VCHE DINH THA TU T R l / O C THOfI HAN CO DIEL KIEN TRONG BO LUAT HINH SU NA>1 2015 - GIA TRI NHAN DAO TRONG C H I N T Z ' S A C H HINH SLT^ CLA DANG VA NHA NUOC M E T NAM
TS. Hodng Minh Due'
D
du tranh phdng ngua vd chdng tOi phgm la mOt trong nhung nhiem vu quan frpng upc Dang va Nha nude ta ddc bifit quan tdm.)e ddu tranh phdng ngua va chfing tfii phgm
gido dye, gifip do hp stfa chua sai lam, phat ttien ldnh ragnh, khi ed du difiu kien thi ed thfi dupc raifin chap hdnh hinh phat, giam mtfe hlnh phgt da tuyfin hoae tha tu trudc thdi hgn d hifu qua, Nha nudc can djnh ra rapt chinh cd difiu kifin. (j trgi giam, ttgi tgm giam..
dch hinh su (CSHS) dfing ddn, phu hpp.
;SHS la mOt ehinh sach ed y nghia quan frpng loi vdi sy phdt trifin kinh tfi xa hdi eua dit lUtSrc. Nd gdp phin thuc day su phat trien ctia :a hOi hay lam chgm budc tifin cfia xa hOi la lo tinh dung dan cfia chinh sdeh nay dfii vdi tfng giai dogn phat trifin cfia ddt nudc. CSHS d mOt phan cua chlnh sach xa hOi ndi chung hfi hipn quan difim, djnh hudng, tu tudng cfia 3ang cam quyfin vd Nha nudc ve dau tranh ihdng, chfing lOi phgm trong tixng thdi ky phat rien cua xa hOi. Ddng thdi, CSHS la mOt bO ihgn cfia chinh sach phdp lugt bao gfim nhumg luan difim, phuong hudng cd lirtfi chit chi dgo, ihien lupc ciia Dang va Nhd nude frong vipc itf dyng phdp ludt hinh su vdo ITrtfi vuc dau ranh phdng, chfing tpi pham ciing nhu gdp ihdn xay dung vd hodn thifin he thfing phdp ugt hinh sy nhim dam bdo xtf Iy dtfng ngudi, hing tpi, diing phdp lugt, khfing de lpt tOi phgm 'd khfing lam oan ngudi vfi tOi, giao dye cfing ldn y thtfc ton frpng phap lual vd cdc quy lie lua cuOe sfing xa hOi chfi nghia ddp tfng yfiu iu xay dyng Nhd nudc phap quyfin xd hpi chfi ighia, bao dam Nhd nudc la thye su la eua ihan ddn, do nhan dan vd vi nhdn dan.
Trong Bp luat hmh sy, hinh phgt tfi cd dac
thfing qua vific day vdn hda, day nghfi, giao dye dao dtfc, lfii sfing, ngudi phgm tOi se dupc frang bi cdc kifin thtfc vd ky ndng can thifit de khi frd vfi vdi cfing dfing, ngudi pham tOi cd thfi tai hda nhgp, bat diu mOt cuOe sdng mdi tdt dep hon, khfing roi vao tinh trgng ngua quen dudng cu. Tuy nhifin, hinh phgt tu cung chtfa dyng nhumg han chfi npi tai cfia nd, frong dd phdi kfi dfin nhfing tac dOng tifiu cue do ngudi phgm tpi bj each ly khdi ngucn thdn vd mdi tnrdng song binh thudng ctia minh. Vific cdch ly khdi xd hOi, nhdt la frong trudng hpp bi ket an tu chung than sfi tgo cho ngudi pham lOi cam giac ty ti, tam ly hoang mang, ehan nan, bj bd rci, bj diy ra ngodi Ifi xa hpi, bi coi la nhung phdn ttf dang xiu hd ctfa gia dinh vd cOng ddng, ddn dfin hp thieu dpng Iuc sfing, can kifit dpng CO hpc tap, Idm viec, hda nhdp vdi nhihig ngudi ximg quanh, tao ra hieu ting lan truyen lam ly ttong mfii tnrdng eua nhumg ngudi dang phdi chap hanh hhih phat tii. Ttf he qua lifiu cyc do, vd hinh chung gay ra nhifiu dp lyc, khd khdn cho co quan quan Iy thi hdnh an hinh su, CO quan thi hanh dn hinh sy, eo quan dupe giao mOl sfi nhifim vy thi hanh an hinh sy trong viee bfi fri, quan ly giam gifi vd giao due phgm nhan, dam bdo chfi dO cho pham nhan theo quy rung Id tudc bd quyfin lu do cfia ngucri phara dinh cfia Ludt thi hdnh an fainh sy. Ve mdt lap pi vTnh vifin bode frong mOt khoang thdi gian phdp, mdt frong nhiing glai phap da dupe dfi ihat dinh, each ly hp ra khdi moi tnrdng sdng cap nghifin ciiu trong sudt thdi gian vua qua vd linh thudng dfi buOc hp phai hpe tap, lao dOng, hifin nay chinh thtfc dupc ghi nhdn trong inh hogt trong mOt CO sd lap trung ed ky ludt BLHS ndm 2015, dd ehinh la chfi djnh tha tu h$t che (trai giam, trgi tam giam...) nhim trudc thdi ban cd difiu kien.
