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ham nhiing la van nan ciia moi nha nudc, nd thudng lam bang hoai cac gia tri dao dUe, gay ton tha't thanh qua kinh te - xa hdi, tao ra nhiing nhan to' ba't on trong cdng ddng. Chd'ng tham nhung dUdc xem la mot trong nhiing tigu chi hang dau de duy tri, cung cd', tang cudng sUc manh qud'c gia. Trong lich sii, nhieu trieu dai quan ehii d Viet Nam da dd" ra cac bien phap phdng chd'ng tham nhiing khac nhau.Den trieu Nguyen, nan tham nhiing trd nen nghiem trong, den miic nha nUdc da coi day la mpt thU giae. Bo Hodng Viet luat le (1815) ciia vUdng trieu nay da nghiem khac xii phat cac toi cd lien quan den tham nhiing, nhu: nhan hdi Id; giai quyet cac cdng viec vi tU tinh; an bdt, la'y trdm tien bac, lUdng thao trong kho; dung tai san chung lam viec rieng...
Bai viet nay khao sat cac dieu luat, did'u le trong Hodng Viet luat le de xem xet chinh sach phdng chd'ng tham nhiing dUdi thdi Nguydn, hi vong gdp phan hid'u sau sdc hdn chinh sach quan li xa hoi cua cac bae tien nhan, nhUng gia tri thue tiln cua nen phap che Viet Nam the ky XIX.
Hodng Viet luat le dUdc ban hanh dudi
thdi vua Gia Long, gom 22 quyen, 398 dieu.
Hodng Viet luat le cd pham vi dieu chinh kha toan dien, bao quat nhie'u khia canh quan h' xa hoi. Day la bd luat quan trong dUde xay dung nham duy tri trat tu, gop phan vao viec cung cd sU dn dinh ciia vUdng trieu.
Nhiing quy dinh xii phat toi tham nhiing rai rac dUdc ghi trong 7 phan: Danh le luat, Lai luat. Ho luat, Le ludt, Binh luat, Hinh luat, Cong ludt. Diem dac biet la Hodng Viet ludt le da danh mdt chUdng gom 9 dieu luat va 14 dieu le quy dinh rieng ve viec xii phat tdi nhan hd'i Id.
Xem xet noi dung cu the ciia nhCfng dieu luat, did~u le cd the tha'y mdt sd'net chu yeu ve viec phdng chd'ng tham nhiing nhU sau:
1. N h a n ho'i Io t i e n , h i e n v a t Nhan hd'i Id tien, hien vat la mot bieu hien ciia toi tham nhiing. Vi vay, so' lUdng dieu luat, dieu le xii phat ve tdi danh trong Hodng Viet ludt le dUdc ghi nhieu nha't. Cac quy dinh da dang, da chieu. Trong sd'dd, toi nhan hoi Id, xii phat tdi nhan hd'i Id ndi chung dUdc quy dinh kha chat che.
Quan lai nhan hd'i Id deu can cU vao tang vat de dinh tdi: "Pham quan lai (nhan chuyen uong phap hay ba't udng phap (1)) ' GS.TS. Khoa Lich sii, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi
" TS. Khoa Lich sii, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi
Rghien eiiru Lich su*. so 11.2014 ma nhan tien ciia thi tinh theo tang vat dd
ma xii toi. NgUdi khdng an lUdng nha nUdc thi giam bac, la'y lai nhiing eao sSc vua ban cho, xda ten so quan, lai thi bai ehdc dich (tang vat chi 1 lUdng), khdng ke thU bac nao" (2). Tang vat nhan hdi Id chi 1 lUdng thi quan da bi xda ten trong so quan, Iai hi bai ehdc.
Trudng hdp nhan tien va dem tien Io cdng viec thi ngUdi nhan hd'i Id va ngUdi dUa hd'i Id deu bi xii phat: "... Dem tien de Io cong viee thi ngUdi cd Ipc (3) xU giam nhe hdn ngUdi nhan tien mpt mUc, ngUdi khdng ed ldc (4) giam nhe hdn hai miic (rieng cae tang vat do hach sach, khoa liem, lUa ddi va sau viec mdi nhan tien dUa tdi thi khdng ddng luat nay). Tdi chi phat 100 trUdng, do 2 nam (chieu theo luat "thien dd tii luu" (5) giam mpt niia de dinh tdi)" (6). Dieu luat da
ddi vdi quan lai nhan hd'i 16 hai I^n ciia mpt chu va nhan hd'i Id cua nhieu chu cung lue:
"NgUdi ed loe (nhiing ngudi ed lUdng thang tU mdt thach trd len), nhan tien cac chii ma udng phap... neu pham hai lan nhan tien trd len ma chii phat giac va da luan tdi roi, thi nhiing ngUdi khac phat giac sai, thi dii tdi nhe hdn hay bang tdi trUdc deu tinh he't de luan tdi.
Bat uong phap, nhan hdi Id ciia nhieu chii, tinh chung xU tdi theo niia so dd (tuy nhan cung mpt luc, tien cua 10 chii, viec do be, tinh gdp ehung xii phan niia toi, mpt chu ciing xii phan niia toi)" (7).
NgUdi khdng cd ldc nhan hdi Id uong phap va ba't uong phap thi mUe hinh phat nhe hdn so vdi ngUdi ed ldc nhan hdi Id:
"Ngudi khdng cd ldc (ngUdi ed miic lUdng hang thang khdng day 1 thach), uong phap Bang 1: Tiing vut va mirc hinh phiit tui nhan hoi 16 doi vui quan Ini co 16c (H)
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quy dinh mUc hinh phat ngudi nhan hdi Id uong phap va ba't uong phap, ngUdi nhan hd'i Id cd ldc va khdng cd ldc. NgUdi nhan hdi Id ud'ng phap, cd ldc hi xii phat nang hdn ngUdi nhan hoi Id ba't uong phap, khdng cd ldc. Dieu luat ciing neu cu the cac mUc tang vat tUdng dUdng vdi hinh phat ddi vdi ngUdi nhan hdi Id cd Ide, khdng eo ldc; udng phap va ba't uong phap:
NgUdi cd ldc nhan hdi Id uong phap va ba't uong phap dUdc quy dinh eu the nhu bang 1.
