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De xuat cai tien mo hmh cong tw
hcyp doanh (PPP) trong quan ly cac dy an xay dipng tai Viet Nam
Ngay nhan bai: 23/9/2014 Ngay sCra bai: 5/10/2014 Ngay chap nhan dang: 10/10/2014
Le Anh Dung
T O M T A T :
Mo hinh cong tU h ^ doanh (PPP) la mo hinh nha iwidc va tU nhan cung tham gia cac du an dau tU xay ddng cong trinh hoac cung cap cdc dich vu cdng cong, M6 hinh nay da dddc ap dung tren th^ gidi tii lau. Gan day m o hinh nay mdi dUOC du nhap vao Viet Nam va dem i^i nhflng tin hieu tich cifc trong viec Quan ly cdc dil an d^u tii. Bai viet nay se diia ra mgt so de xuft trong viec cai t i l n m o hinh cong tU hgp doanh (PPP) ap dung trong cac dii an dau tii xay diing tai Viet Nam hien nay
ABSTRACT
PPP model is Public - Private - Partnership. This model encourages private area participates with public area in public projects investment. PPP has applied for along time on the world. Recently this model has transferred to Vietnam and it has brought some good result in manage investment project.
Hiis article will suggest some solutions for improvement of PPP model apply to invested construction projects in Vietnam nowadays.
Le Anh Diing - Pho Hieu tnicJng
Tnidng Bo mon Cong nghe xay dUng va to chiic thi cong Khoa Xay diing va khoa Dao tao sau dai hgc Tni6ng Dai hgc Kien Triic Ha Ngi
Km 10 - dii6ng Nguyen Trai - quan Thanh Xuan - Ha Ngi Did6ng: 0932283939
EmaU: lead,moc@gmail,com
1 . Phan tich va danh gia md hinh cong t U h^p doanh PPP Mo hinh cong tir hap doanh PPP co nhieu hinh thiJc khSc nhau va moi hinh thiJc lai dLfOc dac tri/ng bdi m o t dang hgp dong, Tac6 the tong quSt phan tich chi tiet cho tCrng dang hop dong cilia m o hlnh cong tU hap doanh PPP nhir sau:
I . T. Hap dong dich vu
Trong mot hap dong dich vu, Chfnh p h i i {ca quan Nhli niiiJc c6 t h ^ m quyen) thue m o t c o n g t y t i r n h a n tien hanh mot hoac nhiSucclng viec hoac dich vu cu the trong mot khoang t h d i gian, t h u d n g Ici til 1 i3en 3 nam, Co quan Nha nudc cd tham quyen van la ngu'di cung cap chfnh dich vu CO sd ha tang va chi thue doi tac t i / nhan d i l u hSnh mdt phSn hoat dong, Doi tac tU nhan phai thu'c hien djch vu vdi m o t mu'c chi phi dUOc thda thuan va thu'dng phSid^p l i n g n h i j n g tieu c h u i n hoat ddng do ca quan Nha nudc dat ra. Cac Chfnh phu thu'dng sCfdung cac t h d tuc dau thau canh tranh de quyet djnh viec trao doi hgp ddng dich vu.Trong m^t hap dong dich vu, Chinh phu tra doi tac tU nhan m o t khoSn chi phf djnh tru'dc cho dich vu, cd the dila tren cO sd phf m g t lan, tren cd sd phf ddn vi d|ch vu hoac dUa tren ca sd khac. Vi the, loi nhuan cCia nha t h i u se tang len neu nha thau cd the giSm dugc chi phi dieu heinh ma van ddp iJng duoc cac yeu cau ve tieu chuan dich v u .
a. Uu diem:
Hop dong dich vu thong thu'dng thich h g p nhat khi dich vu co the duac xac djnh rd rang trong hop d o n g , mtJc do nhu c l u tUdng ddi chac chan va viec thUc hien c6 the theo doi mdt each d ^ dang Cac hop ddng dich vu la mot lua chgn co do rui ro tUong doi t h ^ p trong vi&c md rdng vai tro cua khu vuc tU nhan
Cac hgp dong dich vu thu'dng co t h d i gian ngdn, tao dteu ki^n cho canh tranh lien tuc trong linh viJc, CScrSo cdn doi vdi vifc tham gia cung d mire thap can CLf tren viec chi co mdt hoat dong dich vu rieng biet dugc dua ra dau thau, Viec dau thau daoc lap di lap lai duy tri ap life ddf vdi cac nha thau phai duy tri chi phi thap, t r o n g khi cdc rao cdn d mu'c thap khuyen khich nhigu cdng t y t h a m gia canh tranh vdi nhau.
b, W/i(/acd/em:
Cdc h f ^ dong dich vu se khdng p h i i h c ^ neu muc tieu chfnh la thu hut vdn dau tu', Cac hap d o n g cd the nang cao t i n h hi^u qud v& vi the giup dem lai mdt luong doanh t h u nhat djnh de sCf dung cho muc dfch khac, nhung nha thau khdng cd nghia v u cung cap tdi chinh cho d u a n . Tfnh hieu qud cua nha thau cd the se khdng dat dugc neu nguon tdi chinh cho d u dn {tCr Chfnh phu hoac nha tai trg) khdng t h i huy ddng dugc Khu VUc Nha nUdc van chiu trdch nhiem ve tai sdn va quy dinh b i l u phi dich vu, cd hai van de nay deu cd t i n h nhay edm chinh tri va la y l u to then chot de chong d d cho he t h o n g
fifi eWilllVSIi 11.2014
1.2. H0p dong qudn S'ji
IWot h o p dong qudn ly m d rdng pham vi ky ket bao gdm m o t phdn hoac toan b d hoat dong qudn ly va dieu hanh cOa mgt dich vu cdng (djch vu cdng fch, benh vi6n, qudn ly cdng...).
