Nghien cuu | Research Asia-Padfic Eknnonuc Review
Hop t a c N a m A:
Trien v o n g v a t h a c h thuc
D 6 Mftih Ngoc Ph6ng Kinh L6. UBND (]u$n Cdu Gidy
I. Gioi thieu Chung
Nam A trai qua mdt sg phat tridn chua tung cd tidn If trong llch sfl phdt tridn cfla khdi, tJ' If tmng binh gdn 6% hang nam tfl nam 1990. Sy tang trudng nay Id vd cung dn tugng bdi vi nhidu nude dang phat tridn trdn thd gidi da bl chflng lgi trong giai dogn nay. An Df chid'm horn y\ GDP cfla khu vuc, sg tang trudng cd dnh hudng quydt dinh tdi sg tdng trudng tofin khu vgc.
Xudt khdu ngodi khu vye cfla cdc nude khu vgc Nam A ldng tmng binh khodng 12% trong giai dogn 2005- 2011, nhdp khdu tdng d muc 14,6%. Tuy nhifn muc tang ndy chua phan dnh dugc thgc trgng xudt- nhap khdu cfla tung nudc do kim hgach thuang mgi cfla An Do chidm trfn 70% kim ngach thuang mai todn khd'i.
Trong khi An dp ddn ddu thi cac nudc Nam A khdc bao gdm Bangladesh vd Pakistan eung cd sy Udn bd vuot bde trong tdng tnrdng kinh td. Chinh su tdng trudng ben vung nfiy cd sfle thu hut tdi todn the gidi.
Sy tdng Uudng tgi Nam A duge thfle day trude hdt bdi su cdi each vd chinh sdch gial doan thu nhdt, bao gdm sy hdi nhdp sdu rdng han trfn todn edu, sy dn djnh kinh tf vi md. Cdc gidi hgn ve thuang mgi bao gdm thud nhgp khau cflng gidm xudng. Theo ndi dung cua Hifp djnh khung dd duac 7 nude thanh vidn SAARC ky kdt, mue thue dd'i vdi tat cd cdc mat hdng U-ong trao ddi thuang mgi ndi khd'i se gidm xud'ng 0%
vdo ndm 2016. Theo Id trinh, Pa-ki-xtan va An Do vd Xri Lan-ea sf tidn hdnh gidm thud vao gial dogn 1 xud'ng con 20% trong vdng 2 ndm, kdt thfle vdo ndm 2007, sau dd xudng cdn 0% kdt thfle vdo ndm 2012. Cac qud'c gia thuOc difn kdm phdt tridn gdm Bang-la-det, Bu-tan, Man-di-va va Nd-pan dugc gia hgn them 3 ndm de gidm thud xudng mfle 0%. Tang cudng vai trd cfla linh vyc tu nhan, coi dd Ifi ddng Iyc cfla sy phfit tridn.
Nhung cai each nay da mang lgi cho Nam A sue cgnh U-anh, su thich flng vd phfit tridn bdn vung hon.
Trong khi Nam A da c6 sy Udn bd trong hdi nhdp vdi nen kinh td todn cdu, thi hdi nhdp trong pham vi npi khdi Igi rdt hgn ehd. Cde nudc Nam A van duy tri muc dp bdo hd mfiu djch eao trong khu vuc so vdl cdc khu vue khdc trdn the gidi.
Nam A Id khu vyc it hdi nhfip nhdt khu vuc U-dn thd gidi, thdng qua cdc chi sd do bdng giao djch Ihuong mgi gifla cdc nudc trong khu vyc d linh vuc thyc phdm, hdng hda, vdn ddu tu vd lidn lac, trong dd giao dich thuang mgl Id thdp nhdt. Cd rdt it sy ddu tu dgc bidn gidi trong phgm vi ede nudc Nam A. Tgi Nam A cdc lidn Ige ndi khdi chl chidm 7% cdc cude ggi qude td, so vdi 71 % efla khu vuc Ddng A. Sy kdl ndi hgn ehd, cdc xung dft doc bifn gidi vd nhflng Io Idng vd an ninh, tdt cd dd gdp phdn bidn Nam A Id khu vgc it hdi nhfip nhdt trdn thd gidi.
