B A O V E Q U Y E N C O N N G U O I C U A N G U O I B I T A M G I U , B I C A N , B I C A O T R O N G T O T U N G H l N H S U
D A P U N G Y E U C A U C A I C A C H T U P H A P TRAN VAN DO *
1. Dat van de
Trong Nha nude phap quyen, cac quyen con ngudi duqc phap luat bao dam thuc hien va duqc bao ve khong bi xam pham. Ghi nhan va bao ve quyen con ngudi tren thuc te la the hien cua mot Nha nude nhan ban, tien bq, dan chu, van minh.
Cac quyen con ngudi trd thanh ddi tuqng bao ve trong viec ghi nhan ve phap ly, trong hoat dqng thi hanh phap luat va xuly vi pham phap luat cua Nha nude. Bao ve quyen con ngudi khong chi la nqi dung, ban chat ma con tro thanh muc tieu cao nhat trong xay dimg Nha nude phap quyen xa hqi chu nghia d nude ta.
To' tung hinh su la linh vuc hoat dqng nha nude nhay cam lien quan den quyen con ngudi. Bao ve quyen con ngudi noi chung, cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao noi rieng dupe thuc hien trong phap luat td tung hinh su bang cac hinh thuc, bien phap khac nhau. Trong do, cac bien phap quan trqng nhat la bang cac quy dinh diing dan, hqp ly, kha thi trong phap luat td tung hinh su va dam bao thuc hien cac quy dinh do tren thuc te.
Vi vay, co the noi nghien cuu hoan thien cac quy dinh cua Bp luat Td tung hinh su (BLTTHS) lien quan den bao ve quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bj cao; danh gia viec thuc hien cac quy dinh do tren thuc te de tir do dua ra cac giai phap hoan thien phap luat va nang cao hieu qua hoat dpng to' rung la mot trong nhung npi dung quan trong cua viec nghien cuu bao ve quyen con ngudi trong to tung hinh su d nude ta hien nay.
2. Mot sd van de chung ve bao ve quyen con ngudi trong td tung hinh su
Qua phan tich cac yeu td ve nqi dung cung nhu hinh thuc the hien quyen con ngudi trong Nha nude phap quyen xa hqi chu nghla, chiing toi cho rang bao dam quyen con ngudi trong td
* PGS-TS Pho Chanh an Toa an nhan dan Toi cao.
tung hinh sued the dupe thuc hien bang cac bien phap chu ye'u nhu: 1/ Cac bien phap lien quan den xay dung phap luat td tung hinh su va hoat dpng thi hanh phap luat td tung hinh su; 21 Cac bien phap lien quan den che dp trach nhiem ciia co quan tien hanh to tung, ngudi tien hanh to rung;
3/ Cac bien phap xu ly vi pham quyen con ngudi cua trong to tung hinh su; 4/ Cac bien phap bao dam quyen khie'u nai, td cao cua ngudi tham gia to tung ddi vdi quyet dinh hoac hanh vi vi pham quyen con ngudi; 5/ Cac bien phap bao dam thuc hien quyen con ngudi trong td tung hinh su v.v...
2.1. Cdc bien phdp lien quan den xdy dung phdp luat td tung hinh su vd hoqt ddng thi hdnh phdp luqt td tung hinh su
Quyen con ngudi trong Nha nude phap quyen xa hpi chii nghla trudc het dupe the hien trong cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve quyen con ngudi va quy dinh ve mdi quan he giua Nha nude va cong dan trong thuc te hoat dpng nha nude. Vi vay, co the noi hoat dpng lap phap ciia Nha nude co vai tro rat quan trqng trong viec bao dam thuc hien quyen con ngudi trong the gioi hien dai noi chung va d nude ta noi rieng.
Tir goc dp bao dam cac quyen con ngudi, vai tro cua hoat dpng lap phap the hien trong cac diem sau day:
Thii nhdt, quy dinh day du, minh bach cac quyen va nghia vu cong dan cung nhu trach nhiem cua Nha nude trong viec quan ly xa hpi, ton trong va bao ve cac quyen con ngudi. Trong xa hpi ma phap luat co vi tri tdi thuong, cong dan co quyen dupe biet mot each cong khai, ro rang minh co quyen gi va phai thuc hien nghla vu gi trudc Nha nude, trudc xa hpi.
Dac biet, trong cac quy dinh cua phap luat td rung hinh su, linh vuc ma cac quyen con ngudi co nguy co bi vi pham nhieu nhat, thi viec quy dinh
34 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 6/2010 quyen to tung di doi voi nghia vu to tung cua ngudi
tham gia to tung va trach nhiem cua Nha nude trong viec bao dam cho ngudi tham gia to tung thuc hien cac quyen td tung co y nghia rat quan trqng. Trong ITnh vuc to tung hinh su, de bao dam cho co quan nha nude co tham quyen co dieu kien phat hien va xu ly tpi pham vi lpi ich chung cua toan xa hpi, cong ddng va cua ngudi khac, phap luat to tung hinh sued mot sdquy dinh han che quyen con ngudi, nhat la cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao. Tuy nhien, cac bien phap do chi dupe gidi han d muc tdi thieu can va du de dat dupe muc dich chung; ddng thdi trong nhung truong hpp nay, phap luat cung phai quy dinh cac can cu, dieu kien va thu tuc ap dung chat che, ro rang de tranh suiam dung cua ngudi cd tham quyen.