Dieu luat cung quy dinh mUc hinh phat
(giup cho ngudi pham tdi nghe theo ho di eo' y tha tdi) 120 lang la xii treo cd', giam chd. Ba't udng phap thi du 120 lang trd len tdi ciing chi den mUe phat 100 trUdng, day 3000 dam" (9). NgUdi khdng cd Idc nhan hdi Id ud'ng phap den 120 lang mdi hi xii tdi treo co, giam chd. Ngudi khdng cd ldc nhan hdi Id ba't ud'ng phap thi tang vat du tren 120 lang cung chi bi phat 100 trUdng, day 3000 dam.
Nhan hdi Id khdng phai vi lam viec uong phap va ba't uong phap tpa tang chi tdi (10), ciing bi xii tdi: "Pham quan lai khdng phai
BUww uau Khao ciru ve phdng chong ^ham nhung... 17 nhan cd viec ud'ng phap hay ba'y ud'ng phap
ma nhan tien cua ngUdi tUc la toa tang chi toi cac chii, thi tinh toan toan bo tang vat chiet di mot niia ma dinh toi. NgUdi cung tham du xii giam nhe 5 mUe. (Nhu ngudi la'y trdm tien ciia hoac danh bi thUdng neu ngoai tien bdi thudng va tie'n thud'c thang
phat den 100 trUdng, do 3 nam. Dieu luat cdn giai thich; "(Vi toa tang d day khdng phai la thUc tang cho nen den 500 lang la tdi chi d miic do 3 nam)" (xem bang 2) (11).
Hai quy dinh tren la ed sd quan trpng de xem xet mUc hinh phat ciia cac trUdng hdp nhan hdi Id va dUa hdi Id khac.
Bang 2: Tang vat va mUc hinh phat toa tang chi toi (12)
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lai nhan dd ma nhan them tie'n cua cac chii, dd'u tinh toan bp tang vat, chie't di mdt niia ma luan tdi. NgUdi dan xep giiia hai ben cung vdi ngUdi cd' y dua tien dUdc xU giam nhe hdn tdi cua ngUdi nhan tien 5 mUc.
Trudng hdp tU tien, nhan viee cdng bat nhan dan ddng gdp tien ciia do vat hoac thu nhieu nop it (nhU thu tidn lUdng, thue' lUdng cung la kiem tra hpa ve lUdng ndi dong bai va lam rieng cac loai giac, dau, cSn, thudc deu cd trong luat, tuy khdng bd tui minh hoac lam hU phi cac loai nhan cdng vat lieu. Pham nhiing ngUdi mac toi do ed tang vat nhU vay deu la tpa tang chi tdi). Quan lai nhan tang neu nhu khdng bd tui minh thi dUdc de nghi cho phuc chUe.
TrUdng hdp xua't tien de nham tranh tdi nang thi xii nang)" (13).
Theo quy dinh, so' tang vat nhan hdi Id dUde chie't di mpt niia roi mdi dinh tdi, ngUdi dong Ida dUdc giam nhe 5 miic. Viec xtf phat khdng ed sU phan biet giiia ngUdi cd ldc va ngUdi khdng cd Ide, giiia vide uong phap va ba't ud'ng phap. Pham nhan hdi 16 nhung khdng phai vi de giai quyet viec deu bi xii phat gid'ng n h a u va mUc hinh phat nhe hdn nhieu so vdi tdi nhan hoi Id udng phap va ba't ud'ng phap, tdi nang nha't chi
Lai vien, sai dich nhan hdi Id ciing can cU vao tang vat de dinh tdi. MUc tang vat de dinh tdi ciing can cii vao hai quy dinh tren.
Lai vien giup viee cho quan nhan tien eua ngUdi ed viec can cU vao tang vat de dinh toi: "Pham nhUng ngUdi lam viec d eiia quan, dam nhan tien ciia ngUdi cd vide, trUdng hdp nay luat khdng cd chinh didu, nhung phep tdc qua cd bi sai lech budng tha thi deu la'y dieu uong phap tinh so'tang vat ma dinh toi" (14).
Sai dich nhan hdi 16 viia can cii vao tang vat de dinh tdi, viia hi thich chii len mat.
"Bon sai dich sau mot bi t6i an hdi 16, chieu le phan biet sd'hdl Id tri tdi, ngodi ra khdng ke thii pham, tdng pham, bi tdi do trd xud'ng thi thich 1 chU do' pham (pham tdi sau mot) tren canh tay, bi tdi lUu day trd Idn thich chii d mat. Bpn bach dich cd pham tdi cung theo le nay ma thi hanh" (15).
Ngoai nhUng quy dinh chung ve" viec xU phat tdi nhan hdi Id, Hodng Viet ludt le ciing cd nhi3ng quy dinh xU phat mot s6' trUdng hop nhan hoi Id cu the.
Triidc het, quan Iai nhan hoi Id de chay viec.
Dua tien chay viec bi phat giac thi ngUdi nhan tien va ngUdi dua tien deu bi xU toi:
Rghien ctru Lieh siSr. so 11.2014
"Pham cac trUdng hdp di cau xin, chay viec va dua tien, ne'u xet diing sU thUc thi tinh he't sd tien da dua va da nhan ciing dinh tdi. NhUng phan biet giCa ngudi cd Idc va ngUdi khdng cd Ide. NgUdi cd Ipc khdng dUde giam mUc, ngUdi khdng ed Idc dUdc giam mdt miic. Cdn ngudi di cau xin va ngUdi chay viec, dua tien, neu ed ngUdi dUng dau va ngudi ddng Ida, thi ngUdi dUng dau chie'u le dinh tdi, ngudi dong loa neu la ngUdi cd loe thi dUdc giam mpt mtie, ngudi khdng cd ldc dUdc giam hai mUc" (16). TrUdng hdp nay, phap luat ciing can eU vad tang vat cu the de dinh tdi. Tuy nhien, mUe hinh phat ed sU phan biet giiia ngudi nhan hdi 16 (cd loe nhan hdi Id va khdng cd Ipc nhan hdi Id) va ngudi dua hdi Id. NgUdi cd 16c nhdn hoi 16 khdng dupc giam, ngudi khdng cd Ipc dUdc giam mpt mUc. MUe hinh phat ngudi dUa hoi 16 cung cd sU phan biet giiia ngudi dUng dau va ngUdi dong Ida. Quy dinh ciing nha'n manh: "Neu do bi i3c hiep, bUc ep d^ la'y tid'n, thi ngUdi xua't tien cung ngudi khde dem tien chay viec dd'u khdng phai ehiu tdi" (17).