Nam A dd tgo ra duoc mdt sg Udn bd to ldn trong vifc thfle ddy sg phyc hdi vd chinh sdch d Uid hf Uifl nhdt. Nam A dang ddi mdt vdi nhidu thdch thfle mdi cdn trd sy tdng trudng. Cdc thdch thue bao gdm: i) Chi phi kinh doanh cao; ii) Cdc thd chd ydu kem; iii) Ndn kinh td tut hdu; vd iv) Co sd hg tdng iac hdu.
IWfic dfl cd nhOng tidn b<> trong qud khu nhung chi phi kinh doanh tai Nam A vdn rat cao. Tham nhflng vd thid'u ngudn ndng lugng dugc xem Id hai vdn de Idn nhdt md cac doanh nghidp ddu tu tai khu vuc phdi ddi mat. Vdn dd CO sd hg tdng cflng bj lang quen trong qud khfl bdi vi cdc ly do chinh tri vd ly do kinh id. Tinh canh tranh trong khu vgc bi hgn chd bdi nen gido dye ydu kem vd thid'u eac ky ndng hidn dgi.
Cdc nhd hogeh djnh chinh sdch tgi Nam A da bdt ddu didu chinh sg phye hdi chi'nh sdch d thd hf thu hai. Hp dfi bdi ddu chfl y tdi cdc chinh sdch kinh td vi md hudng tdi cfit gidm chi phi eho hpgt ddng kinh dpanh vd cdi thifn tinh cgnh hanh eua cde ndn kinh Id. Chfl f tdi edi thifn cdc thd chd vd cdc co quan qudn ly nhd nudc vdl vifc md rpng cdc ngudn luc efla thl trudng, cdi thifn tinh minh bach thdng qua eac quy djnh cua thj trudng, phyc hdi nhieu bd ludt de gidm thidu sy tham nhflng, cdi thifn hifu qud cde co quan qudn ly cfla nhd nudc. Tuy nhifn cdc cdicdeh mdi chi duge bdt ddu khdi ddng vd cdn duge ddy mgnh hon nfla. Nhflng xung ddt vd mdu thudn chinh tri la mdt thdch thuc cdn phdi gidi quydt vdi quydt tdm cao.
Hgp tdc khu vyc ddng mdt vdi trd quan trgng trong vifc gidi quydt cdc vdn dd nhu cdu ndng lucmg trong
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KINH T^ CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG So 397 (4/2013)khu vyc. Ngudn luc ndng lugng lgi cdc nudc rdt cd ti^m ndng, nhung thuong mgi ndng lugng trong khu vyc rdt ttidp. Hifn nay mdi chi cd An Dd, Bhutan vd Nepal Id hifn giao dieh nang lugng difn. Bangladesh 1^ nude cd trfl lugng nang lugng khi ddt cao nhung giao djch Uiuong mai lgi bi rang budc bdi co sd hg t^ng ydu kdm vd nhung hidu Idm vd chinh trl-
Tdng cudng sy binh ddng lgi khu vgc vd glOa cdc nudc ird Uidnh vdn dd ddng Iuu tdm cho cdc nhd hoach djnh chinh sdch khi cdc vdn dd bdt binh ddng tfing Ifn Id mdt de dpa chp sy tdng trudng vfi dn djnh khu vye. Hgp tdc khu vye vd giap thdng vd thuang mgi c6 ttid chuydn cdc khu vgc khdp kin ndy thdnh ede khu vyc ed su lifn kdl vdi bfn ngodi. Tdm lgi, cdc bdo hd bfn ngodi duge gidm hon thi sg hdi nhdp khu vyc c6 thd ddng vai trd Uch cgc trong vifc cho phdp cdc nudc dat duge h> sg gdn gui vd mdt dja ly, cdi thifn giao ttidng, dich vy thuong mgi, cdi thifn sy qudn ly Q&c ngudn lyc dge bifn gidi, gidm xung ddt vfi va chgm.