Hflc vien canh sit nhan dSn thinh ph6 Ho Chi Minh
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Tha tii trudc thdi hgn cd difiu kien la raOt giai phap cho phep sdm dua ngudi pham tpi bi kfit an phgt tu quay frd ve vdi cdng dfing dfi phye thien, stfa chua lfii Idm vdi sy giup do va giam sdt cua gia dinh, cdc co quan, dodn thfi xa hdi. Day Id rapt bifin phap dupc dp dyng tai nhifiu nudc frfin thfi gidi dudi cdc tfin gpi rtfiu phdng thich cd difiu kien hay trd ty do cd difiu kien^ Thuc chit, day la vific tra tu do sam dfii vdi ngudi dang chap hanh blnh phgt tu; sau khi dupc frd ty do, ngudi dd phai tuan thtf mOt sd difiu kifin nhdl djnh do eo quan cd tham quyfin xdc dinh frong mdt thdi gian tam gpi la thdi gian thtf thach. Neu frong thdi gian thtf thdch ma ngudi phara tfii vi pham cae difiu kifin dat ra thi tuy lung trudng hpp cu the, eo quan cd thdm quyfin cd the thay dfii difiu kifin thu thach hoae cd thfi buOc ngudi dd phai chap hdnh thdi han cdn lai cfia hinh phat tu trong trai giam, Irai tara giam... Vfi bdn chit, bifin phap nay tuong ty nhu quy djnh ve an freo, chi khac nhau vfi thdi difim dp dyng.
1. Su- can thilt cua vi^c quy dinh che djnh tha tii tnro^c thdi han cd dieu kifin trong BLHS nam 2015
Chfi truong giam hinfa phgt tii, dfi cao hifiu qua phdng ngtfa va tinfa hudng thien frong vific xtf ly ngudi pham tpi da dupc neu rd frong Nghi quyfit sfi 49-NQ/TW ngdy 02/6/2005 eua Bp Chlnh tri ve Chien lupc cai each tu phap den nam 2020. Dfii vdi ngudi phgm tOi bj ket an phgt tfi, chfi Iruong nay can dupe uu tien thyc hifin vi thuc tifin dp dyng ehe tai hinh sy doi v<!ri ngudi phgm tOi hifin nay van edn ndng llnh giam giu^ Do dd, ehua khuyfin khich ngudi dang chap hinh hlnh phgt tu tich cue hpc tgp, lao dOng, cdi tgo tfit, sfing cd ttdch nhifim, ed ky lugt, tang quyet tam stfa chtfa ldi lam, khde phye nguyfin nhan va difiu kifin phgra tdi dfi sdm ttd vfi cOng ddng; chua dam bao eac
quyfin co bdn ctfa con ngudi; xuat hien tint trang qua tai tai cae co sd giam gifi; chua ddf tfng yfiu eiu cfia cde chuin mye qudc te ve viec dua ngudi ehua thanh nifin vdo trgi giam phai trong mpt tiidi gian ngdn nhat ed the dupc, dfing tfadi chua tinh dfin hieu qua ttong cong tdc phdng ngtfa tai phgm tOi-
Tha til tnrdc thdi hgn cd difiu kifin la ch^
djrtfi hodn loan mdi, chua dupc quy djnh frong BLHS nam 1999 (sua dfii, bfi sung ndm 2009).
Xet vfi ban chit thi tha tfi trudc thdi hgn cd dieu kien la rapt frong nhiing gidi phap dfi rfit ngdn thdi hgn phai chap hanh hinh phgt frong trai giam eua ngudi pham tpi bj dp dung hinh ph?t tii. Thuc tfi, BLHS nam 1999 (sua ddi, bd sung nam 2009) cung da quy djnh mOt sfi gidi phap nit ngin thdi hgn chap hdnh hinh phgt dfii vcri ngudi chua hodc dang chap hanh hinh phgt tii, dd Id rtfiumg quy djnh vfi mien, giam hinh phat tu. Theo dd, ngudi bj ket an tu cd thdi han nfiu cd du difiu kifin ludt dinh thi tuy trudng hpp co thfi dupc mifin chap hanh todn bO hinh phgt, mien chap hanh phin hinh phgt cdn lai ho$c gidm thdi hgn chap hanh hinh phgt quy djnh t^i Difiu 57, 58, 59, 76 BLHS ndm 1999 (stfa dfii, bfi sung ndra 2009).