Mac do nghTa v u c u n g cap dich vu van thudc trach nhiem cCia khu vUc Nha nUdc, hoat ddng quan \^ k i l m soat vei tham quyen x f l ly hSng ngay dUOc giao cho ddi tdc tU nhan hoac nha thau. Ooi vdi hau hetcSc tru'dng hgp, doi tdc t u nhan cung cap von cho hoat dgng quan ly d i l u hanh nhUng khdng cung cdp von dau tU.
Hgp ddng cd the quy dinh cu the cac hoat dong rieng biet ma khu vUctU nhdn se chi trdch nhiem g o p vdn thUc hi&n che hoat ddng do, Ddi tdc t u nhan se lien h^ vdi cdc khach hang va Khu vUc Nha nUdc chiu trdch nhiem quy dinh bieu phi dich v u .
a. l/u diem:
Lfu diem chfnh cOa phuong an nay Id cd the dat dUOc nhCing ket qud hoat dong tir viec qudn ly ci!ia khu vUc tU nhan ma khong phdi chuyen giao cac tSi sdn cho khu vUc tU nhan, Xay di/ng hdp ddng qudn ly tUOng doi de dang hon so vdi cdc p h u o n g an khac va it gay tranh cai hon. Hop d6ng qudn l y c d chi phi t u o n g d d i thap do cdc nha dieu hanh can ft nhan vien han cho cac djch vu cdng ich
b Nhuac diem:
Sir chia tach giu'a mdt ben la nghTa vu doi vdi qudn ly va djch vu vdi mdt b^n la viec lap cac k l hoach m d rdng va dau tU von chda d J n g nhiJng m i ro. Nha t h i u qudn ly khong co tham q u y l n hoac q u y l n t d chu can t h i l t (chang han nhUvdi Idc lUdng lao ddng) de dat dUdc nhO'ng thay 36\ sau sdc, cd t i n h lau ddi
1.3. Hap d6ng giao thau hogc cho thu^
Theo mgt hop d6ng cho thue, doi tac t u nhan chiu trach nhiem ve toan b d dich vy va thdc hien cdc nghia vu lien quan den chat lUdng va tieu chudn cua dich vu. Ngoai t r d cdc khodn dau t u mdi vd dau tU thay the thuoc trdch nhiem cCia ca quan Nhd nddc c6 tham q u y l n , nha dieu hdnh cd trdch nhiem cung cap dich vu vdi chi phi va rui ro do minh ganh chju. Thdi han cCia hdp ddng cho t h u e thddng la 10 nam va cd the gia han keo dai den 20 nam.
Trdch n h i f m cung cap djch vu 3iiac chuyen til khu vuc Nha nddc sang khu vu'c t d nhan va nli ro tai chfnh d 6 i vdi viec d i l u hdnh vd duy tri dich vu h o i n toan d o nha dieu hanh t d nhan gdnh chiu.
Hgp d o n g giao thau cho p h ^ p khu vdc t u nhan t h u tif khach hang, thanh todn cho cd quan Nha nudc cd t h ^ m q u y l n ky hdp ddng giao thau m o t khodn phf giao thau cy the va g i d lai khodn doanh t h u cdn lai
a. lfu diem:
Hop d o n g dugc thdc hien d e dang t r o n g viec ddm phdn gida hai doi tdc, d6i tdc t d nhan t d c h i ) t r o n g q u y l t dinh tai chinh
b. Nhugc diem:
Van de chu chot trong viec c h u y i n t d cdc hop dong djch vu va hdp dong quan ly sang mdt hdp dong cho thue la doanh t h u ciia nha dau t u t d c a c khodn thanh toan cua khdch hdng va vi the van d l v l cac mdc p h i dich vu ngay cang t r d nen nhay cam D i l u nay cd t h i ddi hdi cdc thda thuan dieu chinh vd cd cau phi phdc tap. Them vao do, dau t d von van thugc nghTa vucOa Chinh phCi va v d n d a u t d t u nhdn khdng duoc huy ddng.
7.4. Nhi/png quyen
Hoat dong nhuong quyen cho phep nha d i l u hdnh t u nhdn (ngudi dugc nhdong q u y l n ) chiu trach nhiem cung cap todn bd dich v u trong mgt khu vuc cy t h i , bao gom dieu hdnh, duy tu bao dudng, t h u phf, qudn ly, xay dung va t u bo he t h d n g . Dac bi^t Id nha dieu hanh t d nhdn chju trach nhiem doi vdi toan b d cac khodn dau t u vdn. Mac dii nha dieu hdnh t d nhan chiu trach nhiem cung c3p cdc tai san, cac tai san nay van thuoc sd hdu cCia khu vdc Nha nUdc tham chi ca trong t h d i gian nhdong quyen, Khu vuc Nhd nudc chiu trach nhiem thiet lap cdc tieu chuan hoat ddng vd ddm bdo rang ngUdi dugc nhUong q u y l n dap dng duac cac tieu chuan hoat ddng do. D i l m quan trgng Id vai tro cua khu vUc Nhd nudc dd c h u y i n t d v i e c la mot ngddi cung cap dich vu sang mdt ngugi d i l u t i l t va qudn 1^ gia va chat Idong dich vy,
Ngddi dugc nhdOng q u y l n t h u phf trdc t i l p t d nhdng ngudi sd dung he t h d n g . Mdc phf thdng thudng dUOc thiet lap trong hop ddng nhuong q u y l n , trong do cung cd nhdng dieu khodn quy dinh mdc phi nay cd the dugc thay doi n h d the nao theo thdi gian, Trong mot sd trudng h g p han hdu, Chinh phd cd t h i Ida chon viec cung cap nhifng hd trO tai chinh d l giup ngUdi dugc nhdong q u y l n co du von dau t d . NgUdi dddc nhuong q u y l n chiu trach nhiem doi vdi bat ki khodn dau t u can thiet nao d l xay dung, nang cap hoac m d rdng he t h d n g vd chiu trach nhiem thu xep vdn cho cac khodn dau t d cd nguon lUc cua minh va tif cdc khoan phf do ngddi sd dung he t h d n g chi trd, Ngddi dUoc nhugng q u y l n cung chiu trach nhiem doi vdi von hoat ddng cua he t h o n g
a.Uudiem-
