THUC TIEN PHAP LUi\T
IRACH NHItyANSr, "CHt f t r HAY "BliN PHAP KHiC PHUClOl Vll HANH VIVI PHAM HIP OONG?
Bui Thi Thanh Hang*
* Khoa Luat -Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
Thong tin biii viel:
Tir khod: vi ph^m \i(jp ddng, che tai. bi^n phap khSc phi^c, B p l u ^ t D a n s y n a m 2015.
Lich sir bdi viel • N h ^ n b i i : 08 11/2016 Bient^p: 15/11/2016 Duy?tb^i' 05/01/2017
Article lofomation:
Keywords: Breach of Contract, Sanctions, Remedies. Vietnam Civil Code of 2015.
Article History:
Received. 08 Nov. 2016 Edited: 15 Nov 2016 Approved: 05 Jan. 2017
Tdm tit:
Khi c6 hanh \ i vi ph?m hgp dong (VPHD). h? thong phap lu^t cac quoc gia deu ap d^t trach nhiem phap ly doi voi ben khong th^c hi^n nghia \ y theo hgp dong. cung nhu d\i li^u cac h^ qua ph^p ly nham khac phvc tinh tr^ng do hanh vi khong th\rc hi?n nghia vv theo hgp dong gay nen. Tuy mgi h^ thong phap lu^t deu dg li^u cac giai phap phap ly n h ^ kh5c phyc tinh tr^ng khong thgc hi^n nghla \'y hgp dong nhung v i ^ sir dyng cac thu^t ngu de chl den cac giai phap phap ly nay I91 co nhiing khac bift nhat djnh.
Bai \ ici se phan tich cac thujit ngii "trach nhi^m dan s\f. "che lai". "bi9n phap khac phgc" duoi goc dg so sanh de tham khao.
Abstract:
Once breach of contract occurs, legal systems of any nation shall impose the liability on the party in breach as well as anticipate legal solutions to overcome the consequences which might be resulted from the breach of contract. How e\ er, the terms used to refer to these legal solutions are vary in different legal s\stems This article provides analysis the term 'Civil Liability". "Sanctions". "Remedies" in a comparative approach for Vietnam lessons
Do h? thong phap luat cac quoc gia cung nhu quoc te deu co nguon goc, hoac chju anh hirang ciia lu^t La Ma noi chung va nguyen tac "pacta sunt servanda" noi rieng. nen cac h? thong phap luat nay ddu nhin nhan tinh rang bupc ciia hgp dong va deu bugc cac ben tham gia xac l^p hgp ddng phai thvc hi?n nghla vy ciia minh phii hgp
\iTi cac dieu khoan da thoa thu^n. Vi vay.
khong thvc hi?n nghia vy theo hgp d6ng hay khong ton trgng cam ket ma cac ben da ty ncuy?n .\ac l^p (VPHD) deu bj xem la hanh
vi sai trai. Khi c6 hanh vi VPHD, he thong phap lual cac quoc gia deu ap dat trach nhiem phap ly doi vai ben khong thi/c hi^n nghia vu theo hgp dong. cung nhu dy li?u cac h^ qua phap ly nham khac phuc tinh trang do hanh vi khong thuc hi?n nghTa v\i theo hgp dong gay nen.
He qua cua trach nhi?m phap Iy doi vol hanh vi khong thuc hi?n nghTa vu theo hgp dong dugc biet den la vi?c ap dung cac hinh thuc phap ly da dugc phap lu^t dy li?u nham khac phuc. sua chija hau qua ciia hanh
NOHIlN CUUI O i 56 03(331)T2/2017\„LAp P H A P ' » '
THUC TIEN raAP LUAT
vi khong thyc hien nghia vu hgp dong'. hay noi each khac la ap dyng cac giai phap phap ly nhim khic phyc tinh trang khong thuc hi?n nghTa vy hgp dong de bao v? quyen \ a lgi ich hgp p h ^ ciia cac ben mgt each can bing nhit. Tuy mgi h? th6ng phap luat deu dy lieu cac giai phap phap ly nham khac phyc tinh t r ^ g khong thi^c hi?n nghTa vy hgp dong, nhung viec su dyng cac thuat ngir de chi den cac giai phap phap ly nay l^t co nhixng khac bi^t nhat djnh.
