CHO XAY DI/NG CANG BIEN 6 VIET NAM

Bi^iid

DI£N DAN PHAT TRI£N NGANH

\/AU BIEN - MOT HlldNG PHAT TRIEN DAY TRIEN VONG

CHO XAY DI/NG CANG BIEN 6 VIET NAM

(MARITIME LOCKS - A POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTING MARITIME PORT SYSTEM IN VIETNAM)

* PGS. 75. PHAM VAN GIAP BO MON CANG DifdNG THUY DHXD

T

rong giao thdng thiiy, au tdu la giai phdp tdi flu nhat tai nhCTng chd cd dp ddc ddng chay Idn. Lau nay au tdu thfldng chi quan niem flng dung cho dfldng thiiy ndi dja tai cdc diu mdi cdng trinh thiiy Idi, ndi cd dap ngdn de dilu tiet nirdc vd san xua't dien ndng. Vi du nhfl cdc au tdu tren sdng Volga va sdng Dnhep the hien tren hinh 1 va hinh 2, tau va cdc phfldng tien ndi di tfl thfldng Iflu xudng ha Iflu vd ngfldc lai rat an todn vd nhanh ehdng.

O Viet Nam mac dau da xay dflng hdng trdm cdc cdng trinh diu mdi thiiy Idi cd cdt nfldc H cao hang trdm met, song chfla

cd mdt au tau ndo dfldc xay dflng kem, chi cd cdc cdng trinh au tdu nhd nhfl: au Gd Tam, au Gdng Muc, au tdu Hai Dfldng, au tdu sdng Van... Nhir vay trong van tai dfldng thiiy ndi dia d Viet Nam au tdu bj lang quen mdt cdch khiing khie^p.

Mdt khia canh khdc ciia au tdu Id an tau bien (gpi tat la an bien) khdc han vdi an tdu ndi dja neu tren. Au tau bien de cho tfla be IflU thdng gifla dfldng thiiy ndi dja vdi dfldng bien. Tren the' gidi dd xua't hien au bien tfl lau. Bang 1 tdng hdp 14 au bien dfldc xay diTng chii yeu d Tay Au tfl 1947 den 1982.

Hinh 1: Au tau tren song Volga 1. Nha mdy thuy d i ^ 2. D§pdat

3. Dip \&

4. Au t^u (2 Su)

5. Doan trdnh giCira hai au

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Hinh 2: Au tdu trSn song Dnhep - Nga mang ten Lenin

1. Nhd mdy thuy di?n 2. Dap xa

3. Au tdu

Bang 1: Gdc au bien da cd d Tay Au

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ten au bien Baudouin Zandvliet Kallo Zecbrugge Temeuzen Waiter Trystram

Charles De Gaulle Francois

Basin Laubet Fourth Entrance Fishery Habour Royal Portbuiy Industries Babour

Chieu ddi dau au (m)

5 5.35 5.50 5.00 6.0 6.70 6.70 6.70 8.0 8.8 4.10

4.0 14.60

5.90

Kich thuoc lufing (m)

360 X 45 500 X 57 360 X 50 500 X 57 290 X 40 280 X 40 170x25 364 X 50 401 X 67 126 X 25 90x60 192 x 25 66 x 42.70 249x48.50

DO sau min a ngu&ng(m)

10.50 12.40 11.50 14.0 6.85 8.0 5.0 13.50 1450 5.5 11.70

9.5 5.5/17.70

8.25

H? thong cap thodt nucSrc Cong ngam C6ng ngam Cong ngam Van qua ciia Cong doc C6ng ngdm Cong ngam Cong ngam Cong nglm Cong ngam Van qua ciia Van qua ciia Cong ngdm Van qua cira

Namkhanh thdnh

1955 1967 1981 1983 1968 1947 1955 1970 1971 1972 1940 - 1962

1964 1976 1982

Vdi dilu kien dja ly Viet Nam: 3260 km bd bien, 9 he thd'ng sdng ngdi dd ra bien Ddng, khoang 3000 hdn dao Idn nhd vd 12 huyen dao, 28/63 tinh vd thanh phd' cd dfldng duyen hai , ddng thdi dang da'y manh phdt tiien kinh te' bien thi au bien sdm mudn se ddt ra yeu clu phai xay dflng d Viet Nam.

