Nghien cuU trao loi
Ly thuyet dai dien, ly thuyet tin hieu va iira chon chinh sach kg toan nham diOu chinh iOi nhuan cong b6
^ ! S v T l u . N C S N g u y i n T b ! D i e u T t w y *
Co mot SI/ chdng ch6o dang ki tdn tai giira ly thuySt tin hi$u vd ty' thuyet dai dien: s y gtSng nhau vi thuyet hanh vi, thong tin bit can xung trong ty thuySt tin hieu bao ham boi tinh tich ct/c trong chi phi gidm sat ctja ly thuyet dai dien. Chit tuung trong ly thuyit tin hieu co thS du^c do ItKfng theo cac biin trong ly thuySt dai di$n. Chi phi tin hi$u cung dime ngam dinh trong each tinh cue ty thuyit dai di§n.
Khi nghtSn ciru vi$c It/a chgn chinh sach t<e toan dtmc sO- dung, hai ty thuyit dieac img dijng (<ha nhiiu.
Tir khoa: Ly thuyit tin hieu, ty thuyit 6?i dien, li/a chon chinh sdch ki toan
T
heo Morris (1987), ly thuyet dai dien va ly thuyit tin hieu cd sir mau thuan trong cac nghien cim ke toan, Ly thuyet dai dien tap trung vao giai quyet cac van de mau thuan trong mpt hang, ma nguyen nhan la do sir phan tach giiia quyen sd hiru va quyen kiem soat. Npi dung ly thuyet dupfc dimg de giai thich nhirng lira chon chinh sach ke toan tren co sd eac nguyen tac, chuan muc che dp ke toan quy dinh, Ly thuyet tin hiSu, nguon goc nham giai thich cac van de bat can ximg thdng tin trong thj trudng lao dpng, dupe ap dung nhieu trong viec lira chpn cac chinh sach cd tiic cua cong ty, cau tnic von, thdng tin tu nguyen, phat hanh cd phieu, thdng tin ke toan va lira chpn kiem toan vien. Npi dung ciia ly thuyet dai dien it chii y den tin hieu, cac cdng bd lien quan ve tin hieu deu it dupe xem xet trong ly thuyet nay.Ca hai ly thuyet deu dugc sii dung de giai quyet cac van de tutmg tu phat sinh trong ITnh vuc ke toan. Viec nghien ciiu npi dung cac
ly thuyet va ket hgp cac ly thuyet vao van dh lua chgn cac chinh sach ke toan se giup luan giai dugc moi quan he ciing nhu quyet dinh lira ehpn cac chinh sach ke toan nham dieu tiet lgi nhuan cua nha quan ly.
Noi dung ly thuyet dai difn Ly thuyet dai dien phat trien tir ly thuyet kinh tS, sau dd Jensen va Meckling (1976) va cac nha nghien ciiu da phat trien ly thuyet theo nhigu hudng, nhiiu ITnh vuc khac nhau. Day ciing la ly thuyet nen tang cho cac nghien cim ke toan thuc chimg nhu DeAngo (1986), Jones (1991), Ly thuyet da cung cip gdc nhin toan canh ve cac thdng tin ke toan tir liic hinh thanh thi trudng vdn, ra ddi cdng ty cd phan, cong ty niem yet ngay nay. Ly thuyet ciing cho thay tam quan trgng cua ke toan trong viec dieu ti6t mdi quan he ciia chu sd hiiu va nha quan ly, dieu tiet cac mau thuan ve mat lgi ich khi chu sd hiru la cac cd ddng nhung khdng nam quyen quan ly, ma giao quyen kiem soat cho cac nha quan ly dupe thue ngoai.
Nhan- 16/10/2019 Bien tap: 25/10/2019 Duyet ddng-30/10/2019
Jensen va Meckling (1976) da nghien cuu va phat trien them trong tac pham: "Ly thuyet ve cdng ty Hanh vi nha quan tri, chi phi nguai dai dien va cau tnic sd huu". Jensen va Meckling tap trung vao lgi ich ciia ngudi quan ly va chu sd hiru.
