TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP ( So 2 (91)^011
Cong nghiep phu trcr \&i van de nhap sieu a Viet Nam hien nay
Ha Thj Huong Lan*
J
fr viec nghien ciiu mdi quan he cua tinh trgng nhdp sieu v&i phdt trien cdng nghiep phu trg' hien nay & Viet Nam, tdi thdy rdng, cdng nghiep phu trg' Id ngdnh cd vai trd hd trg cho viec sdn xudt ra nhirng sdn phdm cdng nghiep cudi ciing. Nd bao gdm nhirng sdn phdm trung gian, nhirng linh, phu kien, nguyen lieu sff che... phuc vu cho ngdnh cdng nghiep Idp rdp, chiem 70%, thdm chi Id 90% trong cdu thdnh gid tri sdn phdm, Cdng nghiep phu trg' khdng phdt trien se Idm cho cdc doanh nghiep Idp rdp vd nhiing doanh nghiep sdn xudt thdnh phdm cudi cimg khdc se phdi phu thupe nhieu vdo nhdp khdu. Do do, phdt trien cdng nghiep phu trg trong nw&c, thiic ddy npi dia hod dwgc coi Id chia khod giiip nen kinh te tdng trw&ngnhanh vd ben vUng. Mat khdc, tren thuc te, phi tdn ve linh kien, bp phdn vd cdc sdn phdm trung gian trong nhirng sdn phdm thupe cdc ngdnh sdn xudt mdy moc chiem t&i ho'n 80% gid thdnh, lao dpng chi chiein tir 5 den 10%, do do khd ndng npi dia hod cd tinh chdt quyet dinh den thdnh qud kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep.
Ty Ie ndi dia boa va cdng Viet Nam dang roi vao tinh nghiep phy trg, ve hinh thuc
dudng nhu chimg tach biet nhau, nhung thyc chat hai van de nay la mdt neu nhin nhan theo myc tieu phat trien cdng nghiep ndi dia. Nhu vay, phat trien cdng nghiep phy trg ddng nghTa vdi viec gia lang ly Ie ndi dia hoa trong san pham va he qua la nhap sieu se giam xudng. Vdi nhfl'ng ly do nay, cdng nghiep phy trg khdng phat
• trien thi cac nganh cdng nghiep chfnh se khdng phat trien manh, thieu sue canh tranh va pham vi cung gidi ban trong mdt sd it nganh, dac biet lam cho nen kinh te thieu nang ddng, ro'i vao tinh trang nhap sieu, le thudc vao cac nudc khac trong qua trinh phat trien.
Tuy nhien, cung phai thay rang trong nganh cdng nghiep
trang nhap khau lang cao, ngoai mat lich cue la nhap khau may mdc, thiet bi, dyng cy, phy tiing va mdt sd nguyen, nhien vat lieu (nhu xang dau, sat thep, phan bdn, chat deo, boa chat, thudc trii' sau, sgi del, bdng, gd va nguyen phu lieu gd...) de phyc vy ddi mdi thiet bi, ky thuat - cdng nghe va san xuat d trong nudc, thi chiing ta van nhap khau ca nhii'ng san pham trong nudc cd the san xuat dugc.
Chang han, trong nhirng mat hang nhap khau hien nay chiem chii yeu trong ca cau nhap khau Iai la linh kien d td, thep, phdi thep, phan bdn, chat deo nguyen lieu, sgi cac Ioai, may mdc thiet bi phy tiing, tan dugc, dien tir, may tfnh va Iinh kien, nguyen phu lieu del may, vai, da giay, xang dau, dau md ddng thyc vat, san pham boa chit.