Nhdong quyen la mgt hlnh thdc hieu qud de t h u hut nguon tdi chfnh can thiet cCia khu v[ic t d nhan de tai tro cho viec xdy ddng mdi hoac t u bd cac cO sd djch vu hien tai. Lfu diem chu yeu cOa thda thuan nhdong q u y l n la tao ddng Idc cho nha dieu hanh ndng cao hieu qua va hieu Idc vl nhCTng thdnh qud trong viec nang cao hi&u qua se c h u y i n thanh lOi nhuan va thu nhap cho ngudi ddoc nhdOng q u y l n
b.Nhi/acdiem-
Trd ngai chinh cua nhdOng q u y l n la d d phdc tap cua h g p d d n g t r o n g van d l xac dinh ddOc cdc hoat dong chfnh cua nha dieu
hanh. Hon nCfa, cdc hgp ddng dai han ( ^ l u can thiet d l thu hoi dUdc cdc chi p h i dau t d chd yeu) khien qua trlnh dau thau va xay dUng h o p d6ng t r d nen phdc tap vi khd co khd nang d d dodn dugc nhdng sU kien dien ra t r o n g khodng t h d i gian dai 25 nam
1.5. Hap dong Xdy dimg • Kinh doanh - Chuydn giao vd cdc thda thuan tiMng (iT
BOT vd cac thda thuan tUdng t d Id m d t hinh thdc nhuong q u y l n dUOc chuy&n m o n hda trong do cd mdt cdng ty tU nhan hoac mdt cdng-xodc-xi-um (Consortium) cung cap von va xay dung mdt d d d n cd sd ha tang mdi hoac mot hop phan chinh cCia dU dn cd sd ha tdng can c d tren cac tieu chuan thdc hien do Chinh phu quy dinh, Theo hdp ddng k i l u BOT, ddi tdc t d nhdn cung cap von dau t d c a n thiet d l xay dung ca sd dich vu mdi, O i l u quan trong la nha dieu hdnh t d nhan ddgc quyen sd hCru tai sdn trong mdt khodng thdi gian quy dinh trong hdp ddng - mdt khodng thdi gian dii de cho doi tac t d nhdn xay ddng c d sd ha tang t h u hdi chi phf dau t d t h d n g qua viec trd p h i ciia ngddi sd dung.
Cd rSt n h i l u bien t h i cCia co cau BOT co bdn, bao gdm cdc h g p ddng xay d u n g - c h u y i n giao - kinh doanh (BTO) trong dd viec chuyen giao v l sd hdu Nha nddc dugc t i l n hanh xay ddng ket thuc md khdng phdi khi hop ddng ket thiic, cdc hgp dong xdy dung - sd hdu - kinh doanh (BOO) trong do nha dau tU phat t r i l n xay ddng va d i l u hdnh c d s d dich v u m d khdng chuyen lai q u y l n sd hdu cho khu vdc Nha nddc. Theo mdt hgp dong thiet ke - xdy ddng - kinh doanh (DBO), sd hifu khdng khi nao nam trong tay ciia t d nhdn. Thay vao do, mot h a p ddng ddOc lap ra cho viec thiet ke, xay ddng va dieu hdnh d d dn CO sd ha tang. Vdi each t i l p can t h i l t ke - xay ddng - cap vdn - kinh doanh (DBFO), trdch nhiem t h i l t k l , xay d d n g , cap v o n , d i l u hanh dddc gdi ciing vdi nhau va ddOc chuyen cho cac doi tac t d nhan. Cdc thda thuan DBFO khdc nhau rat nhieu ve mdc do trdch nhiem tai chinh ddoc c h u y i n giao cho d6i tdc t d nhan.
a. Uu diem:
Cac hop dong BOT ddoc sd dung rdng rai d l t h u hut vdn ddu t u t d nhan ddi vdi cac d d dn xay dung va cdi thien co sd ha t a n g . Cdc thda thuan BOT t h d d n g cd xu h d d n g gidm bdt rOi ro tai chinh cho ddi tdc t d nhan vi t h o n g thddng chi cd mot khach hang la Chinh p h u .
U u diem cua dU an DBFO la n g u o n von cho chung dUOC lay mdt phan hoac toan bd t d v 6 n vay, do do tang them Iddng tai chfnh cho d d dn.
Cac khodn phf trdc tiep t h u t d ngddi sd dung (chi phf sif dung cau dudng) thdcmg la n g u d n t h u chii yeu,
b. Niiuac diem:
Mac d u cac h o p ddng BOT ddoc gidm do rdi ro v l mat tdi chfnh, song do rui ro t h d o n g mai do ddi tac t d nhan t u gdnh chiu Id ldn. Viec phdn dinh ve ldi ich ddi ben la van d e gay tranh cai.
1.6. Liin doanh
ii.2oi4SiBnirioi 67
Li^n doanh la phdong an thay t h i cho viec t u nhan hda toan bp, theo dd cd sd ha tang ciing dugc sd hdu va dieu hanh bdi khu vyc Nha nudc va nhd dieu hdnh t u nhdn. Trong mgt lign doanh, cac ddi tac Nhd nddc va tU nhdn c6 the thanh lap mot cdng ty mdi hoac thyc hien viec lien doanh sd hOu trong mdt cong t y hien co thdng qua viec bdn co phan cho mdt hoac mdt so nhd dau t u tU nhan. Mdt yeu cdu chu chdt cho cau true ndy la ed mdt mdi trudng qudn trj cdng t y tot, dac biet khd nang cOa cong t y trong viec duy tri ddc lap vdi Chinh phii. Dieu ndy rat quan trgng bdi vl Chfnh phu vda Id ngddi sd hdu mgt phan cdng ty, vda la ngddi qudn 1^ Nha nddc va cdc quan chdc cd t h i cd xu hddng can thi^p vao cdng viec klnh doanh ciia cdng ty de dat ddge nhdng muc dfch chfnh tn.Tuy nhien, t i / vi tri Id mdt cd ddng, Chfnh phii quan tam den Igi nhuan vd sd ben vdng ciia cdng ty vd cd the hanh ddng de xoa dju nhdng cdn t r d chinh tri, Ddi tdc t u nhan dam nhiem vai t r d dieu hanh va mdt ban giam doc thudng ddOc xay ddng dda tren t^ le phan von gdp hodc dda tren nang Idc va trinh dd. Trong CO cdu li^n doanh, cd ddi tae Nhd nddc vd t d nhdn phdi sdn sdng ddu t u vdo cdng ty vd ciing chia si nhdng rui ro nhat dinh.
