Tap chi Khoa hpe DHQGHN, Luat hpe 28 (2012) 151-168
( v l chu quyln lich su, phap ly cua Viet Nam d6i vai hai qu4n dao Hoang Sa va Tnrong Sa
Nguyin Ba Dien*
Khoa Ludt. Dgi hpe Quoc gia Hd Npi, 144 Xudn Thuy: HdNpi. Viet Nam
Xhan nga\ 05 thang 9 nam 2012
Tdm tit. Bai \ i^t dua ra nhihig minh chiing phap l> khdng djnh chii quyen khflng the tranh cai ciia Vift Nam doi vdi quan dao Hoang Sa va Tmdng Sa Bai viet dd phan tich mgt so noi dung mdi dugc trich dan trong cac sach dia ly va ban db co ciia Viet \ a m de chiing minh ehu qu>'en ciia Vift Nam doi vdi hai quan dao nay. Mgt trong nhOng nfli dung dang chu y la it nhat tir thfi k>' XVI. Nhd nudc Vift Nam dd thyc hifin mft each hda binh. thuc sy. cflng khai vd lifin t\ic cac ho^t dgng tren bien nhdm ciing co chii quyfin cua Viet Nam dfli voi hai quin dao. Bdi vifit ciing dura ra thuc ttgng bao \ f va thyc hifn chil quyfin ciia Viet Nam do! vdi hai quan dao tir chien tranh the gidi thir 2 tdi nay va khdng djnh Nha nirdc Vifit Nam da chiem hiiu that su va cong khai quan dao Hoang Sa vd quin dao Trudng Sa. khi ma cac quan dao do chua thupc chu quyfin ciia bit cii quflc gia ndo.
Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa la hai quan dao d ngodi khoi Vift Nam ttong Bifin Dong"*: Quin dao Hodng Sa chfl gan nhat each ddo Re mflt ddo ven bd cua Vift Nam khoang 120 hdi ly, each Dd Ndng khoang 170 hdi ly vfi phfa Dflng, vd. quan dao Trudng Sa chfl gan nhat each Vinh Cam Ranh khodng 250 hai 1\ ve phia Ddng.
N h ^ thiie eiia cdc nhd hdng hdi thdi xua ve Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa liic ddu cdn m o hfl. Hg chi biel efl mpt khu vyc rpng Idn rat nguy hiem cho tdu thuyfin vi d dd cfl nhihig bdi dd ngam.
Ngdy xua. ngudi Viet Nam gpi dd la Bai Cat Vdng. Hoang Sa. Van Ly Hoang Sa, va quin dao Truflmg Sa hode Van Ly Truorng Sa nhu cac sdch va ban dd efl eua Viet Nam da chumg to.
Hau nhu tat ca cac ban dd cua cac nhd hdng hdi phuang Tay tir thfi ky XVI dfin thfi ky XVIII deu vfi ehung quan dao Hodng Sa vd q u i n dao Trudng Sa lam mflt dudi cai ten Pracel, Parcel hay Paracels'"'. Cdc ban dd trfin nfli chung dfiu xac dinh vj tti khu vyc Pracel (tdc la cd Hodng Sa va Truong Sa) Id giira Bifin Ddng, phia ddng Vift Nam, ben ngodi nhirng dao ven bd ciia Vift Nam. Ve sau, vdi lifin dp eiia khoa hgc vd hdng hai, ngudi ta da phan biet cd hai q u i n dao:
quan ddo Hoang Sa va qudn dao Trudng Sa.
Hai qudn dao ma cdc ban dd hang hdi qudc te ngay nay ghi la Paracels va Spatley hode Spratly chinh Id q u i n ddo Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa eiia Viet Nam. NhCmg tfin "Tay Sa" va "Nam
DT 84-4-35650769 E-mail nba(iieng\ahoocom
*" Nhan d ^ Viet Nam tir lau dCing tu Bien £)6ng d^ chi cai ma cac ban do phuong Ta> gQi la Bien Tnmg ho^c bi£n Nam Tning Hoa
- Ban do ciia cac nha hang hai B6 Dao Nha, Ha Lan, Phap nhu Lazaio Luis. Ferdanao Vaz Dourdo Jofin Tcixeira, Janssonitis, Willem Jansz Blaeu, Jacob Aertsz Colom. Theunis Jacobsz. Hcndrick Doneker, Frederich De Wit. Pleire du Vai, Henncus E. Van Langren, v v
SB- Dien / Tgp ddKhoa hgc DHtQGHN, Lugt hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
Sa"' la ten jAia Trung Qudc mdi dua ta may tfadp ky gdn day dfi pfayc vu muu dfl gianh gidt bien dao ciia hp. Tir Idu, nhdn ddn Vi$l Nam dd phdt hien qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd qudn ddo Truang Sa, Nhd nudc Viel Nam da chiem htm vd ihuc hien chu quyin cua minh ddi vdi hai qudn ddo do mpt cdch that su, lien luc vd hod bmh.
1. Chii quyea Ijcb so- ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi hai quao dao H o a n g Sa va Trutmg Sa'^'
Nhieu sdch dia ly va ban do co cia Viet Nam ghi chip ro Bai Cai Vang, Hodng Sa, Vgn ly Hodng Sa, Bgi Tnnmg Sa hogc Van ly Trudng Sa ttr lau dd Id lanh tho Viit Nam.
Todn tap Thien Nam tu chi 16 do ihu. tap ban do Vifl Nam do Dd Ba. tfn chS la Cdng dgo, soan ve vao thfi k> XVII. ghi ro trong Idi chu giai ban dd viing Phii Quang NghTa. xir Quang Nam: "giita bien cd mgt bdi cat dai. gpi la Bai Cat Vang". "Hg N g u j e n ' " mdi nam vao tfadng cudi miia Ddng dua mudi tam chiec Ihuyfin dfin lay boa \ g t dugc phan nhifiu la vdng bac, tien If. sung dan".
Trong Gidp .\'go binh nam do. ban dd xii Dang Trong do Dodn quan cdng Biii Tfafi Dat ve ndm 1774, B3i Cat Vang cung dugc \ e Id mdt bd phgn eua Idnh tho Viet Nam '*'.
Phu bien tgp luc, eudn sach cua nha bae hgc Le Quy Ddn (1726 - 1784) vifit vf Uch sir. dia Iy. hanh chfnh vii Dang Trong dtrdi thdi chiia Nguyfin (1558 - 1775) khi dng dugc trieu dinh bd nhifm phuc vu lgi mien Nam. chep rd ddo Dai Tnrdng Sa (tdc Hoang Sa vd Trucmg Sa) thugc phii Qudng Ngdi. " X a An Vinh"'*'^ huyfin Binh Stm, Phii Qudng Ngfaia. d ngoai cua bien
' ' Xem tbem. Bo Ngoai ^ao Viei Nam, Sdch trdng. Qudn dao Hoang Sa va qudn dao Trvang Sa Bg phgn ldnh ifn ctia rVrf.Vamcacnam 1979. 1981.
'•" Tire chua Ngmln. cat oi \ii Ding trong tii nam 1558 den ndm 1775
' ' Trong tap Hdng Din: han do Xem (hero: Nhi^ tac gia (2011). Bins dung ljch sir ^'a ccr so ^lap K Hoaog Sa. Tmong Sa la cua Via Nam, NXB Tte. TP Ho Chi .Minh. 20 H '*'C( phia Nam bien Sa K\. phucmg An Vinh a Ci Lao Re cflng thuoc \A nay
cd mii' ' ggi la Cii Lao Re, rflng hem 30 dam'*'.
c» phudng Tii Chinli, dan c u trdng dau, ra bien bdn canfa thi dfin, phia ngoai niia lai ed dao Dgi Tnrdng Sa. Trudc kia cd nhifu hai vat va hod
\ a t cua t i u , lap ddi Hoang Sa dfi lay. di ba ngay dem mdi deiu la chd gdn x d Bac Hai".
Dgi Nam nhdt thdng loan do, ban dd nudc Viet Nam ve vdo khodng ndm 1838, ghi
"Hoang Sa" "Van Ly Tnrdng Sa" thugc Ianh thd Vift Nam.
Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, bg sdch dia Iy Vift Nam do Quoc sir quan nha Nguyfn (1802 - 1845) sogn x o i ^ ndm 1882'^' ghi Hodng Sa la bd phgn lanh thfl Vifl Nam thudc tinh Quang Ngliia. Doan ndi \ e hinh thfi tinh Quang Nghia, cudn sach v i e t "Phia Dflng cd ddo cat - dao Hodng Sa - lifin vdi bifin tdm hao; phfa Tay la mifin san man, cd liiy dai viing vang; phia Nam lien voi tinh Binh Dinh. cd deo Bfin Da ehan ngang. phia Bac giap tinh Qudng Nam, cd ghenh Sa Thd ldm gidi han".
.\hieu nha hdng hdi, gido sf phuang Tdy trong nhitng the ky tru&c diu xdc nhgn Hodng Sa (Pracel hay Paracel) thu^c lanh thd Viet Nam.
Mdt gido sT phuong Tay di tren tau Amphitrile tir Phap sang Trung Quflc nam 1701 viet ttong mflt la thu rdng: "Paracel Id mflt quan dao thudc vucmg qude An N a m " ""'.
DOI \ 01 ngum Viel Nam cilng nhir nguoi Tnmg Qu6c, ch6 Han "Son" co nghla la niii. nhung cung diiqrc din^ dl chi cac hai dao. Thi du. Phin Ion cac dao 6 ngoai cua vjnh Hang Chau (Nam Ttui^g Hai) diu dupc nguoi Trong Quoc goi la son. Bach Scm. Dai Kgu Son. Dai Duong Son.
Tieu Duong Son. Tnic Stm. Tu Son. vv.. Nguoi Tnmg Quoc riing dm^ son de chi mot so dao cua Viei Nara nhu Cuu Dau Son (dao Co To). Bat Lao Son (cii Lao Cham).
Ngoai La Sent (Cu Lao Re)..
' ' Dam. Don \i do luong thoi \ira cua Viet Nam, nnmg duong 1^2kin.
' " Phin viet ve cac tinh Trung Bo duac soan Iai va khic m nam 1909.
i\' C Trich d§n trong bai "Bi mat cac dao San ho - Nliai k> ve CUQC hanh ninh den Hoang Sa". (Mysiere des aWUs - Journal dc voy^e au.\ Paracels) dang Hong man bao "Dong Diroog" (Indochine) irong cac so nsa\ 3. 10.
{. Dmt I Tgp dii Klioa Iwc DHQGHN, Ludl hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
J.B. Chaigneau, cd van cua vua Gia Long, ndm 1820 da viel ttong phdn chii thieh bfl sung vao cudn Hdi Ky vi nudc Cochinchine' ':
"Nudc Cochinchine ma nhd vua bdy gid dd lfin ngfli Hodng dfi gflm xu Cochinchine va xu Dflng Kinh"-' ... mflt vdi dao cd ddn eu khflng xa bd bifin va qudn dao Paracel do nh&ng ddo nho, ghfinh va dd khflng cd dan cu hgp thanh...'•<"^'.
Gidm mue J.L. Taberd. ttong bai "GA/ chip ve dia ly mr&c Cochinchine''' xual ban nam 1837, cung mfl td "Pracel hay Paracels" la phdn ldnh thfl nudc Cochinchine va ndi ro ngudi Cochinchine goi Pracel hay Paracels Id "Cat Vang"'*. Trong An Nam dgi quoc hog do xuat ban ndm 1838, flng dd ve mpt phdn eiia Paracel va ghi "Paracel hay Cat Vang" (Paracel seu Cat Vdng) d ngodi cae dao ven bd mien Trung Vift Nam, vdo khu vue quan dao Hoang Sa hien nay"».
Trong bai " 0 / a ly virang quoc Cochinchina^^' cua GulzlafF, xudt ban ndm
1849 cd doan noi rd Paracels thupc lanh thd Vift Nam va chii thich cd ten Vift Nam Id "Kdl Vang".
17 thang 7 nam 1941 - Danh tJ Vuong quoc An Nam Irong tai li^u chi nuoc Viet Nam thoi \>ky giir.