1. Cac thuat ngir dirgrc sv dung de chi den c^c giai phip phap IV doi v<yi hanh \i vi pham hgp dong
Cac thu^t ngii dugc sir dyng de chi den cac giai phap phap ly nhim khic phyc tinh trang khong thyc hi?n nghTa vu hgp ddng (VPHD) gom: "remedies for breach of contract/non-performancc" (cac bi?n phap khac phyc doi vai hanh \i VPHD/khong thyc hi?n hgp dong), \ iet tit la "remedies",
"les sanctions contractuelle civiles" (cac che tai doi vcri VPHD), \ iet tat la "sanctions",
"moyens ouverts d'en cas d'inexecution"
(cac bi^n phap khic phyc do khong thyc hi?n hgp dong). viet tat la "moyens".
Cac quoc gia thugc h? thong civil law nhu Phap, Bi, Thyy Sy sir dyng thugt ngu
"sanctions", hay day dii hon la "sanction contractuelle civile", hoac "les sanctions de I'inexecution des obligations contractuelle", doi khi la "les remedes"-, de chi cac giai phap phap ly nhim khac phyc tinh tr^g do
hanh vi khong thuc hi?n nghTa vy hgfp dong mang lai, hay noi each khac, la de chi cac hinh thirc phap ly nhim sira chira vi?c khong thyc hi?n nghTa vy hgp dong^ D^c bi?t, Dieu 1217 moi ctia Bg luat Dan sy (BLDS) Phap ban hanh theo Phap l$nh s6 2016-131 ngay 10/2/2016 v^ cai each lugt hgp dong, eac quy dinh chung v^ bing chung eua nghia vu eon chinh thuc su dyng thuat ngu
"sanctions" d^ chi den eac giai phap phap ly nhim khic phyc tinh trgng khong thyc hi?n nghTa vy hgp ddng gom: Dinh chi thyc hi?n hgp d6ng; Tidp tyc thyc hi?n hgp ddng; Yeu cau giam gia; Hiiy bd hgp dong; bdi thudng thi?t hgi (BTTH)"*.
Cae qudc gia thugc h? thdng common law khong su dyng thugt ngii "sanctions", ma su dyng thugt ngfi- "remedies for breach of contraet/non-performance", viet tat la
"remedies" de chi den cac giai phap phip ly nhim khac phuc tinh trgng khdng thyc hi?n nghTa vy hgp ddng.
Thugt ngii "remedies" cung la thu^t ngu dugc SIX dyng trong Cdng udc Vien ve hgp dong mua ban hang hda quoc te nam 1980 (CISG), Bg nguyen tic cua UNIDROIT ve hgp ddng thuang mgi quoc te (UPICC), Bg nguyen tic Chau Au vk lugt hgp ddng (PECL). Trong phien ban tieng Phap ciia cac van ban phap ly qudc tk nay, thugt ngii "moyens" hay diy dii la "moyens ouverts d'en cas d'inexecution" dugc sir dyng thay cho thugt ngij "sanctions", vk \k
Giuditia ConJera Moss. LccWres on comparative law of eomracts. Publications Senes ofthe Department of Private law, University of Oslo. 2004. p. 161.
Xem M Fontaine et G. Viney, L«s sanctions de I'mcxicution des obligations contractuelles - Etudes dc droit conmari Revue inicmationalc de droit compart. Vol. 54 N"!, 2002. Page. 216.
Xcm Jcan-Bapustc Racine, Uura Sauionic-Laguionie, Alinc Tcnenbaiun and Guillmime Wicker, European Contract La* - Maicnals for a Common Frame of Reference: Terminology. Guiding Principles. Model Rules. Sellier. European law phubtishers, p 227
An 1217 du code civil: -La pame envers laquelle I'engagemcnt n'a pas iti exccuti, oo I'a M imptrfaitement, peut;
refuser d'extailcr ou suspcndrc I'exiculion (k sa propre obligaljon;
poursuivre Texicution forcec en naiurc de I'obligation;
solliciler une reduction du pnx;
provoquCT la resolution du contrat; "°, demandcr rcparaUon des conj^uences de I'inextoition.
Les sanctions qui ne sont pas mcompaubles peuvent ^tic cumuUcc itj ajouter". ,, , ^ j |
32
t P H A P ^ S 6 03<331)T2a017totyouni'y
T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT thugt ngii tieng Phap tuong duang vai thugt
ngii "remedies" trong tieng Anh.
Nhu vgy, cac thugt ngii "sanctions".