Cdn Smith va Warner (1979) h-ong Morris (1987, 48) nghien cihi n^i dung lien quan den cac chu np khac nhau. Fama va Jensen (1983) trong Morris (1987,48) xem xet den viec phan tach cac nii ro, chiic nang ra quyet dinh va kiem soat trong cong ty. 6 mdi khau, mdi quy trinh, d6u cd the tao ra su xung dot do mau thuan v6 mat lgi ich.
Ly thuyet dai dien chiing minh mdt iuan diem rang, tat ca cac xung dgt diu phat sinh chi phi dgi dien, Khi chu sd hihi- cac cd ddng khong tin tudng nha quan ly se theo duoi cac lgi ich ciia cd ddng, nha quan ly boat dgng khdng hieu qua thi gia tri doanh nghiep (DN) se hi syt giam manh, chi phi sir dung vdn se tang len, tiic la chi phi dai dien tang.
Ly thuyet dai dien cung dua ra su khdng ddng nhat loi Ich gifia chu sd hiiu va ngudi dai dien lam phat sinh mgt loat chi phi (agaicy cost). Agency cost bang khdng khi chu sd hihi ddng thdi la giim doc cdng ty, hay giam ddc la chu sd hihi ciia toan bd cdng ty, Chi phi giam ddccangldn khi giam ddc sd hiiu it cd phieu hoac khdng sd huu c6 phieu ciia cdng ty, Chi phi dai dien bao gdm: chi phi giam sat, chi phi
* Khoa Kinh te - B^i hoc Vinh
d ' ^ chi We todn,
Nghifin cihi trao d6i rang budc va tdn thSt phu trpi. Chi
phi giarn sat (monitoring cost) dugc hieu la chi phi phai tra cho vi?c chu sd hiiu giam sat boat dpng cua ngudi dai dien. Chi phi rang budc (bonding cost) la chi phi ma ngudi d^i dien phai thuc hien, nham dam b^o ngudi dai dien se han chi tdi da nhimg hanh dpng se gay thiet hai cho chu sd huu. Tdn that phu trgi (residual loss) la ton that phat sinh bit chap viec gidm sat va rang bugc, Ipd ich cua ngudi dai dien va chu sd hiru van khdng chac chan hoan toan ddng nhat, vi vay, van cd thiet hai do van de ngudi dai dien phat sinh tii nhiing mau thuin loi ich.
Giam thieu chi phi dai dien dupe nhieu nha nghien ciiu de cap va dua ra ba phucmg thdc chu ylu:
Tang ty le sd hiiu cdng ty cho ngudi quan ly, theo Li va Cui (2003); kiem soat sir dieu hanh bang sd luong cd ddng Idn; lira chgn cau tnic vdn cua DN theo de xu4t Jensen (1986). Nhieu nghien cuu sir dung phuemg thirc ddn bay tai chinh de kiem soat chi phi dai dien nhu nghien cuu cua Li va Cui (2003), Francis va cdng sir (2004).
Ly thuyet dai dien tap trung vao quan he giira cd ddng va chu ng, De giam thieu chi phi dai dien, cac chii ng cd the dua vao bap ddng cac dieu khoan ban che nhu: kiem soat viec chia cd tire, kiem soat hoat ddng dau tu, yeu cau cung cap thdng tin nham giam sat cac boat ddng ciia hang. Viec su dung cac dieu khoan ndi tren deu can cung cap so lieu ke toan day du va trung thuc, kip thdi theo dung yeu cau ciia ehuan muc ke toan.
Ndi dung ly thuyet tin hieu Ly thuyet tin hieu ve co ban lien quan dSn viec giam su bat can xung ciia thdng tin giiia hai ben (Spence,2002). Ly thuyit tin bieu rat hieu qua khi md ta hanh vi cua hai ben. Mdt b6n phat tin hieu lira chgn va truyin dat tin hieu cho ben
kia- ben nhan tm hieu can phan tich tin hieu.