" " Danh tii Cochmchine (tieng Phap) hofic Cochinchma (tieng Anh) trong tai lieu phuong Ta\ Hich dan a day co hai nghTa tuy theo vSn canh a) Nuac Viet Nam thoi bSy gia, sich nay djch la nuoc Cochinchme; b) Xii Dang Trong thoi bay gift, sach nay dich la \u Cochinchine ' "' Tiic Dang Ngoai (le Tonkin)
A Salles trich dan trong bai "Hoi ky vh nuoc Cochinchine cua J B. Chaigneau" (Le memoire sur la Chochinchine de J.B. Chaigneau) dang uong 'Tap chi cua nhihig nguin ban thanh Hu^ co" ("BuUetin des amis du
\ieu\Hue")s62nara I923tr 257
"Ghi chep ve dia ly nuoc Cochinchina" ("Note on Geography of Cochinchma") cua giam mue Jean-Louis Taberd diing trong "Tap chi ciia Hoi chau A Bang-Gan"
(The Journal of the Asiatic Societ\' of Bengal) tap VL 1837, IT 745
Dmh Irong cuon "Tii dien La Tinh - Viel Nam"
(Ehcti on arium Latino-Anamiti-cum). 1838
"*' Bai "Dia ly vuong qu6c Cochinchma" (Geograpphy of the Cochinchinese Empire) dang trong "Tap chi Hoi d|a ly Hoang gia Luan Don" (The Jounal of the Royal Geography Sociely of London) tap XIX. 1849. tr,93
V&i tu cdch la ngvoi ldm chii, trong nhiiu thgp ky nhd nu&c phong kien Viit Nam da nhiiu ISn tien hdnh diiu tra khdo sdt dja hlnh vd tdi nguyin hai quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Tru&ng Sa. Cdc sdch dia ly va lfch sur cua Vift Nam tur the ky XVH dd ghi Igi kit qud cdc cu^c khdo sdt dd.
Trong Todn tgp Thiin nam tu chi lp do thu (thfi ky XVII): "Giiia bien cd mdt bdi cat dai, ggi ia Bai Cdt Vdng, dai do 400 dam, rgng 20 dam, dimg dgng giiia bifin, t u ciia Dai C h i e m " "
dfin cira Sa Vinh"^' moi lan cfl gifl Tay Nam t h u a n g thuyen cdc nudc di d phia ngoal trong ttdi dat d ddy, co gio Dflng Bde thi thuong thuyfin di d phi'a ngodi ciing ttdi dat d day, dfiu ciing chfit doi het ea, hang hoa thl dfiu dfi lai d noi d d " " ' ' .
Trong Phu bien tap luc ciia Lfi Quy Dfln (1776): "Xa An Vinh, huyen Binh Son, Phii Qudng NghTa d gan bifin, ngoai bien vfi phia Dflng Bac, co nhifiu cii lao, cdc niii*""' Iinh tinh han 130 hdn each nhau bdng bifin, tir hdn ndy sang hon kia h o | c di mgt ngay h o | c vai canh thi den. Tren niii cd chfl cd nudc nggt. Trong dao CO bai cat vang, dai udc hem 30 ddni, bdng phdng, rflng Ion, nudc trong suflt day. Trfin dao CO vd sfl tfl yfin, eac thu chim co hang ngan hang van, thdy ngudi thi d$u vdng quanh khflng ttdch, ttfin bdi vdt la rdt nhifiu. 6 c hoa thi co tai voi, to nhu chific chifiu, bung cd hat to bdng ddu ngdn tay, sac due khdng n h u nggc trai, cai vfl cfl thfi deo lam ldm bai dugc, lai ed thfi nttng vfli xay nha; cfl flc xd cir de khdm dd dimg; I^i co flc huang. Cdc thii oe deu cd thfi mudi vd nau dn dugc... Cac thuyfin ngoai phifin gdp bao thudng bi h u h a i ' ' " d dao nay...
Cua Dai chiSm nay la cua Dai. thugc tinh Quang Nam
"*' CiJa Sa Vinh nay la ciia Sa Huynh, thuoc tinh Quang Ngai
Bai Cat Vang tir \i\s la khu vyc c6 nhi^u da ngSm nguy hiem o Bi6n Dong
• V^ tir "nui" xm xem chii thich phia tren Trong Phii bien tap luc, v6n la chu: "hoai", nghia la
"hu hai" CO ban chep lam la ch& "y", nghla la "dua vao", nen trong Le Quy Don toan tap. lap I, Nha xuit ban JOioa hoc xa hoi xuit ban nam 1977 da dich la "dau".
N.B. Dieh I Tgp chi Klioa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt hgc IS (2012) 151-168
Dai Nam thuc luc tiin biin, Bfl sii ve ehiia Nguyfin do Qudc sir quan nha Nguyen soan xong nam 1844. cd doan vifit: " X 3 An VTnh, fauyfin Binh Scm, Phu Quang NghTa d ngoai bien, ed hon 130 bai cat, cdch nhau ho?c mpt ngdy dudng hode vai ttdng canh. keo dai khflng bifit may ngan ddm, tuc ggi la Van L^ Tnrdng Sa. Tren bai cd gieng nudc nggt. San vat cd hai sam, ddi mfli, flc hoa, vich, v . v . . . " .
Trong Dai Nam nhdt thong chi (1882):
"Dao Hodng Sa: d phia Ddng Cii Lao Re huyfin Binh Son, tir b d bien Sa Ky ra khai thudn gid, ba bdn ngay dem cd thf dfin. 0 do cd dfin h a n 130 dao nhd, each nhau hode mdt ngay duong hoac vai trflng canh. Trong dao cfl bai cat vang, lifin liep keo dai khdng biel may ngan dam luc gpi la Van Ly Truong Sa. Tren bai cd gieng nudc nggt, chim bien lu tap khdng biel c a man nao. Sdn xual nhifiu hai sam, ddi mfli, flc hoa, vicfa... Hod vat cua cac tau thuyfin bi nan bao trdi giat d day".
Theo Dgi Nam tht/c lye chinh biin, bfl sir v^
nha Nguyfin soan xong nam 1848, sau khi hoan thanh nhifm vu do dgc ve bdn dd Hoang Sa trd ve, dgi trudng gidm thdnh Trucmg Phiic ST da lau vdi Vua Minh Mfinh rdng Hoang Sa "la nhung bdi cat giiia bifin, man mac khdng bd bf n"'""'.
Cac sach khdc then Nguyen nhu Lich trieu hifin ehuang loai chi (1821), Hoang Viet dia du chi (1833). Vifl sir eucmg gidm khdo lugc (1876) cung md la Hodng Sa mdt each tuang tu.
Do d0c diim cua Hodng Sa vd Tru&ng Sa Id cd nhiiu hai sdn quy Igi cd nhieu hod vgt cua tdu bi ddm nhu tren da noi, Nhd nu&c phong kiin Viet Nam tu lau da to chirc vifc khai thdc hai qudn dao do v&i tir cdch mot qudc gia ldm chd. Nhiiu sdch Uch sir vd dia ly cd cua Vi^t Nam da noi ro to chirc, phuang thurc hogt dpng cda cdc dgi Hodng Sa cd nhiim vu ldm vifc khai tkdc do.
Trong Toan tap Thien Nam tir chi Id dd thu (thfi ky XVH): "Hg N g u y i n mfli nam vao thdng
*--'K> thir2,quyfin 122.
eufli miia ddng dua 18 cfaiec thuyen dfin (Bai Cat Vang) lay hoa vat, dugc phdn nhifiu Id vang b?c, tifin tf, Sling dan".
Trong Phii bien tgp luc (1776); "Trudc hg Nguyfin dat dpi Hodng Sa 70 sudt, lay nguoi xa An VTnh sung vao, cdt phien mdi ndm c u thang ba nhan giay sai di, mang luong dii an sau thdng, di bdng 5 chific thuyfin tieu cau'^"' ra bien 3 ngay 3 dfim thi dfin cac dao ay rfli d lai dd.
Tha hd kifm lugm, bdt cfaim bat cd ma an. Lay dugc hoa vat ciia tdu, nhu Id guom ngua, hoa bac, tien bac, vdng bac, do dflng, thiec khdi, ehi den. Sling, ngd voi, sdp ong, dd sii, dd chifin ciing Id kifim lugm mai ddi mfli, mai hdi ba. hdi sam, hot flc hoa, rat nhifiu. Dfin k^ thdng 8 thi ve, vao ciia Eo, dfn thdnh Phii Xuan df nop.
Can vd dinh hang xong mdi cho dem ban rieng cac thir dc hoa, hai ba, hdi sdm, rdi ITnh bdng ttd vfi". " . . . H g Nguyfin lai dat dfli Bdc Hai. khdng dinh bao nhifiu suat hogc ngudi thon Tu Chinh d Binh Thuan hoac ngucH xa Cdnh Duong, ai tinfa nguyfn di thi cap giay sai di, mifin cfao tien suu eimg cae tifin tuan do, cho di thuyfin tifiu cau ra cac xii Bdc Hdi, Cu Lao Cdn Ldn vd cac ddo d Ha Tien, lim lugm hod vdl ciia tau vd eac thir ddi mfli. hdi ba, bao ngu, faai sdm, cung sai cai dpi Hoang Sa kifim quan".
Trong Dgi Nam thuc luc tiin biin (1844):
"Hdi ddu dyng nudc. ddt dpi Hoang Sa gdm 70 ngudi, ldy dan xa An VTnh sung vdo, hdng nam dfin thang 3 di ihuyfin ra dao, dp ba ngay dfim di dfin, thu lugm hoa vat, den thang 8 trd vfi nop.
Lai ed dp Bdc Hai mg dan d phudng Tii Chinh d Binh Thu^n hoac xa Canh Duang sung vao, dugc lfinh di thuyfin ra cac vimg Bdc Hdi, Cfln Lfln thu lugm hoa vdl. Dpi nay ciing do dpi Hoang Sa kiem qudn".
Ki liep cdc chia Nguyen, nhd Tay San phdi lien tiep ddi pho v&i sif xdm luac cda nhd
Thanh vd cua Xiim, tuy vgy van luon luon quan tdm din vifc duy Iri vd su dgng cdc dpi Hodng StL Trong sd tu lieu con tim thdy ngay nay, co thi ki t& sai sau d&y de ndm 1786 cda
'"' Loai thu\'ei ngoai kbai
a ngu dan ViSt Nam dung da danh ca
N.B. Dieii / Tap chi Klioa hoc DHQGHN, Luat hoc 28 (2012) 151-168
quan Thirang tu&ng cdng: "Sai cai Hfli Dire Hau dpi Hoang Sa dan bon chiec ihuyfin vugt cau vugt bifin den Ihdng Hodng Sa va cac cii lao tten bifin thu lugm dd vang bac, dd dflng va dai bac, tifiu bdc''"", dfli mdi, hai ba ciing ca quy mang ve kinh do dang nop theo If". NghTa la thdi Tay Son, Nha nudc van tiep tuc td chiic viec khai thac Hodng Sa vdi y thiic thue hien ehu quyfin ciia minh dfli voi Hoang Sa.
Tif khi ndm chinh quyin nam 1802 din khi ky v&i Phdp hiep u&c 1884, cdc vua nhd Nguyin ra sire cdng co chu quyin cda Viit Nam doi v&i hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd
Tru&ng Sa.
Dgi Ngm thtrc luc chinh bien (1848) chep ro mflt sd viec lam cua cac vua nhd Nguyfin cung cfl chu quyfin Vift Nam dfli vdi hai qudn ddo nhu sau:
- Ndm 1815, vua Gia Long "cii Pham Quang Anh ddn dpi Hoang Sa di thuyfin ra Hodng Sa dfi khao sat va do dac dudng bifin"'"^'.
- Ndm 1816, vua Gia Long "lenh cho thuy quan ciing dpi Hoang Sa ra Hodng Sa dfi khdo sdt vd do ddc dudng bifin" '"^l
- Ndm 1833, vua Minh Mfnh chi thi cho Bfl Cflng chuan bi thuydn de nam sau se phai tdi Hodng Sa dung mieu, lap bia, ttdng nhieu cay cfli'"'.
- Nam 1834. vua Minh Menh eu dpi trudng gidm thdnh Truong Phiic ST ciing thuy qudn ban 20 ngudi ra Hodng Sa ve ban dfl '^^'.
- Nam 1835, vua Minh Mfinh sai dfli diiiy qudn Phgm Van Nguyen dem linh va thg giam thdnh ciing phu thuyfin hai tinh Qudng NghTa, Binh Dinh chuyfin ehd vat lifu dfin Hoang Sa dung mifiu. Bfin trdi mieu dung bia da, phfa trude mieu xdy binh phong '•".
' " ' Chi loai phao co nho '"^'CJuySn 50, ky thi^ nhit '^' Quyen 52, ky thu nhil.
'•"Quyen 104, k\ thu hai.