Thii hai, quy dinh cac thu tuc td tung hinh su khong chi de xac dinh chinh xac, khach quan cac tinh tiet khach quan cua vu an, ma cdn dam bao de ngudi tham gia to tung thuc hien day du cac quyen td tung, co quan va ngudi tien hanh to tung thuc hien cac nghla vu td tung; quy dinh day du, chat che cac can cu ap dung, tham quyen ap dung va thu tuc ap dung, bao dam han che den muc thap nhat viec ap dung cac bien phap cuong che to tung ddi vdi ngudi tham gia to tung, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi bi tam giQ, bi can, bi cao...
Thu ha, quy dinh cac bao dam phap ly cho viec thuc hien cac quyen con ngudi. Trong Nha nude phap quyen, viec phap luat quy dinh quyen con ngudi la can thiet nhung chua du. De quyen con ngudi dupe thuc hien tren thuc te, phap luat phai quy dinh he thdng cac bao dam phap ly cho viec thuc hien cac quyen dd. Cac bao dam nay lien quan den nhieu yeu td khac nhau, nhu:
nguyen tac to tung trong viec bao ve quyen con ngudi, can cu. dieu kien ap dung cac bien phap han che quyen con ngudi, tham quyen ap dung cac bien phap cuong che td tung, cac thu tuc to tung lien quan den quyen con ngudi...
Thutu, quy dinh viec xuly cac vi pham quyen con ngudi. Phap luat nude ta dcac muc dp khac nhau quy dinh ve viec xu ly cac vi pham quyen con ngudi. Tuy theo tinh chat va muc dp vi pham, phap luat quy djnh cac bien phap phap ly tuong
ung nhu xu ly ky luat, xu phat hanh chinh. buoc phai boi thudng va cao nhat la truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sudoi vdi ngudi vi pham.
Ddng thdi vdi cac bien phap xii ly tren, quy dinh va thuc hien cac che tai td tung cung cd y nghTa quan trong trong viec bao ve quyen con ngudi trong to tung hinh su. Trong to tung hinh su, cac vi pham han che cac quyen, lpi ich cua cong dan thong thudng dupe coi la cac vi pham nghiem trong thu tuc tdtung vala mot Uong nhung can ciima co quan td tung cd tham quyen huy bd ket qua hoat dpng to rung trudc do de tien hanh lai hoac buoc phai tien hanh cac hoat dpng to rung bo sung.
2.2. Cdc bien plidp lien quan den che do trdch nhiem cud caquan tien hdnh td tung, nguiri tien hdnh td tung trong viec bdo ve cdc quyen con ngudi ndi chung, ciia ngudi tltam gia td tung noi rieng
Xac dinh mdi quan he giua Nha nude vdi cong dan cd vai trd rat quan trqng trong viec ton trong va bao ve cac quyen con ngudi. Mot diem cd y nghTa quan trqng trong giai quyet van de nay la trach nhiem cua co quan, ngudi tien hanh to tung trong cac hoat dpng td tung hinh su.
Lau nay chung ta thudng quen vdi tinh trang trong khi thuc hien cong vu dupe giao, co quan tie'n hanh td tung, ngudi tie'n hanh td tung dupe quy dinh quyen nhieu hon nghTa vu, trach nhiem;
con ngudi tham gia to tung thi quy dinh nghTa vu nhieu hon quyen to tung. Trong BLTTHS hien hanh, quyen han td tung cua co quan, ngudi tien hanh to tung dupe quy dinh tuong ddi chi tiet, con trach nhiem thi dupe quy dinh rat so sai, chung chung; con ddi vdi ngudi tham gia td tung thi ngupc lai, quyen td tung dupe quy dinh chua that day du, con nghTa vu thi dupe quy dinh cu the, chi tiet1. Trong mdi quan he giua Nha nude va cong dan, quyen cua cong dan lam phat sinh nghTa vu tuong ung cua Nha nude ma co quan, ngudi cd tham quyen cd trach nhiem thuc hien. Tinh trang ngudi tien hanh to rung dim day trach nhiem cho cong dan Uong khi thi hanh cong vu lakha pho bien hien nay.
Dieu dd khong chi vi pham quyen con ngudi, ma con lam giam hieu luc hoat dpng ciia Nha nude.
1 Xem: Pham Hong Hai, Hoan thien cac quy dinh v6bj can bi cao trong BLTTHS, Tap chi Kiem sat. sf5 01 -2009, tr. 41
Vi vay, de bao dam cho cong dan, cho ngudi tham gia to tung thuc hien quyen cua minh, can xay dung mot che dp trach nhiem ro rang, cu the, minh bach cua co quan, ngudi tien hanh td tung trong dieu tra, truy td, xet xu. Trong cac che do trach nhiem do, khong chi quy dinh coquan, ngudi tien hanh to tung duqc lam gi, phai lam gi trong hoat dqng td tung, ma cdn quy dinh cac che tai ddi vdi cac vi pham phap luat.
