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TRAO D6{ V KIEN
THE Giai PHANG HAY KHONG PHANG
MAI THI QUV •'
Trong nhiing nam gdn day, thudt ngH thi'gidi phdng dd thu hut sii quan tdm bdn ludn cua gidi nghien citu trong nUdc vd the'gidi. Vgy, the gidi nhU thi'ndo thi dUdc coi Id phang? Nhitng nguyen nhdn ndo ddn de'n hiin tUdng ndy? Thi gidi hiin nay da thUc sU phdng? Co nhOng nhdn td ndo dang cdn trd sU phdng hoa cua thi'gidi khdng? Do Id nhiing vdn de md tdc gid mong mud'n dUdc trao ddi trong bdi viit ndy.
E
hu chung ta da bidt, trdi dat cd hinh cdu va be mat ciia nd la khdng h i bdng phdng. Yi vdy, thudt ngfl the gidi phdng td't nMdn khdng dfldc stf dung dd ndi ve khfa canh dia ly. Bdi vl kMa canh ndy, the gidi khdng bao gid phdng ca. The' gidi phdng dfldc hidu la the gidi trd thanh mdt sdn chdi rpng ldn va bang phang, trong do mpi ranh gidi deu bi xda nhda, mpi rao can deu bi dd bd, mpi bat binh dang diu khdng cdn, sfl phdn biet vl c h l dp chfnh tri trd nen tfldng ddi, nhflng bat ddng dfldc thu hep vd sU hdp tac dfldc gia tdng, mpi ngfldi tren khdp the gidi cd the cflng hdp tac vdi nhau trdn tat ca cac linh vUc cua ddi sdhg xa hdi.Trong tac pham The gidi phdng, Thomas L.Friedraan viet: "San chdi canh tranh toan cdu dang trd nen cdng bdng. The gidi dang dUdc san phang"(l).
6ng ciing chi ra mUdi nhdn to ldm phdng t h l gidi vd chflng rainh ve sU tdn tai cua mdt t h l gidi md theo dng, la phangsMudi nhan to' dUdc dng chi ra dd
la: Bflc tfldng Beclin sup dd vd phdn mem wmdow len ngdi (1); mang (web) xudt Men va Netscape ban cd pMe'u ddt ddu cho cdng chung (2); phdn mim xtt ly cdng viec (3); tai thdng tin ldn raang (4); thud lara ben ngoai (5); chuyen san xud't ra nfldc ngoai (6); chudi cung (7);
thue ben ngoai lam (8); cung cap thdng tin tira kilm trdn cac trang web:
Google. Yahoo va MSN (9); cac nhan to' xuc tac: Tinh chdt so', di dpng, ca nhdn vd ao (10)(2).
Chung tdi ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua Thomas L.Friedman, khi dng dfla ra nhan dinh ve viec t h l gidi dang trd nen phdng hdn. Theo chflng tdi, qua trinh ldm phdng t h l gidi Id rapt xu t h l khach quan, la ke't qua td't ylu cua qua trinh todn cau hda. Nd dfldc thuc day bdi nhiing nhan to chu ylu sau day:
(*) Tien si, Pho trfldng khoa, Khoa Ly lu4n Chinh trj, Trfldng Dai hoc Hdng Dflc, Thanh Hda.
(1) Thomas L.Friedman, The gidi phdng. Nxb Tre, Ha Ndi, 2006, tr.23.
(2) Xem: Thomas L.Friedman. Sdd., tr.Sl - 285.
THE GIOI PHANG HAY KHONG PHANG Thit nhdt, nhdn to' kinh te': Sfl phat trien ciia luc Ifldng san xud't va vai trd cua cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia.
Lay lflc Ifldng san xuat lam diem xud't phat, trong cac tdc pham cua minh, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da phan tich mdt each sau sdc vai trd cua lflc Ifldng san xud't ddi vdi qua trinh qud'c te' hda san xua't tfl ban chii ngMa va xu hudng phat tridn cua nd. Cac dng da chi rd: "Dai cdng nghiep da tao ra thi trUdng the gidi, thi trUdng ma viec tim ra chdu My dd chuan bi sdn... Vi ludn hi thuc day bdi nhu cdu ve nhflng ndi tidu thu san phdm, giai cd'p tU san xam ldn khdp hodn cdu. Nd phai xdm nhap vdo khdp ndi, tru lai d khdp ndi va thidt lap nhflng mdi lien he d khdp ndi. Do bdp nan thi trUdng t h l gidi, giai cdp tU san da lam cho san xuat va tieu dung cua ta't ca cac nfldc mang tinh chat the' gidi..., nd da ldm cho cdng nghiep mat cd sd dan tdc... Thay cho tinh trang cd lap trUdc kia cua cac dia phfldng vd dan tdc vdn tfl cung tfl cap, ta thay phat trien nhflng quan he phd biln, sfl phu thupc phd bien gifla cac dan tdc... Nhd cai tiln mau chdng cdng cu san xud't va lam cho cac phfldng tien giao thdng trd nen vd cung tien ldi, giai cd'p tfl san ldi cud'n din ca nhiing dan tdc da man nha't vao trao Iflu vdn rainh..."(3).