II. Hon tac noi khdi
Hgp tdc Id mdt edch thuc manh me dd thuc ddy tfing Uudng, gidm khodng cdch gifla cdc khu vgc phdt tri^n vd lyt hdu, vd gifim thidu efic rfli ro cho ngudi nghf0. Dfic bift, Nam A cd Udm nang thfle ddy tang tnidng vd gidm ngheo vdi vifc khai thdc cdc lpi thd cua khu vyc nhu: dia Iy, giao thdng, nhdn Id di chuydn giiia cdc qudc gia vd mfle do cua ndn kinh td. Hgp tdc khu vye cd the Ihflc day tidn trinh ndy.
•Rifl nhdt, vd dja Iy, Nam A Id mpt khu vyc ddn cu phfin bd dfiy ddc vdi ly If ldn ddn sd sdng gdn dudng bifn. Sau chdu Au, Nam A cd sy tfip tmng Idn nhdt ngudi ddn sdng gdn bidn gidi. Hau hdt cac nudc Nam A d^u cd dudng bifn gidi chung vdi nudc Idng gidng AnDd.
Thfl hai. Nam A chiu chi phi Ihuong mgi vd gid vdn chuyfn cao so vdi cac khu vyc khdc bdi vi cdc quy dinh gi(M hgn tgi bifn gidi vd hf thdng giao thdng Ige h^u. Udc U'nh chi phi cfla cdc giao dich thuang mgi qua bifn gidi vdi An Dd vfi Bangladesh cao gdn gdp ddi, v(M Afghanistan, Bhutan vd Nepal gdp hon ba ldn khi giao djch vdi Tmng Qudc. Ndng cao chdt lugng ea sd hg tdng va gidm cde rdo cdn vd thfl tyc thugng mgi dd d phgm vi qudc id hay qudc gia, se giflp hgp nhdt cdc khu vyc tyt hdu vdo cd ndn kinh Id qudc gia vd qudc Id, gidm cde lgi thd tuong dd'i cfla cdc bang gdn bi^n.
Thfl ba, sy dl chuyen ndi chung, Irong dd ty If nhdp cu khdng cao, chi hai trifu ngudi nhfip cu hdng ndm tgi An Do lii cdc khu vuc ndng thdn sang khu vgc thdnh Ihi, so vdi gdn 20 Uidu ddn lgi Trung Qudc. Ndng
sudt ndng nghidp dang tdng cd thf ldi co edu lai lao ddng vfi vdn tu ede hogt ddng gia trj thdp tdi cdc hogt dfng gid tri cao vfi thfle ddy tdng trudng.
Thfl tu, cdc doanh nghifp Nam A hdu hft cd quy md rdt nhd. Hg khdng thd thu dugc lpi Ich cua ede ndn kinh td bdi vi lao ddng vd cdc gidi hgn ngfin cdn hp phdt tridn. Sy thay ddi chinh sdeh hudng tdi tfin dyng cde Igi thd tuong tdc gifla dja IJ', giao thdng, di chuydn vd phgm vi ndn kinh td khdng chi thfle ddy tdng tnrdng d cac vOng lyt hdu ma Uiuc ddy tJ If tang trudng cao han d mfle dd tflng nudc va tpfin bd Nam A.
Hgp tdc hinh ihdnh mdt thi trudng thdng nhdt Thdng nhdt thj trudng cho phf p md rdng efic hogt ddng kinh td d cfi ba muc dd: dia phuong, khu vye va qudc td. Didu nfiy tgo ra efic Igi thd ndng xudt cho cdc cdng ty vd loi thd vd phfle lpi cho ngudi lao ddng.
Nguoc lgi, mdt mfle df cao cfla khodng cfich se ngdn cdn cde co hdi de Uep cdn cdc thj trudng ndy mcing lgi efic finh hudng Udu eye vdi nghf o ddi vd phuc lgi.
Tuong tg, eac vdn de nhu: nhung chia re do xung ddt, chi phi van chuyen cao vd cde rdo can chinh thuc vd phi chinh thuc cho thuang mai, dang ldm ngdn cdn cde hogt dpng thuang mai ndi khd'i. Vdi vifc gidm cdc khodng cdch vd su chia re, su thdng nhdt thj trudng trong mdi nudc vd gifla ede nudc se giflp cdc hoat dpng kinh le ndi khdi phdt tridn manh me hon.
