien nhfin van - dd la ly tuong dl d c nen giao due cua tung thbi dai, tung qufl'c gia, timg mue dfl khong ngung phaih dfi'u vuon tdi.
Tai mdt li tdt nghidp cua sinh vidn dai hgc d Vidt Nam (Anh ST)