Nhu vay, theo CMac va Ph.Angghen, sU phat tridn cua lUc Ifldng san xud't td't ye'u se ddn din sfl phdn cdng lao dpng xd hdi rdng rdi. Khi sfl phan cdng lao ddng xa hpi mang tfnh qud'c te thi nd lai lam cho sfl trao ddi hang hda ngay cang md rpng ra tren pham vi t h l gidi va
hinh thdnh nen thi trfldng t h l gidi. Thi trfldng thd' gidi lai hen ket cac dan tpc, cae qud'c gia thanh mpt khdi thd'ng nhd't pha bd cac rao can khdng can thilt. Vd, dd cung chfnh la qua trinh todn cau hda dan de'n lam phdng the' gidi.
Sfl phdn cdng lao ddng qud'c te' cung ldm Mnh thahh ngdy cang nMlu, vdi vai trd ngay cang tang cua cac cdng ty xuydn qud'c gia, ciing nhfl qua trinh hdp tac, canh tranh gifla cac ca nhan, cac cdng ty tren pham vi toan cdu. Cd the ndi, sfl xud't Men eiia cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia Id san phdm cua qua trinh toan cdu hda. De'n Ifldt rainh, khi cac cdng ty nay ra ddi va hoat dpng, chung trd thanh mpt trong nhiing nhdn to quan trpng thuc day toan cau hda phat trien vd gdp phdn lara "phdng hda" the gidi. Tfl sau chiln tranh lanh de'n nay, mdi trudng quoc te cd nhilu thudn ldi cho Sli phat tridn va ddu tU kinh doanh da gdp phan lam cho so' lUdng cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia tdng len nhanh chdng. Cac cdng ty xuydn qud'c gia, vdi tilm lUc kinh te ldn, ndm bdt vd flng dung dflpc cdng nghe radi, dang ngay cdng qud'c t l hda cac hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh cua minh, sdp nhdp vao nhau dd trd thdnh nhflng tap dodn cd sflc manh cM phoi ca mpt nganh hoac mpt linh vflc chu yd'u ndo dd tren pham vi toan cdu va khu vflc.
Cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia gdn ddy khdng nhflng cd quy rad rat ldn, ma dia ban hoat ddng cung rd't rpng, kinh
(3) CMac va PhAngghen. Todn tdp, t.4. Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Noi, 1993, tr.l98 - 602.
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doanh da ngdnh, da linh vflc, nhflng chi nhanh cua chung dfldc vf nhfl nhiing
"chiec vdi bach tupc" vfldn ra khdp hanh tinh. Chung banh trfldng cac hoat ddng thfldng raai, tdi chfnh, tin dung, dau tfl, chuyen giao cdng nghe tren phara vi todn cdu, hinh thanh he thd'ng chi nhanh cua mmh d nhieu qud'c gia tren thd' gidi, ldi cudn cac quo'c gia vao vdng phong tda cua nd, bidn ca the' gidi thdnh mpt nha may raa trong dd, mdi qude gia thdnh rapt phan xUdng khdng phan biet sU khac nhau vl chfnh tri hay vdn hda.
Thit hai, nhdn to' khoa hgc vd cdng nghe: Su phat trien cua khoa hpc vd cdng nghd da tao ra nhflng dilu kidn va phUdng tien vdt chd't md dudng cho qua trinh phdng hda t h l gidi. Vdi each mang khoa hpc va cdng nghe hien dai, cdng nghd thdng tin va vien thdng xuat hien da tao dilu kidn cho cac hoat dpng toan cdu lan truyen vdi td'c dp nhanh vd cUdng dp manh. Xa Id thdng tin sidu cao td'c dang trd thdnh dudng truyln ddn quan trpng bac nhat cho sU lan rdng, sau va nhanh cua cac quan hd qud'c te.
Cac nen kinh t l qud'c gia trd thdnh nhiing bd phan hflu cd cua nln kinh td' toan cdu.