Nhu vgy, cd tiifi tiiiy ring, BLHS ndm 1999 (sua dfii, bfi sung nam 2009) da ed nhieu quy djnh nhim tgo difiu kipn cho ngudi phgm lpi bj kfil an phgt tu nhanh chdng frd vfi vdi xd hfii.
Dieu kipn vfi mien chap hdnh hinh phat tfi doi vdi ngudi pham tpi nhin ehung dya frfin ba ti6u chi la thdi gian thyc su chap hanh hinh phgt, thai dp cdi tao phyc hfii (nhu lgp cfing, cd nhi^
tien bO, chap hanh tdt nOi quy, quy eh^ tr?i giam, xep logi cdi tao) va ly do nhdn dao (nhu mic benh hifim ngheo). Vific dp dyng nhtfng quy djnh ndy frong thyc tien da gdp phan dang kfi vdo vific dOng vifin ngudi bi kfit an yen tam cdi tgo, tich cyc stfa chua loi lim dfi frd thdnh
* Xem: Nguyin Thanh Triic (2009), Miin chap hdnh co diiu kiin thdi hgn con lgi cua hinh phgt tii ddi vdi ngiiffi chua ihdnh nien phgm /p/, Chuyen 6h 15 Dk tAi khoa hpc cip Bfi, Hi N^i.
'Xem:B3nso^itiaoBLHS{siaA6\)(20\5),DuthdoBdocdoddnhgidldc^ngDir^BLHS(suaddi),Hi^
cfing dan cd ich cho xa hdi. Tuy nhifin, qua i^hifin ctfu budc diu cho thiy nhumg quy djnh trfin van cdn ed mot sd khifim khuyfit nhat djnh nhu: chua thyc su chu frpng den vific phdng ngfira tai pham tfii, dfii tupng dupe mifin chap hdnh.loan bfi hodc phin edn lgi ctfa hinh phat tu cdn kha ban ehe, chu yfiu tap trung vao dfii tupng lap cfing hoac mdc bfinh bifim ngheo radc dtf Lugt Ddc xd cd md ra kha nang frd ty do sdm cho tit cd nhimg ngudi phgm lOi dang chip hanh hinh phgt tfi md thda mdn nhfing yfiu eau vfi thdi hgn thuc te chap hanh hinh phgt, thai dp cdi tao, y thtfc hpc tap, lao dOng v.v...
Nhimg xet vfi ban chat, ddc xa la sy khoan hfing dae biet eua Nha nudc do Chu tich nudc quyet djnh tha tfi trudc thdi ban cho ngudi bi kel dn phgt tfi cd Ihdi hgn, tfi chung thdn nhan
^y kipn frpng dai, ngdy lfi ldn eua dat nudc ho$c frong trudng hpp ddc bipt.
Vdi rtfifing lugn chung xae dang neu tten, vi?c quy djnh che dinh tha tii Crude thdi hgn frong BLHS ndm 2015 la thyc sy can thifit dap tfng myc tieu ctfa Chien lupe eai each tu phap, nang eao hipu qua cdng tdc dau tranh phdng, chong tOi phgm, huy ddng stfc mgnh cfia loan bO h? thdng chinh tri, co quan nha nude, doan the xa hOi va cfing dan vao vipc giao dye, cam hda dfii vdi ngudi pham tpi bj ket an phat tii, phfi hpp vdi eae cam ket qufic tfi vfi bdo vfi quyfin con ngudi, phye vu tdt eho cfing cuOc xay dyng va pfaat trien dat nude frfin cdc ITnh vye ehinh tri, kinh tfi, van fada, xa faOi hipn tgi vd frong tuong lai.