Nam A la khu vyc co mdt dS dan cu cao nhat thd gidi. Id noi 1^' tudng de dua cac khu vue tidp cdn gdn hon tdi thi trudng ehung. Thdng nhdt thi trudng (pham vi loan cau, khu vyc va trong mdt qudc gia) cd the thfle day tang trudng, bdi vi eae nudc dugc hudng Igi tu cac ddi hdi cang tang, pham vi nen kinh td, cai thifn nhfin td luu ehuyen va ddng tu tudng va cdng nghf. Sy chia re giua eac nudc tgi khu vyc da tang mgnh trong 4 thdp ky vua qua.
Hgp tdc trong linh vtic co sd hg tdng
Co sd ha tang gidng nhu mpt khu vuc dja ly ty nhien thfl hai, cd the gidm thdi gian, chl phi Ufp cdn thl trudng vd vucrt qua cdc gidi hgn cfla dja ly. Co sd hg tdng dugc edi thifn se thuc ddy kft ndi vfi ddng gdp cho thdng nhal thj trudng.
Tdi nay. Nam A dgt dugc ly Id tdng trudng dn lugng, tuy nhifn, sy tfing tnidng ndy c6 the khd cd thd duy Ui dugc trong tuong lai ndu ca sd ha tdng khdng dugc cdi thifn. Co sd hg tdng ydu kem vd cdc lufit lao ddng gidi hgn la cae nhdn td chinh gidi han sy tdng trudng efla ndng xudt iao ddng vd ngdn can cdc cdng ly phdt Uidn. Nam A phai chju ba hgn chd vd eo sd hg tdng.
Thfl nhdt, sy Uiieu hut ve djeh vu, bdi vi co sd ha tdng khdng Uieo kip vdi sy phat tridn nen kinh te vd ddn sd tdng nhanh. Khan hiem ndng lugng vd thidu nudc sinh
S6 397 (4/2013) KINH T^ C H A U A - THAI BINH DLJONG
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Nghien cuu | Research A^-Paclflc Economic Review
hogt didn ra thudng xuyfn lgi An DO- Thfl hai, Nam A dang phdi chiu su thidu hyt vd chinh sdch, gifi cd, qudn \f vd trdch nhifm efla chinh phfl ydu kdm, sg phyc hdi gid yd'u. Thfl ba. Nam A phdi chju sy thua thift vd hgp tdc. An dd, mdt trong nhflng nudc cd nhu cdu ndng liHTng Idn nhdt ndm ngay cgnh nudc Nepal gidu cd vd ngudn ndng lugng nhung bdi vi sy hgp tdc Ihldu hifu qud vdi An, Nepal dd rdt it khai thdc cdc Udm ndng ndng lugng cfla minh. Tuong ty, An DO Id mdt cudng qudc trong Unh vyc ICT, trong khi tdt cd cdc nudc khdc tgi Nam A lgi dang tyt hdu trong linh vyc ndy. Lugmg giao djch difn thogi ndi khd'i chi chidm 7% trong ldng sd cdc giap dich difn thogi qudc td, so vdi 71% cfla Ddng A.
Rdt nhidu Id hdng trong ddu tu linh vgc co sd hg tdng cdn dugc cdi thifn d phgm vi qudc gia cung vdi dd Id ede edi thifn vd ehinh sdeh vd thd chd. Hgp tdc khu vgc cd thd giflp ich nhidu ddp flng cdc nhu cdu nfiy. Ba khu vyc uu Ufn cho hpp tdc khu vgc gdm, Ufn Igc vd hd thd'ng In - to - net, ndng lugng va giao thdng.
Mdt hf thdng lifn lac vd mdt hf thdng bdng tmydn tde dd eao gdp phdn cai thifn hf thd'ng gido duc vfi y td. Mgng ludi ndi khd'i se thuc ddy su Iuu chuydn cdc ddng tu tudng, cdng nghf vfi ddu tu, hang hda vd djch vu, trg giflp xdy dung vd ehia se ede eo sd du lifu khu vuc, vd cd the giflp giai quydt cac van dd khu vgc bao gdm cac ehinh sach da qudc gia nhu kiem sodt lu lyt, qudn Iy thdm hpa thidn tai, thay ddi khi hdu, kiem sofit dich bfnh.