Su tien bd cua cac phfldng tien giao thdng vd ky thuat thdng tin lam cho the' gidi dfldng nhfl hi thu nhd lai vl khdng gian va nhflng hoat ddng trong thd' gidi do dien ra vdi td'c dp nhanh hdn, the hidn qua vide cae phi tdn, nhat Id cM pM vdn tai va thdng tin, ngay cdng giara; nhflng sfl each trd ve dia ly dan dfldc khdc phuc; cac qud'c gia, dan tdc trd nen gdn giii hdn vdi nhflng hinh anh
va thdng tin dupc truyen hinh triic tilp lien tue v l cac sU kien dang xay ra d rapi mien tren trai dd't. V.E.Daviddvich khdng dinh: "Tren thd' gidi dang didn ra qua trinh qud'c te' hda nln san xuat, mpt su thd'ng nhd't hda ndo do vl cdng nghe ngdy cang tang, ha tdng cd sd tai chinh todn the' gidi xua't hien, mang ludi giao thdng lien luc dia..., mang lUdi truyln hinh bdng day va khdng day, dUa tren kha nang cua cac ve tinh nhan tao, dfldc md rpng - tdt ca nhflng dieu dd lien kit td't ca mpi xd xinh xa xdi nhd't tren hdnh tinh" (4).
Vdi sU phat tridn ciia cupc each mang khoa hpc vd cdng nghe hidn dai, cac phdn mem xtt ly cdng vide ra ddi vd kit ndi nhflng ca nhdn, nhflng cdng ty tren khdp the' gidi lai vdi nhau. Hidn tUdng rapt cdng ty nUdc nay thue nhflng ca nhdn hoac mot cdng ty nfldc khac mdt so' phan viec hay mpt so' cM tilt cho mdt san phdm trd nen phd bie'n. Mpt ca nhan cd the ldm thue cho mdt cdng ty nUdc ngoai ma khdng nhd't thidt phai dat chan de'n nUdc dd. Chdng han, nhieu cdng nhan va ky sfl tin hpe d Bangalore (An Dp) dang lam thud cho cac cdng ty My dat tren ddt My hay cac cdng nhdn d thanh phd' Dai Lien (Trung Qud'c) dang lam thud cho eac cdng ty Nhat Ban rad khdng can phai de'n Nhat. Ngfldi ta cd the giao dich cdng viec hoac ky kit cac hdp ddng lao ddng vdi nhau qua email, didn thoai, fax...
md khdng nhat thiet phai gap nhau.
(4) V.E.Daviddvich. DifiM long kinh triet hgc. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Ndi, 2002, tr.l72.
THE GIOI PHANG HAY KHONG PHANG Qua la the gidi dang ngay cang phang hdn va bien gidi qud'c gia chi cd y ngMa tfldng ddi.
Thit ba, nhdn to' chinh tri - xd hgi:
CMnh sach md ctta, tfl do hda thfldng raai vd ddu tU ciia cac qud'c gia cflng vdi sfl xuat hien ngay cdng nhilu vd gay gdt cac vd'n d l todn cdu.
Qua trinh toan cau hda dan tdi mpt the' gidi phdng trflde hdt dfldc thuc ddy bdi cac nfldc phat trien, dflng ddu la My. Nhin chung, My va cac nfldc phat trien ung hd vd khuyin khfch qua trinh md ctta, tfl do hda kinh te' - thfldng mai thdng qua viec thanh lap cae thiet chl kinh t l toan cdu, nhfl WTO, IMF, WB vd day nhanh qua trinh tfl do hda thfldng mai trong WTO, cung nhU trong cac the che' khu viic. Ciing vdi vai trd chu dpng cua My vd cac nUdc phat trien, chmh sach md ctta hdi nhdp cua hdu hdt cac qud'c gia tren the' gidi cung Id radt dpng lUc thiic ddy qua trinh phdng hda thd' gidi dien ra nhanh chdng hdn. Ddy Id yd'u to' mang tfnh chu quan, nhUng lai dflde hinh thdnh mdt each khdch quan do nhu cdu phat tridn ndi tai cua cac qud'c gia. Nhdn thay nhiJng ldi fch khi thara gia vdo qua trinh phan cdng lao ddng quoc te, cung tflc la thara gia vdo thi trfldng the gidi, ngay cang cd nMlu qudc gia tren t h l gidi da ddn chuydn sang thflc Mdn chfnh sach md ctia, tttng budc budc vao Id trinh tii do hda thUdng mai. Chfnh sach ndy dd tao ra mpt radi trfldng thdng thoang cho sfl phat trien cua cac mdi quan he kinh te gifla cac qud'c gia. Qua trinh tfl do hda hien nay dang tap trung vdo cac linh
vflc ddu tfl va thfldng raai, trong dd he thd'ng thfldng mai cua To chflc ThUdng mai t h l gidi (WTO) ddng vai trd chu dao. Tfnh den ngay 26 - 06 - 2014, To chflc nay da cd tdi 160 thdnh vidn chi'nh thflc, trong dd Viet Nam la thanh vien thtt 150, va nhieu nfldc dang trong qua trinh dam phan gia nhap. Con so' nay ndi len sfl nd lflc cua cae chfnh phu trong vide chu dpng hpi nhdp, md ctfa vd tflng bfldc thflc hien chinh sach tfl do hda thfldng mai, dich vu.