a. Uu diem:
Lien doanh Id moi quan he doi tdc thdc sy glCia khu vdc Nha nddc va khu vyc t u nhan, k i t hgp nhdng du d i l m ciia khu vye t d nhdn vdi nhdng mdi quan tam xd hdi vd kien thdc bdn dja cua khu vdc Nhd nudc. Trong mgt lien doanh, tat cd cac doi tac deu dau t u vao cong ty vd d i u cd mdi quan tdm den thanh edng eda cdng ty va nhdng dgng lyc thde day hoat ddng h i f u qud.
b. Nhuac diem:
Vai t r d k^p eda Chinh phu, vifa la ngudi sd hCfu, vda la nha quan ly co t h i dan den xung dot v l loi ich, Cdc lign doanh cung cd xu hddng dddc dam phan mdt each trUc tiep hoac tuan theo mdt phdong thdc mua sdm khdng chfnh thdng ed the ddn d i n van de tham nhung.
1.7. Cdc thda thugn hon hap Cdcthdathudn hop ddng chda ddng nhdng dac diem khdc nhau eua nhdng loai hop ddng khdc nhau cung cd t h i duge xdy ddng. B\Jac ggi Id cdc'thda thuan hon hop", chung ket hop cdc d | c t i n h phii h c ^ nhat eho cdc yeu cau eu the vd cdc dieu kien hoat ddng cua mdt dU an.
Cdc thda thudn hon hop dem lai mdt gidi phdp ddgc thiet ke rieng biet trong cac van de v l pham vi, chia s6 rdi ro phd hop nhat vdi d u an dd. Tat nhien, cac bien t h i cua thda thuan hon hdp Id vd han, nhdng cd the cd mdt sd vi dy sau:
Thda thuan "hop ddng qudn ly + (cdng)"
trong do yeu t d lien quan den hoat dgng ciia h g p ddng qudn Ij? dO de chuyen giao nhung riii ro thuc t l . Chdng han n h u thanh toan t i l n thudng cho nha thau quan ty co the duoc
lien he vdi cae kel qud dat dugc trong vi&c tang dong tien lUu thdng cua hoat ddng dieu hdnh dich vu tren co sd chf tieu da dugc quy ^ n h trUdc. D l dat dugc nhdng khoan tien t h u d n g ( n l u nhd khoan t i l n thudng nay d i i Idn), nhd thau ed the phdi dua them nguon Idc dau t d vao de dat ddgc ket qua ve dong tien 6 dau ra,
Mgt thda thuan "cho thue - giao Ihdu + (cdng)' cd kha nang chia s^ trach nhiem dau tU.Theo mdt hgp ddng cho thue/giao thau tieu chuan, ca quan cd tham quyen trao hgp ddng ehiu hoan todn trdch nhiem huy ddng vd thyc hien eac khodn dau tU mdi tham ehi cd khi nhd d i l u hanh tU nhan cd vi the thuan lgi hon trong viec quan ly cac hoat ddng xay ddng mdi vd mgt sd nghTa vu ddu tU khac,
2 . D e x u a t nang cao hieu qua a p d u n g m d h i n h PPP t r o n g cac dU an d ^ u t U x a y d d n g tai Vi§t Nam
2.7. Nhom kien nghi trUdcmdt:
2.1.1. Xay dung khudn khSphdp i^ cho dU dn PPP
Xay ddng mdi trddng phap ly; quy dinh va chinh sach thuan lgi la y l u t d quan trgng cho mdt mdi quan he ddi tdc Nhd nUdc - Td nhdn ben vdng. 6 mdc do ban dau, can phai co mdt mdi trddng phap ly cd t h i ho t r g sy tham gia cua khu vUc t d nhdn trong cac ITnh vdc djch vy quan trong. Mdi trddng phap ly nay can gidm thieu suxuat hien cua tham nhung va phdi du tin cay de khuyen khich dau tU va tham gia ciia t d nhdn Neu mdi trudng luat phdp va mdi trddng t u phap khdng ddgc xac dinh, cac nha dau t u v d nhifng n g U d i t h a m g i a d U a n seddnh gia d y an la khdng the d d doan dugc vd cd do rui ro cao.
2.1.2. DOI mdi ca che, chinh sdeh dau tU cho phu hap vdichu truangda dang hodngu6n von dau tucong
TrUdc tien d tam vT md, can phdi xay dUng he thdng chinh sach ddng bd nham phdt t r i l n ben vQng co sd ha tang, bao gdm cae ehinh sdeh sd dung dat dai, phat trien ket cau ha tang, xdy dyng mang ludi giao thdng van tdi cdng edng, ddng thdi khuyen khich khu vyc t d nhan dau t u vao linh vUc nay. Ra sodt lai vd hodn chinh danh muc cac d u an PPP trong dau tUxdy dyng CO sd ha tang va kien nghj Thii tUdng Chinh phii cd chinh sach uu dai eu t h i (uu dai ve thue, ve qua trinh thi cdng va khai thac cdng trinh) va cd chinh sach ho trg, gidm rui ro cho nha dau t d nham t h u hut ngudn von trong va ngoai nudc cho cae d y an nay.