';"Quyanl22,k«thuhaL '"*' Quyen 154. k-> thir hai
- Nam 1836, chuan y loi tdu cua Bg Cflng, vua Minh Menh sai suat dpi thuy quan Pham Hiiu Nhat dua binh thuyfin ra Hodng Sa do dac, ve ban dd. Yfiu cau ciia cdng vific do d^c, ve ban do dd dugc Dgi Ngm ihuc lire chinh bien ghi lai rat chi tifit: "Khong cii la dao nao, bai cdt nao, khi thuyen di den ciing xem xet xu ay chifiu dai, chieu ngang, chieu cao, chifiu rpng.
ehu vi, va nudc bifin xung quanh ndng hay sdu, CO bai ngam, da ngam hay khdng, hinh thfi hifim ttd, binh di the ndo phai tuong tan do dac, ve thanh ban dfl. Lai xel ngdy khdi hanh tir ciia bien nao ra khai, nham phuong hudng nao di dfin xu dy, cdn cic vdo dudng di tinh udc duge bao nhifiu ddm. L^ii tir x u dy ttdng vao bd bifin, doi thang Id vdo tinh hat nao, phuang nao, dfli chfinh chech Id tinh hat nao, phucmg hudng nao, each bd bifin chimg bao nhieu dam, nhdt nhdt ndi rd, dem ve ddng ttinh*'*"''".
Dgi Nam thuc luc chinh bien ciing chep ro nhiing bai gfl ma Pham Hiru Nhat mang theo dfi Iam dau chii quyfin dfli vdi nhthig nai dd dfin theo Ifinh ciia nhd vua khac nhirng chii sau day:
"Nam Minh Mfinh thu 17, nam Binh Than (1836), thiiy qudn chanh dpi truong suit dpi PhEim Hiin Nhat vdng Ifinh ra Hodng Sa trong nom do dae den day lim ddu dfi ghi nhd".
Cac vua Nguyfin khdng phai chi lo dfin chii quyfin va quyfin Igi ciia nudc minh d hai qudn dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa, md con Io bao ddm an toan cho tau thuyen nudc ngoai qua Iai vimg bifin cua hai qudn dao do. Nam 1833, vua Minh Mfnh bao Bfl Cdng rdng: "Trong hdi phdn Quang NghTa, cd mflt dai Hoang Sa, xa ttong ttdi nudc mpt mdu khdng phan bift dugc nflng hay sau. Gan day thuyfin buon thudng bi nan. Nay nfin du bi thuyfn manh dfin sang ndm se phai ngudi tdi d o . . . trflng nhifiu cay cfli.
Ngdy sau cay cdi to idn xanh tdt, ngudi dfi nhan bifit, cfl thfi tranh dugc nan mdc can. Do ciing Id viec lai mudn ddi"*'". Dd chinh la y tiiiic trach nhifm cao cua mdt N h a nudc t h | t su ldm chu
'Quyfn 165, k>'thir hai.
"Quyen 104, ky thii hai
N.B. Dieii / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
quan ddo Hoang Sa vd quan dao Trudng Sa ddi voi hang hai qude tfi troi^ khu vuc ndy.
Nbu vgy, qua cdc sdch lich sir, dia ly cd cda Viet Nam cSng nhu chiimg cur cda nhiiu nha hdng hdi, gido si phutmg Tdy ndi tren, tir lau vd liin tuc trong hdng may tram ndm lir trieu dgi ndy din trieu dgi khdc, Nhd nu&c Vift Nam dd ldm chu hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Tnrong Sa. Su cd mat deu dgn cda cdc doi Hodng Sa do Nhd nu&c thdnh lap tren hai quan ddo do moi ndm tir 5 din 6 thdng di hodn thdnh mpi nhiem vu do Nhd nir&c giao tu no da Id mpt bdng chung danh thep vi viec Nhd nu&c Viet Nam thuc hiin chU quyen cda minh doi v&i hai quan ddo do. Viec chiim hihi vd khai thdc do aia Nhd nu&c Viet Nam khong bao gid gap phdi sir phdn doi cua mot quoc gia ndo khdc, ke cd Trung Quoc. Diiu do cdng chung td tu Idu quan ddo Hodng Sa vd quan dao Tnr&ng Sa dd Id Idnh thd Viet Nam.
2. Chirng cir minh chung cho viec nudc Phap nhan danh Nha nudc Viet Nam tiep tiie thuc hien cbn quyen doi vdi qaSn dao Hoang Sa va quao dao Tnrdng Sa'^^'
Tir kfai ky vdi trifu dinfa nha Nguyen Hifip udc ngay 06'6/1884. Phdp dai dien quyfin lgi cua Viet Nam ttong quan he ddi ngoai va viec bao vf chii quyen va toan ven Idnfa thd eua Viet Nam. Trong khudn khd su cam ket chung dd, Phdp dai difn eho Vift Nam. tifip tuc thuc hifn chu quyfn ciia Viet Nam dfli vdi hai quan ddo Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa.
Sau day Id mpi sd minh chirng cu the:
Cic phao ham cua Phap thudng xuyen tifn hanh tudn tifin trong vimg Bifn Dong kfi cd Hoang Sa vd Tnrdng Sa.
Ndm 1899. Todn quyfin Dong Ducmg Paul Doumer dfi nghi vdi Paris xd> tai dao Hoang Sa (Patlle) ttong quan dao Hoang Sa mdt cay den
bien de huong dan cac tau bifin qua lai viing nay, nhung ke hoach khong thuc hifn dugc vi thieu ngan sdch.
Tir ndm 1920, eac tau hai quan Ddng Duang tdng cuong tudn tifiu d viing Hoang Sa de ngan chdn budn lau.
Nam 1925. Vifin Hdi duang hgc Nha Trar^
cit tdu E)e Lanessan ra khdo sal d quan dao Hodng Sa vfi hai duong hoc. Ngoai A.Krempf, giam dfle Vifn hai duong hgc, cdn cd cdc nfaa kfaoa hgc khac nhu Delacour, Jabouille.. .nghifin ciru ve dja chat \e sinfa vat... Ngay 3/3/1925, Thugng thu Bg Binh ciia Trieu dinh Hue Than Trpng Hufi lai khdng djnh Hoang Sa la lanh thd Vift Nam.
Ndm 1927, tdu De Lanessan ra khao sat kfaoa hoc quan dao Trurdng Sa
Nam 1929. phai doan Perrier - De Rouville de nghi ddt 4 cdy den bien d 4 gde cua quan ddo Hoang Sa (dao Tri Tdn, dao Da Bac, dao Linh Cdn, bai Bom Bay).
Ndm 1930, tdu thdng bao La Malicieuse toi quan dao Hoang Sa.
Thang 3>1931, lau Inconstant ra qudn dao Hodng Sa.
Thdng 6/1931, tau De Lanessan ra quan dao Hoang Sa.
Thdng 5 1932. phao ham Alerte ra quan dao Hoang Sa.
Tir I3/4'1930 den I2>4'1933, chinh phii Phap da cu cae don yi hai quan lan lugi.ra ddng ede dao chinh trong quan ddo Trtrdng Sa:
Truimg Sa (Spralley). An Bang (Caye d' Amboine). Ilu Aba, nhdm Song Tu (groupe des deux iles) *"\ Lo^i Ta, Tlii Tir.
Ngdy 21/12 1933. thdng ddc Nam Ky M.j.Krautheimer kv Nghi dinfa sat nhap cac ddo Tnrdng Sa, An Bang. Itu Aba, nhdm Song Tir.
Loai Ta va Thi Tti vdo dia phdn tinh Ba Ria '^\
Nam 1937. nha duang cue P h ^ eiia ky- su cdng chinh Ganthier ra qudn dao Hoang Sa '^' Xem tbem: Bg Ngoai giao Vi^i Nam. Sdch trdng.
Oudn dao Hoang Sa w qudn dao Trvang Sa Bg phgn Idnh Tbo cua J Vp/-Vam nam 1979. 1981
'--' Tuc la dao Song Tu Tay va dao S<Hig Tu E)6ng.
'^' Cac dao nay na> thuoc tinh Khanh Hoa.
N.B. Dm I Tap chi Klioa hgc DHQGHN, Ludt hoc 28 (2012) 151-168
nghifin cuu cho xay dung den bifin, lap bai tiiuy phi CO.
Thang' 2/1937, tudn duang ham Lamotle Piquet do phd dfl dfle Islava chi huy thdm quan ddo Hodng Sa.
Ngdy 30/3/1938, vua Bao Dai ky Du lach qudn ddo Hodng Sa khdi dia h^t tinh Nam Nghla dat vao tinh Thua Thifin *^''
Ngdy I5/6/I938, Todn quyfin Ddng Duang Jules Brevie ky Nghi dinh thanh lap mgt don vj hdnh ehinh t?i quan dao Hodng Sa thuflc tinh Thira Thien.
Ndm 1938, chinh quyfin Phap dung bia chu quyen, xdy dung xong den bien, tram khi tugng, dai vd tuyfin difn d ddo Hodng Sa, ttong quan dao Hoang Sa, xay dung tr^m khi tugng, dai vd tuyen dien d dao Itu Aba trong quan dao Truong Sa.
Ngdy 5/5/1939, Todn quyen Ddng Duong Jules Brevie ky Nghi dinh sira dfli Nghi dinh ngi^
15/6/193 8 noi trfn vd thanh lap tai quan ddo Hodng Sa hai co quan dai ky "Croissant vd cac dao phu thufc", "Amphitrite va eac ddo phu thuflc".
Suflt ttong thdi gian dai difn Vift Nam ve mdt doi ngoai, Phap ludn ludn khdng dinh chu quyfin ciia Vift Nam ddi voi cac qudn ddo Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa va phan khdng nhiing hanh dflng xdm pham nghifm ttgng chii quyfin cua Vift Nam d hai qudn dao dfl nhu:
Ngdy 4/12/1931 vd ngdy 24/4/1932, Phap phan khdng Chinh phu Trung Quoc vfi vifc chinh quyfin Qudng Dflng liic do cd y dinh cho ddu thdu khai thac phdn chim tren quin dao Hodng Sa. Ngay 24/7/1933, Phdp thdng bdo cho Nhat viec Phap dua qudn ra dflng cdc dao chinh ttong qudn ddo Trudng Sa, Nhat dd phdn khang nhung Phdp dd bdc bfl su phan khang dd cua Nhdt. Ngdy 4/4/1939, Phap phdn khang Nhdt ddt mdt sfl dao ttong qudn dao Trudng Sa thuflc quyfin lai phdn ciia Nhgt.
3. Viec bao ve va fhirc bien chii quy^n ciia Vift Nam doi vdi cac q u a n d a o H o a n g Sa vd T r i r d n g Sa tix cbien t r a n b t h e gidi thir hai den n a y
Khi Chien ttanh thfi gidi lan thii II cdn dang tifip difin, ngdy 27/11/1943 lai Hdi nghi Cairo (Ai Cap), ba cudng quflc ddng minh dai difin bdi Tflng thdng Hoa Ky Roosevelt, Thu tudng Anh Churchill va Tong thdng Trung Hoa Ddn quflc Tu'dng Gidi TTigch da ky Tuyfin cao Cairo, theo dfl: "Phai tude bo quyen ciia Nhat Ban tten t i l ea cdc hai ddo d Thdi Binh Duong md Nhgt Ban da cudng doat hay chifim ddng tir diu Chifin ttanh thfi gioi lan thii nhat va tta lai Trung Hoa Dan quflc tdt ed cdc Ianh thd da bj Nhdt Bdn cudp ciia Trung Hoa, n h u Mdn Chau, Ddi Loan vd Banh Hd, va true xuat Nh^t Bdn khoi tat cd cdc ldnh thfl khac md Nhdt chifim dugc bdng vii lyrc"*^*'. N h u vdy, cdc qudn dao Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa khflng hfi dugc de cap dfin ttong dieu udc quflc le quan trpng nay, ciing khflng thfi dugc giao cho Trung Qu6c vd do dfl cdng chiing td hai quan ddo ndy la thupc chu quyfin ciia Vift Nam. Dieu dang luu y, Trung Quoc Id mdt bfin tham gia ban Tuyfn cdo va dich than Tflng thdng Tudng Gidi Thach dd cfl mdt lai cdc cugc hdi dam keo ddi nhifiu ngdy d Hfli nghj Cairo nhimg khdng hfi ed sir de cdp dfin vifc chuyfin giao hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa cho Trung Qudc.