"sanctions contractuelle civiles" hay "les sanctions de I'inexecution des obligations contractuelle" co ndi ham tuang ddng vdi thuat ngu "remedies", "remedies for breach of contract", "remedies for non-performance"
trong tieng Anh. Dgc biet, phien ban tieng Phap cua CISC. UPICC va PECL da sir dyng thuat ngii "moyens" de tranh nham lan vdi thugt ngu "sanctions" trong tieng Anh.
Trong h^ thdng phap luat hgp ddng Viet Nam, nhieu thuat ngu dugc sii dung de de cap den h? qua ciia viec khdng thyc hi?n nghia vu hgp dong. BLDS nam 2015 sii dyng cac thugt ngii nhu "che tai*"\ "phuang thuc"^- "trach nhi^m dan sy"^ hoac "trach nhi?m..." chi den timg truang hgp cu the nhu "trach nhiem tiep tyc thyc hien nghTa vy"*, "trach nhi?m do khdng thyc hi?n nghia
\y giao vat"**, "trach nhi?m do chgm thyc hi?n nghia vy tra tien"'", "uach nhi?m do khdng thye hi?n hogc khdng dugc thyc hi?n mgt cdng \ i?c'"'', "trach nhi?m do chgm tiep nhan vi?c thyc hi?n nghTa vy"'-. "trach nhi?m BTTH do vi phgm nghTa vy"'\
"trach nhi?m do giao tai san khdng diing so lugng"''', "trach nhi^m do giao vat khdng ddng bd'"'\ "trach nhiem giao tai san khdng diing chung logi""*. Trong dd thuat ngir "chS tai" dugc sir dyng nhu mgt thuat ngir thay
the cho thugt ngii "trach nhi?m dan sy".
"BTTH"'' va thuat ngii "phucmg thiic" dugc su dung cd ngi ham tuong ty nhu npi ham ciia thugt ngii "che tai". Tuong ty nhu BLDS nam 2015, Luat Thuang mgi nam 2005 su dyng cac thuat ngu nhu "trach nhifm", "che lai" va "bien phap" khi de cap den van de nay. Trong do, thugt ngii "bien phap" dugc sir dung trong Lugt Thucmg mgi nam 2005 nhu mdt thuat ngu thay the cho thugt ngii "che tai"'^.
Van de dugc dgt ra la cac thugt ngu dugc sir dyng trong h? thdng phap lugt hgp dong Viet Nam cd ngi ham tucmg ddng vdi cac thugt ngii dugc sir dyng trong hf thdng civil law. common law va cac van ban phap ly quoc te hay khdng? Va neu khdng tuong ddng thi \'iec sir dung thuat ngu nao tuong ddng hon vdi khoa hpc phap ly the gidi? De tra ldi cho cau hdi nay, viec xem xet cac thugt ngii "trach nhifm dan sir", "che tai",
"bifn phap khac phyc" dudi gde dp so sanh la het sue can thiet.
2. Thuat ngir "trach nhi^m dan su"
Theo "Tir dien Thugt ngir phap ly" ciia Nha xuat ban Dalioz va "Tir dien Thuat ngii phap ly" ciia Gerard Comu, trach nhifm dan sy (responsabilite civile) gdm trach nhifm theo hgp ddng (responsabilite contractuelle) va trach nhifm ngoai hgp ddng (responsabilite delictuelle), chi den bat ky sy dap tra v^ m|it dan s\r nao ddi vdi nhung tdn hai gay ra cho
Xem khoan 2 Dieu 10 BLDS nim 2015.
Xem Dicu 11 BLDS nSm 2015
Xem Dicu 87, Dicu 97. Dicu 103. Dilu 342, Dicu 351. D i ^ 364. Dieu 428. Dieu 509. Dilu 510 Dilu 524 Dilu 534 BLDS nani 2015
Xcm Dilu 352 BLDS nim 2015.
Xem Dilu 356 BLDS nim 2015.
Xcm Dilu 357 BLDS nam 2015.
Xem Dilu 358 BLDS nam 2015.
Xem Dilu 35") BLDS nSm 2015.
XL-m Dilu 360 BLDS nam 2015.
Xem Dieu 437 BLDS nam 2015.
Xcm Dicu 438 BLDS n&m 2015.
Xem Dieu 439 BLDS nSm 2015.
\L-m khoan 2 Dilu 10 BLDS nim 2015.