Trong cac hgp ddng PPP can quy dinh rd lgi ich, q u y l n han. trach nhiem eda cae ben tham gia, hien tai doi vdi xdy ddng eau dddng, van de bao tri thddng xuyen do ddn vj nao phu trdch van chua quy dinh rd trong hop d d n g nay
2.1.3.Ndng cao chdt lugng cong tdc ldp ke hogch
^ Trong qua trinh lap ke hoach, can phdi can doi nhu cau von dau t d cho phu hop vdi khd
nang cung dng. Viec lap ke hoach phdi bam sat tinh hinh thue t l , tranh t i n h trang k l hoach xa vdi chi quan tam d i n nhu eau dau t u md khdng chu tnang d i n kha nang edn ddi ciia n g u d n vdn. V l vSn d l ndy, cdc d o n vj ke hoach cdn phdi thdy rdng, vi6c ndng capddng b d he t h o n g k i t cau ha tang giao t h d n g Id nhu cau chinh ddng, t u y vdy t r o n g d i l u kien nguon lyc han e h i , can cd sU Ida chgn ky ludng d6i tUcfng dau t d , chi tap t r u n g vdo m g t sd d d dn cap bdch can thiet. Trong n h i l u trddng hc^
t h i l u vdn, c6 t h i tien hdnh ddu tU t d n g phan, sda chda Idn, hoac tang cUdng cdng tdc qudn 1^, duy t u bdo d d d n g 64 keo dai t h d i gian sd dyng chd t h d i CO khi cd nguon Idc ddm bdo. Cung c6 t h i huy dong n g u d n vdn t r o n g dan cU hoac v6n nude ngodi t h d n g qua viec phdt hdnh trdi philu cdng trinh, keu goi vi&n trd,
Trong qua trinh lap ke hoach von dau tu', cdn t i n h d i n eac yeu t d dnh hUdng, riii ro co the xdy ra nhU: gid nguyen vat lidu sdt, th^p, xl mdng. . tang cao lam tang chi p h i ddu tU, thdi tiet lam h d hdng cdc edng trinh can ed chi phi d l khde phuc, do doi tde khong tich eye eung cap v d n , gidi ngdn vdn chdm t r i dnh hu'dng den t i l n do thi c d n g . . . Neu khdu keho^ch Idm tdt, thi vi&c t n e n khai d d dn se nhanh chdng vl n g u o n vdn ddm bdo sudt qud trinh thi cdng.
Mudn !dp k l hoach tot, can phdi cd mot ddi ngu can bd dO kinh nghiem, trinh d d ndng Idc cao, va CO tam nhin xa, rdng ddc biet Id y§u cdu ddi vdi viec lap k l hoach ddi han. Vi vay, cdng tdc ddo tao ndng cao trlnh d d cho cdc can bd l i p k l hoach cung rat quan trong. Nha ndde can t i l n hanh ddo tao lai vd ddo tao chuyen sdu cho ddi ngu can bo lap ke hoach d cdc cap, cdc nganh d l ndng cao chdt luong k l hoach.
2.1.4, Doi mdi vd ndng cao chdt lugng c6ng tdcquyhogch
Trong hoat ddng dau t d xay d y n g co sd ha tang thi q u y hoaeh phdi d i trUdc mdt bddc de djnh h u d n g vd Idm can cdxdc dinh dia diem xdy d y n g , quy m d xdy d d n g . . , Cac quy hoach phdt trien ngdnh, v u n g , dat dai, xdy d d n g . . phdi dugc cdp nhat, ra sodt b d sung t h d d n g xuyen theo h u d n g gdn vdi t h y c t l , bdm sdt nhu cdu thi t r u d n g , khai thdc tdt t i l m nang, the manh ciia t i m g dja p h u o n g , t d n g nganh d l phuc vy cho yeu cau phat t r i l n ha tang.
M u o n nang cao chat Idong quy hoach, can phdi xay d d n g doi ngu cdn bo lap, phe duydt vd qudn ly quy hoach cua cac Bo, ngdnh, dia p h d o n g cso dCi nang lyc, tieu chuan quy d j n h . Ngoai viec bdi d u d n g nang cao trinh d d chuyen m d n nghi§p vu can phdi quy djnh rd q u y l n han vd trdch n h i ^ m cua cdc cdp trong viee t d chdc lap, tham djnh vd phe duyet cdc 66 an quy hoach xdy d y n g , quy hoach dat dai...
Cdc quy hoach tdt se Id cdn c d quan trgng cho vi§c xdy d y n g djnh h u d n g phdt t n I n kinh t l xa hdi, Idm c d ehe cho vi&c xdy d y n g cdc cd che, chinh sdeh phd h g p de t h u hut ngdy cdng n h i l u
eSiBWfVKnBIl 11.2014
vdn ddu t u cua cae thanh phan klnh te, bude dau hlnh thanh ca eau vdn dau t d hgp ly.
2.7.5. Ndng cao ndng lUc dgi ngu tU vdn, thiet ke, gidm sdt
Hl^n t u g n g t h i l u t u vdn lanh n g h l dang d mdc bdo ddng, cdc cdng trinh budc phai chap nhdn nhdng t d van cd trinh d p ehuyen m d n han che k h i l n chat Idgng cdng trinh khdng ddm bdo vd tien do k^o dai. De khdc phuc hien trang ndy, can phai xay d y n g m d t dgi ngu t u van cd trinh dd chuydn m d n nghiep vu tdong xdng vdi q u y l n han ciia hg, Trddc tien cdn cd chinh sach dai ngd h g p ly, tdng chi phi cho t u vdn de khuyen khich cac ky sU cd ndng lyc va tham nifin eao Ben canh dd, can tdng cddng ddo tao cd bai bdn, ddo tao theo tieu chuan qudc t l de ndng cao trlnh do ciia cdc ky sd trong nudc.