gd va nguyen lieu, sua, thirc an gia sue va nguyen lieu. Cac mat hang nhap khau cd kim ngach Idn thudc nhdm nguyen nhien vat lieu, phu lieu (khdng ke xang dau) chiem 58% ty trpng tdng kim ngach nhap khau. Trong kbi Ie ra nhirng mat hang nay la nhirng san pham ma trong nudc cd the san xuat dugc nhd Igi the so sanh trong nudc ve lao ddng, vdn, quy md san xuat, quy md doanh nghiep... Va vi the, hien nay d Viet Nam dang xuat hien mdt nghjch Iy la da che tao nhieu san pham may mdc thudc hang "ddc" trong khu vuc nhu:
bien ap 500Kv ma chua qudc gia ASEAN nao lam dugc; may phay cdng nghe cao ma chi 10%) trong sd 100 doanh nghiep hang dau Dai Loan cd the lam;
may ctin ldn btin rdng rai d Thai Lan... The nhung, tdc dp tang trudng ciia kim ngach nhap
* Trirdng chinh tri Ha Giang
52> T g p c h f n g h i e n cu'u Tdi c h f n h l<e'todn
( So 2 (91)-2011 ) TAI CHfNH DOANH NGHIEP
khau may mdc thi van khdng ngirng lai, 5 nam tra lai day.
kim ngach nhap khau may mdc, thiet bi phu tiing cua chimg ta lien tyc tang len, chi tinh rieng lam thang dau nam 2010 chimg ta da nhap khau gan 8,6 ty USD Iinh phy kien. nguyen phy lieu sa che... tang 16.7% so vdi ciing ky nam 2009. Trong khi dd, cdn chua ke den chuyen lech pha trong ca cau Ccic nudc nhap khau Nam 2007, chung la nhap sieu tir Trung Qudc la 9,145 ty USD, bing 64% tdng mirc nhap sieu ca nam, nam 2008, con so la 11.16 ly USD va ty Ie la 61%. Nam 2009, con sd nay da tang tiep Ien 11,532 ty USD, bang 90% tdng nhap sieu ca nam, dugc cho la muc bao ddng. Nhung nam 2010, nhap sieu tir Trung Qudc cao "ngat ngudng" va da nang len mii'c bao ddng dd: udc 12,6 ty USD, bang 105%o miic nhap sieu ca nam (12 ty USD) ciia Viet Nam.
Nhap sieu dang la bai loan dau dau cho cac nba hoach dinh chfnh sach. Bd Cdng Thuang ciing dang cd nhieu nd lye tim «thudc dac tri» cho nhap sieu, nhu: Day manh xuat khau, va tting cudng han che nhap khau. Rat nhieu bien phap ban che nhap khtiu da dugc ban hanh ddi vdi cac mat hang lieu diing xa xi, khdng khuyen khich sir dung nhu dtd nguyen chiec dudi 9 chd, xe may, nudc hoa, my pham, rugu ngoai... Ddi vdi nhdm hang cd ngii}' ca anh hudng den mdi trudng.
sire khde ciia ngudi dan va trong nudc da san xuat dugc...
Bd Cdng Thuang tang cudng kiem soat nhap khau bang nhieu bien phap: ap dyng ban ngach thue quan, giay phep nhap khau. that chat quy trinh thdng quan. kiem tra chat lugng, xuat xu ddi vdi nhdm hang ndng Iam san, thudc.
thudc bao ve thyc vat... Nham giiip doanh nghiep tang cirdng san xuat nhirng mat hang phyc vu xuat khau, bd da kien nghi mdt sd chinh sach phat trien xuat khau: Dieu chinh ty gia USD, tham chi can thiep khdng de gia mdt sd mat hang ndng san xudng den mirc gay thiet hai cho ngudi ndng dan va doanh nghep. De kiem soat nhap sieu. ben canh viec tang cudng xuat khau, Bd Cdng Thuang se de xuat danh myc cac mat hang can ap dyng han ngach nhap khau, ban ngach tbue quan hoac giay phep nhap khau. ap dyng cac bien phap kiem soat nhap khau vti quy trinh thdng quan ddi vdi cac nhdm hang can kiem soat. Nhung nhap sieu van cd xu hudng nhich Ien va dieu dang ndi d day la qua nhieu nganh hang xuat khau chu luc hien nay deu phy thudc vao nhap khau nguyen lieu dan den tinh trang nhap sieu ngay mdt gia tang. Nhu tren vira phan tfch. cau chuyen ciia mdt trong nhflng nganh dugc coi la dirng dau trong xuat khau nhieu nam qua la del may cho thay mdt nghich Iy, tuy xuat khau tang manh nhung Iai dang phy thudc vao nhap khau ngmen lieu va dudng nhu cac doanh nghiep dang
"khoai" nhap khau nguyen lieu ban la thu gom nguyen lieu trong nude.