Ndm 1931, Nhat Ban xdm chifim Man Chau voi y dd thanh ldp Nha nudc Man Chau. Trudc do, ttong Chifin ttanh Trung-Nhat (1894-1895), dao Dai Loan va quan ddo Banh Hd cung bj Nhdt Ban chiem eii bdng vii lye. Vi vay, trong Tuyfin Cdo Cairo nam 1943, Tdng th6ng Roosevelt vd Thu tudng Churchill tan thanh de nghi cua Tdng Ihdng Tuflng Gidi Thgch vf vifc Ddng Minh se ban giao Man Chau, Dai Loan vd
a Unh Thua Thien Hua
Foreign Relations of the Umted States, Diplomatic Paper: The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran 1943, Washington DC, United States. GPO, 1961. pp. 448- 449, Lazar Focsaneanu "Cac hiep uoc hoa binh ciia Nhat Ban", Nien giam lual qu6c te ciia Phap, 1960, tr 256
.V.B Dich / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DH(^HN. Lugt hoc 28 (2012) 131-168
quan ddo Banh Hd cho Trung Qudc khi chifin tranh kft thuc.
Tai Bien Ddng, faai quin dao Hoang Sa \a Trudng Sa cua Vifl Nam ciing dd bj Nhat Bdn chiem cii bang vu luc kfai bit diu Chifin tranh The gidi thu II. Nam 1938, Nhat Ban chifim 03 (ba) dao tgi Hoang Sa la Phii Ldm, Lincoln vd Hiiu Nhit (Robert). Nam 1939, Nhat Ban ngang ngirgc cdng bfl cfaii quyen tai hai quan dao Hoang Sa Trudng Sa vd ddi tfin Hoang Sa thanh Hirata Gunlo, Tnidng Sa thdnh Shinnan Gunto.
Theo phap lu^t qudc le hifn dai, Tuyfin cao Cairo ndm 1943 la mpt difiu udc qudc tfi khdng nhung xae lap quyen ma edn an djnh nhiing nghTa vu qudc If cd gid tri rang budc cae quflc gia hiiu quan. Vi vdy, vdi lu cacfa la mgt bfin tham gia dieu udc qudc tfi. Trung Quflc - dii Id Trung Hoa Ddn qudc hay Cgng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa (qudc gia ke thira) - dfiu cd nghTa vu tuan thii cam kfit qudc tfi nay. Ngay thoi gian sau do, cd faai phi'a Trung Hoa Dan qudc va Cpng hda Nhdn ddn Trung Hoa deu thira nhdn gia tri phap ly ciia ban Tuyen edo nay. Vi du, ngay 04/12/1950, Chu An Lai - liic nay la Bp truong Bg Ngoai giao Cgng hoa Nhan dan Tning Hoa - dd tuyen bd lan thanh Ban Tuyfin cao Cairo nam 1943 la "van kifin lich sir qudc tfi ma Hoa Ky, Anh Quflc va Trung Qudc da ky kfit de ldm co sd Hifp irdc San Francisco ngay 8/9/1951". Ngdy 8/02/1955, mudi hai nam sau khi ky Tuyfin cao Cairo, Tdng thdng Trung Hoa Dan qudc Tuong Gidi Thach-cung da thira nhdn gia tri ciia Tuyen cdo Cairo va Tuyen ngdn Potsdam Id: "Tdi cdn nhd nam 1943, cfl Tflng thdng Hoa Ky Roosevelt vd Thu tuong Anh Churchill da cimg tdi hgp Hdi nghj Cairo dfi thao luan \e nhirng van dfi lifin quan dfin vifc tifin hdnh cudc chien tranh chdng Nhat. Trong bdn Tuyen cao cflng bd vdo ngay bfi mac Hdi nghi (27/11/1943), chung tdi loan bdo rang tdt ca cdc lanh thfl ma Nhdt Ban da chifim ciia Trung Qudc, ke ca Dflng Bac Tinh (M3n Chdu), Dai Loan va Bdnh Hd, phai dugc giao hodn cho Trung Qudc. Bdn Tuyfin cao ndy da dugc Bdn Tuyfin bo Potsdam ngdy 26/7/1945 thira nhdn
\'a duge Nhat Ban chap nhan Ihi hanh khi ddu
hang. Nhu vay, gid tri Tuyen edo Cairo da duge xac lap ttfin ca sd nhiing thfla thuan khdng ai cd the phii nhan dugc"*^''.
Tuyfin cao Cairo ngay 27/11/1943 cung da dugc dai difn Lifin Xfl tan thanh tai Hfli nghj Teheran ngay 30/11/1943 giira Tdng thdng Roosevelt, Thii tuong Churchill vd Nguyfin sodi Stalin. Trong phien Hgi nghi ndy, Stalin cho biel dng da dpc Tuyfin cdo Cairo vdi day du nfli dung ciia nd vd cho ring vifc giao hodn Mdn Chau, Dai Loan vd Bdnh Hfl eho Trung Qudc la hgp ly. Tuy nhifin, Stalin ciing khdng hfi de cap dfin vifc dfin chuyfin giao quin ddo Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa cho Trung Qude '"*'. Tfaeo ludt gia ngudi Phdp GS.Monique Chemillier- Gedreau: "Viic khdng ndi tai cdc qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa trong Tuyin cdo Cairo ndm 1943 that Id dgc biit. Nd khdng the Id kit qud cda mpt su linh ca. Khong co mpt bdo luu cUng nhu mpi tuyen bo rieng re ndo cua Trung Quoc vi vdn di cdc ldnh tho ndy'''^^^
Sau khi Due Quflc xd diu hdng Dflng Minh, thang 7 nam 1945, cdc nude MJ, Anh vd Lien Xo id chuc Hpi nghi Potsdam (lal Diic) dfi thao ludn vfi nhung bifn phap che tai ap dung cho nudc Dire va vfi tuong lai chinh ttj ciia cac nude Ddng Au vd Trung Au sau Thfi chien Ihu II.
Hdi nghi difin ra tir ngdy 16/7/1945 dfin ngdy 02/8/1945. Tai Hdi nghj nay, hai van ban phap ly qudc tfi quan ttpng da dugc ky kfit: Hifp dinh Potsdam ngay 02/8/1945 dugc ky bdi dai difn ciia 03 cudng qudc phe Ddng Minh Id Lifin Xd, Anh, My, ciing vdi ban Tuyen bd Potsdam ngdy 26/7/1945 dugc ky bdi Winston Churchill.
Harry Truman vd Tudne Gidi Thach. Ban Tuyfin bd Potsdam da yfiu cau Nhdt Ban ddu hang vd difiu kifn vd gidn tiep an dinh the thiic gidi giap quan dpi Nhgt Ban lai Thai Binh
*^' Re\-iew of International Situation, Chma Publishing Co, Taipei 1956. pp 22-23
(^) The Conferences al Cairo and Tehran 1943, The Foreign Relations of the United Stales, Washington D.C, 1961.
"^' Monique Chemillier- Gendreau, Chu quyin iren hai qudn dao Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa. NXB Cliinh tri Qu6c gia.HaNpi. 1998. tr 136
N.B. DOh I Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN. Ludf hoc 28 (2012) 151-168
Ducmg. Dfi giai gidp quan dfli Nhdt, Ddng Minh quyfit dinh chia Vift Nam thanh hai khu vue, ldy vT tuyfin 16 Iam mflc: quan dpi Trung Hoa Dan quflc cd nghTa vu gidi giap vd hdi huong qudn dpi Nhdt tir vT tuyfin 16 Bdc, cdn quan dgi Anh duoe iiy nhifm giai gidp quan dpi Nhdt tir vT tuyfin 16 vdo Nam. Theo quyet dinh eiia Hpi nghi Potsdam '*"', Trung Quflc cd ngfaia vu gidi giap qudn dpi Nhat tii vT luyen 16 ra Bdc bao gdm ca quin ddo Hodng Sa (tga lac tir vT luyen 16, nfau nhdm Ludi Lifim (Crescent Group) phia tay nam lai vi dp 16°30 va Nhom An Vinh (Amphittite Group) phia ddng bdc tai vT do 16°50); cfln quan dpi Anh cd nghTa vu giai giap quan dpi Nhat tir vi tuyfin 16 vao Nam, bao gom ca tai qudn dao Trudng Sa. Cdn luu y rang, vifc giai giap quan su theo phap luat quflc tfi khflng thfi Id su tifip thu hay chiem hiiu lanh thfl. Vi vay, hifin nhien ed Anh va Trung Quoc deu khflng thfi co chii quyen lanh thd lai Trucmg Sa va Hoang Sa thflng qua hanh vi giai giap quan sir dugc cac nudc Dflng Minh iiy quyen.
Su kien ndy cang chiing tfl rdng, khae vdi Mdn Chau, Dai Loan va Banh Hd, cdc nudc Dflng Minh khflng thira nhdn Hodng Sa, Truong Sa thupc chii quyfin ciia Trung Quflc, va nhu v|iy dd gian tifip khdng djnh chii quyen khdng thfi tranh cdi ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi Hoang Sa va Tnrong Sa.
Ngay 14-10-1950, chinh phu Phap chinh thirc ttao lai cho chinh quyen Bdo Dai vific quan Iy hai viing ddo Hoang Sa vd Truong Sa.
Ngdy 8-9-1951. sau nam sau khi thanh lap Lifin hgp quflc (thdng 6 nam 1945). 48 quflc gia Dflng Minh lai nhom hgp lai San Fransisco dfi ky Hifp udc San Fransisco nfli tifing vdi Nhdt Ban, nhdm cham diit tinh trang chifin iranfa, phuc hdi va tdi thifit Nhdt Ban, vdn hfli hoa binh the gioi ttong tinh than hoa gidi. hgp tdc va hiiu
" Xem, Duong Tnmg Qudc. Ii4i Nam nhung sir kien hch sir (1919-1945). NXB Giao dye. Ha Ngi. 2000, ff 424.
Luu van Lou Cuoc tranh chip Viel - Trung ve hai qu^n dao Hoang Sa va Ttuong Sa, NXB Cong an N"han dan. Ha Noi. 1995.tr 80
nghi theo muc dich va tdn chi cua Hifin chuong Lifin hgp quflc.
Theo Difiu 2 cua Hifip udc, Nhat Ban khudc tir ehii quyen tai ddo Dai Loan vd quan ddo Banh Hfl va mot so lanh thfl ttong dfl cd cac quin ddo Trudng Sa vd Hoang Sa.
Khi Nhdt Ban tuyfin bfl khudc tir chti quyfin ldnh thfl vf Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa tai Hfli nghi San Francisco nam 1951, cae quoc gia tham d\r Hgi nghi dd phu nhan chu quyfn eiia Trung Quoc vd mac nhifin nhin nfaan chu quyfin ciia Vift Nam tai hai quan ddo nay. Ngay 5-9- 1951, trong phifin hgp todn thfi, theo dfi nghj eua d^i difn Lien Xfl (Ngoai tnrong Andrei Gromyko), mflt tu chinh an da dugc dua ra yfiu cdu Hdi nghj trao mot loat lanh thfl, ttong do co cac quan dao Trutmg Sa va Hodng Sa (Nam Sa va Tay Sa) cho Trung Quflc. Nhung tu cfainh an nay dd bj Hpi nghj bac bfl vdi 46 phieu chdng, 03 phifiu thuan (Ba Lan, Tiep Kfadc vd Lien Xfl) vaOl phieu trdng*''''.
Ngay 07-9-1951, ttong phifin hpp todn thfi Ian thir 7 ciia Hdi nghi San Fransisco, Thii tuong kiem Ngoai tnrong Trin Van Huu, Trudng Phai dodn Viet Nam dd tuyfin bd chu quyen ciia Vift Nam tai cac quan dao Trudng Sa va Hoang Sa, khdng dinfa quan ddo Hodng Sa va quan dao Trudng Sa la bg phdn cua Ianh thfl Viet Nam: ". di ddp tdt nhirng mdm mdng cdc tranh chdp sau ndy, chting toi khdng dinh chu quyin dd cd tir Idu dai ciia chting tdi ddi v&i cdc qudn ddo Trudng Sa vd Hodng Sa"
Tuyfin bfl do khflng gap su chdng ddi hoac bao luu ndo cua diii difn 51 qudc gia Iham du Hfli nghi (kfi ed Lien Xd).
Nhu vgy, su cdng bo chu quyin cda Viit Nam tgi Hodng Sa vd Tru&ng Sa tru&c SO quoc gia h^i vien thdnh lap Liin h^ quoc tgi Hpi nghf San Francisco ndm 1951 chung to rdng cdc quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Tnr&ng Sa da du^c cdc qudc gia tren thi gi&i thira nh^n Id thupc chd quyin ldnh tho cda Vi$t Nam. Vific
Monique Chemillier - Gendreau, Chu quyen Iren hai
qudn dao Hodng Sa va Truang Sa. N'XB Chinh tn QuSc gia,HaN6i 1998.tr.l37.N.B. Dim / Tap dii Khoa hoc DHQGHN, ludt hoc 28 (2012) 131-168
9 2 % cac qudc gia E>ong Minh hdi vifin Lifin hgp qudc thira nhan chii quyfin ciia Viet Nam tai cac qudn dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa cd gia trj phap ly qudc lfi b i t b u d c ' " ' .