2.1.6. Tao dieu kien detUnhdn vay von ODA Ngudn von O D A c d vai trd h i t sdc quan trgng trong viec phdt t r i l n co sd ha tdng giao t h d n g . Cdc d y an ODA doi hdi ben tiep nhdn phdl ed vdn ddi dng, ed t h i Id t i l n , q u y l n sd dung ddt, lao d d n g . , ,Tien d d gidi ngan ODA nhanh hay chdm phu thudc vdo sy kip thdi ciia vdn ddi Cing, ndng lue hdp t h u cua ben t i l p nhan vd nang lyc qudn ly cua dOn vj thUe hien.
VI vdy mudn huy ddng cung n h u sd dyng hieu qud ngudn vdn nay can phdi nhanh chdng bd trf vdn ddi dng cho d d an, tdng eddng cdng tdc qudn ly d d an, ddm bdo chat luong tieu chuan cho khdi lugng cdng viec da hoan thanh.
Ngoai ra cdn xay dUng danh mue cdc d u an cdn thiet 3% keu goi vdn ODA va tien hdnh ddm phdn, ky ket cdc hiep djnh song phuong vd da phuong vdi ede nddc de tang vdn cam ket tdi tra trong t h d i gian tdi, Trong bdi ednh thieu h y t eo sd ha tang, Chinh phd gdn day da ed chi dao tao CO e h i de doanh nghiep t d nhan vay vdn ODA. D d n g thai nay dang ddOc nhieu nha tai trg quan tam, Viet Nam Id qudc gia cd sd luong d d dn ODA rdt Idn va n l u t d nhdn dddc tiep cdn ngudn vdn ODA se giup cdc d u dn sdm dugc hodn tdt vd mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi dan.
2.1.7. Cdn cd coquan chuyin trdch Cd quan chuyen trach di sau vao nghien edu chinh sach, cung n h u la dau mdi qudn ly Nhd nddc, ddo tao nhan Idc va t d van, ho t r g qud trlnh thdc h i l n cdc d d d n PPP Co quan nay CO the goi la Trung tam PPP Nhiem vu chinh ciia Trung tam nay bao g d m : nghien edu chinh sdeh lien quan d i n chuong trinh PPP, t^eu chudn hod va cung cap cdc tai lieu hudng dan cho cdc d y dn thyc hien theo hinh thdc PPP, xuc tien cdc d d an dau t d theo hinh thdc ddu tdPPP,ddo tao nhdn l y c t h a m gia vd qudn ly cdc d d d n PPP.
2.2. Nhdm kiin nghj Idu ddi 22.1. Ndng cao chdt lugng qudn ly hoat ddng ddu tUcdng
Qudn ly hoat ddng ddu t u xay ddng ca sd ha tang trong n i n kinh te thi t r u d n g ludn ludn phdi ddi m * vd phdt huy t i n h t d chu sdng tao
d cac cdp, ngdnh, dja phddng nhdm nang eao hieu qud hoat ddng dau td. Trong thdi gian tdi, sU phdn cap se phdi day manh, gan trdch nhiem ciia cdc cdp khi thyc hien d d an, nhdng can cd hdnh lang phdp ly rd rang hon.
Thdi gian thuc hien cac d y an dau t d dai k^o theo sy dnh hddng den t i l n dd nghiem t h u cdng trinh va dua vao sd dung, do dd cd the lam giam hieu qua ddu tU, t h d i gian thu hdi vdn chdm. Thdi gian dau t u cang dai thi riii ro cung n h u chi phi dau tU lai cang Idn, hon nda, nd cdn dnh hUdng den kha nang canh tranh cua doanh nghiep. Do vdn Idn lai ndm U dong trong sudt qud trinh thdc hien dau tU nen de nang cao hieu qud vdn ddu t u , can t i l n hanh phan ky ddu t u , bd tri vdn va cdc nguon luc tap trung hoan thanh ddt diem tdng hang mye edng trinh, quan ly chat ehe tien do k l hoach vdn ddu t u , khdc phuc t i n h trang thieu vdn, ng dong vdn ddu t d xay d y n g co bdn nham han ehe thap nhdt nhdng mat tieu eye co t h i xdy ra trong thdi ky dau t u .
Can thiet phdi xay ddng va ban hanh tieu ehi, tieu chuan lam ehu ddu t d , ban qudn ly d y dn kem theo ehde nang vd traeh nhiem cy the cho tdng chdc danh cdng vi6c, Ngodi ra cdc t d chdc t d vdn, cac nhd thau xay d y n g , cdc t d van gidm sdt khdng thude ciing mdt Bd,Tinh, Thanh phd.
2.2.2. Hoan thiSn cong tdc ddu thau vd tdng cUdng qudn lyddu thdu
Trong t h d i gian qua, cdng tde ddu thdu da bd Id nhieu y l u kem lam dnh hddng d i n chat lugng, tien do d d an, do quy che dau thau chUa hoan thien vd t h i l u thdng tin. Vi vay cae nhd quan ly can hoan thien cOche dau thdu de cham ddt t i n h trang ddu thdu gia thdp, thdc hien ddy du traeh nhiem tdi chinh gida ehu dau tUvd nha thdu trong viec cham giai phdng mat bang, cham thanh toan nghiem t h u , . , Trong qud trlnh chuan bi va t d chdc ddu thdu can xdy d y n g eac t o chdc kinh te - ky thudt cu the de lua chon nha thau cd du ndng lyc tdi chinh vd ky thudt thi edng, han c h i nha thau "tay trdi" khdng cd kha nang thUc hien d u dn, Ngoai ra can cd nhdng c h i lai x d 1^ eac vi pham trong dau thdu n h u hien t u g n g m u a - b a n thau, nghiem cam tinh trang cac nhd thau eau k i t d l nhddng phan thdng cho mdt nhathau, rdi nhan lai phan viec ddoc chia t d ngddi thdng cudc theo hgp ddng.