.\cm khoan 7 Dieu 292 Luat Thirong mai nim 2O05
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THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
ngudi khac, nghTa la den bii bang hien vat hogc tuang duong'^.
Theo Tir dien Lugt hpc "Black's Law Dictionary", trach nhifm dan sy (civil lia- bility) duge hieu la tinh trgng bi rang bupc ve mat phap ly phai BTTH dan sy^".
Tuong ty nhu \ ay. cac lugt gia nhu Trin Thiic Linh, Vu Van Mau deu cho rang, trach nhifm dan sy cd hai hmh thuc: trach nhifm theo hgp ddng (traeh nhifm khe udc) va trach nhifm ngoai hgp ddng (trach nhifm dan sy phgm va chuan dan su phgm). Ciing theo cac lugt gia nay, trach nhiem dan sy phat sinh tren co sd hanh vi vi pham nghia vy, "ndi tdi trach nhifm dan sy tire la ndi tdi bdi thudng"-' hay cy the hon la trach nhifm dan sy theo hgp ddng (trach nhifm khe udc) la trdch nhifm bdi thudng cua ben khdng thyc hifn nghTa vy trong hgp ddng cho ben bj "ton thift"-^
Nhu vgy, theo quan diem cua nhieu lugt gia, thuat ngii "uach nhifm dan sy theo hgp ddng" thudng chi den trach nhifm BTTH theo hgp dong.
Theo Tir dien Lugt hgc ciia Bp Tu phdp, "tr^ch nhifm dan su" dugc hi^u la
"trach nhifm phap ly mang tinh tai san dugc ap dyrig ddi vdi ngudi vi phgm phdp lugt dan sy nham bii dap ve tdn thkt vgt chdt, tinh thdn cho ngudi bj thift hgi"-^ hay "nhiing hgu qud bat Igi ma chu the phdp luat phdi gdnh chju do phdp lugt quy djnh vi hanh vi vi phgm phdp Iuat cua minh (hodc ciia ngudi ma minh bdo lanh hay giam hg)"-^ Npi ham ciia "trdch nhifm dan sy" dugc Tir di^n xac
dinh tuang ty nhu ngi ham ciia trdch nhiem dan sy trong hf thdng common law vd civil law, bao gdm trach nhifm dan su theo hgp ddng va trdch nhifm dan sy ngoai hgp ddng.
Tuy nhien, ben cgnh sy tuong ddng nay, Tir dien Lugt hpc lgi chi ra "trach nhifm dan sy bao gdm bupc xin Idi, cai ehinh cdng khai.
bupc thyc hifn nghTa vy dan su, bupc BTTH, phgt vi phgm"-\
Cimg vdi thuat ngii "trdch nhifm dan sy", Tir dien Lugt hpc cdn dua ra dinh nghTa ve "traeh nhifm BTTH": theo do, day Id thuat ngii chi den "trach nhifm cita ngudi cd hanh vi vi phgm, cd loi trong vifc gay ra thift hgi ve vat chat, tinh than phai boi hoan cho ngudi hi thift hgi nham phye hdi tinh trgng tai sdn, bii dap tdn that tinh than cho ngudi bj thift hgi"-^, dong thdi chi rd "trdch nhifm BTTH dugc phan thdnh trdch nhifm BTTH theo hgp ddng va trdch nhifm BTTH ngoai hgp ddng"'"
Nhu vgy, theo Tir dien Lugt hpe cua Bp Tu phdp, thugt ngu "trach nhifm dan sy"
trong hf thdng phdp luat Vift Nam dugc hieu la thugt ngii chi chung cae giai phap phdp ly CO the dugc dp dung khi ed hdnh vi vi phgm phap lugt va trach nhifm BTTH (trdch nhifm BTTH theo hgp ddng vd trdch nhiem BTTH ngodi hgp dong) la mpt logi cLia trdch nhifm dan sy. Quan nifm nay cung dugc the hifn qua cac quy djnh tgi Mye 4, Chuang XV, Phan III BLDS nam 2015, theo do ngi ham ctia thugt ngii "trach nhifm dan sy" khdng chi chi den "BTTH", ma cdn dugc sir dyng d^ chi din eac gidi
Xem LexiqueJundiqucsDaMoz.23eMmon 2015-2016. pp.9l3-9!4;GtTardComu.V