Hgp tde trong vifn thdng vfi In-to-net se ddy manh U'nh canh tranh cfla Nam A trong nhdn td xudt khdu dich vy. An Dp dd trd thdnh mft cudng qud'c trong linh vyc ICT vd sdn xuat linh kifn difn tu. Sy md rdng xudt khdu djch vy se ddng gop cho tdng tnrong va tao cdng them dn vifc Idm, vd cdc nhdn td khdc se dugc hudng Igi tfl vifc cdi thien cdng nghf va quan ly.
Tiem nang dat duge thuang mgi trong linh vyc ndng lugng ndi khdi cung rdt ddng quan tfim. Tidm ndng trong linh vuc ndng lugng khi ddt vd nhu cdu hong linh vge ndy. Afghanistan vd Nepal dang cung ed cdc ngudn nudc cd thd sdn xudt 24 ngdn Megawal difn tu Ahghanistan vd ude tinh 83 ngfin Megawat tfl Nepal. Cdc nudc ndy cflng chid'm khodng 40% khd nfing ldp dfit hifn ndy cfla Nam A. Bangladesh, An Dd vd Pakistan Id cdc nudc Ihldu hyt ndng lugng, ddc bift Id An Dd. Mdc du vdy chi cd 1% tidm ndng sdn xudt didn dugc sfl dyng eho tcii nay.
Sau nhidu thdp ky thuong mgi giao dich ndi khd'i trong linh vue ndng lugng difn thifu hifu qud vd sg vdng mfit cde giao dich Ihuong mgl khi ddt thdng qua cdc dudng dan khi ddt, ede nha Ifinh dao chinh Ui vd cdc nha kinh td da dua ra mdt bifn bdn kf ket to ldn
vd ddy tham vpng vd giao djch thuong mai difn vd khi ddt, khdng chi trong Nam A md cdn vdi cdc khu vyc ldng gidng. Nam A cd hai ngudn ndng lugng khu vyc.
thj trudng midn Ddng bao gdm Xn Dd, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal vd Sri Lanka, md rOng tdi Myanmar; thi trudng midn Tdy bao gdm Afghanistan, An vd Pakistan, md rdng tdi Trung A vd Iran, An DO chinh Id cdy cdu ndi hai khu vyc ndy.
Di thfle ddy giao djch thuang mgi vd ndng lugng, cdc chinh phu cdn tidp tyc gidm cdc cdng thdng vd chinh tri vfi an ninh; eoi giao djch thuang mgi ndng lugng Id su Ihflc ddy an ninh ndng lugng, hgp tdc chinh tri vd kinh td; tidp tyc phyc hdi Unh vyc ndng iugng; cdi thifn ldng tin, khd ndng vd trdch nhifm thye hifn cdc lufit; chdp nhfin khung bdo hd xd hdi vd thud quan bdn vflng; khuydn khich sg tham gia cfla cdc nhdn td tu nhdn; Udn tdi cdc hifp dinh chia sd nudc;
Um kidm lidn tdi cdc hifp djnh qudc td; cung cd cdc thd ehd khu vgc; vd Um uu Ufn ede dy dn ddu tu djnh hudng thuang mgi. Sy thdnh cdng giao dich ndng lugng difn An D6 vd Bhutan se cung cdp cdc bdi hpc huu ieh eho cdc nudc khde U-ong khu vuc.
Cdc gidi hgn vd di Igi vd giao dich tgi cdc khu vyc dpc bifn gicfi la rdo cdn ItSn cho thuong mgi todn cdu vd nOi khdi Nam A. Hifn nay eac nd iyc dd cdi thifn cdc thudn Igi vd thucmg mgl vd hd thdng mgng ludi giao thdng dang dugc theo dudi mdt cdch khd rdi rgc, vd d noi cdc vdn dd dpc bifn gitii lifn quem, cde hgp tde cdn rdt it di.