Gd hai trfldng hdp xay diTng au bien:

* Ngoai khrfi hiJn dao: Khi xay diTng mdt cang dao nhan tao hoac mdt cang dao tfl nhien, mudn be cang tang thdi gian khai thdc tren 97.5% thdi gian trong mdt ndm thi cin tao ra dp yen lang gin nhfl tuyet dd'i, tflc Id:

Hi < [H]: Ghilu cao sdng nhilu xa cho

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^{A »} DI£N DAN PHAT TRI^N NGANH

phdp trong bao

Hi < 0.57n . cho gid mua vd < 0.2m cho gid bdo

Khi dd tdu dau trong be cang chinh la dau trong an ma d hai diu be cd ciJa an.

Hai ciifa ndy chi md ra khi tdu ra vao, cdn lai ddng vfla de ngdn bun cdt lang dpng trong be (au) vfla gdp phin gfl mflc nfldc trong au cao hdn ngodi bien khi trilu nit.

Tren hinh 3 Id mdt vi dii vl md hinh mpt au bien ngodi khdi viing bien hd cho mdt cang dao nhan tao d vung biln Bac thudc Dai Tay Dfldng.

* Au hiin doc bcf hiJn.

The' gidi da xay dflng au bien dpc bd bien tfl lau ngay tfl diu the ky trfldc nhfl dd liet k6 d bang 1. Dfldi day chi gidi thieu 3 vi du miu d ba nfldc Bi, Phdp, Dflc.

a. Cac au bidn tai cang Antwerpen - Bi

Antwerpen la cang bien Idn nhat ciia Bi cdch thii do Brusel 45 km, tren bd sdng Schelde vdi Ifldng hdng 100 Tr.T/ndm.

Gnagr dfldc sap xep d nhilu khu vflc d ngay ciJa Escaut can sdng Schelde vd cdc bdn ve tinh nam tren cdc kenh ddo - be ben ta vd ben hflu ciJa Escaut (hinh 4). Tau mudn vdo 1dm hdng tai cac ben ve tinh ndy phai qua ciJa vdo gpi Id cdc au bien ( chd khanh trdn). Gd 3 cum au bien:

- Au Boudouin vdi mdt cap au ddt song song ( hinh 5);

Au Zandvliet cung vdi mdt cap au;

Au Kallo chi la ddn au ( hinh 6) Gdc be cang nam phia sau cdc au bien diu khdng phai nao vdt vd mflc nfldc khai thdc cdc ben ve tinh chi chenh nhau 0.5 m trong khi dp chenh thuy trilu ngodi cuTa Escaut la 1.5-=-2 m

>70

Hinh 3: So do mQt au bien ngoai khoi

1. De chdn song 2. Ddo nhan tao 3. Ben

4 Ke dao 5. Ciia au bien

I ' l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 '

r.s 1

1 * 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 11 1 1 1 i-i.i-i_L-Li 1 11 1.1 1 ngaf ^

^ / c ^

k ' ^ . " / •

b l l l l l l l l l l i l l l

1 ' r . " M i i i i i m i i | i H : ^ "

>

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Hinh 4:

Vi iri cac au bien tai cang Antwerpen

Hinh 5: Gap au bien Boudouin tai cang Antwerpen (Boudouin va Kniisschan) Gang Antweipen dfldc menh danh la vu pha (Transport Gery Service) gifla Bi

"Ba Hoang ciia bien" (Koenigin der vd London ben kia bien Manche. Dd la Meere) cd the tau 130.000 -^ 150.000 DWT niem tfl hao ciia 9.9 trieu dan Bi.

cap lam hang. Ngoai ra cang cdn lam djch

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DI£N DAN PHAT TRI^N NGANH

Hinh 6: Quy hoach chi tidt du bien Kallo tai Antwerpen Bi.