Cd the ndi. cac nganh phy trg qua yeu la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan tryc liep Iam cho tinh trang nhap sieu tang len lien tyc trong sudt nhiing nam qua tai Viet Nam.
Tren thyc te cac Ioai hang dien tir gia dyng. cac san pham cua cdng nghe thdng tin, phan cirng nhu may tfnh ca nhan, dien thoai di ddng. ctic loai xe hai, xe may,.v.v., ndi chung la cac loai may mdc, cac nganh CO' khi. Ctic mat hang nay thudng cd ca hang tram hoac hang ngan bd phan. linh kien 0' nhieu tang ldp. lir nhii'ng loai thdng thirdng, don gian den nhU'ng Ioai cd cdng nghe rat cao. Trong khi chiing ta hien dang phtii nhap khau phan ldn Iinh kien, bd phan va cac san pham cdng nghiep phu trg khac de san xuat nhiing san pham chinh.
Tinh trang nhap sieu do cdng nghiep phy trg khdng phat trien. Vay tai sao cdng nghiep phu trg ciia Viet Nam chua phat trien. Mac dii, d Viet Nam hien nay sd lugng cac doanh nghiep phy trg ndi dia tang len kha nhanh nhung nhin chung mdi dimg lai d khau san xuat Ciic chi tiet, Iinh kien cd kich cd cdng kenh. cdng nghe dan gian, ca cau gia tri trong tdng gia tri ndi dia hoa la rat nhd.
Hon nira, nd chua thyc su cd he thdng, cdn manh miin, phan Icin vdi quy md nhd. cac loai san pham ciing nhu khdi lugng
T a p chf nghien cufu Tdi chfnh ke t o d n
(53
TAICHINH DOANH NGHIEP ( So 2 (91). 2011 )
dugc ban tren thi tru'dng ciing chua du nhieu cho su bd xung can thiet trong nhiing thdi diem nbat dinh. nen cac cdng t}' lap rap, mac dii y thirc rat rd dieu dd nhung cung khd cd tlie lap ke hoach dy phdng mdt each hop ly. Mat khac. cho den na}' san pham cdng nghiep phy trg chu }'eu do doanh nghiep nba nudc san xuat. phan ldn cung cap nhii'ng san pham cd chat luo'ng kem \'a gia ihanh cao (\'i cdng nghe lac hau. ^•i quan Iy kem....) nen chi lieu thy dugc trong ndi bd ctic doanh nghiep nha nudc.
nhung ciing \"i diing nhung san pham phu trg na}' ma cac san pham lap rap, cac loai ma}' mdc hoan thanh tai cac cdng t}
nha nudc ciing khdng cd sue canh tranh. Mat khac. hien na}'.
nhiing doanli nghiep \'iet Xam tham gia nganh cdng nghiep phu trg \m cdn rat it. chu } eu lap trung \'ao cdc khau dan gian nhu ddng gdi, bao bi... Mdt sd doanh nghiep san xuat linh kien nhung khdng dap img ndi tieu chuan cua nha dau tu nudc ngoai. Mdt thuc te phai thira nhan la tiem luc cua da sd ctic doanh nghiep \'iel Nam cdn }'eu. phan ldn nguyen vat lieu, phy rimg xa. linh kien san xuat tai Viet Nam klidng dap ung tieu chuan chat lugng. Cd the ndi rang, cac nha cung irng ndi dia khdng the dap img dugc nhilTig }'eu cau nghiem ngat ^e chat lupng. ngw'en \'at lieu va thdi gian phan phdi (thdi gian giao hang), do khdng cd dii cdng nghe. san xuat yeu kem xa kha nang qutin Iy cdn ban chd Dieu dd dan den mdt tam ly chung la doanh nghiep khdng cd dieu
kien thyc hien viec chuyen mdn boa khi phai bo vdn dau tu ldn.
Danh lya chpn cong dudng nhap khau ngmen phu lieu.