Hgp tdc ndi khd'i gidm thieu cdc rui ro Cdc nudc, trong dd cd cdc vung cdn lgc hdu cfla Nam A sf gidnh dugc lgi ieh lo Idn tfl eac hgp tdc vd thuy didn vd khi hdu. Sg thay ddi khi hdu lfl ddy Himalaya dang ddn tdi cdc thay ddi vd khi hdu cua vung vfi cdc nudc Nam A cdn phdi tliich flng. Cdc thay ddi ndy de dga khd nfing dung ehfla nudc cfla cdc ddng sdng tgi Nam A, tdn sudt cdc con Ifl lut vfi thdm hga se nhidu hem, myc nudc bien cao hon, da thfle tinh khu vuc Nam A cdn phai hanh ddng cflng nhau dd quan ly cdc thay ddi khi hfiu gidm thidu su rfli ro vd sy nghdo ddi U^ong ddi hgn. Cdc bifn phdp trong phgm vi mdt qud'c gia khdng thd mang Igi gidi phdp bdn vflng dd kidm sodt Ifl lyt, sdi mdn ddt vd vdn chuydn dudng thfly, d ddy ddi hdi hgp tdc vdi cdc nude d thirgng ngudn. Cy Uid ede hgp tdc vd khai Uidc ngudn nudc gifla An Dd, Bangladesh vd Nepal cung cdp cdc gidl phdp ddi hgn cho vdn dd lu lyt. Lgi ich jfla hgp ldc Id rd rdng.
Tr6n eg sd thdnh cdng ndy, cdc dy dn thfly difn khdc va cdc Ihi irudng thfly difn Udm ndng cd thd dugc phdt Uidn Ihdng qua mdt gidi phdp hgp tdc tuong ly. Afghanistan ndm Irf n sudn cfla ndm luu vyc
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KINH 1^ C H A U A - THAI BlNH DUONG S6 397 (4/2013)nudc CO tidm ndng Idn dd sdn xudt Uifly difn. Mde dfl vdy rdt it cdc ddu tu dugc mdi thdu dd chuydn hda ngudn nudc ndy thdnh tdi nguydn sdn xudt mang lgi Id ich to ldn. Hdu qud Id Afghanistan vdn dang Id mdt nin kinh id ttiidu ndng lugng trdm trpng.
Tmdc tinh hinh thidn tai xdy ra vdi tdn sudt ngdy cfing cao vd mue dd gdy thidt hgi ngdy cdng nghifm trong d khu vgc Nam A, hifp udc SAARC vd flng phd nhanh ddi vdi thifn lai dfi dugc efic Bf trudng Ngogi giao SAARC ky kdt hong Uidi gian didn ra Hdi nghj cdp cao lan Uiu 17 cfla SAARC lgi thdnh phd Addu, Maldives vdo thdng 11/2011, dd dua ra mft co chd flng phd nhanh, cho phdp cde qude gia thdnh vidn SAARC Cling dp dyng bidn phdp phdi hgp vd dugc hoach djnh tmdc nhdm cung edp kjp thdi sy trp giflp vfi cflu trg nhfin dao trong nhflng Unh hud'ng khdn cdp phdt sinh do cac ttidm hpa thifn nhifn.
Ndi chung, cdc hgp tdc khu vgc cd thd Id cdng ey hifu qua Uong vif e thuc ddy cde chien luge cdp qudc gia d^ gidi quydt cdc vdn dd vd cdi thidn qudn ly ngudn nudc, kiem sodt thdm hpa thi^n tai, thay ddi khi hfiu, mdi trudng vd ddu tranh chdng HIV, chdng budn Idu ma tiiy. Cdc hgp tdc dgc bidn gidi s& giflp gidm bdt thai dp cyc doan Ufu cyc, gidm chi phi kinh doanh va cho phep cdc nudc vd ede vflng midn ed thd hpc hdi kinh nghifm thanh cdng cua nhau.