Ngudn gdc cua ly thuyet tin hieu la tir ly thuyet thdng tin bat ddi xung. Phan Idn nghien ciiu ve sir bat can xung thdng tin ve hanh vi deu nham giam thieu cac mdi nguy ve dao diic tiem Sn do mdt hanh vi ca nhan (Jensen & Meckling, 1976;
Ross, 1973). Phan Idn, tai lieu nay v6 nii ro dao diic trong bdi canh ra quyet dinh dieu hanh da dupe ghi chep lai. Ngugc lai, Connelly va cdng sir (2010) tap trung vao vai trd cua tin hieu trong viec hieu each cac ben giai quyet sir bat can ximg thdng tin ve chat lupng tiem an va khdng quan sat Augc, dieu nay tao cac nghien ciiu ro rang hem gpi ly thuyit tin hieu.
Nghien cim ciia Spence (1973) tren thi trudng lao dgng cho thay cac img vien xin viec deu mong mudn lam giam sir bat can xiing thdng tm lam can trd kha nang lua chpn ciia cac nha myen dung. Cdng trinh di sau nghien ciiu each cdc ling vien phat tin hieu de phan biet minh vdi cac ling vien khac. Nha myen dung tiem nang thieu thdng tin ve chat luong irng vien. Cac img cir vien, do dugc gido due qua cdc trudng Idp chuyen nghiep, ciing la mpt tin hieu tot de bao hieu chat lupng cua hp va giam bit can xiing thdng tin. Day cd le la mdt tin hieu dang tin cay bdi vi cac img cir vien chat lupng thap hon se khdng the chiu dugc sir khac nghiet ciia giao due dai hpc. Md hinh Spence coi trpng vai trd cua gido due de tang nang suat cita ngudi lao ddng vd tap trung vdo gido due nhu mgt phuemg tien de truyen dat cdc dac diem khdng the quan sat dugc ciia ling vien cdng viec (Weiss, 1995) Tir dd nhieu cdng trinh ciing da nghien cuu ly thuyet tin hieu de dp dung cho cdc ITnh vuc nhan hgc, ddng vat hpc,
Trong ITnh vuc quan ly, cdc nha nghiSn ciin ciing da dp dung ly
thuyet tin hieu de giiip giai thich anh hudng ciia su bat can xirng thdng tin trong mdt loat bdi canh nghien cuu.
Chiing ban, cac CEO bao hieu chat lupng khdng the quan sat dugc cua cac cdng ty cua hp ddi vdi cac nha dau tir tiem nang thdng qua chat lupng quan sat dugc cua bao cao tai chinh ciia hp (Zhang & Wiersema, 2009). Ly thuyet tin bieu cung rat quan trpng ddi vdi qudn ly ngudn nhan lire, trong do mot sd nghien cim da kiem tra tin hieu xay ra trong qua trinh tuyen dung (Suazo, Martinez, & Sandoval, 2009).
Kirmani va Rao (2000) cung cdp md hinh tin hieu co ban phan biet giiia bai loai cdng ty: cdc cdng ty cd chat lupng cao va cdc cdng ty cd chat lupng thap. Mac du cdc cdng ty trong nghien ciru nay deu biet chat lugng thuc su cua chinh hg, nhung ngudi ngoai (vi du: nha dau tu, khach hang) thi khdng, nguyen nhan la do cd thdng tm bdt can xung giiia hai ben. Do dd, mdi hang deu cd CO hgi bao hieu hoac khdng bao hieu chat lugng thyc su cua minh cho ngudi ben ngoai cdng ty.