S - 7 ? 4 ' " ' ' ' Black's U w . Dictionary, Scvenih Edition, W c r j ; i a T l W 9 , P p Xem Black's Law- Dictionary Seventh Eduion Wcsl group, 1999. Page 926
Xcm Tran Thik Linh, Danh tu phap lu^i Im^c giai. Nha sich Khai tri 1974 tr 397.3Q8 v,i Vin MS. W - , K, JB
• ^ , , ^ ^ ^ a „ - Q „ , . „ „. NghIa v„ v. ^ ^ . ^ ,^ ^,^4,, B ^ O ^ ^ ^ ' ^ . ^ Z y a ^ S o i ^ ' ^ j t Vu Vin Mau. Tldd. tr. 4 V--434
Xem Tir dien Lu4t hoc. Bo tu phip • Vi?n Khoa hoc nhap lv Nxb TirrtiAn Rarh i-k M U T ,., , „ Xcm T i d . » LU41 h ^ . B« T„ p h i ^ . V,|„ Khoa h " phip l>. Tldd ^ g i f ' " " • " ' ' ' ' ^ " """P' ^'^- " *<»•
Xem Tir dien Lu|t hpc. Bg Tir phip - Vi?n Khoa hoc phip IJ, Tldd, lr 800 Xem Til dicn Lu^t bpc. Bg Tu phip • Vi?n Khoa hpc phip ly] Tldd] tr 799 Xem Tu dien Lu^i hpc, Bp Tu phip • \1?n Khoa hpc phip Ij' Tldd! tr 800
» p | | j f p _ / S 6 03(331) T2/2017
THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT phap phap ly khac nhu "tiep tuc thyc hifn'",
"ty minh thyc hifn", "giao cho ngudi khac thyc hifn", •"chdm diit thyc hifn", "khdi phyc tinh trang ban ddu"... qua tieu de
"Trdch nhifm tiep tuc thyc hifn nghTa x-y"
Dieu nay cho thay sy thieu tucmg ddng cua hf thdng phap luat Vift Nam ndi chung vd BLDS nam 2015 ndi rieng vdi hf thdng phap lugt the gidi trong vifc sir dung thuat ngii "trach nhiem dan sy". Dd la cac he thdng phdp luat cd sy phan bift giiia tinh trang phap ly bat huge ma ben cd hanh vi vi phgm nghTa \ u phdi ganh chju (trdch nhifm dan sy) vdi hf qua phap ly (giai phap phap ly) dugc dua ra nham ddm bdo tinh trgng phap ly bat bupc ma ben cd hanh vi vi pham nghTa vy phai ganh chiu dugc giai quyet (bifn phdp khac phye). Trong khi do, phdp luat Vift Nam dudng nhu chua ed sy phan tdch mdt each rd rang giiia "trach nhifm dan sy" vdi "bifn phap khac phyc".
3. Thuat ngir "che t^i"
Theo Tir dien Thuat ngir phdp ly ciia Nha xuat bdn Dalioz nam 2015-2016, che tai (sanction) dugc hieu la:
"- Bien phap bat bugc gan lien vdt bat ky quy pham phap luat nao (cau thdnh nen cdc tieu chuan dgc trung ciia phap lugt vd dgo dire);
- Bifn phdp dap tra su vi phgm phap lugt (hinh phgt, hiiy bd, vd hieu. het thdi hifu,...):
- Bien phdp dap tra sy vi phgm mpt nghia vu"-\
Theo Tir dien Lugt hpc "Black's Law Dictionary", che tai (sanction) dugc hieu Id
"mgt hinh phgt hogc bifn phdp cudng ehe Id ket qua ciia viec khdng tuan thu lugt, nguyen tdc hogc phan lfnh"", trong khi dd, de chi den cdc bien phap ddp tra hanh vi vi pham phap luat ndi chung va vi phgm nghTa vu hgp ddng ndi rieng. he thdng common law
su dung thugt ngii "remedies"-'*' la thuat ngir ed ngi ham tuang Ur thuat ngir "sanctions'"
trong tieng Phap.
Cd the nhgn thdy, thuat ngii "sanction"
trong he thdng phdp luat civil law va com- mon law khdng ddng nhat vai nhau. He thdng common law sii dyng thuat ngii nay de chi den cac bicn phdp mang tinh hinh phat, trong khi he thdng civil law sii dyng thudt ngii nay de chi den cdc bifn phdp dap tra sy vi pham phdp luat ndi ehung vd vi phgm nghTa vu hgp ddng ndi rieng.