//pp tdc ve gido due cdi ihien chdt luong nguon nhdn luc
Hgp tdc vd gido dye gifla cac nudc SAARC dua tr6n mglndn tang lich sflvd dja ly chung. Xudt phdt tfl thyc tf vk giao dye efla khu vyc, hpi nghj Thugng dinh SAARC ldn Uifl 14 didn ra tai An Dd thdng 4/2007 dd quyet djnh Uidnh ldp trudng Dgi hpc Nam A tai An Do, ddng thdi tdng cudng hgp ldc vd dd'i thoai ve gido due, thong qua viec U-ao ddi giua cae vifn khoa hpc, cdc nha hogeh dinh chinh sdch, cdc sinh vien vd gido vifn.... Vlfe thdnh ldp trudng dgi hpe ed trinh dp qud'c td ndy Id bieu tugng quan trong cua y ludng li6n ket.
Hgp tdc vi chinh tri
Nhtmg lgi ich tidm nfing cfla hgp tdc kinh id la rdt rd rfing. Cac minh chung gdn todn cdu vd su thanh cdng cua cdc hidp djnh hgp tdc khdng djnh Igi ludn dilm Id cdc lgi ich Ui hgp tde cfla khu vge Nam A Id rdt tidm ndng. Su kdl ndi true tidp qua bidn gidi dd dugc cfii thidn nhidu Ihdng qua mang ludi giao thdng dudng bien, dudng bd vd hang khdng; khu vyc tu nhfin dfi giflp hinh thdnh mgng ludi san xudt tgo sdn lugng cdng nghifp cao mang lai tdng Irudng, thuong mai difn tfl phdt tridn mgnh md. Mac du vfiy, kinh nghifm thyc sy vdi hcrp tdc Nam A ldi nay vdn khd am (Igm. Nhiing nhdn Id sau la rdng budc chinh:
Thfl nhdt Id mdt sd lugng ldn ede tranh ehdp vdn dang phd bidn khdp trong khu vgc. Cde tranh chap gdm: ede xung ddt ddi han gifla An D6 vd Pakistan vd vdn dd vung Kashmir, tidp tue tao cdng thdng trong quan hf giua hai nude ldng gidng ldn ndy. Mdi quan hf Afghanistan va Pakistan bj rang budc bdi cdc lufin >
difu flng hd cho Taliban tfl phia Pakistan. Tuong ty nhu vfiy, vlfe thdt chat nhap cu vfi vdn dd an ninh tgi khu vyc bifn gidi An Dd vd Bangladesh cung la mot ngudn bdt dn khdc.
Thfl hai la sg thifu nhflng phan tieh vfi cdc thdng tin chinh xdc vd lgi ich cfla hgp tdc khu vyc. Cae nhdn thiic tidu eye vdn phd bidn d cdc nude nhd eho rdng hgp tdc n6i khd'i tdng len dan gidn se chi ddn tdi sy thdng tri ngay mdt ldn hon cua An Dd trong cac vdn dd ehinh trj va kinh Id.
Thfl ba, cdc Igi ieh chinh tri b6n trong d cdc nudc dang bi ehia re bdi chu nghia dan tpc, cue doan ton gido vd xung ddt sdc tdc, gdp phan Idm khd khan cho cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sdch dd xflc tidn dd'i thoai va hgp tdc dpc bi^n gidi.
Thu tu cd le la quan trpng nhdt, each tidp can trong hgp tdc qudc Id bi chi phdi bdi djnh kidn rdng do la mpt ehuong trinh bi thuc day chinh tri song phucmg.
Cdch tiep can ndy da gdp phan vao nghi ngai eua eac nudc nhd trong khdi vd su thd'ng tri cua An Do.
Tat nhien, moi trudng chinh tri flng hp sg hgp tac ndi khdi Nam A dang thay doi theo chieu hudng tich cue. Cac linh vyc uu tien cdn giai quyet cap bdeh la:
thuc ddy cdc didu kien thuan lgi cho thuang mai vdi viee loai bd cac rdo cdn thuong mai; cfii thifn giao thdng khu vyc bang vifc loai bo cdc gidi han luu th6ng vd md eac phuong Uen vdn chuydn cho thuang mai qudc te; thuc day thuang mai trong linh vuc nang lugng bao gom khi ddt, dudng dan khi gas va cdc mang ludi didn khdp khu vyc; cac hgp tdc ve thfly difn vd ngudn nudc dd gidi quydt van de lut ldi vd cac kdnh nudc tudi Udu.