Chien tranh lanh k i t thue vdi sU tan rd cua Lidn Xd va cac nUdc xa hdi chu nghia d Ddng Au da lam thay ddi ve cd ban cue dien quan hd qud'c tl. Tfl rapt trdt tu the' gidi hai eiie vdi hai he thd'ng kinh te - chfnh tri - xa hdi ddi lap nhau trUdc ddy, nay dang chuyen ddn sang rapt trdt tfl theo hUdng da ciic. TrUdc tinh Mnh dd, hau h i t cac nfldc deu dieu chinh chfnh sach ddi ngoai cua rainh theo hfldng da dang hda, da phfldng hda quan he qud'c te, khdng phan biet che dp chfnh tri, binh dang ciing cd ldi va vd'n de phat trien kinh td' ludn dfldc flu tien dat len hang dau. Cdc nfldc diu nhan thflc ro tdra quan trpng sd'ng cdn cua nhan td' kinh te trong dilu kidn Men nay vd vi vay, ludn gdng stte tim kilm vi trf cd ldi nhat cho minh trong cude chay dua kinh td' vd khoa hpc, ky thuat tren pham vi toan cdu. Vi vky, dau tranh cho hda binh, hdp tac de phat trien dd va dang trd thdnh mpt xu thd' ldn cua quan hd qud'c te' trong giai doan Men nay, dd Id mot nhan td' quan trpng thuc day toan cdu hda phat trien nhanh chdng vd thuan ldi.
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Nhu vay, toan cdu hda va cung vdi nd la xu hudng md cua cac nen kinh t l lara cho ranh gidi dia ly cua cac qud'c gia trd ndn md nhat. Sfl sup dd ciia bflc tfldng Beclin ngdy 9 - 11 - 1989 khdng chl danh dd'u ve rapt rdo can hflu hinh da dfldc phd bd, rad cdn danh dd'u sfl sup do ciia nhieu rao can vd hinh khac da tflng tdn tai vd chia cdt the' gidi thdnh nhieu raanh khae nhau, thdm chf doi ldp nhau trong thdi ky chiln tranh lanh. Cdng cupc cai each, md ctta va chuyen doi md Mnh kinh t l d cac nfldc, nhfl Trung Qud'c, An Dp, Ddng Au, Nga... da kMln cho hdn 3,5 ty ngUdi trUdc kia gdn nhU biet lap vdi phdn cdn lai cua the' gidi thi gid day, da sin sang kit ndi, hdp tac va canh tranh vdi cac nln kinh te' toan cdu. Cd the ndi, tinh cha't "md" trd thdnh mpt khuynh hUdng chung trong quan he kinh te qud'c te hidn nay. Nhflng "bflc tfldng", nhflng
"rao can" ngan each cac qud'c gia ve che dp chinh tri, vl dia ly, vl vdn hda...
ngay ddn dfldc dd bd va thay vao dd la
"sdi day" lien k i t chat che, tao nen rapt dien raao t h l gidi mdi "rad" hdn va
"bdng phdng" hdn.
Tuy nMdn, qua trinh lara phang the' gidi Men ciing dang gap phai nMlu ma sat gay nen nhflng lUc can khdng nhd.
Thflc td' Men nay cho thdy, the' gidi van chUa thiic sU bdng phing. Trong kM nMlu bflc tfldng, nhilu rdo can da va dang dfldc dd bd tM lai cd khdng it nhiing bflc tfldng va rao can mdi dfldc dflng len cMa cdt thd' gidi thdnh nhiing phdn cao thap, sang tdi khac nhau khdng dd gi san phdng. Nhiing nhan t l can trd qua trinh ldm phdng t h l gidi dd la:
Thit nhdt, nhitng bdt binh ddng trong cgnh tranh giita cdc qudc gia hiin nay. Theo tac gia Nguyen Dflc Binh, toan cdu hda hien nay khdng dem lai cho mpi nfldc van hdi nhfl nhau vd chia deu ldi fch, khdng dem lai thach thflc, riii ro ngang nhau cho mpi nUdc. Todn cdu hda va hdi nhap qud'c te' khi sU bd't binh ddng va bd't cdng vd'n da tdn tai ngay d vach xud't phat, khi "san chdi"
khdng cung mat bdng, khi "ludt chdi" do ke manh dinh trUdc, khi dau thii do lich stt de lai khdng ngang sflc ngang tai, trong dilu kien dd md ndi de'n "cac bdn deu thdng", "tat ca deu thdng", neu khdng la lfla bip thi cung la ao tfldng ngay thd(5). Sfl bat binh dang va bat cdng ldn nhat hien nay la gifla mot nhdm nhd cac nfldc tU ban phat trien vdi ddng dao cac nfldc dang phat tridn, gifla trung tdm vdi ngoai vi, gifla Bdc vd Nam. Cac nfldc phat trien do My dttng ddu chfnh la lUc lUdng chu dao, dpng cd thuc ddy va la ngUdi thu ldi chu ye'u tfl qua trinh toan cau hda. Trong kM dd, cac nUdc dang phat tridn lai dflng trflde nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd. Trong xu the' toan cdu hda Men nay, ldi the canh tranh dang thudc vl cac nfldc phat trien, cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia, bdi hp dang chilm flu the vl vd'n, vl kinh nghiem quan ly, vl thi trfldng va cd du thflc lflc chi phoi thi trudng thd' gidi. Hdn nfla, cac ddi thu da manh lai thfldng "chdi khdng dep" vd thfldng "xtt ep" nhflng doi thu ylu hdn minh. Td hai hdn nfla, hp cdn sxt dung (5) Nguyin Van Thanh (chu bien). Nhitng mdng toi cua todn cdu hoa. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2003, tr.l5.