Quan lai nhan cd viee nhan h6l 16 thi luan tdi theo dieu ud'ng phap: "Neu nhan viee (quan) ma nhan thi tinh tang, la'y dieu ba't udng phap ma luan tdi" (18).
Thii hai, quan lai nhan hdi Id roi nghi tdi, thi hanh hinh phat sai, tha td nhan.
Ngudi CO viec dung tien cau xin quan Iai xii sai phap luat thi quan Iai nhan tien va ngUdi dUa tien deu bi xii phat nhUng luan tdi theo tpa tang: "Pham trudng hdp nhiing ngudi cd viec, dung ti^n cua cau xin (quan lai) nham dUdc x\i sai phap luat thi tinh s6' tien da dua, luan tdi toa tang. Neu la trudng hdp tranh chd khd de den chd d l (19) thi (tdi lam) sai phap luat nang hdn (toi dUa tien), cU x{( nang (tang phai sung cdng)" (20). Tuy nhien, phap luat ciing quy dinh: "TrUdng hdp cac quan Iai dieu tra, dung the manh sinh su, bUe ep de la'y tien thi ngudi xua't
tidn khdng phai chiu tdi..." (21).
Quan lai nhan cua cai ciia pham nhan rdi nghi tdi sai thi tuy theo tang vat de dinh tdi: "Neu cd ngudi lam quan nhan cua cai ud'ng phdp nhieu lan, tang vat la 40 lang. Trong dd 20 lang bi phat giac trudc bi danh 60 trUdng va hi toi dd 1 nam. 20 lang phat giac sau tinh gdp vdi tang vat trudc tong sd' la 40 lang, dinh lai tat ca tdi, bi toi do 3 nam. NhUng tang vat khdng uong phap va lien quan. tang vat bi toi thi khong gop lai de dinh toan tdi" (22). Quy dinh x^
phat da phan biet viec nhdn tang vdt udng phap va tang vat ba't uong phap. Tang vat uong phap bi xii phat nang hdn tang vat ba't uong phap. Tuy nhien, mUc tang vat tdi da quy dinh trong dieu luat ehi la 40 lang nen mUc phat nang nhat mdi la tdi do 3 nam. Nhiing mUc tang vat khac khdng dUdc quy dinh ro rang trong dieu luat nay.
Quan lai sau khi giai quyet xong viec nhan tien hdi Id ciing bi xii phat: "Pham quan lai thUa hanh viec gi ma trUdc do khdng ddi tien, sau khi xong viec lai nhan tien, ng'u la trudng hdp xet xii sai, chuan luan tdi ud'ng phdp. TrUdng hdp khdng xet xii sai, chuan theo ba't ud'ng phap ma luan tdi. (NgUdi khdng cd ldc dUde xii giam nhe hdn ngUdi cd ldc 1 mUc, neu l.am trai phep nhieu thi xii nang. Quan Iai deu chie'u diing le each chUc nhUng khdng truy thu bang s&c)" (23). MUc hinh phat ciing can cU vao tang vat cu the va bang vdi toi nhan hdi Ip trudc khi xet xii. Tuy nhien, quy dinh nay khdng de cap viec xU phat ngudi dUa tien hdi Id mdt each cu the nen mUc hinh phat tUdng ddi hnh boat: "(Luat khdng ndi den toi cua ngudi xua't tien va dua tien. Xii toi khdng xii nang ciing dUdc)" (24). Su thi6'u rd rang nay It nhieu lam giam tinh hieu qua ciia luat phap.
Quan Iai nhan hdi Id khdng thi hanh diing hinh phat eCing can eU vao tang vat de
19 xU tdi theo luat uong phap: "Nhan cua cai
(de' danh khong theo phep, danh kh6ng den da) tinh tang, theo luat uong phap ma luan theo tdi nang" (25).
Quan lai nhan hdi Id tha tu nhan thi xii ddng tdi vdi tii nhan: "Pham nhan eiia eai tha tu thi dong tdi vdi tu nhan. Ke pham toi hi xU lang t n , chem, that co, cU y theo luat xii toi" (26). Sai dich nhan hdi Id tha tu nhan cung xii dong tdi vdi tii nhan. Tham chi, neu tang vat nhid'u sai dich edn bi xii tdi nang hdn tu nhan: "Pham giai cac pham nhan hi xii do, luu, sung quan di xet hoi ma giiia dudng de trd'n thoat, neu xet tha'y sai dieh an hdi Id rdi cd' y tha thi xii tdi sai dich trpng tdi ciia tii. Neu tang vat nhi^u thi theo dieu uong phap, xii theo tdi nang hdn" (27).
TrUdng hdp pham nhan bi tdi that co thi cd the dUdc xem xet de hoan viec thi hanh an Iai ddi bat dUdc tu nhan. Ngudi nhan hdi Id dUdcxet giam an theo mUc tdi nhan h6l 16 uong phap va xet theo toi nang: 'TrUdng hdp (pham nhan - TG chu) bi tpi that co, thi phai giam ca'm c6', hoan quyet an lai, ddi bat dUdc tu nhan trd'n xet hdi (van y theo ban luat trong dieu: Giam mUc cho tdi nhan ciia cai uong phap xet theo tdi nang)" (28).
Quan lai ap giai pham nhan pham trpng tpi nhan hdi Id, doc dudng edi bd xieng xich de tdi nhan trd'n thoat thi lap tUc chieu theo tdi pham nhan dUdc tha xii ngUdi ap giai trpng tdi: "Pham giai cac trpng tpi nhU tram, giao di xet hdi dpc dudng edi hd xid'ng xich de tdi nhan trd'n thoat, neu nhU chua bat dUdc pham nhan thi dem ngUdi ap giai cUu xet, nghiem giam, chd ngay bat dUdc pham nhan, tra xet rd rang xem ed thUc sU an hdi Id, cd' tinh tha tu khong, sau dd lap tUc chie'u theo tdi ciia pham nhan dUdc tha x\i ngUdi ap giai trong tdi" (29).