Can cd nhdng huc«ig dan cu t h i , ede van bdn phdp quy, cac e h i tai phai nhdt qudn, ro rdng de tranh ehuyen t u mu viec mua ban ddu thau, trdnh tao nen n h d n g k l h d nhSm tao nen nhdng tieu eye ngodi t a m k i l m sodt.
Be dam bdo t i n h edng khai minh bach trong cdng tdc ddu thdu cdn t i l n hanh dau thau canli tranh rgng rai trong tuyen chgn nha thau trong xay d d n g cdng trinh; phdn chia gdi thdu d d Idn, hode theo ca phdn doan d l tranh tinh trang xdi dd, lang phi, khdng ddm bdo tinh t d n g the. Hlnh thdc dau thau canh
tranh giup lua chon ddgc nhd thau phu hdp, dii nang Idc ehuyen mdn, ddm bdo dUgc chat luong cOng n h u tien do cua d y an, Gia trj gdi thau can dUdc thdng nhdt de vda k h u y i n khich eac thanh phdn kinh te t h a m gia d y thdu, vda khdng qua nhd anh hddng d i n chat Idong, t i n h ddng bd cua h f t h d n g ha tang giao t h d n g vd gdy khd khan cho quan ly.
Quan ly ddu thau phdi xuyen sudt qud trinh t d khdu chuan bj den t d chdc dau thdu, ddnh gid h d s d d y t h a u , Ida chgn n h a t h a u va ky k i t hgp ddng, tranh trddng hgp nha thdu trung thau, ed t§n trong hop ddng vd nha thau thuc hien cdng viec Id hai nha thdu khac nhau. Nghiem minh x d ly eac trddng hgp mdc ndi gida nha qudn ly, nhd thau, nha ddu t d Idm that thodt vdn ciia Nhd nddc. Mdt vdn de yeu k^m nda trong cdng tdc dau thau la thieu thdng tin. Can cdng khai hda edng tae ddu thau, t h i l t lap trang Web thdng tin ve nhd thau vd dau thau de theo ddi, danh gia hoat dong eda ban qudn l y d u d n , nha thdu tren pham vi toan qudc v l ndl dung tien dd, chat luong, Kien q u y l t d l xuat x d \'j/ cdc trudng hgp khdng ddm bdo t h i i tuc theo quy che dau thdu hoac cdc van d l nghi vdn trong qua trinh to chdc dau thdu vd xet thdu.
2.2.3. Xuc tien viec tim kiem cdc nguon von vd phuang thdc huy dgng von de bosung vd h6 tra cho von Ngdn sdeh
TrUde thdc trang n h i l u dU dn khdng the tnen khai ddoc vl ngudn vdn ngdn sdeh qud han hep. Do vay, ben can tap trung vdn cho cac dU dn quan trgng, can tiem k i l m nhdng d d d n bd sung khdc de cung cap cho n h d n g d d d n cdn d d dang hoac bj dinh hoan do khdng bdtrf dugc ngudn vdn. Day Id gidl phdp hdu hieu vda day nhanh t i l n d d eho cdc d y an vda ndng cao hieu qua ddu t u eg sd ha tang. Vi cac n g u d n vdn cd tfnh thdong mai ludn ddi hdi ITnh vUc dau tU phai dem lai ldi nhuan va ngddi di vay can phdi sd d y n g vdn hgp \y! d i h o d n trd cd vdn lan Id! cho ngUdi cho vay dung thdi han
PhUdng thdc huy ddng vdn dau t d theo hinh thde BOT t d ra rat hieu qud ddi vdi Unh vdc xdy ddng cO sd ha tdng Song viec t h u hut ngudn vdn t h d n g qua p h u o n g thde nay edn rdt ft so vdi t i l m nang t r o n g dan c d va nddc ngoai. Mudn huy ddng ddgc cdc n g u d n vdn trong vd ngoai nddc, trddc h i t phdi xdy d d n g danh muc cdc d y an BOT, BT de keu ggi dau t d . Cac d y an nay m u d n hap dan cdc thanh phdn kinh t l tham gia cdn phdi mang t i n h kinh te cao, nghTa ia nhanh chdng t h u phf hodn vdn vd h d d n g Igi nhuan hop ly trudc khi c h u y i n giao cho Nha nudc (BOT), Sau khi xay d y n g xong nhd dau t u c d the nhuong bdn quyen t h u p h i d d d n g , cdu, pha,..neu khdng mudn kinh doanh. Cdc c o q u a n Nha nddc cdn cung cap ddy dii cdc thdng tin lien quan den d d an cho nha ddu t u n h u quy hoach phdt t r i l n kinh te, quy hoach giao t h d n g trong t h d i gian dai, n h i i n g d d an ed dnh hddng den d y an BOT trong t u o n g lai;
ii.20i4enii(E[|Q3i 6 9
lUu lugng xe trong mdt ngay mdt dem; nhip dd tang trUdng luu lugng; cdc thdng tin v l tdi ehinh n h u thue, lai suat Uu ddi ddu t d , t u y l n dung lao ddng,.-de nha ddu t u c d t h i tinh toan chinh xdc tinh kha thi cua d d dn.
Ngodi phdong thdc tren, Nha nddc cd the vay vdn thdng qua phat hdnh trdi phieu cdng trinh, Trdi p h i l u ehfnh phii d l xay ddng Co sd ha tdng. Ddy Id h'mhthdegdp vdn gidn tiep cua t d nhdn vd nudc ngodi. Mudn huy ddng vdn bdng hlnh thde ndy thi Idi suat trdi phieu phdi hap ddn ngddi mua nhung khdng gdy ganh nang no ndn eho ngan sach Nha nUde, Trong thdi gian tdi edn phat hanh nhieu loai trai phieu vdi ky han khac nhau, lai suat khac nhau, va kem theo nhdng du dai cdn thiet hudng d i n n h i l u ddi tugng cd vdn nhdn rdi vd nhdng nha ddu t d t a i chfnh. B§n canh do cdn phd bien rdng rai thdng qua ede phuang tign thdng tin dai chung de mgi ngudi cd the ndm bdt dddc dU diem ciia vi^c mua trdi phieu. Trong nhCtng nam tdi can phdi tim kiem nhieu hinh thdc huy ddng vdn trong va ngoai ndde d l dap dng nhu eau dau t d xdy ddng eO sd ha tdng ngay cang cao.