2.3. Cdc bien phdp xuly viphqm quyen con ngudi ciia trong td tung hinh su
Mot trong nhung bao dam quan trong cho viec ton trqng va bao ve cac quyen con ngudi la viec phat hien kip thdi, xuly nghiem minh cac hanh vi vi pham cac quyen dd. Viec xuly cac vi pham quyen con ngudi trong td rung hinh su bao gdm cac bien phap: a/ quy dinh cu the cac hanh vi vi pham va che tai ddi vdi hanh vi dd; b/Td chuc xuly cac hanh vi vi pham quyen con ngudi; c/ Td chuc thi hanh cac quyet dinh xuly vi pham ciia cac coquan cd tham quyen.
Tuy theo tinh chat, muc dp vi pham, cac bien phap xuly bao gdm:
- Xuly ky luat ddi vdi ngudi tie'n hanh td tung;
- Bdi thudng thiet hai va phuc hdi quyen, lpi ich bj xam hai theo Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude;
- Truy cuu trach nhiem hinh sudoi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham nghiem trong quyen con ngudi duoc BLHS quy djnh la tpi pham;
- Cac bien phap to rung xuly viec vi pham quyen con ngudi trong to rung hinh su nhu thay ddi ngudi tien hanh to rung, huy bd ket qua va phuc hdi hoat dpng tdtunged vi pham (trahdsodedieu tra bd sung, huy ban an, quyet dinh de dieu tra lai, xet xulai hoac dinh chi vu an) v.v...
Viec xuiy nghiem minh, cd hieu qua cac vi pham quyen con ngudi ddi hdi mot co che to tung cu the, cdng khai, khach quan. Hien nay, viec xuly cac vi pham quyen con ngudi dupe thuc hien bang bien phap td chuc, bang thu tuc hanh chinh va bang thu tuc to tung tuphap.
2.4. Cdc bien phdp bdo dam quyen khieu nai, td cdo cud ngudi tiiam gia td tung ddi voi quyet dinh hoqc hdnh vi vipliam quyen con ngudi
Trong hoat dpng to tung hinh su, viec cac co quan
tien hanh to tung, ngudi tien hanh to rung cd nhung hanh vi hoac quyet dinh vi pham quyen con ngudi (bao gdm ca cac quyen con ngudi thdng thudng. ke cacac quyen td rung dupe quy dinh) la dieu rat de xay ra. Tuy nhien, neu khong quy dinh cho ngudi tham gia to tung quyen khieu nai, td cao thi cac vi pham, nhat la cac hanh vi to'tung vi pham quyen con ngudi rat khd dupe phat hien va khac phuc.
Bang each giai quyet khie'u nai ddi vdi cac hanh vi, quyet dinh trai phap luat xam pham quyen con ngudi, tocao ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham quyen con ngudi, Nha nude khong chi xu ly co quan, ca nhan vi pham, ma quan trong hon nua la cham dut hanh vi vi pham va phuc hdi quyen hoac lpi ich hpp phap cua cong dan bi vi pham.
Ddng thdi, thuc tien cung chi ra rang, khieu nai, to cao ciia cong dan, nhat la cua ngudi tham gia td rung la mot ngudn quan trong de Vien kiem sat thuc hien chiic nang kiem sat cac hoat dpng tu phap, de Tda an cap tren giam ddc viec xet xu cd hieu qua ddi vdi hoat dpng cua Tda an cap dudi. Tuyet dai da sd cac vu an bi khang nghi theo trinh tu giam ddc tham do cd vi pham phap luat nghiem trong deu dupe thuc hien tren co sd khieu nai cua duong su, nhat la cua ngudi bi ket an.
2.5. Cdc bien phdp bdo ddm thuc hien quyen con ngudi trong td tung hinh su
Chinh sach cua Nhanuric, quy dinh cua phap luat ve bao ve quyen con ngudi ndi chung, cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao ndi rieng Uong to rung hinh su se chi la hinh thuc, neu khong di kem theo cac bien phap dd la cac bao dam can thiet de thuc hien. Theo chung toi, cac bien phap bao dam thuc hien, bao ve quyen con ngudi trong to rung hinh subao gdm:
- Cac bien phap phap ly nhu quy dinh trach nhiem phap ly ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham; quy dinh cac che tai to rung ddi vdi viec vi pham; quy dinh cac thu rue to rung khac phuc hau qua cua viec vi pham...;
- Cac bien phap td chuc nhuco che to rung; td chuc cac co quan tien hanh to rung, cac co quan bd trp tu phap; co che giam sat trong to rung hinh su...;
- Cac bien phap bao dam co so vat chat v. v...
3. Thuc trang bao ve quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bi tam giu; bi can, bj cao trong totting hinh synudcta
36 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY S6 6/2010 3.1. Quy dinh ciia BLTTHS ve quyen vd nghia
vu to tung ciia ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cdo Trong to tung hinh su, nguoi bi tam giu-, bi can, bi cao lanhung nguoi tham gia to tung co vi tri trung tam trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an. Viec xac dinh quyen, nghla vu td rung cua ngudi tham gia td rung hinh su duoc thuc hien tren co so ban chat td rung ma ngudi do tham gia vao qua trinh td tung.
3.1.1. Quyen va nghia vu ngudi bi tam giu.
Dieu 48 BLTTHS quy dinh dia vi phap ly cua ngudi bi tam giu, gdm cd quyen (khoan 2 Dieu 48 BLTTHS) vanghla vu (khoan 3 Dieu 48 BLTTHS).