Khi cac cdng ty chat lupng cao phat tin hieu, hg nhan dugc lgi ich A vd khi hp khdng bao bieu, hp nhan duoc lgi ich B. Ngugc lai, cac cdng ty chat lupng thap nhan dugc Ipi ich C khi hp bdo hieu va lgi ich D khi hg khdng phdt tin bieu. Bdo hieu dai dien cho mdt chien luge kha thi cho cac cdng ty chat lugng cao khi A> B va khi D> C. Vdi nhirng trudng hgp nay, cdc cdng ty chat lupng cao dugc thiic day de bao bieu va cdc cdng ty chat lugng thap thi khdng, dilu nay dan den trang thai can bang rieng biet.
Trong nhirng trudng hgp nhu vay, ngudi ngoai cd the phan biet chinh xdc giira cac cdng ty chit lugng cao va chSt lupng thap.
Ngugc lai, khi ca hai loai DN deu duoc hudng lgi hi tin hieu (nghTa la A> B va C> D), kit qua can bdng gdp va ngudi ngoai khdng thi phan
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Nghien cihi trao fliii
biet giira hai loai DN (Cadsby, Frank, & Maksimovic, 1990).
Ngudi bdn cdc san pham chat lupng tren trung binh phai chiu tdn that CO hpi vi san pham ciia hp cd the ban vdi gid cao hon neu ngudi mua biet v l chat lugng cao, trong khi ngudi ban san pham dudi miic trung binh kiem dugc co hgi.
Nhiing ngudi bdn sdn pham chat lugng cao cd ddng eg rdi khdi thi trudng - hien tuong lya chgn bat lgi (Akeriof, 1970) - bdt kl hg cd tiil trayin dat chat lupng vugt trdi ciia san pham cho ngudi mua va do dd tang gia, Giao tiep nay dugc thyc hien bang each bao hieu: viec xuat ban mdt thiet b; (vi du: bdo hanh sdn pham) boat dpng nhu mgt du doan ve chat lugng cao. De cd hieu qua, tin hieu khdng dugc de dang sao chep bdi ngudi bdn kem chat luong. De dam bao dieu nay, gia dinh thudng dugc dua ra la chi phi bao hieu cd lien quan nghich vdi chat lugng. Ngoai ra, tin hieu phai dugc xac nhan vdi chat lugng sdn pham thyc te quan sat duoc sau khi mua. Khi tin hieu ngudi bdn chat lupng tdt hon, ngudi mua coi tdt ca nhirng ngudi bdn cdn lai cd chat lupng kem, Gid trung binh ciia hp se dugc danh gia lai theo chieu hudng phu hpp. Nhiing ngudi ban hang cdn lai tdt nhit sau dd cd gang sang loc ban than khoi nhiing ngudi khac - mpt qua trinh lap di lap lai miic tang chi phi khdng vugt qua chi phi tin hieu.
Ly thuyet tin hieu giiip giai thich rd van de cot loi, cdng ty cd chit lupng cao se lya chpn cac chinh sdch kl toan cho phep the hien chit lugng vugt trdi cua cdng ty. Trong khi dd, cac cdng ty cd chat lugng thap ban se chgn nhung chinh sach ke todn nham gidm bdt nhung khiem khuyet nay, ddy chinh la hanh vi lua chpn chinh sdch ke toan nham dieu tiet Ipi nhuan ciia nha qudn ly,
Thdng tin tren bdo cdo tai chinh CO anh hudng Idn den quyet dinh
dau tu cua cdc cd ddng, cdc nha diu tu khac, cac cdng ty se cd xu hudng lya chpn hoac thay ddi cac chinh sach ke toan nham cung cap thdng tm cd Ipi nhat ve DN ciia hp ra ben ngoai,
M6i quan he giira hai ly thuyit
Nham nghien cim mdi quan he ciia ly thuyet dai dien va ly thuyet tin hieu, Moms (1987) dua ra cdc gia dinh ve cac ly thuyet, tir do, phan biet va neu anh hudng cua hai ly thuyit nay.