Mdt sd hlnh thdc cd t h i thye hidn la: ddi dat Idy cdng trinh, ddu t u t h e o phong trdo(ed nghia Id nhan ddn ddng gdp edng sdc, nguyen vat lieu, t i l n bae d l xdy dung dudng xd, cau cdng trong khu ddn cU,.,).
2.2.4. Tang cUdng cong tdc thanh tra, kii'm tra, gidm sdt d tdt cd cdc ngdnh, cdc cdp
De chdng that thoat lang phf, ndng eao chat luong edng trlnh va day nhanh t i l n dd d u an edn phdi tang eudng edng tdc thanh tra, gidm sat hoat ddng dau t u xdy ddng nganh Giao t h d n g v d n tdi. Trddc tien, can kien toan va hoan thien t d chdc thanh tra tai ede ngdnh, cac cap;
tap trung thanh tra dau tU xdy dung dp dung ddng bd cdc bien phdp chdng ddn trai, that thodt k i t hop vdi dau tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, thdc hanh tiet kiem; Kien quyet x d ly nghiem minh ede tap the vd ea nhdn sai pham.
Ngodi ra, edng tac giam sdt va cdng tac ddnh gid hoat ddng dau t u phdi duge t i l n hanh xuyen sudt t d khau phe duy^t ehii trUdng dau t d d i n khdu ehuan bi dau t u , ddnh gia trong qua trinh thUe hien dau t u va ddnh gid qud trinh khai thacva van hanh d d d n , thdm chi danh gid d khdu hdu d y dn. Khdng phe duyet d y dn dau t u n l u chUa lam rd hieu qud va ddm bdo tinh khd thi ciia ngudn von, khdng dUdc thi edng khi chda cd quyet dinh dau tU, ehda ed thiet k l va q u y l t djnh ddoc phe duyet, Hoat ddng thanh tra, k i l m tra, gidm sat phdi duoc tien hanh thudng xuyen, cdng khai, minh bach nham ngan chan va xif ly kip t h d i cdc sai pham trude, trong, vd sau khi thye hien d u d n Viec gidm sdt cdng ddng ciing se ddgc chii trong hon vdi ehii t r d d n g : t d t c d c d n g trinh giao thdng vdn tdi d i u duoe bao edo gdi d i n Hdi ddng nhan dan dia phdong, cdc doan dai b i l u Qudc hdi de b i l t va t d chdc gidm sdt.
3. Ket luan
Vdi nhu edu ddu t d giai doan tdi rdt Idn nhung ngudn Idc Nhd nddc cd han, cdn ed nhdng cO e h i , chinh sach hop ly de cdc thanh phan kinh te cung tham gia dau t d , kinh doanh eo sd ha tdng bdng ede hinh thdc thich hop de gdp phan thue day phat trien kinh te - xd hgi, rut ngdn tien trlnh cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hod dat ndde.
Ben canh dau tU tCf cac khu vUc ngoai qudc doanh, khu vdc ndde ngoai, dau tU cdng da va dang ddng gdp ddng ke vao phdt t r i l n kinh te - xa hdi, Tuy nhien, n h i l u d y an cd hieu qud ddu t u chua cao, do nhieu han c h i ve ngudn vdn, cdng tdc quy hoach, nang Idc bd may co quan nha nude cdn y l u kem do khdng cd ddng Ide thuc day va eO che gidm sdt dii manh; quy dinh v l cdch thdc tham dinh, Ida chon d y an edng cdn dan gidn chUa djnh lugng dddc lgi ich kinh te - xa hdi; ede e h i tai x d 1^ vi pham khdng du manh; cd c h i qudn ly kinh phi eho dau t d ehda phu hgp... Day chinh la nhdng nguyen nhdn gdy ra eac t r d ngai trong giai doan vda qua. Md hlnh hgp tac Nha nddc - T d n h a n t d ra thdt sy hieu qua trong dau tU cdng, nhat Id trong xdy dyng ca sd ha tang, Vdi m d hlnh nay, Nha nudc vd nha ddu tU tU nhan cung hop tdc va chia se riii ro trong qua trinh dau t u xdy dUng vavdn hanh d y a n , D e thyc hien nhieu md hinh PPP hon nda, trudc het chiing ta can cd mdt khung phap ly dCi rpng, cdng tae chudn bi lap ke hoach, xuc t i l n ddu t u . that tdt.
TAlLlEUTHAMKHJio
1, Tieu luan "Mo hinh quin If du an cong tu hop doanh"
DoanlhiUnhGii
2 Plian tich cic mo hinh quan Iy, Binh Tuan Hai, truifng dai hoc Kien t m t Ha Noi,
3 Publk-PmalePartnershipm Infrastructure Development - Case Studies from Asia and Europe
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5. Harold Ker?ner. Quiin ly d u an: mot phuong phap co he thong Se lap ke' hoach. ti^n do va bien phap kie'm soat Van No!trandReinho1d,1995.
6 John R Adams and Stephen E, Brandt, tJhflng hinh liiifc iJng xH trong cac giai doan cua da an Pro|ect Management Handbook, New York'VanNostrand Reinhold, 1983
7, Donal S. Bane and Boyd C Paulson, Quan Ly Xay Dung Chuyen Ngiiiep: Quan Ly Xay DUng, Thie't Ke - Thi Cong va flieu Kien Hop Ddng. McGraw-Hill International Edition, 1992,