Dia vi phap ly cua ngudi bi tam giu duqc quy djnh xuat phat tuban chat cua viec tam giu. each ly ngudi bj nghi thuc hien tqi pham mdt each cap thiet trong mdt thdi gian ngan. Quyen cua ngudi bi tam giuduoc quy djnh lien quan den hai yeu td cau thanh cua tam giu Tinh cd can cucua viec tam giu(can cunpi dung) va tinh hqp phap cua thu tuc tam giu(can cuhinh thuc).
- Trudc tien, ngudi bj tam giuphai duqc quy djnh cac quyen de bao ve minh khdi viec tam giuthieu can cii. Ngudi bj tam giuphai biet ly do minh bj tam giu Vi tam giufa hau qua td tung cua viec bat qua tang, bat khan cap, truy na, dau thu hoac tuthii; cho nen, ngudi bj tam giu cd quyen duqc biet tai sao hp bj bat qua tang, b j bai khan cap, quyet djnh truy na hoac viec tu thii, dau thii cua hp.
Cung vdi quyen dupe biet ly do tam giu, ngudi bj tam giu cd quyen thuc hien cac hanh vi td rung ma phap luat quy djnh de bac bd cac can cii tam giu ma ngudi cd tham quyen da xac djnh lam can cu de ra quyet djnh tam giu. Ngudi bj tam giucd quyen chiing minh, khai bao hoac im lang, dua ra tai lieu, dd vat, yeu cau xac minh... de bac bd sunghi ngd pham tpi ddi vdi minh. Hay ndi each khac, BLTTHS can quy djnh quyen ciia ngudi bj tam giu bac bd can cii bat khan cap, bat qua tang hoac truy na ddi vdi hp.
- Ddng thdi, ngudi bj tam giu cd quyen bao ve minh khdi viec tam giu bat hpp phap. Viec tam giu ddi vdi ngudi bi tam giu, ngoai viec phai cd can cu, can phai dupe thuc hien dung trinh tu, thu tuc, tham quyen vathdi han do phap luat quy djnh. Vi the, ngudi bj tam giucd quyen khieu nai ve viec tam giu, khieu nai quyet djnh, hanh vi cua co quan, ngudi tien hanh td rung lien quan den viec dam bao thuc hien cac
quyen td rung dupe quy djnh tren.
- Ngoai dja vj phap ly td rung hinh suneu tren, nhu bat ky ngudi cong dan khac, ngudi bj tam giuedquyen dupe ton trong va bao ve cac quyen con ngudi khac khdng bj phap luat han che do b j tam giu, nhu quyen dupe bao hp tinh mang, sue khoe, quyen chinh trj, dan sukhac.
Khi nghien cuu dja vj phap ly, tir gdc dp bao ve quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bj tam giu va ban chat phap ly cua hoat dpng td rung hinh su, cd mot van de dat ra can dupe giai quyet. Dd la ngudi b j tam giucd quyen bao chua trong td rung hinh suhay khdng?
Theo chiing toi, ngudi bj tam giu la ngudi mdi chi bj nghi thuc hien tpi pham. Coquan dieu tra va ngudi cd tham quyen khac ap dung bien phap cuong che td rung tam giude ngan chan ngudi dd tiep tuc pham tpi hoac pham tpi mdi, deeddieu kien thuan lpi xac minh lam sang td hanh vi pham tOi. Ngudi bj tam giuchua b j truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su. Khang d*jnh dieu nay ve mat ly luan cd vai trd rat quan trong trong viec bao dam quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bj tam giu. Tdtung hinh su la hoat ddng giai quyet vu an dupe thuc hien tren co sd van hanh cua ba chuc nang budc tpi, go tpi (bao chua) va xet xir, trong dd buoc tdi la tien de cua viec bao chua va xet xir. Chua cd subudc tdi thi chua the tdn tai viec bao chua, chua the cd viec xet xir. Mot ngudi bj tam giu khong cd nghia la ngudi dd da bj buoc tpi; va vi chua cd subupc tpi nen chua the cd bao chua theo co che td rung hinh su. Viec bao ve quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bj tam giutrong trudng hpp nay can duoc hieu theo khia canh quyen dupe bao ve quyen va lpi ich hpp phap cua mpi cong dan (tuminh hoac nhdngudi khac) khi quyen va lpi ich hpp phap bj xam hai. The nhung dd chua phai la quyen bao chua tugdc dp td rung hinh su. Cd nhu vay, cong dan mdi cd dieu kien tiep can suhd trp phap ly mot each nhanh chdng, kjp thdi vdi cac thu tuc don gian; ma khong phai tuan theo thu tuc td rung phuc tap hon rat nhieu.
So sanh vdi nhung phan tich tren, chiing toi thay Dieu 48 BLTTHS van cdn quy djnh chua that day dii quyen cua ngudi bj tam giu, trong dd edeae quyen quan trong nhuquyen im lang, khong khai bao, quyen chung minh de bac bd viec tam giu, viec nghi thuc hien tqi pham...
3.1.2. Quyen va nghia vu cua bi can
Theo Dieu 49 BLTTHS, bi can la nguoi da bi khdi to've hinh su. Bj can languoi ma Caquan dieu tra co du can cu xac dinh rang da thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hoi duoc BLHS quy dinh la tqi pham nen da ra quyet dinh khdi td bi can. Ke tir thai diem quyet dinh khdi to bi can, tuc Nha nude the hien subupc tpi ddi vdi con ngudi cu the, bi can la ngudi chinh thuc bi truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su, bi buoc tpi. Day la diem khac biet rat Idn giua bi can va ngudi bi tam giulien quan den viec bao ve quyen con ngudi cua hp trong td rung hinh su.