Cac gia dinh ve ly thuy6t dai dien: Tit cd nhiing ngudi tham gia thi trudng deu mudn tdi da hda lgi ich; tat ca cac cdng ty deu qua hai giai doan: giai doan dau cac nha quan ly dua ra cac quylt dinh san xuit va dau tu, va giai doan thii hai dieu hanh cdc hoat ddng. Cac cdng ty deu huy dpng vdn sd huu hoac thdng qua cdc khodn vay; sy phan tach quyen sd hiiu va hoat dpng kiem soat trong cdng ty; mdi ngudi quan ly deu dugc tra thu lao bang tien luong, ti6n thudng va cd nhirng dieu khoan trong hgp ddng; chi phi gidm sdt va chi phi rang budc ty le vdi gia tri cita cdng ty.
Cdc gia dinh ve ly thuyet tin hieu: Tat ca nhirng ngudi tham gia thi trudng deu la nhung ngudi tdi da hda ipi ich; tit ca cac cdng ty deu boat dpng trong hai thdi ky; ngudi quan ly dua ra cdc quyet dinh sdn xuit va dau tu trong giai doan dau tien, dieu nay anh hudng den cdng ty trong giai doan thii hai; chit lupng ciia cac cdng ty canh tranh von cd phin va np trong thi trudng vdn la khac nhau; chat lugng thyc te cua cac cdng ty la quan sat khach quan; sy bat can ximg thdng tin tdn tai giua ngudi quan ly ciia mdi cong ty va nha cung cap vdn. Ngudi quan ly ludn cd thdng tin ve cdng ty vugt trdi so vdi nha cung cip vdn; chi phi tin hieu cd lien quan nghich vdi chat lugng.
Phan tich cac gid dinh:
Dilu kien can thiet: tat ca cac ca nhin deu mudn tdi da hda Igi ich, su tdch bach giiia quyen kiem scat va quyen sd hiiu la nhirng dieu ki^n can ciia ly thuyet dai dien Dieu nay cho thiy xung dot loi ich giua nha quan ly va cd ddng, khdng co dilu nay xay ra se khdng xuat hien ly thuyet dai dien. Tuang ty, khong c6 dieu kien can thi6t nay ciing khong the ndy smh ly thuyet tin hieu, boi vi khdng cd nd, nhu ciu ly thuyit tin hieu khdng tdn tai,
Nhung gia dinh de hai ly thuyit khdng xung ddt:Morris (1987) cho rang, khi cac gia dmh xay ra, hai ly thuyet ndy bd trg cho nhau, chii khdng hi miu thuin. Trong ly thuyet bit cin xung thdng tin: Chi phi giam sdt va viec phan tdch quyen sd huu vd quyen qudn ly cho thiy sy bat can xiing thdng tin giiia nha quan l;y', nhd diu tu va chii np. Su bat can xiing thdng tin nay cung dugc ngdm dinh trong dieu kien du cua ly thuyit dai dien. Tuy nhien, chi phi gidm sat Ididng phai la dieu kien can cua ly thuyet dai dien, bdi trong trudng hop chi phi giam sat la thip nhat, Cling khdng dam bao cac xung dot khac la khdng xay ra mac du cac ben da dugc thdng tin day dii.
Dieu kien du; Bdn gid dinh dau tien ciia cd hai ly thuyet, dugc dua ra d tren, deu tuang thich ngoai trir ly thuyet dai dien khdng de cap d6n khdi niem "chat lugng". Tuy nhiSn, vi tm hieu la mgt hien tupng chimg dp dung trong bat ky thi trudng nao cd sy bat can xung thdng tin, nen y nghTa cua "chat lupng" cd the dugc lay tir bdi canh thi trudng dang dugc xem xet. Tin hieu cd chat lupng tot hay khong ciing lien quan nliieu den chi phi giam sdt vd chi phi rang bugc. Nhu vay, chi phi dai dien ciing la chi phi giam sdt bd ra do su bdt cdn ximg thdng tin, chi phi rang budc ciing la chi phi dai dien.