2. Quy dinh ve che djnh tha tu trirtfc thfii han c6 dilu ki^n trong Bp luat hinh su*
nfim 2015
Che djnh tha tu ttudc thdi hgn ed difiu kipn dupc quy dinh tgi Difiu 66 vd Difiu 106 BLHS nam 2015 vdi mOt sfi nOi dung co bdn dudi day:
Thir nhat, ve nguyen tdc dp dung Cd thfi khiiig djnh, tha tii tim:dc thdi hgn cd difiu kipn la che dinh tfafi hien rfi tinh nhan dgo trong cfainh sdeh hinh sy cfia Dang va Nhd nudc ta, nhdm khuyen khich, dpng vien ngudi
bi ket an phat tu dang chap hdnh hinh phgt phin diu cdi tgo tdt de sdra ttd ve tai hda nhdp cfing dfing xa hOi, gdp phan vao cdng cupc xdy dung va phat tirifin ddt nudc. Dfing thdi, gdp phan xd hfii hda cfing tac thi hanh an hinh sy, dap tfng ddi hdi ctfa vific xay dung vd hoan thien phap luat hinh su frong difiu kifin xay dung Nha nudc phdp quyfin Viet Nam xa hOi chu nghia hifin nay.
Tha ttf trude thdi ban cd dieu kifin la su cu thfi hda nguyfin tie dupc quy djnh tgi difim e, khoan 1, Difiu 3 BLHS nam 2015: "Ddi v&i ngu&i hi phgt tu Ihi bupc hg phdi chdp hdnh hinh phgt lgi cdc co sa giam giir, phdi lao dpng. hgc tap di Ira thdnh ngu&i co ich cho xa hdi; neu hg cd dd dieu Iden do Bp lugl ndy quy dinh, thi cd the dugrc xet gidm thai hgn chdp hdnh hinh phgt. tha lii truac thcri hgn cd diiu kiin ". Dieu ndy ddng nghia ring, nen tang tu tudng chinh tri. quan difim phap Iy eua ehfi djnh tha lu trudc thdi hgn cd dieu kien da dupc ghi nhan cu thfi, rfi rdng, day dfi frong BLHS ndm 2015, tgo co sd ihugh lpi cho vipe nhgn tiiuc vd dp dyng chfi dirtfi nay trong thyc tien cfing tdc ddu tranh phdng, chfing tpi phgm.
Thur hai, ve doi ttrgrng dp d^ng Tha tu trude thdi hgn ed difiu kipn dupc dp dyng dfii vtji ngudi dang ehdp hanh an phat tfi.
Ttfc Id, ddi vdi ngudi dd thuc hifin hanh vi pham tOi cd dfi cac yfiu Id cau thdnh lOi phgm cu thfi, bj Tda dn kfit lOi va tuyfin phat logi va mtfc hinh phgt tii (tu cd thdi hgn hodc tu chung than) phfi hpp vdi tinh chat vd mtfe dp nguy faiem cho xa hOi ctfa hanh vi phgm tpi, nhan than ngudi pham lOi, cac tinh tifit giam nh? vd lang nang frach nhifim hinh su theo ban dn da cd hifiu luc phap ludl, hifin dang chap hdnfa hinh phat tgi cde co sd giam gifi (trai giam, frai lam giam...).
Thur ba, vi diiu kien dp dung Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Difiu 66 BLHS nam 2015, tbi ngudi dang chdp hanh dn phgt lu cd thfi dupc tha tfi trudc thdi hgn khi ed dfi cae dieu kien sau day: Phgm tOi lin diu; Cd rtfiieu tien bp, cd y thtfc cdi tgo tdt; Da dupc
gidm thdi hgn chip hanh hinh pfagt tfi dfii vdi ngudi bj kfil an vfi lfii pham nghiem frpng ttd lfin; Cd noi eu tru ro rang; Da cfaap hdnfa xong hinh phgt bfi sung Id huih phgt tifin, ari phi va cdc nghia vy bfii thudng dan su; Da chap hanh dupc It rtfiit la mpt phan hai mtfc thdi ban tu dfii vdi hinh phgt tu cd thdi ban hogc it nhat 15 nam ddi vdi tu ehung than da dupc giam xudng tii cd tiidi han. Tnrdng hpp ngudi phgm tfii Id thuong binh, benh binh, than nhan gia duih liet sy, gia dinh cd efing vdi each mang, ngudi dfi 70 tudi ttd lfin, ngudi khuyfit tat nang hoac khuyfit tdt dde bifil ndng, phy ntf dang nudi eon dudi 36 thang tudi, thi thdi gian da chap hanh it nhal Id mOl phin ba hinh phgt tii cd thdi hgn hodc it nhdt 12 ndm ddi vdi tu chung than da dupc giam xudng lu cd thdi hgn. Ddng thdi, khdng thupe mOt frong cac trudng fapp sau day:
Ngudi bi kit an vfi tpi xdm phgm an nirtfi qudc gia; tpi khiing bd; lOi pha hogi fada binh, chfing lodi ngudi va tOi pham chifin tranh hodc ngudi bj kfit an ttf 10 ndm tu frd lfin dfii vdi tOi cd y xam pham tlnh raang. stfc khoe, nhdn phara cfia eon ngudi; 07 ndm lu frd lfin dfii vdi eae tpi cudp tai sdn, bit cdc nham chifim dogt tdi sdn va san xual trai phep, mua ban trdi phep, chifim dogt chat raa ttfy;
Ngudi bj kfit an ttf hinh dupc an giam hodc thupe trudng hpp quy dinh tai khpan 3 Difiu 40 ctfa BO ludt ndy.