THE Gl6l PHANG HAY KHONG PHANG nhflng thfl vu kM ldi hai de ddnh bai nhiing ke vd'n da ye'u hdn minh rat nhilu. Nhflng thfl vu khf do chfnh la nhiing tMe't chd' tuy mang tfnh qud'c te', nhflng lai do cae nfldc tfl ban phat trien tao ra vd vi vay, dfldng nhien, cac nfldc phat trien vdn Id nhflng ke dfldc ldi nhieu nhat vd la ngfldi thao tung, stt dung cac tMe't che do. Trong so' cac thiet chd' dd, phai ke deh nhiing thie't che' quan trpng, nhdt la Td chflc Thfldng mai the'gidi (WTO), Quy Tien te qud'c td' (IMF) vd Ngan hang The gidi (WB).
Dd chfnh Id nhflng quan hd bat binh ddng nay sinh trong qua trinh todn cdu hda ma cac nfldc phat trien chfnh Id ngfldi tao ra va tan dung. Cac nfldc phat trien thUdng thflc hien chinh sach dp dat doi vdi hang hda va dich vu cua cac nfldc dang phat trien, gay anh hfldng xau de'n nhip dp tang trfldng kim ngach xudt khau cua hp. Trong khi le ra cac nfldc phat triln budc phai huy bd chfnh sach bao hd hang hda theo quy dinh ciia WTO, thi hp lai vdn ngang nhidn dflng ldn nhflng hdng rao t h u i quan va pM thue quan vd ly de ngdn chan viec nhap khau hang hda tfl cac nfldc khac, trong dd chu yd'u Id tfl cac nUdc dang phat tridn.
Thit hai, bdt binh ddng trong thu nhdp. Bd't binh ddng trong sd hflu va canh tranh tdt ylu se ddn de'n bat binh ddng trong thu nhap. Sfl bat binh ddng vl thu nhap ngay eang tang ddn den khoang each giau ngheo ngay cang doang ra va vdi toe dp ngay cang nhanh. Dilu nay dUdc the hien rat ro trong tflng qud'c gia cung nhU tren pham vi toan cdu. Ngay d nfldc My, sU
bdt binh ddng trong thu nhap gia dinh da tang ldn tfl 0,365 (theo he sd' Gini) trong ndra 1979 len 0,425 nam 1996.
Mdt bao cao nghidn cflu ciia My cho biet, tfl ndm 1988 de'n nam 1998, thu nhap cua so' hd gia ^ n h ngheo nhat chiem 1/5 dan sd' My tdng khdng din 1%, trong khi do, thu nhap cua nhflng gia dinh gidu nha't chiem 1/5 ddn sd' lai tdng 15%. O EU, sd' ngfldi ngheo tdng tfl 38 tridu len 52 tridu trong thdi ky 1975 - 1988. Cac nfldc OEDC cd thu nhap binh quan dau ngfldi khoang 20.000 USD, nhflng cd khoang 100 trieu ngfldi song trong tinh trang nghdo khd(6).
Nhflng ba't binh ddng trong npi bd cac nfldc phat trien cdn chfla tham vao ddu so vdi vflc thdm ngan each cac nfldc nay vdi phdn cdn lai cua the gidi. Bao cao cua Lidn Hdp qud'c ve phat tridn con ngfldi nara 2000 cho thay, qua ntta dan s l t h l gidi (tren 3 ty ngfldi) chu ylu thudc cac nfldc dang phat trien cd thu nhap dfldi 2 USD/ngfldi/ngay; tren 90%
sd' ngfldi nghdo khd sd'ng d cac nfldc dang phat tridn. Ne'u ndm 1960, binh qudn thu nhap tinh theo ddu ngUdi ciia cac qud'c gia gidu cd (chilm 1/5 dan so' the gidi) gd'p 30 lan binh quan thu nhdp ddu ngudi cua cac nUdc ngheo nhd't (cung chiem 1/5 dan so' t h l gidi) tM ngay nay, sU chdnh Idch dd da ldn tdi 78 lan(7). Nara 1960, 20% nhflng ngUdi giau nha't the gidi cMera 70% thu nhap
(6) Theo: Dinh Van Sfldng. Todn cdu hda kinh ti- Cff hgi vd thdch thiic ddi vdi cac nudc dang phdt triin. Nxb Thg^gidi, Ha Noi, 2004, tr.76, 77.