Tir gdc dp ap dung cac bien phap cuong che, la ngudi dabi truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh su, bi can cd the bi ap dung cac bien phap cuong che td rung nghiem khac hon so vdi ngudi bi tam gitrhoac ngudi tham gia td tung khac. Bi can cd the bi tam giam (chukhong phai latam giu) vacac bien phap ngan chan khac nhu cam di khdi n d cu tni, bao lanh, dat tien hoac tai san cd gia tri de bao dam; bi can cd the bj ke bien tai san, bi truy na neu bd trdn; bi can dupe hdi cung, chir khong phai la lay ldi khai v.v...
Tir gdc dp bao ve cac quyen va lpi ich hpp phap cua con ngudi, languoi dabi buoc tpi vi edean cuxac dinh la da thuc hien tpi pham, bj can la ngudi de cd nguy cobi xam pham cac quyen tudo dan chu, nhat la quyen bat kha xam pham ve than the, quyen dupe bao hp ve tinh mang, sic khoe, danh du; nhan pham...
Cac xam pham nay cd the xuat phat tir co quan, ngudi tien hanh td rung (nhu truy buc, diing nhuc hinh trong dieu tra...) hoac tucoquan, tdchuc hoac ca nhan (tra th a ciia ngudi bi hai, quyet dinh tam dinh chi cong tac cua caquan, tdchuc...).
Tir gdc dp xac dinh dia vi td rung, do kha nang cd the bj ap dung nhieu bien phap cuong che td rung hinh su, do chinh thuc da bj truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su, bi buoc tdi va hau qua phap ly nang ne phat sinh tir viec truy cuu dd, do kha nang bj xam pham cac quyen tudo dan chii cao hon..., bi can dupe quy dinh cd nhieu quyen to tung hon, trach nhiem td rung dupe ndi rong hon de lam co so phap ly cho bi can bao ve quyen va loi ich hop phap cua minh, bac bd viec buoc tpi hoac bao ve minh trudc kha nang bi xam pham cac quyen, lpi ich hpp phap trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su.
Theo Dieu 126 BLTTHS thi co quan dieu tra chi ra quyet dinh khdi td bi can khi: 1/ Cd su viec pham tpi va su viec dd khdng roi vao cac trudng hpp khong dupe khdi td va co quan cd tham quyen da ra quyet dinh khoi to vu an hinh sir, 2/ Cd can cu xac dinh ngudi bj khdi td'dathuc hien hanh vi pham tpi da dupe khdi td. Vi vay, dam bao cho bi can cd dia vj phap ly phii hpp, kha thi debac bd subupc tpi ddi vdi minh ve mat npi dung (can cukhdi to) cung nhu ve mat hinh rhitc cd y nghla rat quan trong trong viec bao ve quyen con ngudi cuabi can.
Trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an, bi can can dupe tao mpi dieu kien de: 1/ Cd kha nang bac bd can cu- khdi td vu an, khdng cd su viec pham tpi hoac su viec xay ra khong phai la tpi pham (tai nan, rui ro...), hoac khang dinh nhung can cir khong dupe khdi td vu an dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 107 BLTTHS; 21 Khang dinh bi can khong thuc hien hanh vi cd dau hieu tpi pham dupe xac dinh hoac tuy da thuc hien hanh vi dd nhung khong the bi truy cuu trach nhiem hinh sir, 3/
Cd kha nang bac bd ndi dung buoc tpi ciia co quan tien hanh td rung (tdi danh, khung hinh phat, can cu mien trach nhiem hinh su...) de dupe hudng mite dp trach nhiem hinh sunhe hon; 4/ Dupe dam bao mot qua trinh td rung cong bang, khach quan va tdn trong cac quyen va lpi ich hpp phap cua minh.
Do vay, khi quy dinh quyen cua bi can, ngudi lam luat can dam bao debi can: 1/Bietdupc toan bp thong tin lien quan den quyet dinh khdi td vu an, khdi td bi can (thong qua viec nhan cac quyet dinh td rung); 21 Kha nang chiing minh bac bd npi dung buoc tpi (dupe tu minh bao chua nhu trinh bay, cung cap tai lieu, chung cii, dua ra ldi khai, quyen im lang, dupe hdi ngudi cd lien quan, dupe nhdngudi khac bao chua..);
3/ Dupe yeu cau co quan tien hanh td rung lam sang to cac tinh tiet cua vu an; 4/Bao dam qua trinh td rung cong bang, khach quan, hpp phap, dung phap luat (nhu quyen yeu cau thay ddi ngudi tien hanh tdtung, ngudi giam dinh, ngudi phien dich, khieu nai quyet djnh, hanh vi cua co quan, ngudi tien hanh td rung).