Thii ba, nhan hdi Id, gian lan trong eac ki thi deu bi xii phat nang: chem hoac phat
vang ra bien gidi, sung quan.
Chanh phd, Chu khao va cdc si tii nhan hdi Ip, gian lan trong eae ki thi Hudng, Hpi deu bi tpi chem: 'Trong cac ki thi Huong, thi Hpi, chanh phd chu khao va cac si tii du thi, ne'u pham vdo cac te thdng dong, giii gam, hdi Id, mua ban, hdi diing sU that thi bi tpi chem" (30).
"Cac chUe dich vUdt vao trUdng thi doi bai vd, hoac dUdng liie thi ddi quyen, ddng thdi dung tien thue mang tai lieu dua eho phu phen, linh trang phue dich d dd nhan tien mang ho tai lieu vao (trUdng thi) va nhiing ngUdi bid't ma khdng phat hidn trdc na, de'u hi phdt vang den tan bien sung quan. Nd'u tinh tang vat Idn hdn ban tdi thi can cii vao tpi nang de xet x\i" (31).
Quan lai nhan h6l 16 rdi thue hien thu thue' va lao dich kh6ng deu, khdng ke quan Iai chUc vu to hay nho deu can cU theo tang vdt xii theo tpi ud'ng phap: "... Ne'u nhan ciia dut lot (ke ca quan tren quan dUdi), dd'u tinh theo tang vat ma xii nang theo tpi ud'ng phap" (32).
Ben canh nhiing quy dinh xii phat nghiem k h i c cac tpi nhan hdi Id cua quan Iai thi Hodng Viet ludt le ciing cd quy dinh xem xet giam nhe tdi cho mdt so' hanh vi tham nhiing.
Chang ban, trUdng hdp quan lai dong y nhan hdi Id ma chUa thuc su cam tien hdi Id, thi can cU hinh phat cho giam mot mUc:
"Pham quan Iai ddng y cho dem tien ciia tdi, tuy chUa tie'p nhan, nhung ne'u la trUdng hdp viec bi x\i sai, ehua'n theo dieu uong phap ma luan tpi. TrUdng hdp vide khdng bi xvt sai chuan theo dieu ba't uong phap ma luan tdi. Deu dUdc giam nhe hdn so vdi tpi (nhan tie'n cua) mdt mUc. TrUdng hdp lam sai nang, deu xii nang (Phai cd sd muc, da'u tich rd rang mdi phai chiu tpi.
Pham trudng hdp ndi la chuan, thi de'n tdi
20 Hghien ciJu iaeh 5i>. so 11.2014 chet dUdc giam mdt mUc, tuy dii so'tang vat
tdi ciing dUng lai d mUc phat 100 trUdng, ddy 3000 dam. Dieu nay da ndi chuan theo uong phap ma luan tpi, lai noi giam mot mUc. Gia du nhu dong y nhan tang de lam sai phap luat ma tang dii s6' de'n tpi tU thi dUdc giam mpt mUc, tUc la chi phat 100 trUdng, day 3000 dam. Lai dUdc giam mpt mde thanh phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam mdi dung theo luat nay" (33).
Dieu le kem theo dieu luat nay ciing xem xet khdng nghi tdi ddi vdi quan lai hiia nhan tie'n nhUng chua nhan: "Dong y nhan tien cua, ne'u mdi hUa thi tang dd khdng xac cU, khdng dUdc dua ra nghi tpi. Ne'u tien ciia hiia dem de'n cdn ca't giG chd khac hoac vie't gia'y td van khoan hoac giao cho ngudi dl Io viee thi xem xet truy thu cac khoan tie'n ngudi dd da hda de sung cdng"
(34). Tuy nhien, quy dinh ciing chi ro: "Ne'u ngudi pham tdi dang tpi, cU chieu theo luat ma dinh tdi" (35).
Trudng hdp quan lai nhan hdi Id ba't uong phap bi xii tpi che't, neu bdi thudng day du tang vat dUdc xem xet cho giam tdi:
"Neu quan lai nhan cd viec nhan tie'n tham lam bd tiii, xet rd la ba't ud'ng phap ... cae tang vat qua dung trong han 1 nam da boi thudng day dii thi neu la tpi tii, chieu nguyen tpi da nghi xii, giam mot mUc. Ne'u trong han bdi thudng khdng day du thi tdi tii vSn chie'u nguyen theo tdi da nghi xii"
(36). Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cae mUc hinh phat khac thi du cd bdi thudng day dii ciing khdng giam mUe phat: "Tii tdi di day trd xud'ng thi thi hanh ngay, cae tang vdt phai tra iai, chie'u le dinh han truy thu day dii"
(37). Hodng Viet ludt le cung dac biet nghiem khac doi vdi quan lai nhan hd'i 16 uong phap. TrUdng hdp nay, du tham quan boi thudng dii sd tien nhan hdi Id ciing khdng dupc xii giam: "Quan vien tham ciia neu xet trudng hdp uong phdp de nhan ciia,
tuy trong han h6i thudng dii eung khdng xii giam mUc" (38).
Nhu vay, CO the tha'y, Hodng Viet luat le cd nhUng quy dinh tUdng ddi eu the, ro rang mUc xii phat tdi nhan hdi Id, can cU theo sd' lUOng tang vat, ngUdi cd ldc va ngUdi khong cd ldc, ud'ng phap va ba't udng phap, toa tang va thuc tang... Dac diem chung ia deu can cU vao sd'ludng tang vat de dinh tpi, r6i tdy tpa tang hay thue tang, ngUdi ed ldc hay khdng cd Ipc, ud'ng phap hay ba't ud'ng phap de dinh hinh phat eu the. Nhiing quy dinh nay la ed sd quan trong cho chinh sach phdng chd'ng tham nhiing cua trieu Nguyin.