b. Cac Su bidn tai Dunkirk-Phap Phia sau cang chinh Avant-Port-East ciia Dunkirk Phdp thdng trflc tidp ra Dai Tay Dfldng (hinh 7), cd mdt day cdc be cang vung nfldc, kenh nhan tao de ddt cdc be cang ve tinh. Tau bien mudn vdo cdc vung nhd: Darse 1; 2; 3; 5; 6 va cdc be Vassin -D-Evitage Est, Bassin-D- Evoluntion thi phai di qua mdt tdng 3 au

bien:

- Au bien Watier nam gifla be cang chinh Avant-Port-East (197)

Au bien Tiystram nam sau trong kenh ddo hodn thdnh 1955

An bien Gharles-D-Gaulle xay dflng 1970

Kich thfldc 3 au bien nay la 280 x 40 m, 170x25 m, 364 x50 m

H'mh?:

Ba vj tri au bien a Dunkirk-Phap:

Waitier.Trystram, Charles De Gaulle

DUNKERQUE

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DI£N DAN PHAT TRI£N NGANH Tai Watier cd hai au bien: Watier cu vd budng au, diu au, ra't khdc nhau (hinh 8 va Watier mdi. Ghung cd kich thfldc vd cao hinh 9), mac diu Id ket ca'u tiTdng cuf.

trinh nhfl nhau, song giai phap ket ca'u

Legend

1. Coping m»d$ of reinfyned concrete

Hinh 8: K6t cdu budng au Watier cu d Dunkirk

Hinh 9: Ket ca'u budng au d Watier mdi d Dunkirk Tai hai vi tri cdn lai: Trystram va

Charles De Gaulle diu la ddn au. Au Trystram cd kich thfldc nho hdn au d Watier vi tdu phai qua mpt doan kenh dao (hinh 7) chi cho phep tdu nhd vd cdc vflng hep Darse 1; 2; 3; 4. Tren hinh 10 la mat bing chi tiet au bien Trystram vdi he thd'ng cap thdo nfldc la cdng ngam ddt d

hai dau au. Au bien Charles De Gaulle dfldc hoan thanh 1970 sau khi tdng thd'ng Charles De Gaulle qua ddi de tiTdng nhd vj tdng thd'ng cd cdng Idn ehd'ng phat xit Dd'e vd giai phdng nirdc Phdp. Ket cau budng au Charles De Gaulle (hinh 11) khdng khdc so vdi kdt cau budng au npi dja.

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Hinh 10: MSt bang chi tiSt au bien Trystram 6 Dunkirk-Phap

50.00

Hinh 11: Ket ca'u budng au Charles De Gaulle d Dunkirk-Phdp c. Au bien Roval Portburv Dock of

Bristol-BiS'c (hinh 12)

Khdc vdi au bien d Antwerpen va Dunkirk, au Bristol de phuc vii cho tdu vdo Dock Royal Portbury. Trong Dock Id mdt dly cdc ben cang ciia Bristol, dfldi hinh thflc be cang 1dm hay gpi la be cang ddo.

Phia ngodi ciJa sdng Severn Id mdt bdi cdt

rdng vd ddi, do dd giai phdp lam be cang 1dm tdi ufu hdn be cang idi (cd de chan song). Tfl ngdy khdnh thdnh 1976 cho den nay da 35 anwm Dock Royal Portbury chfla mdt lln nao vet duy tu, cdc ben cang trpng Dock hau nhfl boat ddng quanh ndm vfldt mflc 97.5% mflc tdi da ciia BS vd OGDI quy djnh cho cdc cang bien.

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Severn estuary LEAD.IN JETTY

Hinh 12: Au bien Royal Portbury Dock d Bristol-DiJc Qua cdc ndi dung trinh bay d tren ta nit

ra cd cdc ddc diem klidc vdi au ndi dja theo cdc khia canh sau:

1. Au npi dja cho tau di lai tren tuyen ludng dai ciia dfldng sdng (len thfldng IflU, xudng ha Iflu) cdn au bien cho tdu vdo ra mpt be cang hoac mdt doan kenh ddo.