Mgt minh chiing nua la khi k;? mdt difiu udc qudc tf vdi Nhat ngay 28/4/1952, Trung Hoa Dan qudc dd ghi nhan vifc tir bd mpi quyfn cua Nh?t ddi voi cdc dao, nhimg lai khong dua vao Hifp udc song phuong nay bat k>- difiu khoan ndo ve sir quy tiiudc cua hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa.
Theo Iuat gia ngudi Phdp GS.Monique Chemillier - Gendreau, "chinh cac difiu khodn cua cde hda u d c voi Nhdt Ban (tap thfi hay rifng re), cac tuyfin bd nfiu ttong do hay Iam nguon gflc cho cac hifp udc dd, cho thay sau ndm 1949, Trung Hoa Ddn qudc la nudc bao ddm s u lien tuc cua Chinh phu Trung Qude duy nhat trudc dd, da khdng khing djnh bat ky yeu sdch ndo tren cdc quan dao ttong dip cd Bdn Tuyen edo Cairo vd da thira n M n song phuong su tir bd cua Nhat Ban ma kfadng dua ra yeu saeh cua chinh minh"' ddi vdi hai qudn dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng S a . . . cho phep kft luan la Trung Hoa Ddn qudc khi dd dd tir bd vifc khing djnh cac quyfin ciia minh ddi voi cac hdn dao tranh chdp"'^^'.
Ba nam sau Hdi Nghi San Francisco 1951, Hpi Nghj Geneva 1954 vdi su tham d u cua 09 qudc gia, gflm 05 cudng quoc: Hoa Ky, Anh, Phap. Lifin Xd va Trung Quoe da minh thi xac nhan chii quyfin ciia Vift Nam tai cdc quan ddo Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa tai Hifp dinh Genevo ky ngdy 21/7/1954.
Tren thuc lfi, khi trd lai Viet Nam sau chifin tranh tiifi gidi thii hai, ttong vimg chifim ddiig cua minh. nha cam quyfin Phdp da phdi chifn ham ra quan dao Hoang Sa. xay dung lai tram khi tirgng trfin ddo Hodng Sa va ehdng lai cac hanh dgng lan chifim ciia Trung Quoc. Nam 1953. tau Ingenieur en elef Girod eua Phdp
khdo sal d qudn dao Hoang Sa ve hdi duong.
dia chdt, dja ly, mdi sinh.
Chinh phu Sdi Gon, sau do Id cd Chinh phu Sdi Gon vd chinh phii Cdch mang lam th&i Cpng hoa miin Nam Viet Nam, ding diu thuc hien chu quyin cua Viet Nam d&i v&i quan ddo Hodng Sa vd quan ddo Tnr&ng
Dudi day la mflt sd minfa cfairng cu thfi:
Thing 4 nam 1956. kfai Pfaap nit quan khoi Ddng Duong ke cd d Hoang Sa \ a Trudng Sa.
chinh quyen Sai Gdn tifip qudn cae qudn ddo Trudng Sa vd nhdm dao phia Tay qudn dao Hoang Sa (nhdm ddo Luoi Lifim- Nguyft Thiem). Cdn nhdm ddo phia Ddng Hodng Sa (nhdm An VTnh ). do phia Vifl Nam chua kjp ra tiep qudn, da bj qudn dpi Tning Qudc chifim ddng.
Ngay 8/6 1956, Bd Irudng Ngoai giao Sai Gdn ra tuyen bfl chu quyfin cua Vift Nam ddi vdi quan dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa,
Nam 1956, Sd Ham md, ky nghf va tieu cdng nghifp mien Nam td chiic mdt cudc khdo sal voi sir giiip do cua faai quan Chinh quyfin Sai Gdn tren 04 dao: Hoang Sa (Pattie), Quang Anh (Money), Hiru Nhdt (Robert), Duy Mdng (Drumond).
Ngay 22 10/1956, Chinh quyfin Sdi Gdn dat qudn dao Trudng Sa true thudc tinfa Phudc TIQ".
N g a ; 13/7/1961, Chinh quyen Sai Gdn dat quan dao Hodng Sa. trudc kia thugc tinh Thiia Tfaifin, vao tinh Quang Nam va thanh lap lai quan dao nay mflt xa lay lfin Id xa Dinh Hai, true thudc quan Hda Vang va dat dudi quyfin mflt phai vien hdnh chinh.
Tir 1961 den 1963, cfainh quyfin Sdi Gfln lan lugl cho xa>' bia chu quyen d cdc ddo chinh cua quin dao Tnrdng Sa: Trudng Sa. An Bang.
Song T u Ta\'. Song Tii Ddng, Thi Tir, Loai Ta.
'*" Conference fm the Conclusion and Signature of tbc Peace Treaty with Japan. U N Treat>' Series. Volume 136, p 46
'•*-' Monique Chemillier-Gendreaiu tldd.
''^' Xem dicm: Bo Ngoai giao Viei Nam. Sdch trdng, Qudn ddo Hodng Sava qudn dao Truang SaBg phan l^ih ih5 cia Viet Sam cac nam 1979,1981
N.B. Dial / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludf hoc 28 (2012) 151-168
Ngay 21/10/1969, chinh quyfn Sdi Gdn sal nhap xd Dinh Hai vao xa Hda Long cQng thugc qudn Hoa Vang, tinh Quang Nam.
Thang 7/1973, Vifn Khdo ciiu nflrig nghifp thudc Bfl phat ttifin ndng nghifp vd difin dia Sdi Gfln lifin hanh khdo sat Nam Ai (Nam Yit) thugc qudn dao Trudng Sa.
Thdng 8/1973, vdi su hgp tac eiia Cdng ly Nhat Maruben Corporation, Bg Kfi hoach va phdt trifin quflc gia Sai Gdn tifin hdnh khao sdt phflt phdt d quan ddo Hoang Sa.
Ngay 6/9/1973, Chinh quyfin Sai Gdn sap nhap cac ddo Trudng Sa, An Bang, Itu Aba, Song Tii Ddng, Song Tii Tay. Loai Ta, Thi Tu, Nam Ai, Sinh Tfln vd cae ddo phy can vao xa Phudc Hdi, qu^n Dal Do, tinh Phudc Tuy.
Cd y IhOrc vi chu quyin tir lau ddi cua Viet Nam doi v&i quan dao Hodng Sa vd quan ddo Tru&ng Sa, cdc chinh quyin miin Nam Viit Nam diu bdo v^ chu quyin do moi khi cd nu&c ngodi biiu thiy do tranh gidnh hay xdm chiem ddo ndo dd trong hai qudn ddo.
Ngay 16/6/1956, khi Cong hfla nhan dan Trung Hoa, Ddi Loan vd Cflng hda Phi-lip-pin dfiu nh|in quan ddo Truong Sa Id cua hg, Bfl truong Ngoai giao chinh quyfin Sai Gfln tuyfin bfl mpt Ian niia khdng djnh chit quyfin ciia Vift Nam dot vdi quan dao dd.
Ngdy 22/02/1959, Chinh quyfin Sdi Gon b i t giO; mflt thoi gian 82 ngudi ddn Cgng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa dfl bg lfin cac ddo HOn Nhat, Duy Mflng vd Quang Htia ttong qudn ddo H o a i ^ Sa.
Ngdy 20/4/1971, Chinh quyfn Sdi Gon khdng dinh mflt ldn niia qudn ddo Truong Sa thugc lanh thfl Vift Nam, dap I^i ddi hoi vfi chu quyfin eiia Ma-lay-xi-a dfli vdi mpt sfl ddo trong qudn dao dd.
Nfaan ldi tuyfin bfl ciia Tflng thflng Phi-Iip- pin ve quin dao Trudng Sa, ttong cupe hgp bao ngay 10/7/1971, Ngoai truong chinh quyfin Sai Gfln ngay I3/7/I97I khdng djnh mgt lin niia chii quyfin ctia Vift Nam ddi voi quin dao dfl.
Thdng 1 ndm 1974. khi Cong hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa diing luc lugng quan su xam chifim
nhom dao phia Tay nam cua qudn dao Hoang Sa, ngay 19/1/1974 chinh quyen Sai Gdn da tuyen bfl lfin an Cpng hoa nhan dan Trimg Hoa xam ph^m todn v?n Ianh thd ciia Viet Nam.
Tiep do, ngay 14/2/1974 Chinh phii Vift Nam Cflng hda da ra tuyfn bfl khdng dinh quan dao Hoang Sa vd quan ddo Trudng Sa la mgt bd phgn ciia ldnh tho Vift Nam. Ddng thdi, ngay 26/1/1974, Chinh phu each mang lam thdi Cgng hfla mifin Nam Vift Nam ciing da tuyfin bo lgp tniong ba diem vfi vifc giai quyfit cac v i n dfi ttanh chdp ldnh tiifl. Ngdy 28/6/1974, dai difn Chinh phii Vift Nam Cflng hda tuyfin bfl tai khda hgp thii nhdt Hgi nghi lugt bifin lan thii 3 d Caracas r i n g quan dao Hoang Sa va quan dao Trutmg Sa la ciia Viet Nam. Ngdy 5 vd 6/5/1975, Chinh phii each mang lam thdi Cdng hod mifin Nam Vift N a m thong bdo vifc giai phdng cdc dao d quan Trudng Sa do qudn dgi Sai Gfln ddng giii. Chinh phii each mang lam thdi Cdng hoa mifin N a m Vifl Nam tifip tue khdng djnh chu quyfn ciia Vift Nam ddi vdi hai quin ddo Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa.
Thdng 9/1975, Doan dai bifiu Chinh phu Cach mang lam tfafli Cdng hoa mien Nam Vift Nam tai Hpi ngfai khi tugng d Colombo tuyfin bo qudn ddo Hodng Sa la ciia Viet Nam vd yeu cau Tfl chuc khi tirgng the gidi tifip tue ghi tfin tram khi tugng Hodng Sa cua Vift Nam (trudc day dd dugc ddng ky ttong hf thdng cdc tram ciia OMM dudi bifiu sd 48.860) ttong danh muc tram khi tugng eiia Tfl ehuc khi tugng thfi gidi.
Sau khi nu&c Vift Nam thong nh^t nam 1976, Chfnh phii Cpng hod xd hpi chu nghta Vift Nam dd nhieu lan khdng dinh chu quyin cua Viet Nam doi v&i qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Tru&ng Sa ttong cac cflng ham giri cac bfin efl lifin quan, trong cugc dam phan cap Thii Tnrong Ngoai giao d Bdc Kinh bdl d i u thang 10/1977, Irong cdc tuyfin bd cua Bp Ngogi giao, ttong cac Hfli nghj cua to chiic khi tugng the gidi Gia ne vo (thdng 6-1980), eua Dgi hpi dja chdt thfi gidi d Paris (thdng 7 nam 1980), v.v...
Mac dil quin ddo Hoang Sa dd bi Trung Quflc chifim ddng trdi phep hodn todn tir nam
N.B. Dini / Tap dii Khoa ligc DHQGHN. Luat hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
1974, nhung Vifl Nam vdn khdng ngimg cac boat dpng nhdm xac djnh chu quyfin cua minfa ddi vdi Hoang Sa.
Tir nam 1976, Nhd nudc Vift Nam tiidng nhdt dudi tfin gpi mdi Cong hod xa hfli chu nghTa Vifl Nam, vdi lu each kf thira quyfin sd hiiu cde quan dao tir cac chinh quyfin trude, co traeh nhifm duy tri vifc bao vf chu quyfin trfin quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa.
Ngay 12/5/1977, Chinh phii nudc Cflng hoa xa hpi chti nghTa Vifit Nam ra Tuyen bfl vf ldnh h ^ , viing tifip gidp, vimg dac quyfin kinh tfi va them luc dia cua Viet Nam da khdng djnh rfl fa^
qudn ddo Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa la ldnh thfl Vift Nam.
Thdng 10/1978, ttong chuyfin tham chinfa thiie Ma-lay-xi-a, Thii tndng Pham Bflng da khang dinh: '"Qudn dao Trudng Sa. ttong dfl co ddo An Bang la thupc chu quyfin ciia Vifit Nam;
neu cd ttanh chap va hifiu ldm nao do lifin quan giua hai nudc se dugc giai quyfit thflng qua thuang lugng".