Ben canh nhiing quy dinh xii phat doi vdi tdi nhan hdi 16 ndi chung, Hodng Viet ludt le con cd nhUng quy dinh xii phat doi vdi mpt sd' trUdng hpp nhan hoi Id nhu:
trong giai quyet mpt sd' cdng viec; trong xii an, thi hanh hinh phat; trong thi cut, trong thu thue' va lao dich... NhUng trUdng hdp nay cd the hieu la nhUng quy dinh dac biet quan trpng nham dam bao ki cUdng phep nUdc. Mpt sd' trUdng hdp quan lai nhan hoi Id ciing dUdc xem xet giam nhe hinh phat nhung khdng dang ke. Ve ed ban, ngUdi pham tpi nhan h6l 16 thUc tang deu bi xii phat nang,
2. Q u a n Iai s a c h n h i e u lay t i e n ciia d a n
Ben canh tpi hdi 16 va nhan h6l Id • mot trong nhUng bieu hien quan trpng ciia tham nhung thi viec quan lai saeh nhilu, la'y tien ciia dan ciing la mpt tdi tham nhung can phai phdng chd'ng.
Quan lai dung chUc vu de dpa nat, hach sach la'y tien ciia dan can cU vao tang vat de dinh tdi; "1 lang trd xud'ng phat 100 trUdng;
1 lang den 5 lang phat 100 trUdng, cum 1 thang; 6 lang den 10 lang, phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam; Tinh tang vat tU 10 lang trd Idn dudi ra can bien. Den 120 lang thi chieu luat udng phap xii giao, ngUdi vao hua de chia
Birde day hh^o ciju ve phdng chong tham nhung..
ciia dut lot dUdc giam mdt mUc" (39).
Ben canh viec dua vao tang vat de dinh tpi, cac q u y dinh cua luat cdn can cU vao hau qua ddi vdi ngUdi hi hach saeh, doa nat de dinh tdi. MUc hinh phat nay nang hdn tpi nhan hdi Id thdng thudng ra't nhieu.
Hach sach, dpa nat de de'n mUc gay chet ngudi, ba't luan tang vat the' nao cung de'u hi xii tdi chet, giam ehd. NgUdi vao hua de chia ciia ciing bi xii phat nhUng nhe hdn mdt mUc so vdi ngudi trUc tie'p nhan hdi Id, hach sach: "TrUdng hdp hach sach dan nghdo de'n ndi ngudi ta budc phai ban con trai, dd con gai thi 10 lang trd xud'ng cung chieu le dudi ra sung quan. NgUdi vao hiia de chia ciia thi khdng can tinh tang vat de'u phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam. Ne'u do doa nat, ddi lUa de'n mUc xay ra chet ngUdi thi ba't luan sd' eiia dut nhieu hay it deu nghi xii giao, giam chd. Neu danh dap ngUdi ra dd'n chet, chie'u thed luat co' sat, nghi xii chem, giam chd, ke vao hua dUdc giam mdt mUc"
(40), MUc hinh phat ddi vdi tpi nay gan tUdng dUdng vdi tpi quan lai nhdn tien.
TU quy dinh tren, Hodng Viet ludt le nha'n manh viec xii phat mot sd' trUdng hpp cu the khi quan Iai sach nhieu lay tie'n cua dan.
Quan lai cau ke't vdi cUdng hao sach nhieu dan thi xii theo dieu ba't ud'ng phap:
"Pham quan lai cau kd't vdi bon cUdng hao sach nhieu, vay mUdn tien ciia dan sd thudc minh cai quan, thi tinh toan bp tang (da sach nhieu vay mUdn), chuan theo dieu ba't ud'ng phap ma luan tpi" (41). Tuy nhien, ne'u cUdng bUc de la'y tie'n ciia dan thi xii theo dieu uong phap: "Ne'u la cUdng bUc thi chuan theo dieu udng phap ma luan tdi, tie'n cua tra lai cho chii (ngudi khdng cd ldc dUdc xii nhe hdn ngUdi cd 16c mdt mUc)"
(42). Quan dUdng ehUc nhan hdi Id bi xii phat nang hdn ba mUc so vdi quan Iai da thdi chUc: "Quan da thoi chiJc ma nhan tien
cua trong vung cai quan cii ciia minh va sach nhidu dan, de'u xii nhe tdi hdn khi dang lam quan ba mUc" (43).
Quan lai hach sach la'y tien ciia thd quan Nung, Man, ngUdi ngoai qud'c, ba't luan tang vat the' nao de'u bi xii tdi nang dudi ra can bien, sung quan: "Cac quan chUc van vd hach sach de la'y tien ciia cac thd quan NUng, Man, ngoai qud'c. Ke pham tpi xii do 3 nam trd len, deu bi dudi ra can bien, sung quan" (44).
Quan lai nhan viec e6ng tu tien bat nhan dan ddng gdp tie'n cua tu tiii ciing bi xii phat nang, tpi cao nha't ciing cd the bi chem: "Pham eac quan lai hiiu ty khdng dUdc lenh chi ciia thupng ty, nhan viec cdng tu tien bat dan sd thudc ddng gdp tien ciia va trudng hdp quan lai quan quan quyen gop tie'n lUdng ban thUdng cua quan nhan (tuy khdng bd tui minh), deu bi phat 60 trUdng. TrUdng hdp nhan tang nang thi luan tdi theo tpa tang. Ne'u bd tui minh, tinh tang udng phap luan tdi. (NgUdi khong cd ldc dupc xii giam nhe hdn ngUdi cd ldc 1 mUc. Tang vat len de'n 120 lang, xU chem, giam chd)" (45). Quan lai la'y tien ddng gdp eiia dan nhUng khdng bd tiii minh, tang vat it thi bi phat 60 trUdng; tang vat nhie'u thi luan theo toa tang. Ne'u la'y tien ddng gdp eua dan bd tui minh thi tinh tang vat xii theo dieu ud'ng phap.
TrUdng hpp khdng phai nhan viec cdng ma bat nhan dan dong gdp tie'n eiia tU tui Cling hi xii phat theo dieu ba't udng phap:
"Ne'u khdng phai nhdn viec cdng ma bat nhan dan ddng gdp tien ciia de tU tiii thi tinh toan bp tang theo ba't ud'ng phap luan tdi (NgUdi khdng cd 16c tdi chi phat de'n mde 100 trUdng, day 3000 dam. Ne'u de dua bieu ngUdi khac, tuy khong tU tui tdi cung nhu vay)" (46).