2. Got nfldc ciia au npi dja cao vd rat cao: hang chue, hang trdm met cdn cpt nfldc ciia au bien chi la dp chenh khdng Idn ciia thiiy trieu (H = 1-^5 m)

3. Au npi dja cd nhilu cap I, II, III...

n, cdn au bien chi cd duy nhat mpt cap 4. Au bien chiu xam thflc manh ciia

nfldc bien, au ndi dja hlu nhfl" khdng, trfl cdc au d vung cufa sdng

5. Chilu sau budng au va chilu cao tfldng budng au bien chi phii thudc vdo ndn nfldc dly hang ciia tau thiet ke, cdn dd'i vdi budng au ndi dja phu thudc chinh vdo cdt nirdc

6. Lfldng cap thao nfldc budng au npi dja Idn hdn nhilu so vdi lirdng cap thdo au bien. Do dd giai phap cap thao nfldc cho au bien chii yen qua van dat d ciira va cdng nglm

7. Cijfa au bien tai hai dau au cd thd ca'u tao gidng nhau va chi n€n su" dung cuTa

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DI£N DAN PHAT TRI£N NGANH mdt canh khdng ldp dat ciYa hai cdnh.

Thfldng suf dung cufa keo ngang bing bdnh xe hoac ciJa ndi.

8. Ket ca'u d i u au ciia au bien budc phai siir dung vat lieu thich hdp vdi mdi trfldng bien, dfldng nhien phai phu hdp vdi can tao ciia nIn da't. Vl mat ca'u tao than au, diu au ciia an bien cd ban nhfl au ndi dja.

Viet nam dang day manh phdt trien kinh te' bien, trong dd xay dflng kinh te' cang phai di trfldc mdt bfldc, ddc biet dd'i vdi cdc cang bien ngodi khdi viing bien hd vd dpc theo 3260 km bd bien cung nhfl cdc cang bien dao nhan tao vd tfl nhien. Lau nay ta thfldng chay theo hai xu hfldng:

Xay dflng cdc cang trong sdng vd bien kin khdng c i n de chan sdng

Xay dflng cdc cang be loi dpc bd cd de chan sdng

Rd rdng bay gid phai dd'i mat vdi tfl duy tdng hieu qua kliai thdc cang bien theo khia canh cd them cac au biln. Dilu ndy se tao ra mdt cupc cdch mang trong xay dflng cang bien bdi cdc flu thd vfldt trdi sau:

Tai lieu tham khao:

Khai thdc tdi da thdi gian > 91.5% tdi 100%

Klidng phai nao vet duy tu cdc be, vung, kenh d trong vd sau au bien

Tao ra dp chenh mflc nfldc trfldc ben nhd vd cflc nhd ( ~ 0.5 m). Dilu ndy 1dm giam gid thdnh diu tfl xay dflng cdng trinh ben

Ba vi du neu trong bdi bdo ndy tfl Bi Phdp - Dflc dli ly le de khang djnh mdt dilu: Au bien-mpt hfldng mdi dly trien vpng cho xay dflng cang bien Viet Nam.

Tdm t a t noi dung bai bao:

Tdc gia bdi bdo khdi xfldng mdt hfldng di mdi trong chien Ifldc xay dflng he thd'ng cang bien d Viet Nam bang viec quy hoach them mdt hang muc au bien d mdt sd' cang dao vd cang dpc bd.

Abstract:

Author of the article initiated a new direction of strategy in building maritime port system by considering maritime lock items in some islands and ports along the coast in Vietnam.

1. Pham Van Gidp, Nguyin Thfldng Bang

Bdi giang "cdng trinh au tau" - Trfldng DHXD ndm 2010 - 2011 2. Pham Vdn Gidp, Phan Bach Chau, Nguyin Ngpc Hue

Bien vd cang bien the gidi - NXB Xay dflng Ha Ndi 2002 3. AIPNG.Pianc

Final repori of international commissions for the study of Locks Brussels.

Belgium 2005

4. Kaniovski - Semenov - Freiburg

Slirozovannbce Vodnbce iychi - Au hda dfldng thiiy - NXB Transport Moskaw 1964

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