Quyen cua bi can dupe quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 49 BLTTHS. Theo khoan 2 dieu luat nay, bi can cd cac quyen: a/ Dupe biet minh bi khdi td ve tpi gi; b/
Dupe giai thich ve quyen vanghla vu; d Trinh bay ldi khai; d/ Dua ra tai lieu, dd vat, yeu cau; d/ De nghi
38 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 6/2010 thay doi nguoi tien hanh td tung, ngudi giam dinh.
ngudi phien dich; d Tir bao chua hoac nhd ngudi khac bao chua; g/ Dupe nhan quyet dinh khdi td; quyet dinh ap dung, thay ddi hoac huy bd bien phap ngan chan; ban ket luan dieu tra; quyet dinh dinh chi, tam dinh chi dieu tra; quyet dinh dinh chi, tam dinh chi vu an; ban cao trang, quyet dinh truy td vacac quyet dinh to tung khac; hi Khieu nai ve viec ap dung cac bien phap ngan chan, quyet dinh, hanh vi to rung cua co quan, ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh to rung...
Theo chiing toi, quy dinh cua BLTTHS hien hanh chua bao dam cho bi can mot sd quyen quan trqng de bao ve minh, nhu: quyen im lang khong khai bao (makhong bi ly giai theo hudng bat loi chohq); quyen chiing minh suvo tqi hoac giam nhe trach nhiem hinh su nhu quyen ddi chat vdi ngudi tham gia td rung khac, quyen duoc biet nhung chung cii chdng lai minh...; quyen bac bd subupc tpi. Ddi vdi quyen bao chua, viec dieu luat chi quy dinh quyen tubao chua hoac nhd ngudi khac bao chua la chua dii; ma con thieu quyen dupe cu ngudi bao chua trong nhung trirdng hpp phap luat quy dinh.
3.1.3. Quyen va nghia vu cua bi cao
Theo Dieu 50 BLTTHS, bj cao languoi dabi Toa an quyet dinh dua ra xet xir. Cung nhubj can, bi cao la ngudi bj truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su, bj buoc tpi.
Vi vay, dja vj phap ly, tinh trang cua bj cao cung gidng nhu bi can; cd nghla la bi cao cung cd kha nang bi ap dung cac bien phap cuong che to tung do BLTTHS quy djnh, cd nguy co bj xam pham cac quyen con ngudi cao, da cd subupc tpi chinh thuc nen can cd cac quyen tuong ung de bao chua... cho nen cac bien phap bao ve quyen con ngudi ddi vdi bj can, bj cao co ban la gidng nhau.
Tuy nhien, mot diem khac biet quan Uong giua bi cao va bj can la bj cao tham gia td tung trong mot co che to rung hoan chinh, day du nhung ngudi tham gia to rung, cac coquan, ngudi tien hanh tdtung vdi chuc nang buoc tpi, bao chua, xet xir, thuc hien cac quyen to tung ciia minh trong phien toa cdng khai, dan chu va binh dang. Ro rang, so vdi bj can tham gia to rung (nhat la hdi cung) trong moi trudng chi cd ngudi buoc tpi, (trudng hpp ca biet mdi cd ngudi bao chua, ngudi chung kien), bj cao tham gia to rung trong phien toa cong khai, khong chi cd mat nhung ngudi tham gia to
rung, ma con cd suchirng kien ciia cong chiing. Trong qua trinh xet xir. ngudi tie'n hanh to tung khd cd kha nang sir dung cac bien phap trai phap luat, vi pham quyen con ngudi cua bj cao (nhude doa, bite cung, diing nhuc hinh, mua chupc nhan tpi...); trong khi dd, ddi vdi bi can thi tinh trang nay de xay ra hon. Khong nglu nhien ma nhieu luat su bao chua biic xiic cho rang trong giai doan dieu tra, Co quan dieu tra thudng gay khd khan cho ngudi dao chua tham gia hdi cung bj can va cac hoat dpng to rung khac; trong nhieu phien toa, khang cao phuc tham, khieu nai giam dec tham cua minh, bj cao thudng tdcao ngudi tien hanh td tung buc cung, diing nhuc hinh de bj cao nhan tpi, gay nen tinh trang oan sai trong xet xirvu an hinh su.
Va tren thuc te, trong nhieu trudng hpp suthat dd da
• dupe chung minh.
Quyen cua bj cao dupe quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dieu 50 BLTTHS. Theo chiing toi, cung nhu ddi vdi bj can, quy dinh BLTTHS chua bao "dam cho bj cao mot so quyen quan trong de bao ve minh, nhu quyen im lang khong khai bao (makhong bj danh giabat lpi cho bj cao); quyen chung minh suvo tpi hoac giam nhe trach nhiem hinh sunhuquyen ddi chat hoac hdi ngudi tham gia to rung khac, quyen dupe biet nhung chiing ciichdng lai minh...; quyen bac bd subupc tdi.
Ddi vdi quyen bao chua, viec dieu luat chi quy djnh quyen tubao chua hoac nhd ngudi khac bao chua la chua dii; ma con thieu quyen dupe cungudi bao chua trong nhung trudng hpp phap luat quy djnh.