Thu bien d eac nha mon, bp, vien tu
Rghien ctj-u Ljch sur. so 11.2014 XUng la Bd phi de thu tien eua ciia dan thi
bi xU tpi nang, bi day di mien xa, tham ehi cdn hi xii tram. NhUng ngUdi hua theo viec Cling bi day ra viing xa: "Cac vien thU bien d cae nha mdn, bd, vien dam xUng la bd phi de thu gdp tien bac, dpa dam, lUa ddi can pham. Phap luat-'hha nUdc khdng the so vdi tpi an hdi Id tam thudng, ne'u viec bi phat giac, xet diing sU that, xii tram. Ngudi bie't rd sU viec van hua theo de chia sd' bae dd, chid'u le dudi ra viin bidn" (47).
Trudng hdp nhan hdi 16 dudi hinh thUe qua tang ciing deu hi xii tpi, nhUng miic hinh phat tUdng doi nhe: "Ne'u tiep nhan l l vat, thd san eiia dan sd tai dUa tang, thi ngudi nhan phat 40 roi, ngUdi dUa giam nhe 1 mUc" (48).
Nhu vay, hach sach, doa nat de la'y tien;
vay tien... ciia dan dUdc coi la nhUng bieu hien eua tham nhung, nen mUc xU phat cac loai t6i nay ve" cd ban tUdng dUdng vdi tpi nhan hdi Id ndi ehung, ciing can cU vao tang vat de dinh tdi theo die'u ud'ng phap va ba't udng phap, quan Iai dUdng chUc va quan lai da thdi chUc. Tuy nhien, do dac thu, nhiing quy dinh lien quan de'n tpi nay cdn can cU vao hau qua d6l vdi ngudi bi hach saeh, dpa nat lam ed sd de dinh mUe phat. TrUdng hpp hach sach, dpa nat de de'n ndi dan phai chet, ba't luan la tang vat bao nhieu deu bi xU tdi ehe't,
3. Lay t r o m c u a c o n g
La'y trdm ciia edng tU tui la mot trong nhiing bieu hien ciia tham nhiing va bi xtf phat nang. NhUng quy dinh ve npi dung nay ciing kha toan dien, cu the cd the xe'p vao hai trudng hdp sau day:
TrUdng hdp quan lai la'y trpm tie'n, lUdng thUc ciia kho tu tui.
Quan lai dung thii doan tU ldi bd tiii vat Heu trong kho tinh tang vat de djnh tdi, khdng phan biet thu pham va tdng pham.
Tang vat de'n 40 lang la bi xii chem va phai bdi thudng vat lieu: "Pham nhiing Cdng tUdng va Dau muc d cac cue vien chuyen trach ve viec xay dUng cd' tinh lam hdng nhieu vat lieu de t u ldi, thi tinh sd tang (da bd tui) chie'u theo dieu luat Giam thii tU trdm cap luan tdi (khdng phan biet thu pham vdi tdng pham, tinh tang luan tpi de'n mUc 40 lang thi xii tram), truy ddi tien vat lieu bat bdi thudng" (49).
Giam lam, Chii thii tu lay trdm tien bac, lUdng thuc trong kho t u tiii, khdng phan biet thii pham hay tdng pham deu tinh gdp tang vat de dinh tdi: "Pham ngudi Giam lam, Chii thii tu la'y tie'n bac, lUdng thUc, cae dd vat 6 kho tang, khdng phan biet thu pham, tdng pham, tinh gdp tang ma luan tdi (tinh gdp tang nhu 10 ngUdi nhieu lan eung an trdm 40 lang quan ngan, tuy chia ra mdi ngudi chi dupc 4 lang, nhUng tinh gdp Iai thi la 10 ngudi, ciing de'u tinh 40 lang, tdi xii tram).
Ne'u 10 ngUdi ciing la'y trdm 5 lang deu bi danh 100 trUdng... Pham tpi 3 lan thi xem nhu thUe pham, xii giao. Tren eanh tay phai deu thi'ch 3 chii "dao quan quan" (thay quan lUdng, quan vat) (50) ... 1 lang trd len den 2 lang 5 tien danh 90 trUdng; 5 lang danh 100 trUdng; 7 lang 5 tie'n danh 60 trUdng, xii tdi dd 1 nam; 10 lang danh 70 trUdng, xii tpi do 1 nam rUdi; 12 lang 5 tiln danh 80 trUdng, x^ toi do 2 nam; 15 lang danh 90 trUdng, xii tpi dd 2 nam rUdi; 17 lang 5 tie'n danh 100 trUdng, xU tdi do 3 nam; 20 lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day 2000 dam;
25 lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day 2500 dam; 30 lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day 3000 dam; 40 lang thi bi xii tram" (51).
Nhu vay, quan Iai an trpm lUdng thUc, tie'n ciia trong kho tU tui bi xii phat nang, khdng phan biet thii pham hay tdng pham, tinh gop tang vat de luan tpi. Tang vat de'n
vm yiiuny cnung mam nnung..
40 lang deu bi xii chem.
Giam thu lay trdm tie'n, luong thuc d kho nhUng khdng lam cua rieng thi dUdc xem xet xU giam tdi va phai truy thu bdi thUdng dii sd tien, lUdng thUc da la'y: "Vien Gidm thu la'y trdm tie'n, lUdng thuc d kho tang xem xet khdng phai la'y lam ciia rieng dupc chie'u theo le dinh trong dieu luat "na di" (thay ddi ma xet nghi)" (52).
Quan lai van chuyen lUdng thuc an trpm cung bi xii phat, nhUng mUc hinh phat nhe hdn so vdi tpi an trdm tie'n, lUdng thUc trong kho: "Pham van chuyen lUdng thUc ma vien Giam thii an trdm 60 thach lam cua rieng thi phat vang ra viing bien viin.
Neu sd lUdng thUc la'y len tdi 600 thach thi nghi xii tram, giam hau" (53).
Ngoai quy dinh xii phat tpi la'y trdm ciia eai, lUdng thUc trong kho tu tui - mdt bieu hien rd net cua tham nhung, thi quan lai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui eung la bieu hien eiia tham nhiing va hi xU phat theo dieu luat an trdm va nhan hdi Id udng phap va ba't uong phap.