Theo cac chuyen gia kinh le. bien phap hang dau de ban che nhap sieu la uu lien phtit trien cdng nghiep phu trg. Boi
\'i. trong ca cau nhap khau hien na}' cua Viet Nam, chiein ty trpng Idn la nguyen vat lieu phyc vy san xuat, chang ban nhu: da gia}, del ma}', dien tu, gd... phai nhap khau ngm'en phy lieu tir 70° o din 90%. Theo dng Vuang Dinh Ngan Phd vy trudng phy trach Phdng Quan ly Xuat nhap khau thanli phd Hd Chi Minh - Bd Cdng Thuang.
nguyen nhan chinh gay nen linh trang nhap sieu a Viet Nam trong thdi gian ntiy la do cdng nghiep phu trg xa cac dich vu hd trg kinh doanh chua phat Irien.
Ong Huynh Dire Thang - Phd Vu trudng Vy Ke hoach (Bd Cdng Thuang) cung cho rang de kieni soat nhap sieu ngoai bien phap thuong mai. diem mau chdt de giai quyet van de
\'an la Chinh phu can ban hanh nghi dinh xe quy hoach, phat trien cdng nghiep phu trg de chu ddng \'e nguyen phu lieu.
Nhu the, den nam 2015, mdi cd hi vpng dat dugc su can bang giiia NK \'a xuat khau. Do dd.
phat trien cdng nghiep phu trg se lam lang U' le ndi dia hoa cho san pham va ban che nhap sieu irong qua trinh phat trien kinh te cua qudc gia.
De cdng nghiep phy trg phat trien dimg hudng phyc vy nhu cau cac nha lap rap lau dai.
dn dinh ve chat lugng va sd lugng, ddng gdp tich cue trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam, trudc bet Chinh phu cimg cac co quan hHu quan. cac nha dau lu \a cac doanh nghiep phai cd sy thay ddi trong nhan thirc, phai thay rd dugc lam quan trpng, vai trd to ldn ciia cdng nghiep phu trg trong phat trien kinh te xa bdi ndi chung va thu hut dau lu tryc tiep nudc ngoai ndi rieng.
Tir dd cd ke hoach, chien lugc va gianh nhung chinh sach. uu dai. cd nhiing giai phap phii hgp thuc day cdng nghiep phu trg phat trien theo myc lieu de ra. Chfnh nhflng thay ddi trong nhan thirc ciia cac ca quan huu quan va phfa doanh nghiep, se lao ra sy chuyen bien trong boat ddng \'a tao ra nhirng dieu kien, tien de thiic day su phat trien cua nganh cdng nghiep phy trg, phyc vy dac Iyc cho khu vyc ha ngudn. nang cao tinh canh tranh cho nganh cdng nghiep ndi rieng va ciia ca nen kinh te ndi chung.
Mot so kien nghj
Thir nhat, huy ddng mpi ngudn luc khoa hpc cdng nghe trong nudc. ket hgp nang cao hgp tac qudc te vdi phuong chain lay thu hut dau lu nudc ngoai. chuyen giao cdng nghe la ddng lye de pbat trien khoa hpc cdng nghe hudng vao viec thiic da}' qua trinh phat trien cua nganh cdng nghiep phu trg. Nhiing nd Iyc nay quan trgng la phai xuat phat tir chinh su chu ddng va manh dan ciia cac doanh nghiep chir khdng
(54 Tap chf nghien cii'u Tdi chfnh k e ' t o d n
( So 2 (91)-2011 ) TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP
phai chi trdng dgi vao nhu'ng hd trg cua nha nude;
Thii- hai, dya vao ngudn vdn ty cd va sy hd trg vdn tii' nha nudc va cac td chirc tfn dyng, cac doanh nghiep nen manh dan dau tu thay the cac thiet bi may mdc da lac hau bang he thdng cdng nghe, thiet bi hien dai ban. Cac doanh nghiep nen phan dau trd thanh ddi tac ciia cac cdng ty, tap doan lap rap Idn ciia Nhat Ban, Han Qudc... de cd the nhan dugc sy giiip dd ca ve ngudn vdn va cdng nghe, quan ly;
Thii- ba, cac doanh nghiep can cd sy lien ket. hgp tac vdi cac trirdng dai hgc, cac trung tam dao tao nghe, cac trung tam, vien nghien ciru irng dung khoa hpc ky thuat... trong viec nghien cu'u, thir nghiem va irng dung nhii'ng cdng nghe mdi;
Thu- tir, khuyen khich chuyen giao cdng nghe hien dai phyc vu san xuat linh kien, phy tung, ddng thdi hd trg tai chinh cho viec nghien ciru phat trien cac san pham phy trg de nang cao chat lugng.
kha nang canh tranh cua san pham phy trg tren thi trirdng.