(7) Xem: Do Hoai Nam, Vo Dai Ludc (ehu bidn).
Hudng tdi cgng dong kinh tiB6ng A. Nxb The gifli Ha Noi, tr.277.
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todn edu, cdn 20% nhflng ngfldi ngheo nhdt cM dfldc 2,3%. De'n nam 1997, ty Id dd ldn Ifldt la 90% va 1%. Cac nfldc OECD vdi 19% dan so' the gidi cMem 71% thfldng mai toan cau, 58% dau tU nUdc ngoai, 91% ngUdi stt dung internet.
Tai san cua 3 ty phu hang ddu the' gidi ldn hdn tdng GDP cua tat ca cac nUdc ngheo vdi 600 trieu ngudi dan ciia hp, song hp van mud'n cd them nfla vd the' gidi phai cung flng cho hp.
Thl gidi vdn phat trien, dd la dieu khdng the phu nhdn. Nhflng, co le, ngfldi ta khdng the hieu ndi rdng, tai sao mdt t h l gidi cd thfla Ifldng thflc de nudi ca hanh tinh ndy lai cdn tdi 852 tridu ngUdi ddi kinh men, theo so' heu dilu tra eua cd quan FAO thudc Lien hdp qud'c, cd nghia Id tang them 18 tripu ngUdi tfl ndra 2000. Hang nam cd it nhd't 5 tridu tre era bi chet ddi. Trong sd' 4,4 ty ngUdi d cac nudc dang phat trien, cd tdi 60% thilu cac phUdng tidn vd sinh cd ban, 33% khdng dUdc tie'p cdn nUdc sach, 25% khdng cd nhd d kien cd', 20% khdng diidc tidp can dich vu y te Men dai, 20% tre em khdng dfldc hpc hit ldp 5(8).
Khung hoang vd nghdo ddi ddn din nd nan, dd la con dfldng td't yeu. Hien nay, v&i dl nd nfldc ngodi dang trd thdnh ganh ndng de len vai cac nfldc dang vd kera phat trien. So' lieu thd'ng ke ciia Lien Hdp qud'c cho tha'y, nd nfldc ngodi Men chilm 90% GNP cua cac nfldc nghdo. Mang tdi nhat cua bflc tranh nd ndn Id khu vflc Nara Sahara va chau PM, cac nflde Tandania, GMne xfch dao, Anggdla, Xdmah nd tfl 200 - 300% GDP cua minh; Mddarabfch,
Ghana nd tdi 470% GDP. Tuy nMdn, raflc ky luc lai thupc ve Nicaragoa vdi raflc nd len tdi 730% GDP(9). Van de nd gay ra nhiing hau qua nang n l vl kinh te' - chfnh tri - xa hdi cho cac con nd.
Nln kinh td' cua cac qud'c gia ndy khdng phat tridn dfldc, ddi sd'ng nhan dan ngheo khd, chfnh tri bat dn vd suy rdng hdn, dd la tinh trang bi rang budc, phu thupc vao ben ngoai. Sfl rdng budc ndy chfnh la mpt bien phap khd'ng chl, cM phdi cua chu nghia tfl ban thflc dan mdi: Thd'ng tri bdng kinh te'. Chinh vi thl, cac nfldc du ddc lap vl chfnh tri, nhUng thiic chd't vdn la phu thudc - nen ddc lap ay trong nhieu trUdng hdp chi tren danh nghia.
Nhflng net phac hpa tren ve tinh trang nghdo ddi va nd ndn cdng lara dara thera bflc tranh ve sfl bdt binh ddng trong thu nhdp va trong viec hfldng ldi tfl toan cdu hda tren the' gidi Men nay.
va, dd cung la mpt minh ehttng khdng dinh rdng the gidi hien nay chfla thflc sU bdng phang, nd'u khdng ndi la cdn qua nMlu cMa cdt va khac bidt.