Quan lai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui, chie'u theo luat an trdm tie'n lUdng va nhan ciia cai udng phap de tri tpi: "Quan lai tham lam cac tang vat, ta't thay deu phai truy de'n bang tie'n bac. Doanh tra'n do phai liy nhiem cho vien quan thanh tra ve tai san hop cung vdi quan dia phUdng, lenh cho gia thudc ke pham tpi dem rupng, nha, mpi thU dd vat trinh ro thdi gia, trUdc cdng dudng, ciing xac minh ro rang thi ghi vao gia'y bao cho thUdng ty, ddng thdi lenh cho gia thuoc cila pham nhan ciing dUng xem ban ngay ta't ca cac hang dd vat. Ne'u cd te nan an chan hoac yeu sach thi cho phep gia thupe ciia pham nhan cung vdi ngUdi ehii mua cac vat td* cao. Cac quan tham nhiing dd, cU chie'u theo luat an trpm tie'n lUdng va nhan cua cai udng phap de tri tpi" (54).
Quan lai bat trpm cUdp thu dUdc tang vat khdng nop len quan tren ciing bi xii phat theo dieu ba't udng phap: "Pham quan tuan bd' da bat dUdc bpn trdm cUdp kem theo tang vat ma luu giU tang vat khdng dUa len quan thi phat 40 roi. Ne'u bd tiii tinh tang thi la'y ba't udng phap luan tpi.
Tinh ca tang vat (luu giii Iai) va tang vat (da dUa len quan) de'u luan tdi trdm d p . Ne'u quan nhan pham tdi nay, tinh tang vat du nhieu ciing chi phat tpi de'n mUc 80 trUdng (tinh tang vat luan theo tpi trdm cdp)" (55).
NgUdi di tuan bat ke trpm ma lam hao hut tang vat bi xU theo luat uong phap:
"Nhiing ngUdi di tuan b i t ke trdm ma lam hao hut tang vat, thi tinh sd' tang vat chie'u luat bat udng phap, luan tpi xU nang" (56).
Nhin chung, mUc binh phat doi vdi quan Iai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui nhe hdn so vdi tpi nhan hdi Id ndi ehung,
4. D u n g d o c o n g l a m viec tU Dung do cong lam viee tu ciing dUdc coi la mdt trong nhiing bieu hien ciia tdi tham nhiing, Hodng Viet ludt le cd 3 die'u luat quy dinh xii phat cac quan Giam lam, Chu thu tu tu tien dung xe, thuyen, die'm xa, qu^n ao ciia nha nUde lam viec rieng.
Nhiing hanh vi nay deu tiiy theo tang vdt va thdi gian sU dung dai ngan khac nhau ma dinh tpi nang nhe:
Quan lai tU tien dung xe, thuyen, die'm xa, d6 dung ciia nha nUdc lam viec rieng deu can cU vao tpi tpa tang de xii phat:
"Pham cac quan Giam lam, Chu thii tu ma tu tien sii dung xe, thuye'n, die'm xa, dd dung ciia nha nUdc lam viec rieng, hoac cho ngUdi khac mUpn thi ngUdi cho mUdn va ngUdi mUdn deu hi xii phat 50 roi, tinh sd' ngay sii dung truy thu tie'n thue dua vao nha nudc (khdng dUdc thu gia qua dat).
Ne'u tinh s6' tien thue nang hdn (mUc phat
Hghien euu Lieh sir, ad 11.2014 50 roi) thi xii theo tpi tpa tang tang them
mpt mUc" (57).
Dieu luat Mudn rieng do vat ciia cdng quy dinh: "Pham cac quan Giam thu, Chii thii mUdn cac do vkt ciia c6ng nhU ao quan, chan dem, do diing de sii dung vao viec rieng hoac chuyen cho ngUdi khac mUdn va cho mUdn, moi loai deu bi xU phat 50 roi. Ne'u qua 10 ngay, mdi loai (tinh theo so' vat mUdn), thi de'u xU theo tpi tham 6 tang vat, nhung cho giam di hai mUe. (Tpi nang nha't chi xii phat 80 trUdng, dd 2 nam. TrUng thu cac vat vay mUdn do tra cho nha nUdc)" (58).
Die'u luat Nam giii tai san ciia cdng quy dinh: "Pham do vat cua nha nUde can ca'p phat cho ngUdi ta ma da mang ra khdi kho roi nhUng chUa ca'p phat, cung eac vat tu can cung ca'p viec quan da dua den cho nha nUdc nhUng chUa nhap kho (de'u thuoc dd vat eiia nha nUdc) van cd ngudi coi giU d quan ty (quan ty giao phd cho ngUdi khae tam coi giU), neu cd ke xam pham vay mUdn thi de'u tinh theo so' tang vat (da la'y lam cua rieng rdi) ma xii theo tpi Giam thu tu lay trdm (Ne'u nhu khong phai la ngudi coi giU xam pham thi xii theo ludt dan thUdng la'y trdm ciia kho. Ne'u nhU dd vat chUa giao nop ma xam pham sii dung, thi cac vien li dieh coi giU ddu bi xii theo luat gia'u gie'm bao lam, khong nha't thiet phai s^ dung luat nay)" (59).
Phae qua mpt vai net ve nhiing quy dinh ed lien quan de'n viec xii tdi tham nhiing trong Hodng Viet ludt le, cd the tha'y:
Thii nhat, vd pham vi die'u chinh cac tpi va doi tUdng tham nhiing:
Nhu da trinh bay, nhUng did'u luat, die'u le lien quan de'n hanh vi tham nhiing trong Hodng Viet ludt le n i m rai rac d 7 p h i n , trU p h i n Le luat. Dieu dd chUng td, pham vi dieu chinh cae tdi lien quan de'n tham
nhiing d mUc dp nha't dinh la kha bao quat.
Cd nhidu quy dinh cu the nhU; nhan hdi Id b i n g tien hay hien vat; sach nhieu lay tien ciia dan; la'y trdm ciia cdng, dung dd cdng lam viec rieng... Trong sd do, nhUng quy dinh xii phat ve toi nhan hdi 16 la nhieu nha't, cu th^ nha't va chi tie't nha't.
Hodng Viet ludt le cdn cd nhiing quy dinh ve mUc xii phat ddi vdi cac nhdm ddi tUdng khac nhau, nhU: ngUdi nhan hoi Id va ngUdi dUa hoi Id, ngUdi ed Ipc va ngudi khong cd 16c, nhan tien ciia udng phap va bat udng phap, thii pham va tdng pham.