3.2. Bdo dam thuc hien quyen vd nghia vu to tung cua ngudi bi tam giii, bi can, bi cdo trong thuc tiin dieu tra, truy td, xetxu
3.2.1. Nhung uu diem
Cac quy djnh cua BLTTHS Ta co sd phap ly quan trong cho viec ton trong vabao vecung nhubao dam thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu td tung cua ngudi bj tam gitr, bj can, bj cao trong thuc tien dieu tra, truy td, xet xir d nude ta thdi gian qua. Phai ndi rang, nhin chung cac co quan tien hanh to tung da quan triet va thuc hien tdt cac quy djnh cua BLTTHS trong viec bao dam cho ngudi bi tam giu, bj can, bj cao thuc hien cac quyen va nghla vu ciia minh:
- Tmdc het, cac quyen co ban cua cong dan da dupe bao dam thuc hien tdt tirphia cac coquan, ngudi tien hanh td tung. Cac vi pham phap luat nhu tinh
trang bat, giam giu; kham xet khong co can ciiphap luat, truy cuu trach nhiem hinh sudang co xu huong giam dan; tinh trang truy buc, dung nhuc hinh... trong td rung hinh sudin duoc khac phuc;
- Cac quyen, nghla \ai tdtung cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao quy dinh trong BLTTHS duoc ton trqng va co ban duoc bao dam thuc hien day dii. Dac biet, quyen bao chua cua ngudi bi tam gift, bi can, bi cao duqc thuc hien tuong ddi tdt. Ty le cac vu an cd ngudi bao chua tham gia ngay cang cao; cac coquan tien hanh to rung da chii trqng yeu cau cac doan Luat su cu ngudi bao chua trong nhung trudng hqp luat dinh. Quyen cua ngudi bao chua duqc ton trqng; cac co quan tien hanh to rung, nhat la Tda an da tao dieu kien de ngudi bao chua thuc hien nhiem vu ciia minh. Chat luong bao chua ngay cang duqc nang cao, da thuc sugdp phan vao viec giai quyet diing dan, khach quan vu an, bao ve quyen, loi ich hqp phap cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao.
Quyen khieu nai trong td tung hinh su, nhat la quyen khieu nai cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao da duqc ton trqng. Hang nam cac co quan tien hanh td tung da nhan duqc sd luqng rat Idn, ngay cang tang cac khieu nai tuphap. Cac khieu nai dd da duqc cac co quan tuphap cd tham quyen giai quyet co ban la thda dang.
3.2.2. Nhung hqn che
Ciing vdi nhung uu diem tren, tir gdc do ton trqng va bao ve quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao, theo chiing tdi, trong viec thuc hien cac thu tuc td tung trong giai quyet vu an hinh sucdn cd nhung diem han che va bat cap sau day:
Tliu nhdt, van cdn nhung trudng hqp truy ciru trach nhiem hinh su ngudi khong cd tqi hoac chua den muc chiu trach nhiem hinh su;
Thu hai, cdn cd nhung vi pham trong bao dam quyen bao chua cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao; nhat la quyen duqc nho ngudi khac bao chua.
Vi pham quyen bao chua cua bi can, bi cao la vi pham thii tuc to tung nghiem trong. Vi pham nay the hien cu thi a nhieu dang khac nhau nhu:
- Co quan tien hanh to tung, nhat la Co quan dieu tra ngai sued mat ngudi bao chua trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an;
- Co quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat khdng yeu cau cir ngudi bao chua cho bi can la ngudi chua thanh nien, cho bi can bi khdi td, truy to ve tdi cd khung hinh phat tir hinh;
- Co quan tien hanh td tung tir chdi yeu ciu cir ngudi bao chua khong diing phap luat. Cac co quan tien hanh tdtung "thuyetphuc" bi can, bi cao lap bien ban tir chdi ngudi bao chua trong mot so trudng hpp thupc khoan 2 Dieu 57 BLTTHS;
- Viec xet xu vang mat ngudi bao chua cung dang gap nhung vudng mac;
Thu ha, tinh trang biic cung, du cung, dung nhuc hinh trong hoat dpng dieu tra v i n cdn xay ra. Theo bao cao cua Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao, nam 2007 Co quan dieu tra Vien kiem sat da khdi tddieu tra 14 bi can, nam 2008 khdi td 26 bj can ve cac tdi dimg nhuc hinh, ra quyet dinh trai phap luat, lam sai lech hd so vu an2.
Thutu, thii tuc tdtung, dac biet la thu tuc phien toa v i n con nhung quy dinh han che' hoac khong bao dam cho viec viec thuc hien quyen td tung cua ngudi tham gia to rung ndi chung, cua ngu-di bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao ndi rieng. Cac Toa an cdn lung tiing trong viec xet hdi do BLTTHS khdng quy dinh cu the trinh tudupc xet hdi; chu-a phat huy dupe tinh than tranh rung dan chu tai phien toa; van hoa td tung, nhat la xet xu tai phien toa vin cdn nhieu han che;
Thu nam, nhieu Qudng hpp do phap luat chua quy dinh hoac quy dinh thieu ro rang din den nhung ke't qua to tung bat lpi, tham chi gay thiet hai cho ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao. Vi du:
- Mac dii trong giai doan xet xir, BLTTHS cd quy dinh viec bi cao khong tra ldi cac cau hdi, nhung BLTTHS khong quy dinh im lang la quyen cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao; trong khi dd BLHS quy dinh that tha khai bao la tinh tiet giim nhe trach nhiem hinh su. Tir dd din den tinh trang nhieu ngudi tien hanh to tung cho ring khong khai bao la khong that tha khai bao, khong an nan hdi cai va coi dd nhu la mot tinh tiet lam tang nang trach nhiem hinh sir. Rlt it ngudi nhan rhitc ring, Uach nhiem chung minh tpi pham thupc
2 Bao cao cua Vien truong VKSNDTC tai Ky hop thu II, IV Qudc hoi Khoa 12.
40 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 6/2010 ve ca quan tien hanh to tung va thuc chat viec im
lang la mot trong nhung bien phap bao chua cua nguoi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao;
- Thu tuc rut gqn la mot trong nhung che' dinh to' tung hinh su co y nghia thuc tien quan trqng giup cho viec giai quyet nhanh gpn vu an, bao dam quyen dupe giai quyet nhanh vu an cua ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao, tiet kiem chi phi tdtung...