Tuong tu cac hpe gia ciia hf thdng civil law, theo cac luat gia Sai Gdn trudc ddy. che tai dugc hieu la bifn phap bdo dam cho cac quyen dan sy dugc thi hanh-'', theo dd cdc che tai (dan sy) gdm hai logi: bdi thudng va cuong che thi hdnh (bupc thyc hifn). Bdi thudng Id bifn phap xda bd nhiing thift hgi do sy vi phgm phdp lugt gay ra bang hifn vat hogc bdi thudng bang tien vd cudng ch^ thi hanh la che tdi cd mye dich bugc ngudi cd nghTa \ y phdi thyc hifn neu ngudi cd nghia vy khdng ty nguyfn thyc hifn hgp ddng^-.
Nhu vgy, trong lugt hgp ddng ciia hf thdng ci\ii law va hf thdng common law cung nhu theo each hieu cua cac lugt gia Sai Gdn trudc day, "trdch nhifm dan sy" hay
"trach nhifm dan sy theo hgp ddng" ndi rieng khdng ddn^ nghia vdi "che tdi" hay cac bifn phdp khac phyc hgu qua ciia hanh vi VPHD, cho dil chiing deu ed diem chung la xuat hien khi cd hanh vi VPHD.
Trong hf thdng phap luat Vift Nam hifn hdnh, "che tdi" dugc hieu la "mdt trong ba bp phan cau thanh quy pham phdp luat"^^
va "che tai dan sy" la "hgu qua phap iy bat lgi ngodi mong mudn dugc dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi cd hanh vi vi pham trong quan he dan su khi hp khdng thyc hien, thyc hifn khdng dimg cac nghTa vy dan su.
.XemLcxiqueJundiqucs. Dalioz. 23e edition. 2015-2016. pp 943-')44.
Xcm Black's Law-Dictionary, Seventh Edition. Wesi group. 199<). p 1341 Xcm Black's Law- Dictionary. Seventh EdiQon, West group. 1999. p. 1296
Xcm Nguyen Quang Quynh. EJan lu^l (Quyen 1). Vi^n D^i bpc Cin Tho xual ban. 1967. tr. 129. 131 Xem Nguyen Quang Quynh, Dan lu^i (Quyln I), Tldd. ir 131
Xcm Til dien Lu»i hpc. Bp Tu phap - V i ^ Khoa hpc ph£p Iy. Tldd, tr. 130
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THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
Ch^ tai ddn su thudng lien quan den tai san (bupc sua chiia. BTTH, khdi phuc Iai tinh trang ban dau. hodn tra cho nhau nhirng gi da nhan) hogc cd the la nhiing bien phdp che tai khdc (budc eham dirt hanh vi vi pham, bugc xin loi, cai chinh cdng khai.. ) " ^ . Mac du quan niem "che tai dan su" la
"hdu qua phap ly bat lgi ngoai mong mudn dugc ap dung ddi vdi ngudi cd hanh vi vi phgm trong quan hf dan sy khi hp khdng thyc hifn, thyc hien khdng diing cac nghTa vy dan sy", nhung Tir dien Luat hpc ciia Bp Tu phdp cung nhu BLDS ndm 2015. Luat Thuang mgi nam 2005 lgi tiep can "che tai"
vdi mpt ngi ham rpng hem, khdng chi la
"hgu qua phdp ly bat lgi" ma cdn bao gdm cd nhCmg bifn phdp khdng mang lgi cho ben VPHD "hgu qud phdp ly bat lgi" ma ehi
"bupc ben vi phgm phai thuc hicn nghTa vy ma trudc dd hp da ty nguyfn cam ket thyc hifn"".
4. Thuat ngir "bifn phap khdc ph^c"
Thugt ngii "cac bifn phdp khac phyc"
{remedies trong itcng Anh hay remede.
moyens trong lieng Phap) cd ngudn goc tir thudt ngir Latinh: "remedium". Ban dau thudt ngir nay trong tieng Latinh, ti^ng Anh
\ a tieng Phdp cd chi mang nghia y hpc thuan diy nhu "chira bfnh", "dieu tri", "ciiu chira"
va "chiia khdi". den khodng nhirng nam 1300 sau cdng nguyen. thugt ngii "remedy"
mdi dugc sir dyng theo nghia bdng Id "bifn phdp khac phyc".