Ngay 20/9/1978, Irong chuyfin vifing thdm chinfa Ihiic Cdng hda Phi-lip-pin,. Thu ludng Pham Vdn Ddng da kiting djnh chu quyfin cua Vifl Nam dfli vdi qudn dao Trudng Sa va thoa thu|in vdi Tdng thflng Ferdinand Macos rdng hai nudc se gidi quyfit mpi bat ddng thdng qua t h u a n g lirgng.
Ngdy 15/3/1979, Bg Ngoai giao nude Cpng hda x 3 hdi chii nghla Vift N a m cflng bfl Bi vong luc vfi van df bifn gidi Vift Nam - Trung Qudc, trong dd td cao vifc Trung Quflc dimg vu luc xam chiem quan ddo Hoang Sa ciia Viet Nam ngdy vdo thang 1/1974.
Ngdy 28/9/1979 cflng bfl Saeh Tring (Bach Thu) gidi thifiu nhifiu tai lieu chung minh chii quyfin cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa.
Ngay 28/9/1979, Bg Ngoai giao Viet Nam pfaan dfli vifc Phi-lip-pin sap nhap hau hfit quan dao Trudng Sa vao ldnh tho Phi-lip-pin.
Ngay 29/4/1980, Bfl Ngoai giao Vift Nam giii Cdng ham cho Ma-lay-xi-a phdn ddi vfi vific
xudt bdn mdt ban do ve ranh gidi ldnh hai eiia Ma-lay-xi-a lan vao viing bien phia Nam cua qudn dao Trudng Sa ttong dd co ddo An Bang, Thuyfin Chai do quan dpi nhan ddn Vift Njun dang ddng giii va cdc dao Cdng D o do Pfai-lip- pin dang chifim giu trai phep (kfau virc nay rdng khoang 4,4 km^. Ngdy 08/5/1980, nhan chuyen thdm va hdi dam vdi Ma-Iay-xi-a, Bd trudng Ngoai giao Vift Nam Nguyen C o Thach dd k h i n g djnh dao An Bang la ciia Vift Nam.
Thang 7/1980, qudn dpi Phi-lip-pin md cudc hanh quan Polaris-! chifim ddng thfim mflt dao d phia Nam la dao Cflng D o (Commodore Reef) ma hg ggi la dao Rizal ndm cdeh hdn ddo gan nhdt md hp chifim dflng trai phep trudc day 150 faai ly. Ngay 26/7 vd 11/8/I980, Chinfa pfau Viet Nam gui Cdng ham phan ddi hdnfa ddng ndi tten eua Phi-lip-pin.
Ngdy 29/6/1981, Uy Ban nhan dan dac khu Viing Tdu - Cdn Dao dd ra Quyfit djnh sfl 359- QD/UB - DK x u Iy vu 15 Ifaiiy ifaii qudc ticfa Dai Loan xdm pham trat phep viing quan ddo Trudng Sa ciia Viet Nam.
Thang 12/1981, Bfl Ngoai giao Vift Nam tifp tuc cflng bd Sach Trang Qudn ddo Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa la lanh thfl Vift Nam. Cde ldi lieu ndy da ehiing minh mpt each r5 rang chii quyfin cua Vift Nam ddi voi hai q u i n dao tten tat cd cac khia canfa: ljch su, phap ly va thuc tifin qudc tfi.
Ngay 21/2/1982, ngudi phat ngdn nudc Cgng hfla xd hfli cfaii nghTa Viet Nam ra tuyfn bfl" phdn ddi chinh quyfin Dai Loan t y y dat quan dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa duoi quyfin tai phan cua minh.
Ngay 9/12/1982, xuat phat tir nhu c i u quan ly hanh chinh ciing nhu dfi xdc lap chii quyfin dfli vdi Hoang Sa, Hpi dong Bd truflng nudc Cflng hda xa hgi chu nghTa Vift Nam ra Quyfil djnfa sd I93-HDBT thanh lap huyen Trudng Sa, bao gflm loan bg quan ddo Trudng Sa tryc thugc tinh Ddng N d , ' ^ ' (nay thuflc tinh Khanh
* ' E)en ngay 28/12/1982, huyen Tradng Sa dugc chuv£n sang unh Phii Khanh. Sau khi chia tach tinh Hui K h ^
N.B. DiCTi / Tap chi Khoa Iwc DHQGHN, Ludt hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
Hda). Ciing thcri difm trfin, Hdi dflng Bp tiirdng nudc Cgng hoa xd hgi chii nghia Viet Nam ra Quyfl djnh sfl 194 - HDBT tiianh lap fauyfin dao Hoang Sa, bao gdm eac dao cua quin ddo Hoang Sa, ttyc thupc tinh Quang Nam-Da Ndng '*''.
Ngay 21/02/1982, ngudi phat ngon Bp Ngoai giao Vifl Nam luyen bd phan dfli chinh quyfin Dai Loan ty if dat quan ddo Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa duoi quyfin tai phdn cua minh.
Ngdy 06/5/1983, ngucri phat ngdn Bfl Ngoai giao Vifl Nam ra Tuyfin bd phdn dfli vifc ngay 25/4/1983 Cflng hda Nfaan dan Trung Hoa ddt tfin Trung Quflc cho eac dao, da, bdi can thuflc quan dao Hoang Sa va Truong Sa cua Vifl Nam.
Ngdy 15/4/1984, Bp Ngoai giao Viet Nam phan dfli Ma-Iay-xi-a chifim dflng ttai phep ddo Hoa Lau ttong qudn ddo Trucmg Sa thupc chu quyfin eiia Vift Nam.
Ngay 02/6/1984, Bp Ngoai giao Vift Nam ra Tuyen bo len an Trung Quflc sap nh|tp hai quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa eiia Viet Nam vao dia phan tinh Hdi Nam, Trung Quflc.
Thdng 12/1986, Ma-lay-xi-a Iai td ehiic mflt euge hdnh quan ra chifim ddng ttai phep Dd Ky Van (Mariveles Reef) vd Da Kifu Ngua (Ardasier Reef) ma hp gpi Id Terumbu Manlanani va Terumbu Ubi d phia Bdc Da Hoa Lau. Bg Ngogi giao Vift Nam dd pfadn dfli faanh dgng nay eita Ma-lay-xi-a,
Ngay 16/4/1987, ngudi phat ngdn Bd Ngoai giao Vift Nam khdng djnh chii quyfin Vift Nara dfli vdi hai qudn ddo Hoang Sa va Tnrong Sa
(30/6/1989). huyen Tmong Sa tnic ihugc unh Khanh Hoa.
Theo Nghi dmh s6 65/2007/ND-CP ciia Chinh phti Viet Nam duoc ban hanh vao thang 4 nam 2007, huyen Trucmg Sa (thu$c tinh Khanh Hoa) c6 3 don v| hanh chinh tnic thupc ^6m thj trSn Tnrdng Sa va cac \a Song Tii Tay, Sinh Ton Thj trdn Truang Sa dupc thanh lap tren co so dao Trudng Sa ldn va cac dao, d^ bai phu c$n Xa Song Tu Tfiy duoc thanh lgp tren co so dao Song Tir Tay va cac dao. da. bai phu c&i. Xa Sinh Tfin dugc thanh lap tr^n co so dao Sinh Ton va cac dao, da, bai phu can.
'•"' Ngaj' 6/11/1996, Qu6c hpi nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam (khoa 10) ra Nghi quvEt tach Iinh Quang Nam - Da Ning thanh tinh Quang Nam va thanh ph6 Da Nang Do dd, huyen dao Hoang Sa nay thuoc thanh ph6 E)a Nang
trudc Tuyfn bfl ngay 15/01/1987 ciia Bd Ngoai giao Trung Quoc vfi chu quyen cua Trung Quflc dfli vdi q u i n ddo Nam Sa (tdc Trudng Sa).
Cimg ngay, nguoi phdt ngdn Bd Ngoai giao Viet Nam dd Tuyen b6 len an Trung Qudc da lifin tifip dua tau bifin din khao sat, tifn hanh cae boat ddng b i t hgp phdp d quan dao Tnrdng Sa, ddc biel la Trung Qudc da td chiic tap Iran d quan dao Tnrdng Sa lir ngdy 16/5 dfin ngay 06 /6 /1987.
Ngay 20/02/1988, ngudi phat ngfln Bg Ngoai giao Vifl Nam da Tuyfin bfl Id cao nhifiu lau chifin Trung Quflc vi pham ldnh hdi Viet Nam d ngoai khoi ciia quan dao Ttuong Sa cua Vift Nam, lfin an cac hoai dpng quan su eua Trung Qudc d quan ddo Trudng Sa la de dpa nen an ninh cua Vifl Nam va cua cdc nudc lang gifing ttong khu vuc.
Ngdy 14/3/1988, trudc vific Trung Quflc ngang ngugc diing vii luc tan cdng va xam chiem Dd Chii Thdp vd Da Gaven eiing mflt sfl da chim va bdi ngam ttong quan dao Tnrong Sa eita Viet Nam, gay h u hai nhifiu tau thuyen, bin chfit va Iam mit tt'ch gin 100 cdng dan Viet Nara, Bp Ngogi giao Vift Nam ra Tuyfn bd lfin dn Trung Qudc gay xung dpt vii trang va chifim doat mflt sd bdi dd ngdm tai Tnrdng Sa ciia Vift Nam, xam phgm chu quyfn ldnh thd cua Vifl Nam vd vi pham nghifim trgng lugt phap quflc tfi.
Nam 1992, Trung Qudc lai diing vu luc xdm chiem Bai Vgn An va mpt sfl dao nhfl ttfin thfim luc dia cua Viet Nam, phia ddng cac Bai Tfaanfa Long va T u Chinh.
Nhirng vu xam chiem ndy ro rdng khflng nhung da xam phgm chu quyfin ldnh thfl ciia Viet Nam ma cdn vi phgm nghiem ttpng cac nguyfin ldc c o ban ciia Iuat qudc tfi hifn dai, nhu: nguyfn tdc tfln ttpng chii quyfin qudc gia, nguyen t i c cam diing vii lye vd de dga diing vu luc trong quan hf quflc tfi, nguyfin tde hda binh gidi quyfil cdc tranh chap qudc tfi, nguyfin lac cdc qudc gia phai cd nghia vu hgp tac vdi nhau, v.v... Nhiing nguyfin t i c nay da dugc ghi nhgn ttong Hifn chuong Lifn hgp quflc, Tuyfin bo ngdy 24-10-1970 ciia Lien hgp quflc, Cdng udc Lifin hgp qudc vfi Lugt bifin nam 1982 vd trong
N.B. Difn / Tgp chi Khoa Iwc DHQGHN, Ludt hoc 28 (2012) 151-16S
hdng logt dieu udc quflc tfi da phuong va song phuang, khu vuc va toan cdu.
Ngay 23/6/1994, Qudc hfli Viet Nam da thdng qua Nghj quyfit phfi chudn Cdng ude Luat bifin nam 1982 ciia Lifin hgp qudc. Viel Nam la nudc thli 63 phfi ehuan Cdng udc nay thflng qua nghi quyfit ciia Qudc hgi nudc Cflng hoa xd hfli chii nghia Vift Nam ngay 23/6/1994 va nop luu chifiu van ban phfi chudn vao ngay 25/7/1994.
Trudc vd sau khi phfi chudn Cong udc 1982, phan Ion eac quy djnh ciia Cdng udc Lugt bifin ndm 1982 da dugc Viet Nam van dung ldm co sd cfao vifc ban faanh va thyc thi cac vdn ban pha Iuat nhdm dieu chinh cac hoat dflng ttfin bifin eua minh. Qude hpi nhan manh: can phdn bift van dfi giai quyfit ttanh chap ve quin ddo Hoang Sa, quan dao Trudng Sa vdi vdn de bao vf cac viing bifin va thfim luc dia thupc chii quyen, quyen chii quyen vd quyfin tdi phan ciia Vift Nam can cu vao nhihig nguyfin tdc va nhung tifiu chuan ciia Cflng udc cua Lien hgp quflc ve Ludl bien nam 1982.
Ngay 15/5/1996, Dai hgi dai bifiu nhdn dan loan qudc Trung Quflc phfi chuan Cflng udc Luat bifin ndm 1982 cua Lien hgp quflc.
Ngdy 16/01/2005, Bg Ngoai giao Vift Nam dd yfiu cdu phia Trung Qudc cd cac bifin phdp nhdm ngdn chgn vd cham dirt ngay nhiing hanh dgng sai trai tuong tu, cho dieu tta va xii ly nghifim nhiing ke da bdn chit ngudi vfi su kien ngdy 08 /01/2005 tdu nd simg vao tdu ddnh ca Vift Nam Iam 09 ngu dan tinh Thanh Hda bj thuong.