Chi phi rang budc cin gfin vdi lgi ich ciia nha quan ly va cd ddng
^ 3 ^'^^^'WetodnSWiemtodnsdthdii^ 10/2019
Nghien ciili irao ddi
(Jensen va Meckling, 1976). Nhiiu hgp ddng ky kit quy dinh chi phi rang budc ciia nha quan ly xac djnh mdt sd mire lgi nhudn nguong ma dudi miic nay, nha quan ly se khdng dugc khoan tien thudng nay.
Muc nay se dugc dam phan giira nha quan ly va cd ddng. Ngudng Igi nhuan dat dugc chinh la du doan ve thu nhap trong tuong lai cd the dat dupe, nhieu nha quan ly khdng hanh dgng vi cac Ipi ich khac ciia minh ma mudn dat dugc mure thudng trong dieu khoan. Cac nhd quan ly cd chat lugng tdt hgn CO the thucmg lugng mgt ngudng cao hem de phan biet chinh hp vdi cac nha quan ly chat lugng kem ban. Neu mdt ngudi quan ly tin r3ng, cdng ty cua minh cd gia tri cao hon mong dpi trung binh, nha quan ly se thuang lugng mdt gdi boi thudng, vi du theo hgp ddng, djt ra phin thudng tdi da dugc tra neu dat dugc gia tri mong dpi.
Quan tri lgi n h u | n thdng qua lya chpn c^c chinh s^ch kl to^n
Chinh sach ke toan chung dugc thira nhan la nhimg nguyen tac ma cdc DN phai man thii khi lap bao cao. Cac nguyen tSc kl toin dugc thua lihan theo VAS 01 (Chuin myc kl toan Viet Nam 01) cd 7 nguyen tic: eg sd ddn tich, boat ddng lien tue, gia gdc, phu hgp, nhat quan, thdn trgng, trgng yeu.
Cac phuong phap ke toan: tinh gid hang tdn kho lien quan den tinh gia thanh, danh gia san phim dd dang cudi ky, gia vdn deu se anh hudng den lgi nhuan cdng bd ciia cdng ty; lua chpn phuang phap tinh khau hao deu cd the tdc ddng den chi phi, gia thanh, gid vdn, chi phi ciia cdng ty, tir dd tdc ddng den lgi nhuan; trong qua trinh ghi nhan doanh thu- chi phi, k l toan ghi nhan theo ca sd ddn tich, ean cii vao thdi diem phat sinh nghiep vu.
Doanh thu ghi nhan la ebac cbdn, chi phi cd the xay ra theo nguyen
tac _phii hgp ciing lam anh hudng nhieu den ket qua kinh doanh, lgi nhuan cudi ky cua cdng ty.
Tren ca sd nguyen tac phii hgp, lya chpn cac udc tinh ke toan cung la mdt san chgi ma nha quan ly sir dung nham dieu tiet lgi nhuan.
U"dc tinh, cac chi tieu da phat sinh nhu dy phdng phdi thu khd ddi, du phdng gidm gia dau tu dai ban, du phong gidm gia hang tdn kho, trich khiu hao tdi san cd dinh, chi phi trd trudc, doanh thu ghi nhan tnrdc...; cdc udc tinh chua phat sinh nhu du phdng chi phi bao hanh, trich trudc...
Qua trinh van dyng va man thu nhiing nguyen tac nay cd the anh hudng den thdng tin cung cap ra ben ngoai cho cac cd ddng nhu nguyen tac phu hgp, nguyen tac than trpng, nhat qudn,. .Viec khong thin trgng trong ghi nhan chi phi, khdng thyc hien ghi nhan chi phi phii hgp trong ky, tinh khau hao tdi sdn cd dinh... deu anh hudng den sd lieu ke todn va sd lieu cdng bd ciia cdng ty. Tdm lai, sy tdn tai cdc udc tinh ke todn, lya chpn chinh sdch ke todn tao khoang trdng cho cdc DN dieu tiet lgi nhuan cdng bd, anh hudng cdng bd bao cao ket qud kinh doanh.