Chang ban, ddi vdi nganh dien tiv - tin hgc can nudi duang va hd trg phat trien cac doanh nghiep, dac biet la cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd trong cdng lac nghien ciru phtit trien san pham mdi. chuyen giao va irng dung cdng nghe mdi, xay dung dpi ngu nghien ciru pbat trien Siin pham mdi vung manh de
lang sire canh tranh...
Thii- nam, day manh viec U'ng dung khoa hpc - cdng nghe mdi trong san xuat kinh doanh. Can cd cac giai phap cdng nghe cao va chuyen giao mien phi cho cac co' sd san xuat nhu mdt sy hd trg pbat trien cua Nha nudc, cac gitii phap bao dam bao ve thyc sy quyen sd huu trf tue, sd huu ban quyen. Hd trg chi phi mua ban quyen cho cac doanh nghiep vii'a va nhd phat trien cdng nghiep phy trg. Hang nam gianh mdt phan kinh phi thich dang tinh theo GDP de thanh lap quy phat trien khoa hpc cdng nghe;
Thii- sau, xay dyng he thdng tieu chuan chat lugng stin pham theo chutin qudc le Iam can cir cho viec dinh hudng phat trien. Hd trg phat trien va nang cap cac td chirc, trung tam kiem dinh, danh gia chat lugng san pham hd trg thudc nhieu thanh phan kinh te dat trinh dp qudc te. Tang cudng cdng tac kiem tra chat lugng san pham, dang kx nhan mac hang boa;
Thir bay, hd trg ngan sach de dao tao lye lugng quan ly chat lugng san pham cua cac doanh nghiep, cac ca quan quan ly nha nudc ve quan ly chat lugng. Xay dyng cac che tai cua xa hdi. tang cudng tuyen truyen, giao dye de nha kinh doanh, ngudi stin xuat nhan thivc dugc va phai chiu trach nhiem ve chat lugng san pham cua minh trudc phap
luat. Chuyen trpng tam cdng tac kiem tra. bao dam chat lugng san pham la trtich nhiem cua ngu'di san xuat, ngudi cung cap chu' khdng phai la cua ngu'di tieu diing;
Thii- tam, uu dai cao cho cac doanh nghiep FDl cd cac dy an chuyen giao cdng nghe va cd cam ket phat trien mdt sd cac doanh nghiep ndi dia phat trien cdng nghiep phu trg. Khuyen khich chuyen giao cdng nghe lien tien vao san xuat tai Viet Nam. Tiep tyc loai bd nhUng trd ngai ve lual phap va chinh sach ddi vdi viec chuyen giao cdng nghe tir nudc ngoai vao Viet Nam... de thu hut cac can bd ky thuat, cac nha khoa hpc va nhung ngu'di dieu hanh dinh doanh nudc ngoai den lam viec;
Thii- chin, de bao hd va khuyen khich irng dyng cdng nghe mdi, san xuat san pham mdi, dac biet la cac san pham xuat khau, nha nudc can cd mdt sd bien phap de hd trg nhu mien giam thue VAT, Igi nhuan tai dau tu phat trien san xuat khdng phiii chiu thue Igi lire; de Iai mdt phan thue thu vugt miic thu nam trudc d doanh nghiep de dau tu cho che thu san pham mdi, hd trg doanh nghiep cac chi phi dang ky bao hd qudc te ve nhan mac hang boa. Tham chi cd the khdng thu cac Ioai thue ddi vdi nhiing Id stin pham mdi de chao hang.
Tap chf nghien cufu Tdi chfnh ke t o d n (55