Ngay 24/11/2007. Viet Nam ciing phdn dfli vifc Trung Quflc lifin hanh lap ttgn ttong vimg quin dao Hodng Sa lir ngay 16 dfin 23/11/2007 va coi ddy la hanh dgng vi pham chu quyfn.
Ngucri phat ngfln Bd Ngoai giao Vift Nam eho ring, vifc nay khflng phii hgp vdi tinh than cupe gap mdi day giira hai thu tuong Vift Nam vd Trung Qudc ben le Hdi nghi cap cao ASEAN lin thii 13 tai Xing-ga-po.
Ngay 03/12/2007, Vift Nam dd lfin tifing cue luc phdn doi hdnfa vi cua Qudc Vu vifn Trung Quoe phfi ehuan vific lap tfaanfa pho Tam
Sa dfi quan ly cac ddo gdm cd Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa ciia Viet Nam. Trudc difn bifin nay, ngudi phat ngdn Bg Ngogi giao Vift Nam tuyen bd: Vift Nam cfl diy dii bing chdng ljch sir va CO sd phdp ly df khdng djnh chii quyfin ddi voi faai quin ddo ndi ttfin.
Ngay 12/3/2009, Bd Ngoai giao Viet Nam ra Tuyen bfl phan ddi viec Trung Qudc cho phep Cdng ty Trdch nhifm hiiu han du ljch qudc tfi Chau Giang, Hai Nam cua nudc nay md lour du lich ra dao Phii Lam thuflc qudn ddo Hodng Sa ciia Vift Nam. Theo ngudi phdt ngdn Bd Ngoai giao, Viet Nam cd diy du bdng chimg Hch sii va phap ly de khdng dinh chu quyen ciia minh doi vdi hai quan dao nay va nhan manh:
"Viic ndy dd vi phgm nghiim trpng chu quyen ldnh tho cua Viit Nam, khdng co i^i cho tiin trinh ddm phdn tim kiim gidi phdp ca bdn, Idu ddi cho vdn de trin biin giira hgi bin".
Ngdy 08/5/2009, phai doan thudng tryc Vifl Nam lai Lifin hgp qudc dd cfl Cflng hdm sfl 86/HC-2009 giri Tdng thu ky Lifin hgp qudc bac bd Cdng ham ngdy 7/5/2009 vd yeu sdch dudng ludi bfl cua Trung Qudc tgi Bifin Dflng.
Ciing ngdy, ngudi phat ngfln Bfl Ngoai giao Vifl Nam ciing dd tra Idi phdng van khang dinh chil quyfin ciia Vifl Nam ddi voi hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa va coi dudng yfiu saeh 09 dogn ctia Trung Quflc the hifn tten so dfl Id
"khdng cfl gia tti vi khdng co co sd phap ly, Ijch su vd thuc tifin".
Ngay 16/5/2009, phdn iing ciia Vift Nam trudc viee Lfinh cam danh bit ca ciia Trung Qudc tu ngdy 16/5 den ngdy 1/8/2009 tai mpt sfl vimg bifin ttong dd cd nhimg khu vue thugc chii quyfin cua Viet Nam tten Bifin Ddng.
Nguoi Phat ngfln Bfl Ngogi giao Vifl Nam
tuyen bd: "Viit Nam khdng dinh chu quyin cua
minh doi vai hai qudn ddo Truang Sa vd Hodng
Sa. Mpi hdnh dpng cua nu&c ngodi doi v&i hai
qudn ddo ndy ciing nhu trong viing ddc quyin
kinh le vd thim luc dia ciia Viet Nam md khong
cd sir ddng y cua Viel Nam diu Id vi pham chii
quyin, quyin chu quyen vd quyin ldi phdn cua
Viet Nam doi vai cdc khu vuc ndy ".
N.B. Dieii / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN, Luat hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
Ngay 8/7/2010, Phai dodn thudng true eiia nudc Cflng hod In-dd-nfi-xi-a tgi Lien hgp qudc da gui cflng ham sd 480/POL-703/V1I/I0 cho Tdng thu ky Lien hgp qudc dfi phdn dfli lam ban dfl yeu sach hinfa chir U (hay cdn gpi la dudng dirt khiic 9 doan) kem theo Cdng ham sd CML/17/2009 ngdy 7 thang 5 ndm 2009 ciia Phai dodn thuong true cua nudc Cpng hoa Nhdn dan Trung Hoa.
Ngdy 5/4/2011, Phai doan thudng true cua Phi-lip-pin tgi Lien hgp qudc da giri Cflng ham vfi nhiing van dfi lifin quan ttong Cong hdm sfl CML/17/2009 vd CML/18/2009 ngay 7/5/2009 ciia Phai doan thudng true CHND Trung Hoa va tdm ban dd dinh kem thfi hifn dudng diit khiie 9 doan (dudng ludi bfl) d Bifin Dflng. Phdi doan Phi-lip-pin "khdng thfi dflng tinh vdi ldi khdng djnh ttong cae Cflng ham nfiu ttfin ''doi vdi chd quyen khong thi tranh cai cua Trung Quoc trin cdc ddo trong Biin Nam Trung Hoa vd cdc vimg nu&c ki can, cQng nhtr cdc quyin chu quyin vd fdi phdn doi vai cdc vung nudc, viing day bien vd long ddt du&i ddy biin cua chung..'" va ''dupc quoc li biit din rpng rdf\
Ngay 14/4/2011, Phdi dodn thudng true ciia Cgng boa nhan ddn Trung Hoa tai Lien hgp qudc dd giii Cdng ham toi Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp quflc phan dfli Cflng ham sfl 000228 ngay 5/4/2011 ciia Phi-lip-pin. Trudc dd ngay 10/4/2011, ngudi phdt ngdn Bfl Ngoai giao Trung Quflc cho rdng Cdng ham ciia Phi-lip-pin Id khong thf chip nhgn.
Ngdy 26/5/2011. Tap doan Ddu khi quoc gia Viet Nam tuyfin bd ba tdu hai gidm ciia Trune Quflc xam nhdp lanh hai cua Viet Nam.
phd hoai thifit bi va cdn ttd tdu khdo sat dia ehan Binh Minh 02 ciia Tap dodn dang boat dpng tai viing bifin mifin Trung chi each mui Dai Ldnh ciia tinh Phii Yfin 120 haily.''^' Hdnh
Theo TTXVN (27 thang 5 nam 2011) "Tau Tnm^
Quoc cai cap tham do d3u khi cua Viet Nam"
VieLNamNei. truy cap 12 thang 6 nam 2011; BBC (27 thang 5 nam 2011) "Tau Trans Qudc 'vi nham Ijinh ha,' Viet Nam-;. BBC Vietnamp^p tray cap 12 thang 6 nam 2011- "'Miic dfl pay han ciia Tmng Ounc tanp l^n"' VnEypress (6 thang I nSm 2011).tmy cap 1 thang 6 nani
dflng nay danh ddu sy leo thang ttong hdnh dpng gay han cua T n m g Qudc doi vdi Viet Nam, dugc cac phuang tifn truyfin thdng chinh thflng cua Vifl Nam thdng tin rgng rai, kip thdi, gay ra du ludn hue xiic cho ngudi ddn Vift Nam*'"'. Day dugc eoi Id hanh ddng vi pham ehii quyen thudc loai nghifm trgng nhat md Trung Quflc timg thuc hifn lai viing bifin ciia Vift Nam ttong thdi gian gan day. Vifc cde tau hai giam Trung Quoc vao rat sau ttong viing dgc quyfin kinh tfi ciia Vift Nam de pha hoai, can ttd cdc boat ddng thdm dd khao sdi binh Ihudng cua PVN Id mgt hanh dgng hfl sire ngang ngugc, vi phgm trdng trgn ddi vdi quyfin chu quyen cua Viet Nam, gay thifit hai Idn ve kinh tfi va can ttd hoat dflng ctia PVN'^''^'.
Ngdy 28/5/2011, Bfl Ngoai giao Viet Nam ra tuyfin bd: Tnmg Qudc vi phgm nghifim ttgng quyen chii quyen cua Vifit Nam, yeu ciu nudc nay "chdm diil ngay, khdng tai difin" nhOng hanh ddng dfl, ddng thoi ddi bfli thuong thift hai. Viet Nam ciing cho rdng hdnh dgng ciia Trung Quflc vi pham Cong ude ludt bifin ndm 1982 cua Lifin \\ap quflc. ttai vdi tinh thdn vd ldi vdn> ctia tuyfin bfl ndm 2002 giiia ASEAN va Trung Qudc ve img xir ciia cde bfin ttfin Bifin Ddng. ciing nhu "nhan thiic chung eua lanh dgo cap cao hai nude"'.*'*''
Ngdy 29/5/2011, phdt ngdn vifin Bfl Ngoai giao Vifit Nam Nguyfin Phuong N e a da bac bfl tuyfin bfl cua bd K h u a n g Du. ndi khu vyc xdy ra sy vifc khflng tiifi do Trung Qudc qudn Iy, vd lfin an nudc nay dang '"lam phiic lgp thfim tinh hinh d Bien Dong", "efl tinh ldm du luan hieu nhdm kfau vuc kfadng cd tranh chap thanh khu
2011, "BBC Vietnamese • Viet Nam - Y dfl cua TO".
Bbccouk. truy cSp 1 thang 6 nam 2011; 'Lam Nguyfin' (2011-05-31 16h57"). "Trune Quflc di nguoc 16 chO cam kgt voi Viet Nam'". VnMedia, tray cap 3 thang 6 nSm 2011; BBC (28thang 5nam 2011). "Viet Nam phan dflj TO VI pham lanh hai". BBC VieUiamese. tray cap 12 thang 6 nam 201!; BBC{29 thang 5 nam 2011), : ™ i l S ! phan bac lai Trans Ouflc". BBC Vietnamese, tray cap 12 thang 6 nam 2011
*^", Tldd
""' Tldd
"'>Tldd,
N.B. Di?h / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHl^^HN. Ludf hgc 28 (2012) 131-168
vuc tranh chip". Vifl Nam ciing khdng djnh yeu sach "dudng ludi bd'* cua Tmng Quflc la
"kfadng cd CO sd phap ly".'*"'
Ngay 9/6/2011. 2 tudn sau vu tau Binh Minh 02, tau khao sat dia chdn 3D Viking 2 eua lien doanh CGG Veritas (Phdp) dugc Tdng cdng ly cd phdn Dich vu kv thudt diu khi Vifit Nam thufi dfi thdm dd ddu khi ngoai khoi Vung Tau dd bi tau Trung Quflc pha hogi thifit bj."
Phdt ngdn vien Bg Ngoai giao Viel Nam Nguyfin Phuang Nga da "phan ddi mgnh me vifc Trung Quoc vi pham nghifim trgng quyfin ehu quyfn va quyen tai phan quoc gia eua Vift Nam", yfiu cau phia Trung Qudc " chim diit ngay va kfadng dfi tai diln" cdc vu vifc nhu thfi. Bp Ngoai giao Vift Nam cung da gdp dai difn Dgi sd qudn Trung Qude tai HdNdi df phan dfli '•"K
Ngay 25/11/2011. tai Ky hpp tiiu hai Quoe hgi tiiij XIII nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam, Tfau tuong Thu ludng Nguyfin Tan Diing dd nfiu rfl:
"Vifl Nam cd du cdn cu phdp Iy va ljch sit kfaang djnh ring quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa thugc chit quyen ciia Vift Nam. Chiing la lam chu thuc su, il nhdt tir tiifi 1^ 17 kfai hai qudn ddo ndy chua thupc bit ky qude gia nao. Chiing ta da Iam chii trfin thyc If va lien luc hda binh".
Ngdy 2I/6/20I2 Qudc Hpi kfaoa XIII ciia Vift Nam da thflng qua Ludt Bifin Vift Nam.
Luat Bfin Vifl Nam khdng dinh chCi quyfin ciia nudc Cgng hod xd hdi chit nghla Vifl Nam ddi vdi cac viing ndi thuy, Ianh hai, hai quan dao Hoang Sa. Trudng Sa va quyfin chii quyfin, quyfin tai phan dfli voi viing tifip gidp
""' BBC (29 thang 5 nam 2011), "Ha NSi phan bdc lai Trung Qudc". BBC Viem^ese. tray cap 12 thang 6 nam 2011
" " BBC (9 thdng 6 ndm 2011/. "Tau Truns Quoc hi
••phd cap" cua lau Viel Nam ihue" BBC Vietnamese, inn' cdp 12 ihdng 6 ndm 201]; Theo PelroTimes (10 ihdng 6 nam 201/). "Clip vu tau Viking D bi tau Trang Ouflc u\
higp". VnExpress. Truy cdp /2 ihdng 6 nam 2011: Dong Ha. Mmh Luan (10 ihdng 6 ndm 20/1), "Tau ca Trune Quflc \ong thane va^ laii ViV-inp T\ Tuoi Tre Onlme. l m ' cgp 12 thdng 6 ndm 2011.