Nhiing npi dung neu tren cho thay, mgt sd ciu tnic ciia ly thuyet dai dien nhu ke hoach thudng, gidi han ng hgp ddng va rdng bugc cd tuc - ciing cd the ddng vai trd la tin hieu. Mdt hdm y cho nghien cuu ke toan la cac bien "proxy" dupe sir dyng de do ludng cac cau tnic nay cd the van dung ca ly thuyet dai dien vd cac khia canh tin hieu ciia ly thuyet tin hieu. Ket qud ciia cac nghien ciru thyc nghiem sir dung cdc bien nay phai dugc giai thich cin than nhu la ket qudcdc ly thuyit, cd thi hinh dung cd the ket hc^ chiing de dua ra du doan ve cac lya chpn ke toan khdng the cd dugc tir mgt trong hai ly thuyet. Tuy nhien, cac van de ve van hdnh ca
hai ly thuyet, da de cap trudc do, khiln cho viec nay trd thanh mdt nhiem vu khd khan. Hien nay, du doan sy lua chgn chinh sach ke toan it nhat cd the dugc cai thien bang cdcb cgng cdc du dodn tir mdi ly thuyet. (Dieu nay cd the hgp lydua ra sy thdng nhat cua cac ly thuyet.).
Trong lya chpn chinh sach ke toan cd lien quan din quy md vd cdc giao udc ng, va chi phi rang bugc cac nhd quan ly. Cung nhu van ddng hanh lang, cac cdng ty Idn ban ung hg cac chinh sdch ke toan lam giam thu nhap duoc bao cao, trong khi cdc cdng ty cd giao udc ng vd che do bdi thudng quan ly dya tren thu nhap dugc bdo cdo ung hd chinh sach ke todn Idm tang thu nbdp.
Ddng gdp ciia ly thuyet tin hi?u la du dodn rang cac cdng ty chat lugng cao ban se chgn cdc chinh sach ke todn cho phep tiet Id chat lugng vugt trdi ciia hp, trong khi cac cdng ty chat lugng thip han se chgn cac phucmg phap ke toan nham che giiu chit lugng kem, Vi du, mgt cdng ty cd chat lugng cao hem cd the ty nguyen chap nhan bdo cao bd phan tiet Id hd so riii ro/lgi nhuan vugt trdi cua boat ddng kinh doanh, nhung mpt cdng ty chit lupng thap se khdng duoc.
Tuong ty, mdt cdng ty chdt lupng cao CO the ty nguyen tiet Id dy bao thu nhap, nhung mdt cdng ty chat lugng thap thi khdng. 0 nhimg cdng ty Idn phat tin hieu bang each lya chpn chinh sach ke toan nhdm dat dugc myc tieu cao nhat khi su bat can ximg thdng tin la Idn nhat:
trong cdc cdng ty cd sd lugng cd ddng Idn va phd bien. Tuy nhien, sd lugng chinh sach ke todn ddng vai trd la tin hieu hpp le cd the hi ban che, do tinh linh boat hien tai ciia cac nguyen tac ke toan dugc chip nhan chung.