The nhung tren thuc te thii tuc nay rat it dupe ap dung. Chiing toi cho rang mot trong nhung ly do it ap dung do la viec BLTTHS khong quy dinh yeu cau hoac it nhat la su ddng y cua bi can, bj cao la mot trong nhung dieu kien de ap dung thii tuc nay nen caquan cd tham quyen (Vien Kiem sat) ngai ap dung do spbi khieu nai va yeu cau trd lai thii tuc binh thudng tir phia bi can, bi cao;
- Mac dii BLTTHS cd quy dinh quyen ciia ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao, nhung lai khong quy dinh cu the trach nhiem ciia ca quan, ngudi tien hanh to tung bao dam thuc hien cac quyen dd va che tai ciia cac vi pham; cho nen cac vi pham thii tuc to tung tir phia co quan, ngudi tien hanh to tung cham dupe khlc phuc v.v...
4. Kien nghj hoan thien cac quy djnh ciia BLTTHS nhan bao dam quyen con ngudi ciia ngudi bi tam giu, bi can, bi cao
Tren co sd nhung quan diem ly luan, phan tich cac quy djnh ciia BLTTHS hien hanh vdi nhung bat cap cua nd, nghien cuu thuc tien td tung va tham khao phap luat td tung hinh su qudc te, de dap ung yeu cau xay dung Nha nude phap quyen va Cai each tu phap hien nay d nude ta, viec hoan thien cac quy djnh cua BLTTHS de tao co sd phap ly bao dam quyen con ngudi ciia ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao trong to tung hinh sula mot yeu cau cap thiet.
Theo chung toi. can hoan thien cac quy dinh ciia BLTTHS nham bao dam quyen con ngudi ciia ngudi bi tam giu, bj can. bj cao theo cac hudng sau day:
Mdt la, hoan thien, bd sung mot sd nguyen tac to tung lien quan den bao dam quyen con ngudi trong to tung hinh su nhu hoan thien nguyen tac suy doan vo tpi, nguyen tac xac dinh su that ciia vu an; bd sung nguyen tac giai quyet vu an nhanh chdng, kip thdi: nguyen tic cong bang trong giai
quyet vu an hinh su. Dac biet, can bd sung nguyen tic tranh rung; bdi vi tang cudng ye'u td minh tung trong mo hinh td rung pha tron (thien ve xet hdi) hien nay d nude ta la bao dam quan trong cho viec giai quyet vu an dupe diing ddn, khach quan, tren co sd bao dam tdt nhat quyen con ngudi ciia ngudi tham gia to tung, nha't la ciia ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao;
Hai la, hoan thien cac quy dinh ve quyen va nghia vu cua ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao. Bd sung mot sd quyen quan trong ciia ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao nhuquyen im lang vakhong coi suim lang nhuia thai dp thieu thien chi ciia ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao; quyen dupe thong bao viec buoc tdi va chung cii buoc tdi; quyen dupe thu thap chimg cu, chiing minh, dupe chat van, ddi chat vdi ngudi lam chimg, ngudi bj hai va ngudi tham gia to rung khac trong qua trinh dieu tra cung nhu tai phien tda...;
Ba la, md rong pham vi ngudi bao chua de cd the thu hut dupe mot so lupng Idn nhung ngudi cd trinh dp chuyen mon lam ngudi bao chua tham gia to rung hinh su. Khong nen quy djnh ngudi bao chua ddi vdi ngudi bj tam giu, va vi me thii tuc ngudi bj tam giunhdngudi bao ve quyen lpi cho minh se don gian hon trong bdi canh han che ve thai han tam giu,
Bdn la, hoan thien thu tuc rut gpn; coi yeu cau hoac suddng y cua bj can nhu la mot trong nhung dieu kien de dp dung thu tuc rut gpn trong to tung hinh su,
Nam la, bd sung thu tuc thii tpi trong to tung hinh su. Ddng thai trong BLHS cung can bo sung quy djnh thii tpi la tinh tiet giam nhe dang ke uach nhiem hinh sir,
Sdu Id, de bao dam thuc hien tdt quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao trong to tung hinh su, theo chiing toi, ddng thdi vdi viec bd sung, hoan thien cac quy djnh ve quyen, nghia vu cua hp, can hoan thien: 1/ Cac quy djnh ve trach nhiem, nghia vu cua co quan tien hanh to rung, ngudi thien hanh td tung va cac quy djnh khac ve mat td chiic... nhdm bao dam de cac quy dinh dd dupe thuc hien nghiem tiic tren thuc te;
va 21 Cac che' tai td tung cung nhu che tai ky luat ap dung trong trirdng hpp cac quy dinh ve quyen ciia ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bi cao bj vi pham. •