Ngodi ra, dfi ddm bao lpi Ieh tfit nhat ciia ngudi dudi 18 tiidi, nhdm mue dich giao due, gifip dd hp stfa chfia sai ldm, phat trien ldnh manh, tia thanh cdng ddn ed ieh cfao xa hOi, quan tiifit nguyfin tie phan hda trach nhiem hinh su, dirdng Idi xtf ly hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi duai 18 tflfii, Difiu 106 BLHS ndm 2015 quy djnh vfi tiia tfi trudc thdi hgn ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi dang chdp hanh dn phat tu vdi nhumg difiu kifin phu hpp vm ltfa tufii va cd tinfa nfaan dao hon so vdi ngudi ttf du 18 tudi frd lfin. Theo dd, ngudi dudi 18 tudi dang chap hdnh an phgt tu, neu khdng thupc truung hpp quy djnh tgi khoan 2 Dieu 66 BLHS nam 2015 cd the dupc tha tu trudc thdi ban khi cd dfi cae difiu kien sau day: Phgm tOi
lin ddu; Cd nhifiu tifin bO- cd y thirc cai lao tfit;
Da chip hartfi dupc mOi phin ba tfidi hgn phgt lfi; Cd noi cu trfi rd rang.
Thirtu, vi th&m quyin dp dung Theo quy djnh tai khoan 3 Difiu 66 BLHS ndm 2015, tfieo dfi nghi cfia co quan till hdnh an hinh su cd tham quyfin, Tda an quyfit djnh tiia tu tnrdc thdi hgn cd difiu kien ddi vdi ngirdi bi ket an. Nhu vdy, Tda an la co quan cd tiidm quyfin ap dyng Uia tu tcuoc thdi hgn cd difiu kifin dfii vdi ngirdi dang chap hanh an phgt tu tren eo sd de nghj cua co quan thi hanh an hirtfi su (Quy djnh tgi Difiu 10 Ludl thi hdnh an huih su ndm 2010).
Tku ndm, vi thdigian thuthdch vd nghia vu cua nguvi dirac tha tii trir&c th&i hgn cd dieu kien
Theo quy djnh tgi khoan 3 Difiu 66 BLHS nam 2015, ngudi dupe tha tfi trutjc thdi hgn co difiu kifin phdi thyc hien cac nghia vy trong Uidi gian thu thach. Dfing thdi, ngudi bj ket an phai chju sy giam sat ctia c o quan, td chtfc hodc chlnh quyfin dia phuong noi ngudi dd eu tru.
Gia dinh ngudi bi kfil an cd frach nhipm ph6i hpp vdi CO quan, tfi chtfc hodc chinh quyen dja phuong frong vipc giam sat, giao dye ngirdi dd.
Thdi gian thtf thach bang thed gian edn Igi ciia binh phgt tii. Ngudi dupc tha tu trudc thdi hgn cfi difiu kifin CO y vi phara nghia vy 02 ldn trd len hodc bj xtf phgt vi pham hanh cbinh 02 ldn trd Ien Irong thdi gian thtf thach, thi Tda an ed the hiiy bfi quyfit djnh tha ttf trudc thdi hgn ed dieu kipn doi vdi ngudi dd va buOc hp phai chap hanh phan hinh phgt tu cdn lgi chua chap hdnh. Nfiu ngudi dd thyc hien hanh vi pham lpi mtii trong thdi gian thu thach thi Tda dn bude ngudi dd chap hanh hinh phgt ctia bdn an mdi va tdng hpp vdi phan hinh phat tu chua chap hanh ciia ban an tmoc theo quy djnh tgi Dieu 56 ctia BLHS ndm 2015.
Ngudi dupc tha tfi trudc thdi hgn cd difiu kifin da chap hdnh dupe it nhdt Id mOt phan hai thdi gian thu thdch va cd nhieu tifin bO thi theo dfi nghj cfia CO quan thi hdnh an hinh sy cfi tiiam quyen, Tda an cd thfi quyfit djnh rut ngdn thdi gian thtf thach.
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