(Xem tiep trang 67)
u chi We todn &Wiemtodn SO thdng 10/2019 ( ^
Nghien cihi trao ddi
thdng tinh cudc vd ghi nhan vao thu nhap khac. Do dd tren thuyet minh bao cao tai chinh can trinh bay cac udc tinh trong viec ghi nhan doanh thu tren
- Giai doan van bdn mdi cd hieu luc
Sau 2- 3 nam ke tii khi du thao ve van ban mdi ra ddi, DN vien thdng da cd k l hoach cu thi, chuan bi day dii cac yeu td ve he thdng thdng tin, he thdng phin mem qudn ly, nlian sy ke todn phii hgp. Bd Tai chinh se yeu cau cac DN vien thdng thay ddi thdi diem ghi nhan doanh thu dich vu vien thdng di ddng chinh thiic la thdi diem hoan thdnh cung cap djch vu cho khdch
hang, gia tri doanh thu dugc xdc dinh dua tren khdi lugng dich vu ma khdch bang sir dung trong ky (thdng). Viec ghi nhan doanh thu ciia hop ddng dich vu trd trudc se gidng vdi doaiih thu djch vu trong hpp ddng tra sau. Thdng tin ciia k l toan doanh thu dich vu trd trudc hay tri sau se nhat quan theo ban chat kinh te cua giao dich va thdng nhat giiia cdc DN vien thdng.
Bd Tdi chinh ciing da cd ke ho?ch cho viec dp dung chuin myc ke todn qudc tl ndi chung vd IFRS 15- Doanh thu theo cdc hop ddng vdi khach hdng ndi rieng tai Viet Nam. Vdi quy dinh mdi ve cdch ghi nhan doanh thu ban the
cung la budc dem de cdc DN vien thdng cd the dp dung dugc IFRSIS.D
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1. Chuan muc ke todn Viet Nam so 14- Doanh thu vd thu nhap khdc
2. Chuan mifC ke toan quoc ti IFRSIS-Doanh thu tir cdc hop dong v&i khdch hdng.
3 Congvansd 18494/BTC-CBKT 4 He thdng BCTC ciia 05 DN viin thong. Viettel, MobiFone. VinaPhone, Gtel Mobile, Vietnam Mobile.
5 Thong tir 200/2014/TT-BTC 6. Thong tir 57/2016/TT-BTnT 7 Thong tir s6 21/2013/TT-BTTTT (Tiep theo trang 63)
Kit hi&B
Theo Morris, ly thuyit dai dien va ly thuyet tin hieu khdng tucmg duong, mgt ly thuyit cung khdng bao ham ly thuyet kia, bdi vi chiing khdng cd chung cdc dieu kien can thiet. Tuy nhien, cac dieu kien dii cua ly thuyit tin hieu it nhat phu hpp vdi ly thuyet dai dien. Hanh vi hgp ly la phd bien cho ca hai ly thuyet; thdng tin bat can xung dugc ngu y bdi chi phi gidm sat tich eye trong ly thuyit dai dien; chit lugng cd the dugc xdc dinh theo cdc bien ly thuyet dai dien va chi phi tin hieu dugc ngim dinh trong mdt sd chi phi gidm sdt ciia ly thuyet dai dien. Do do, ly thuyit dai dien vd ly thuyet tin hieu la phu hgp.
Trong nghien ciiu can ket hop cdc ly thuyet tin bieu va ly thuyet dai dien nhdm mang lai hieu biet sau sac ve van de tac nhan chinh vd viec lya chpn phuong phap ke toan, chinh sach k l toan nham dieu tiet lgi nhuan cua nha quan ly la quan trpng. D
Tdi lieu tham khdo
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Linh, N. H (2017). Nghien ciru cac nhSn t6 t^c dgng den h^nh vi dieu chinh lai nhuan tai cac Cong ty phi tai chinh niem yet tren thi truing chung khoan Viet Nam. (Luan an tiin si), Kinh Te Quoc Dan.
Morris, R. D. (1987). Signalling, agency theory and accounting policy choice. Accounting and business Re- search, 18(69), 47-56.
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Veronica. S., & Bachtiar, Y S.
(2005). Corporate governance, informa- tion asymmetry, and earnings manage- ment Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, 2(1), 77-106.
Weiss, A. (1995) Human capital vs.
signalling explanations of wages Jour- nal of Economic perspectives, 9(4), 133-154.
Zhang, v., & Wiersema, Ivl. F (2009). Stock market reaction to CEO certification. The signaling role of CEO background. Strategic Management Journal. 30(7), 693-710.
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