Cac doi tUdng khac nhau thi mUc hinh phat ciing khac nhau.
Thit hai, ve nguyen tac xet xii doi vdi tpi lien quan de'n tham nhung:
Hinh phat d6l vdi tdi lien quan den tham nhiing chii ye'u can cU vao sd' lUdng tang vat nhieu, it de dinh tpi nang nhe. Mdt sd'trudng hdp cu the, nhu hach sach Id'y tien ciia dan cdn can eU vao hau qua gay ra ddi vdi ngUdi bi hai de dinh tdi; hoac nhu, diing do cdng lam viee rieng cdn can cU vao thdi gian sii dung dai ngIn de dinh tpi... Tai san tham nhiing phai dUdc thu hdi, tich thu, ngUdi co hanh vi tham nhiing phai bdi thUdng, bdi hoan so tie'n tham nhiing.
Thii ba, ve mUe dp xtl phat ddi vdi tpi tham nhung:
Xem xet hinh phat cdc tdi hen quan den tdi tham nhiing nhu trinh bay d tren cho tha'y, mUc xii phat ddi vdi cac hanh vi tham nhiing la tUdng ddi nang. So'lupng tang vat khdng nhieu khoang tren dUdi 100 lang (cho cac trUdng hdp nhan hoi Id; sach nhilu, lay tien ciia dan; lay tr6m tien, lUdng thuc trong kho chia nhau) la can cd de xii tdi che't. Dieu dd cho tha'y sU nghiem khac ciia phap luat tridu Nguyin doi vdi nhUng hanh vi tham nhiing.
Song song vdi nhUng quy dinh xii phat
Bycfc dau hh^o cu'u ve phdng chong tham nhung..
nghiem khie ddi vdi hanh vi tham nhiing, Hodng Viet ludt le cdn cd quy dinh ve nhUng tinh tiet cd the dUdc xem xet giam nhe, nhU:
quan lai nhan hdi Id nhUng ehua earn tien, quan lai nhan hoi 16 hi xii toi che't nhung da bdi thudng diing han... MUe xet giam nhe khdng nhidu, ehii yeu ehi gidm xud'ng mpt mite so vdi quy dinh. Dilu nay mdt l l n nUa khang dinh sU nghiem khic cua phap luat ddi vdi cac hanh vi tham nhung.
Cho'ng tham nhiing la mdt viec Idn, mdi quan tam hang d i u dd lam trong sach bp may quan li nha nUde. Hodng Viet luat U trong mpt mUc dp nha't dinh da ehii trpng de'n vide trUng tri bpn tham quan, gdp phan ban che' sU sach nhieu ddi cua chiing, thdng qua dd bao ve quyen Idi chinh dang ciia lUdng dan mdt each gian tiep.
Khi ban de'n bp Hodng ViSt ludt le ciia nha Nguyen, cae nha nghien cUu xUa nay thudng chi ehii trpng den viec dat bd luat nay trong moi lien he vdi bp Dai Thanh luat le va Quo'c trieu hinh luat n h i m dinh vi bd luat nay trong tie'n trinh lieh sii dan toe ndi chung va tie'n trinh lich sU luat phap Viet Nam ndi rieng. Chiing tdi cho rang dieu do la can thiet. Song, viec xem xet nhUng gia tri khac ciia bp Hodng Viet luat le dUa tren npi dung eu the eua nhUng dieu luat, die'u le cua nd ciing giiip them cho viee nhin nhan mdt each cdng bing, khach quan khoa hpc hdn vd y nghia ciia bd luat nay trong lich sU.
Nhiing quy dinh ve viec phdng chd'ng tham nhung la mdt trong nhiing npi dung cd gia tri va tam quan trpng nhU vay.
CHU THICH
(1). Vong phdp nghia la uon cong, pha v6 phap luat = CO f lam t r a i phap luat; Bat uong phdp nghia Ih quan lai tuy tham 6 nhiing khong be cong, pha vd phap luat = tham 6 nhUng khong co y lam trai phap luat, Vi du: Quan lai n h a n ti^"n hoi Io (va hiia hen vdi nguSi n h a toi nhan) nhUng khi xet an v i n khong xet xii t r a i phap luat thi goi la bat uong phap.
(2). Vien Sii hoc, Co luat ViSt Nam: Quoc trieu hinh luat va Hodng Viet ludt le. Nxb. Giao due Vi^t Nam, Ha Noi, 2009. tr. 832
(3). Ngiic/i CO loe: NgUdi co miic lUdng thang ttf 1 thach trd len
(4). NgUifi khong co ldc: NgiXdi co miic lutJng thang du6i 1 thach
(5) Thien do ti luw ddi di ndi khac (6), (7), (8), (9). Vien Sd hpc, Co luat Viet Nam:
Quoc trieu hinh luat vd Hodng Viet luat le, sdd, tr.
832, 834, 834-835, 835
(10). Toa tang chi toi: Khong phai n h a n co viec van n h a n tien ciia ngUdi.
(11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17). (18). Vien Sii hoc, Cd ludt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh luat vd Hodng Viet luat U, sdd, tr. 839, 838-839, 838, 836 - 837, 675, 844, 844, 845,
(19). Tranh ch6 kho de de'n ch5 d l la ndi tranh toi nang kho co the dUdng noi dildc toi nhe, dl chiu hdn,
(20). (21), (22). (23). (24), (25). (26), (27). (28).
(29), (30), (31). (32). (33). (34), (35), (36), (37), (38).
(39), (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47). (48), (49), Vien Sii hoc. Co luat ViSt Nam: Quo'c trieu hinh luat vd Hodng Viet ludt le, sdd, tr. 842, 842, 326. 840, 840, 968, 349, 913-914, 349, 913, 367.
367, 463, 841, 842, 842, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 844, 845, 845, 847, 849. 849, 836, 845, 988.
(50) Dao quan ngan hay dao quan lildng, dao quan vat; nghia la "lay trdm tien ciia cong" hay "lay trdm luang thUc cong", hay "lay trdm do vat cd/jg",
(51), (52), (53), (54), (55). (56), (57). (58). (59).
Vien Sii hoc, Co luat Viet Nam: Quo'c trieu hinh luat vd Hoang Viet luat le, sdd, tr, 600- 601, 604.
601. 321. 851, 851, 422, 461-462. 475,