Thd ba, nhitng xung dot trong quan he chinh tri giUa cdc nUdc. Ke tfl kM
"chiln tranh lanh" kit thuc, trat tfl t h l gidi da cd nhflng thay doi dang kd, t h l gidi chuyen tfl "Ifldng cflc" sang "da cflc"
vdi sfl thao tung eua cac trung tdra kinh t l ldn la My, Nhat Ban, EU, dac biet la vai trd cua My. Tfl chd chi phoi ve kinh t l ddn din thao tung ve cMnh tri la mdt
(8) Xem: Lg Hflu Nghia, Le Ngoc Tdng. Todn cdu hda — nhitng vdn di ly ludn vd thUc tiin. Nxb Chinh tri Qud'c gia, Ha Noi, tr.470.
(9) Xem: Nguyin Ba Ngoc, Tran Van Hoan. Todn cdu hoa: Cd hgi vd thdch thdc doi vdi lao dgng Viet Nam. Nxb Lao ddng - Xa hoi. Ha Noi, tr.215 - 218.
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THE GI6I PHANG HAY KHONG PHANG dilu dd Meu vd ranh gidi gifla chung Id rd't mong manh. Thdm chi, cung tfl sflc ep ve kinh te', cdc qud'c gia dang phat trien phai chd'p nhan thay ddi luat phap theo hfldng cd ldi cho cac cdng ty tfl ban, cac cdng ty xuyen quoc gia, dan ddn chdp nhdn phap luat nfldc ngoai vdi npi dung han che' kha ndng phat tridn kinh te' nUdc hp. Cac nUdc tu ban phat trien khdng cM can tMep trUc tie'p vdo vide de ra cac dudng 161, chfnh sach kinh te', chinh tri, xa hdi cua cac nhd nUdc, ldm mat di tinh ddc lap, tU chu cua cac nhd nUdc do, ma cdn trdng trdn gay sflc ep bdng vu lflc lam cho nhilu nfldc mdt chu quyen kinh te', rdi loan chinh tri.
Ngay ca radi quan he cua ba trung tam kinh t l ldn cung cd nMlu bd't dn.
Cac thd' lflc hidu chid'n My ludn tim mpi each de tao ra mpt the gidi "ddn cflc" vdi cudng vpng thflc hidn rapt de che todn cdu -dfldi sfl thd'ng tri cua My. Chfnh sach ciia My ddi vdi Nhat Ban va EU (ca vdi cac nfldc ldn khac, nhfl Nga, Trung Qud'c, An Dd...) vfla ldi dung, vfla kilra che. Ngfldc lai, Nhdt Ban vd EU vfla dfla vao My, nhflng cung mud'n thoat khdi sU Id thudc vao My, nang cao vi t h l ciia minh tren trUdng qud'c tl. Su ndi len cua Trung Qudc cflng vdi nhiing hdnh ddng bdt chap ludt phap qud'c te cua nfldc ndy cung dang de dpa vi trf efldng quoc so' 1 cua My va dat cac nfldc ldn trudc nhflng sii dilu chinh mdi trong quan he ddi ngoai, ldm hinh thdnh nhiing true quan he mdi ddi trpng vd kilm chl ldn nhau.
Toan cau hda Mdn nay cdn chfla dung nguy cd biing no vd'n de dan tdc va
tdn giao trdn pham vi t h l gidi. Day von la nhiing vdh de dm 1 d khdng it nfldc, cd ngudn gd'c tfl nhflng bdt binh dang trong sd hflu tfl heu san xudt, trong td chflc quan ly san xuat va trong phan phdi san pham. Din nay, todn cdu hda kinh te da md rpng nhflng mau thudn dan tpc, tdn giao va day nd den tinh trang ndng bdng. Cac cupc khung hoang chfnh tri - xa hpi; thara chi, sfl phat sinh cac cupc khung bo ldn, deu trflc tilp hay gian tie'p lien quan de'n vd'n de nay. Mac du toan cdu hda Idra cho cac qud'c gia dan tdc xich lai gdn nhau hdn, cd quan hd chat che vdi nhau hdn, nhflng mdi dan tpc lai ed rapt dilu kidn kinh t l - xa hpi, van hda dan tdc vd anh hfldng tdn giao cung nhfl xud't phat didra khac nhau, nen khdng the cd ciing chung ldi fch. Id trinh vd giai phap vl toan cdu hda tren mpi phfldng didn.