Theo Tir dien Black's Law. "remedy"
dugc hieu la bifn phdp phap ly hogc bicn phap mang tinh cdng binh (equity) de thyc thi quyen hogc ngan ngira hogc khdc phyc
nhiing hf qud do hanh \ i sai trai ga> nen^*.
Nhu vgy, cac bifn phdp khac phyc (reme- dies) theo Black's Law la nhiing bifn phdp khdc nhau nhdm bdo dam thyc thi quyen hoac ngan chan. khac phuc nhimg hf qua do hanh vi sai trdi gay nen khdng chi trong ITnh vyc hgp ddng ma cdn trong ed ITnh vye ngoai hgp ddng.
Do khdng dugc chinh thiic sii dyng trong khoa hgc phap ly Phap nen thuat ngii
"bifn phap khac phyc (remede)" khdng duge tim thay trong cdc tir dien phdp ly uy tin cua Phap, nhu "Tir dien Thuat ngii phdp ly" ciia Nhd xuat ban Dalioz hay "Tir dien Thugt ngir phap ly" ciia Gerard Comu, ma ehi dugc tim thay trong Tir dien tieng Phap thdng dyng. Theo dd "remede" ciing cd nghTa id chiia khdi, ehiia tri, chira bfnh, siia chua. Tuy nhien, eae hgc gia Phap hifn nay ciing da su dyng thugt ngii "remede" de ehi den cde bifn phdp khac phyc ddi vdi hanh vi VPHD"
Cdc van bdn phdp lugt ve hgp dong ciia Vift Nam khdng sir dyng thugt ngir
"bifn phdp khac phyc" de chi den cac giai phap phap ly nham khac phyc hf qua ciia hanh vi khong thyc hifn nghTa vy hgp ddng.
Thay vao dd, de chi den van de nay, phdp lugt hgp ddng Vift Nam sir dyng nhieu thugt ngii khdc nhu "che tai", "phucmg thtic",
"trach nhifm dan su"... Tuy nhien, nhu tren da phan lich, cac thuat ngii nhu "chl tai","traeh nhifm dan sy" cd ngi ham khdng hoan loan tuang thich vdi each hieu ehung ciia cpng ddng qudc te. Ddi vdi nghTa ciia thuat ngii "phucmg thuc" - each thirc vd phuong phdp lien hanh'\ chiing ta nhgn thdy nghia cua ihuat ngii nay gdn gidng vdi nghTa
34 Xcm Tir dicn Lu^i hpc. Bp Tir p h ^ - Vipi Khoahpc phap Iy, Tldd. tr 130.
35 .Xcm Tir diC-n Luat hpc. Bp Tu phap - Vicn Khoa hpc phap Iy. Tldd. tr 130: khoan 2 D i ^ 10 BLDS nSm 2015 khoan 1 DICU 2^2 Lual Thuong m^i nim 2005.
36 Xem Black's Law- Dictionary. Sevcnlh Ediiion. Wesi group. 1999, p. 1296.
37 Xem Emmanuel S. Darankoum La proicction du eonirat dans 1'avant-projet d'Acte uniforme OHADA sm Ie droii des conirats: conclusion, execution ct remedes en cas d'inexecution Unif L Re\ 2008* Paul Grosser Les rcmcd«
a Imcxccution du contrat: essai dc classificaiion. These de doctoral en Droit privc. 2000 Catherine Pooincau De haullon Les remedes dcjusticcpnvee a I'inexecution du contrat: Etude comparative L G D J 2006 3S XemHoangPhc.Tirdi^ticng VietNxb.DaNlng.2003.tr. 793.
M
l HMIllH CUU .THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT ciia thugt ngii "bifn phap khac phyc" dugc
sir dyng trong cac hf thdng phap lugt tren the gidi. Tuy nhien, thudt ngii "phucmg thirc" mang y nghTa chung chung khdng chi bao hdm cac bien phdp khac phuc ddi vdi hdiih vi VPHD ma cdn chi den cac bifn phdp khac phyc ddi vdi cdc quyen dan sy bi vi pham'''. Ben cgnh dd, thugt ngir ndy trong BLDS nam 2015 con chi d8n cdch thiic thuc hien qu\en sd hiru chung ciia cac thdnh vien gia dinh-". cdch thiic thyc hien nghTa \ u theo hgp ddng"", cdch thiic xdc lap qu>en dan sy^-... Do vdy, cd the nhgn thay cym tir
"phuang thiic" khdng ddng nghia vdi thuat ngii "bifn phdp khac phyc".