Cdc giao djch kinh doanh ngoai bidn gidi phdi dugc hop thuc hda vd theo duoi trdn nen tdng cua quy djnh thuang mai. SAARC Uch cyc cho phep eae nha ddu tu tu nhdn qud'c te vd khu vuc tham gia vao cdc giao dieh thuang mai.
III. Mol SO thanh tuii va han che cu the cua SAARC Hop tde giua cdc nudc khu vgc Nam A duge thiet lap khd mudn so vdi cdc khu vue khdc tr^n the gidi.
SAARC dugc thdnh lap nam 1985 va sau 25 nam di vdo hoat ddng, SAARC chua chflng td dugc hidu qua ddi vdi myc tidu hgp tac khu vyc va la mdt yong nhung khu vye cd muc dd hpi nhgp kem nhat U-fn the gidi (Uieo ICRIER nam 2008).
Sa397 (4/2013) KINHT^ CHAU A-THAI BINH DUONG
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Nghien cuu | Research Asla-PadTIc ElOHionuc Review
Hifp hdi ndy ydu Id bfn trong ydu ra bdi hdu hdt cdc thdnh vifn ddu dang phdi ddi phd vdi thdch thuc ndi bd i6n cd khd ndng de dpa an ninh vd dn djnh chinh tri efla hp, vi gifla mdt sd thdnh vidn vdi nhau chua hdn dd ed dugc quan hf hodn todn binh thudng, huu nghi vd hda binh vfi vi khodng cdch chdnh Ifch vd phdt tridn gifla cdc thdnh vidn ngdy cdng tang thfm.
Trong hogt ddng cua hifp hdi ndy cho tcii nay tdn tgi khdng it nghjeh ly. Ddn sd cua tdt cd cdc thdnh vidn cfla SAARC chidm khodng 1/5 ddn sd thd gidi, cdc thdnh vifn lgi cd mdi lidn kdt vd rfing budc chfit chf vdi nhau vd lich sfl vd vdn hda, vdy md quan hf kinh td vd thuang mgi lgi khdng nhldu, thdm chi hf thdng giao thdng dl Igi ndi cdc khu vgc cflng khdng phdt tridn. iCim nggch trao ddi ndi khd'i mdi chi chidm cd 5% GDP cua cdc thdnh vidn. Sg edi thifn quan hf giua An Dd vd Pakistan dugc coi la nhung ddu hifu tieh ege nhung eflng chua trd thdnh dugc ddng lyc cho hda binh va an ninh d khu vge eung nhu d mdt sd thanh vien. Y tudng hay vd djnh hucing IcSn khdng Uiidu ddi vdi SAARC, nhung trd nggi chinh dd chflng chua sdm trd thanh thyc Id Igi Id nhflng ydu kdm ndi lai chua duge khdc phuc cua hifp hfl.
Mdc dfl hoat ddng eua SAARC dugc ddnh gid Id ehua hifu qud, nhung ddy Id Udn dd thuc ddy hap tdc ndi khdi cho ra ddi nhung Hifp dinh hgp tdc khu vyc quan trpng veil nhiing didn bidn vfi tridn vpng hgp tdc mcii.
Cflng se khdng hifn thgc hay khdng nhdt thidt phfii mong dgi tdt cd cdc xung dot ehinh tri vd xd hpi phai duge giai quyet trudc khi cac hgp tac cd ed thd didn ra. Thuc su hgp tac kinh id la mdt phuong Ufn mgnh me de gidi quyet cde xung ddt chinh tri vd xd hdi.
Tai lieu tham khao:
!.http7/vn.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_AssPCi aUon_for_RegionaI_Cooperation.
2. http://www.lapehicongsan.org.vn 3. http://www.saarc-sec.org/
4. http://www.vlelnamplus.vn/
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42 KINH T^ CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG S6 397 (4/2013)