'''='BBC (9 thang 6 nam 2011), "Tau Trung Qudc lai
"plin cap" cua tdu Viet Nam ihue". BBC Viemamese.
iniy cap 12 thang 6 nam 2011
lanh fadi. viing ddc quyfin kinh tfi va tbem luc dja Viet Nam trfin co sd cac quy djnh cua Cdng udc Lugl Bien ctia Lien Hgp quflc va cac nguyen lie ciia p h ^ ludt qudc te. Dflng thdi, Lua Bifin Vift Nam quy dinh rfl Nfaa nude Viet nam chu truang gi^ quyet cac tranh chdp lifin quan den bien, dao vdi cac nudc kfadc bing cac bifn phdp hda binh ttfin co sd tfln trgng dgc Igp,chu quyfin va loan ven Idnfa thfl qudc gia, phil hgp vdi Cdng udc cua Lifin hgp qudc vc Lual bien ndm 1982. phap lugt va tfayc tifin qudc If
Trfin thyc tfi, cac sy kien, vdn kifn, chimg cu cfaiing minh ehu quyfn cua Vift Nam dfli vfli hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trucmg Sa qua bao the ky den nay edn rdt nhifiu. Tuy vgy, voi mgt sd din chung neu ttfin, cung co du co sd vung chic dfi khang djnfa chu quyfin eiia Vifl Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa phil hgp vdi thuc tifin vd p h ^ ludt qudc tfi.
Tu nhirng tu lieu lfch su-phdp ly rS rdng vd can cu vdo nhirng nguyen tdc cua lugt phdp vd tap qudn quoc te, cd thi rdt ra cdc ket
lugn sau day:
Thii nhat, Tir lau, Nha nudc Vift Nam da chiem hiiu that s\i va cdng khai quan dao Hoang Sa vd qudn dao Trudng Sa khi ma cac quan dao dd ehua thupc chu quyfin ciia bat eii qudc gia ndo.
Tfaii faai, Suflt trong may the b.'. it nhdt la lir the ky 17 den nay, Nha nudc Viet Nam da tfayc liifn ifaat su va lien tue chii quyen ciia Vifl Nam ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Tnrong Sa.
Thir ba, Nha nudc Vift Nam ludn luon bdo vf tich cue cdc quyfin va danh ngfaia ciia minfa tnrdc mgi muu dfl va hanh dpng xdm phgm tdi chii quyen, toan ven lanh thfl va quyfin len ciia Viet Nam ddi vdi hai qudn dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa.
Thir tu, Vific xac lap va thuc thi chu quyfin
ciia Vift Nam qua cdc trifiu dgi cho dfn ngdy
nay la phii hgp vdi tap quan va phdp lugt quflc
tfi . Tir trudc dfin nay, Vift Nam vin ludn khdng
dinh va cd diy dii cac can cii kfaoa hgc. pfaap ly
de chiing minh rang Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa
N.B. Dien I Tgp cbi Klioa hoc DHQGHN. Lugf hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
thugc chil quyfin ciia Vift Nam. Mgi dm muu vd hanh dgng xdm pham chii quyfin khdng thfi bdc bfl cua Viet Nam dfli vdi hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa Id vi pham phap ludt quflc tfi.
Tdi lifu tham khao
[I] Nguyin Tht Lan Arih. Quy che plidp ly cua dao vd tranh chdp Bien Dong. Qutm diem nao cho Viel Mam. Iren trang web httpy/^•w\^ nehiencuubiendonp.org
[2] Bien vd dao Viet Nam. Tgp clii cong tdc tu tudng vSnh6a,]\n993.
[3] J.Y.C. Trich ddn trong bai "Bi mat cdc dao San ho - Nhgt ky ve cugc hdnh Irinh den Hodng Sa".
(M)stere des atolls - Joumal de voj'age aux Paiacels) dang Uong tuin bao "Dong Duong"
(Indochine) trong cac so ngdy 3.10, 17 thang 7 n5m I9JI - Danh tu Vuong quoc An Nam trong tai lieu chi nuoc Viet Nam thoi biy gid.
[4] A.Salles trich din Uong bai "Hoi ky ve rncac Cochinchine cua JB Chaigneau" (Le memeire sur la Chochinchine de J.B, Chaigneau) dSng trong "Tap chf ciia nhOng nguiri bpi thdnh Hue cfl" ("Bulletin des amis du vieux Hue") sfl 2 nam 1923 tr. 257.
[5] "Ghi chep ve dja ly nuoc Cochinchina" ("T^ote on Geography of Cochinchina") ciia gidm myc Jean- Louis Taberd dang Uong "Tgp chi cua Hpi chau A Bang-Gan" (The Joumal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal)tapVI.I837,tr.745
[6] Bdi "Dia ly vuang quoc Cochinchina" (Geograpphy of the Cochinchinese Empire) dSng trong "Tap chi H§i dja ly Hoang gia Luan Don" (The Jounal of the Roj'al Geography Socieh of London) t^p XK, 1849,U'93.
[7] Monique Chemillier - Gendreau. Chu quyin trin hai qudn dao Hoang Sa vd Trudng Sa. NXB Chinh tri Qu6c gia Ha NQL 1998. tr. 137.
[8] BBC (9 thdng 6 nam 2011). •Tdu Trune Dudc la,
"olid cdn" cua idu Vijt .\am ihue". BBC Vietnamese.
[9] Sich Trang cua Bfl Ngoai giao Vi?t Nam ve chii quj'an cua Vi?t Nam lien hai quin dao Hoang Sa va Truimg Sa. cac nam 1979,198K 1988.
[10] Mart: Valencia. John M. Vandeke. and Noel A, Lugwig. Cilia se ngudn tdi nguyen a Bien Aam Trung Hoa
[11] Nguyfin Ba Dien (chii bien). Chinh sdcht bien I 'ifl Xam vd chien lupc phdt trien bin'vung^
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[12] Ngu\en Bd DiSn, "Quy che phdp 15* qu6c te chung ve bifin, dao va nhiing vdn de cin ap dyng doi voi Hoang Sa, Truong Sa'', Tap chi Klioa hgc Lugt hgc, tdp 2 1 sfl 3 (2009)1 a).
[13] Nguyen Bd Diea Dia vjph^ ly cua dao trong phdn dinh cdc ^iing bien, Bai tham ludn Igi Hfi thao quoc gia ve Bien Dong tin thii haL Hd Nfi thang 4/2011, Trang thflng tin difn tu Nghien cim Bien D w ^ http://nghiencuubiendong\-n/toa-dam-hoi-thao/hoi- thao-Q uoc-ei a-ve-bien-done-lan-thu-hai-ha-noi- 42011/1503-dia-vi-phap-lv-cua-dao-trone-phan- dinh-cac-vune-bien
[14] Luu Van Lgi, I'iet Nam. ddt-bien-trdi. NXB Cong anNhan dan. 1990.
[15] Nguyen Mgnh Hien va nhflng ngudi khac, Quy chi dao ciia Cflng udc 1982 va tinh hinh hai qudn dao Hoang Sa va Tmong Sa. Dfi tdi nhanh cua KC. 09-14.
[16] Phan Thgch Anh, Chinh trj ddu lua cua cdc ddo Nam Sa - lgp lugn phdp ly Idiong the tranh cdi cua Trung QuociiongK.ong. 1996.
[17] BienDong.Net, Cflng ham s6 480/POL-703A'II/10 ngay 8 thdng 7 ndm 2010 ciia dai difn Phai d o ^ thuong Bye nuoc Cf ng hod Indonesia gui Tflng fliu k^' Lifin hgp quflc de phan dfli y6u sdch duong lu&i bfl ciia Trung Quflc.
[ 18] Brice M.CIa>'et. Nhiing yeu sdch dfli khang ciia Viet Nam vd Tmng Quflc a khu vyc bai ngdm Tu Chinh vd Thanh Long trong Bien Dong. NXB Chinh iri Quflc gia. 1996.
[! 9] Duong Trung Quflc, i 'iil Nam nhung su ki^n lfch su (1919-1945). NXB Gido due, Ha Nfi. 2000.
[20] Nguyin Hflng Thao (chu bifin). Cong udc BiSn 1982 vd chien lupc bien cua Viet Nam, NXB Chinh tri Quflc gia 2008.
[2i] Nguyen Hong Thao, Cugc chiin fMp /)' mdi ve Duong ludl bo a Bien Dong. Hoi thao quoc gia ve Bifln Donp 15n ihii hai fHa Noi 4/201 li.
[22] Nhieu tac gia (2011), Bdng chiing hch sii va co so phdp ly Hoang Sa Trucmg Sa Id ciia Viet Nam, NXBTre,TP Hfl Chi Mink 2011.
[23] Gi&i thi^u hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa va Tnrong Sa".
Trang Thflng tin dien tu ban quyfin thuflc Cue Khai thdc vd Bao ve nguon Igi thiiy san. ddng tai ngay
i 1/6/2009.
http://cucktbvnlts.Bov.vn/vn/Prinl^l302.asp.
N£. Dim I Tgp du Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hgc 28 (2012) 151-168
[24] Gerardo M.C. Valero. .\7iu?ig iranh chdp a qudn ddo Trudng Sa 18 Marine Policy. 314-315(1994).
[25] -Note N 480/POL-703/VII/10-. 8 July 2010 (Pennanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the United NationsL New Ywk). Commission on the Limits of the Continenta] Shelf (CLCS) (Phai doan thudng tnrc cua Cgng boa Indonesia tai Lifin Hop quoc. New Y(Mk, LA han Ranh gioi Thflm luc dja) [26] Outer limits of flie continental shelf b^ond 200
nautical miles frcm the baselines:
Sulxnissions to ttie Commission; Joint submissicm b>' Mala>'sia (Ranh gioi ngoai them luc dia vugt qua 200 hai ly tinh tii duimg co so: Ban de trinh boi Mal^'sia)
anhttp://ww-R .un.org/Depis/los/clcs_new/sutMnission s files^)'svran33_09fldn_201 Ore_mys vnm_e.pdf (accessed 26 October 2010).
[27] Marius Gjetnes. Maritime Zones Generated by the Spratlys: Legal Anal\-as and Geographical Overview// Energy and Security in the South China Sea Project. Universil) of Oslo. 24-26/4/1999 (Cac
vinm bien i*at sinh boi Tnrong Sa Phan tich phap
!>' \ a T o i ^ quan ve Dja ly// Du an Nang Iyc vd An ninh a Bien Nam Trung Hoa Dai hgc Oslo, 24- 26/4/1999).
[28] CiHiference for the Conclusion and Signatme of the Peace TreaJj' ftith Japaa U. N Treaty Series, Volume 136. p. 46. (Hfi nghi ky ket Hifp dinh Hoa binh voi NTiat Ban. LHQ. Tuyen tap Difiu udc quoc t a . T ^ 136.tr. 46)
[29] Tuyen bfl Potsdam n g ^ 26/7/1945.
[30] HifpdinhPotsdamngdy02/8/1945.
[31] Extracts from the Report on the Tripartile Cffliference of Berlin (Potsdam) (August 1 1945), (Jffkial Gazette of tlie Control Council for Germany. Supplement I, p.l3; reprinted in Beata Ruhm von Oppen, ed. Documents on the Germany wider OccupaOon, 1945-1954. London and New YiHfc Oxford University Press, (Trich Itfc tii Hfi nghi Ba ben Berlin (Potsdam) (2/8/1045), Tq) chi chinh tiitrc ciia Hfi dflng gidm sat Diic, Phy truong Ltr.l3).
Vietnam's historical and legal sovereignty over the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagoes
Nguyen Ba Dien
VNU School of Law, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi, Vietnam
The article provides legal evidences to confirm indisputable sovereignty of Vietnam to the Paracel and the Spratly Archipelagos. This article analyzes some o f l h e new content, which is quoted in the ancient geographical books and maps of Vietnam lo prove Vietnam's sovereignty for the Archipelagos. One of the most notable content is al least from the Sixteenth Century, the State of Vietnam has conducted some activities in peacefiil manner at sea in order lo strengthen Vietnam's sovereignty with the Archipelagos. This article also provides real situation of the protection and the implementation of Vietnam's sovereignty to the Archipelagos from the 2nd World War to dale and affirms the Vietnamese Slate has actual possession of tiie Archipelagos since which do nol belong to any country.