Mac dil ehua dugc sir dung chinh thirc trong cac van ban phdp luat nhung trong mpt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu, thugt ngii "bifn phdp khac phuc" hoac thuat ngii tuong duong "bifn phap \u ly" da dugc sir dyng*".
TiJ cdc phdn tich neu ircn. cd the dua ra cac nhdn xet sau:
Phdp lugt hgp ddng Vift Nam chua cd s^r thdng nhat trong vifc sir dung thuat ngii Jc chl den cdc gidi phdp phap ly nham bao dam thyc ihi quyen hoac ngan chgn. khac phuc nhirng hf qua do hdnh vi VPHD gay nen.
Trong phap lugt hgp ddng Vift Nam,
"che lai" Id cdc gidi phdp phap ly lien quan den tai san dugc su dung khi cd "hanh vi vi phgm" hgp ddng nham bdo dam thyc thi quyen hogc ngan chan. khac phyc nhiing hf qua do hdnh vi VPHD va "BTTH" chi la mpt loai "che tai" dan sy.
Thuat ngii "che tai" trong hf thdng phdp ludt \iei Nam vira dugc tiep can gidng
vdi thuat ngii "che tdi" trong he thdng civil law (la mdt bd phan ciia quy phgm phdp ludt) va la bifn phdp dap tra su vi pham mgt nghTa vu"". lai xora duge liep can gidng vdi thudt ngii "che tdi" trong hf thdng common law (hinh phgt hogc bifn phdp cudng che hay hdu qua phdp ly bat lgi) khi cd sy xuat hifn cua hanh vi \ i pham. Ndi each khdc, dudng nhu khai niem "che tdi dan su" dugc ghi nhdn trong Tir dien Ludt hgc cua Bp Tu phap chua thyc sy nhat qudn.
Phap lugt hgp ddng Vift N:im dudng nhu khdng cd sy phdn biet gitia "trdch nhifm ddn sy" vd "che tai" hay cdc gidi phap phdp ]\ (bien phdp khac phuc) dugc sir dyng nham bao ddm cho trdch nhiem dan sy dugc thyc hifn.
Dya tren cac phan lich tren, cd the thdy thugt ngii "bifn phap khac phyc ddi vdi hanh \i VPHD" (remedies/moyens). hay
"che tdi ddi vdi vi phgm nghTa vu hgp ddng"
(sanctions) trong hf thdng phap luat qudc te ndi chung \a cac qudc gia ndi rieng la cdc thugt ngii cd npi hdm tucmg ddng chi den cac giai phap phdp ly (bifn phap) khac nhau nham bao dam thye thi quyen ctia chu the quyen trong quan hf hgp ddng hogc ngan chdn. khac phuc nhiing hf qud do hanh vi vi pham nghTa vu hgp ddng gay nen.
Vdi muc tieu hgi nhdp kinh te qude te va tao mdi irudng phap ly minh bach cho sy phat tnen kinh te, xa hpi, ihiet nghT BLDS nam 2015 nen sir dyng thdng nhdt Ihuat ngii
"bifn phdp khac phyc" de chi den cdc gidi phap phap ly khac phye hf qua ciia hanh vi VPHD de loai bd nhdm ldn va gay tranh cai do vifc sii dung thual ngir thieu tuong thich vdi cdng ddng qudc te mang lai •
Xcm DiCu 11. Dieu 15 BLDS ndm 2015- Xcm Dii-u 21: BLDS n5m 2015.
\ c m Dicu 2K0 BLDS nam 2015.
\i-m Didu 388 BLDS nSm 2015
Xem Du Ngpc Bich. Gop y diiu khoan phai hpp ding va moi lien he voi BTTH trong d^ thao BLDS (sira doil.
htip. lcdcpl-moj.goi,.\n,qttinluc;Pagesxa>-dung-phjp luai aspx?ItemID= 186: Do Vfln Dai. Cat bi?n phap xu ly
\ ICC khong Ihirc hifn dimg hpp dong trong phap luat \ n:i Nam N^b Chinh tn quoc gia - Su that 2011 Xcm khoan 2 Dicu 10 BLDS nim 2015. E>ieu 292 L uJi Thuunii mai nam 2005
, N O H l i N CUU Q ^ Sd03(331)T2/2017\ LAP P H A P ^ '