Dieu dd chfla dflng nhflng nguy cd bd't dn ve an mnh chinh tri mang mau sdc sdc tdc, tdn giao cd the bpc phat bd't ky liic nao. Nhflng gi da vd dang xay ra d Paletxtin, Ixaren, Nam Tfl, Anbani, Inddnexia, Apganixtan, Irdc... cho chiing ta thay, qua trinh toan cdu hda Mdn nay vdn ludn chfla dflng nhiing nguy cd bflng nd cac cupc xung ddt, chiln tranh cue bp xuat phat tfl ldi ich cua rapt sd' dan tdc, tdn giao. Kd tfl khi tda thap ddi cua My bi danh sdp ngay 11 - 9 - 2001, mdc du ca t h l gidi da cd nhilu nd lflc trong cupc cMdh chd'ng chu nghia khung bd', nhflng cac cupc khung bo' vdn khdng ngflng xay ra vdi tfnh chd't ngdy cdng phflc tap hdn. Hien nay, nhd nfldc Hdi giao tfl xflng IS, vdi nhflng vu sat hai con tm vd dan thfldng kinh hodng,
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vdn dang la ndi am anh cua tdt ca mpi ngfldi tren hanh tinh, ngoai trfl t h l gidi dao Hdi. The gidi vdn dang cd nhflng ba't ddng va chia cdt sau sdc, do la dieu khdng the phu nhan Men nay. Va, day cung la mpt trong nhflng lflc ma sat can trd qua trinh iam phang thd' gidi.
Thd tu, phong trdo chd'ng todn cdu hda dang dien ra hiin nay. Qua trinh todn cdu hda dan dd'n hinh thanh mdt t h l gidi phdng, ro rang khdng chi cd mat tfch cflc, ma cdn chfla dflng ca mat tieu cflc. Nhflng khuyet tat ciia toan cdu hda khdng phai d tfnh "sinh lpi" cua nd, ma chu yeu d tinh thieu cdng bdng va binh ddng trong sfl sinh ldi va hfldng ldi, d nhflng suy giam ly tfldng nhan vdn, nhan dao cua con ngfldi. NhQng khuylt tat ciia toan cdu hda cung da chdm ngdi cho nhiing cude dd'u tranh phan doi todn cdu hda dang diln ra ngdy cdng manh rae tren t h l gidi hidn nay. Trong nhflng ndm vfla qua, nhijing hdat ddng phan ddi toan cdu hda diln ra dudi nMlu hinh thflc kha da dang vd d nhiing mflc dp rd't khac nhau, tfl nhflng bdi vilt, ah phara, didn thuye't, hdi nghi, bieu tinh... din stt dung bao lflc. Trong dd, nhflng cupc bieu tinh cua ddng dao cac tang ldp xd hdi tfl nMlu nfldc tren t h l gidi didn ra bdn ngoai cac eudc hdi nghi qud'c te' quan trpng da trd thdnh hoat dpng phd bien.
Mue tidu vd khau hidu cua cac eudc da'u tranh phan ddi todn cdu hda cung rat da dang, tuy thupc vdo chu d l cua cac cupc hdi nghi vd thanh phdn tham gia bieu tinh. Chdng han, ddi giai quylt cac vdn dl thdt nghipp, ngheo ddi gia tdng, d nMem radi trfldng, xda nd eho
cac nfldc ngheo, xda bd trd cd'p trong linh vflc ndng nghiep, det may d cac nfldc giau, gifl gm van hda truyen thd'ng... Tuy nhien, muc tieu td'ng quat vd xuyen sud't cude dau tranh nay dd la dd'u tranh cho rapt todn cdu hda vi con ngfldi vdi nhflng khau hieu, nhfl "mdt toan cdu hda khac la can thie't" vd "mdt todn cau hda khac la cd thd". Cac cupc dd'u tranh nay khdng phai chd'ng lai todn cdu hda mdt each chung chung hay chd'ng lai nhflng tac ddng tfch cflc cua todn cdu hda, rad chd'ng lai nhiing raat tieu cflc ciia qua trinh ndy. NhQng ngfldi phan ddi toan cau hda cho rdng, todn cdu hda hien nay dang dfldc van hanh rapt each khdng binh ddng, hi cac nfldc tu ban phat tridn thao tung vd vi vdy, todn cdu hda Men nay chi phuc vu cho ldi fch cua rapt so' ngudi gidu cd vd lam ton hai de'n so' ddng nhQng ngUdi nghdo. Hp cho rdng, cdn phai stta ddi nhiing nguyen tdc hoat ddng cua WTO, IMF, WB theo hudng cdng bdng, binh dang va mang tinh nhan van.
Nhu vay, qua trinh ldm phdng the gidi dang thiic sU dien ra vd kit qua la nMlu ndi tren t h l gidi da dUdc Idra phdng. Tuy nMdn, qua trinh nay ciing dang gap phai nhiing lUc can khdng nhd va Men thiic Id the gidi van cdn qua nMlu bat binh dang, nhiing rdo can vd khac biet, thdm cM ddi lap nhau giQa cac nhdm ngfldi, giQa cae qudc gia, dan tpc, tdn giao... khdng de gi cd the san phang. Vi vdy, qua trinh phdng hda the gidi vdn cdn tilp tue dien ra vd cd hay khdng mpt t h l gidi hoan todn phdng, theo chiing tdi, vdn cdn la rapt cau hdi khdng dd tra ldi va dap an vdn cdn d pMa trUdc. •
