VAN DE HOM NAY
CSo4(57)-2008l
OAO TAO NGH§ - GIAI P H A P D O T P H A
trong dao tao nguon lao dong co chat luong cao a Viet Nam
Ths. Vu Thi Ha
Chdt lugng ngudn lao dpng & Viet Nam hien nay:
Sd lieu thdng ke va thuc te nhQng nam qua cho thay toe dp tang trudng kinh te cua nude ta khi cao so vdi cic nudc tren the gidi. N d tfnh binb quan 10 nam (1997- 2006) tbi tdc dp tang trudng cua nudc ta 11 7,1%, mdt tbanh tfch ma chung ta bet sQc tu hlo vl ele nudc khic
cung bet sQc kham phue. So vdi cic nudc ASEAN, binh quan
10 nam qua td'c dp t a n | trucng kinh te cua nudc ta xep thQ 3 trong sd 10 q^ud'c gia (Tham khio sdlieu b i d 1).
Tuy nhien, neu dlnh gia mdt cich khich quan, khoa hoc tbi sir tang truong kinh te cua nudc ta chua dn dinh, chu yeu tang trudng vd "lupng" chQ chua CO su dot bien trong viec tang trudng vd "chit" bdi le:
Bieu 1: Tang trudng kinh te cua Viet Nam va cac nudc ASEAN giai doan 1997- 2006
Dan vi tinh: %
Ten nudc 1. Myanma 2. Campuctiia 3. Viet Nam 4. Lao 5. Singapore 6. Malaixia 7. Philippines 8. Indonexia 9. Thai lan 10. Brunei
1997
5.7 6,8 8,2 6,9 8,6 7,3 5,2 4,7 -1,4 3,6
2001 11,3 7,6 6,9 5,8 2,0 0,3 3,3 3,8 2,2 3,0
2006
7,0 5,0 8,17 7,3 6,9 5,5 5,0 5,2 4,5 3,7
BQ 1997- 2006
9,7 7,6 7,1 6,1 4,7 4,2 4,0 2,5 2,5 2,2
[Ngudn tdi lieu: Trdn Xiidn Cdu- Tgp chi Lao dpng - Xa hpi sd 321/2007J.
Bieu 2: Trinh dp hpc vain ngudn lao ddng d nudc ta t ; ;ii . •, -^ ' tfnh den nam 2006
Dc/n vi tinh: %
Tieu thiirc
1. Chira biet dpc, bie't vie't 2. Chi/a tot nghiep tieu hoc 3. Tdt nghiep tieu hoc 4. T6t nghiep trung hpc co sd 5. Tot nghiep phd thdng trung hpc Cpng
Ca nUdc 3,63 11,95 29,05 33,30 22,07 100
Thanh thi
1,14 6,20 21,17 26,64 44,85 100
Nong thon
4,48 13,91 31,72 35,57 14,32 100
[Ngudn: Thdng ke lao dpng viec ldm ndm 2006- Tdng ciic Thdng ke].
- Hieu q u i su dung vd'n diu tu chua cao, neu xern xet chi tieu quan trpn^ rihat de danh gil hieu qua su dung vd'n dau tu la he sd ICOR thi he sd nay cd xu hudng tang ldn trong cic nam qua (Le ra chi tieu niy phli giam din), chang han: nam 1996 la 3,33, nam 2001 la 4,9, nam 2006 la 4,88. Didu niy cho tha'y toe dp tang trudng kinh te cua nirdc ta chu yeu tang lupng vd'n diu tu chQ khdng phai do hieu qua su dung vdn dau tu dong gdp.
- Theo dlnh gia cua cac chuyen gia kinn te tang trudng cua nudc ta nhung nam qua la tarig t r u d g
"ndng" v l chua dam bao su tang trudng trudng bdn v d g do viec su dung ngudn tai nguyen qua mQc vl rndi trudng sd'ng ngay cang bi d nhidm nghiem trpng.
- Nang suit lao ddng binh quin cho 1 lao ddng cdn thap, ao vly su ddng gop cua veu td nay chd tang trudng kinn te cdn rat ft, theo tfnh toin nam 2006 thi nang suit lao dpng (NSLD) tfnh binh quin chp 1 lao ddng d nudc ta dat khoang 22,420 trieu ddng (Quy ra,po la Mi vao thdi diem quy ddi la 1.400 USD) tha'p hon nhidu so vdi cic nudc trong khu vuc.
Chfnh didu nay nen mQc tang sd tuyet dd'i cua 1% GDP cua nudc ta udc tfnh dat cao nha't la 514 trieu USD thi so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc con tha'p hon nhidu, cua Philippin la 984 trieu USD, cua Inddnexia la 2.812 trieu USD... Nguyen nhin NSLB tfnh binh quin cho 1 lao dpng cua nudc ta thap cd nhieu, song mpt trong nhung nguyen nhan quan trpng la do chit lupng ngudn lao ddng cua 64> Tgp chi nghien cCfu Tdi chinh k§ todn
()Sd4 (57) - 2008 VAN DE HOM NAY
nudc ta cdn qui thap. Chat luong ngudn lao dpng thap the h i d d trinh dp bpc van thip, trinh dp chuyen mon tay nghd thip ... (Tham khao sd l i d bidu 2).
Sd lieu bieu 2 cho thay: cd den 3,63% lao dpng nudc ta khong biet chQ, gin 12% lao ddng chua tdt nghiep tidu bpc, 29% tot nghiep tieu hpc. N d tfnh tdng cl 3 nhdm niy da chiem gin 45% (Khu vuc ndng thdn nhdm nay cdn cao hon den gin 50%) cho thay trinh dp hpc vin cua ngudn lao dpng nudc ta rat thip vl sd nay cung rat khd cd thd dio tao hp trd thanh ngudi lao ddng cd trinh dp chuyen mon tay nghd cao bdi kba nang nhan thQc cua hp bi han che, do vay chi cd khoing 55% lao ddng cd trinh dp hpc van tQ tdt nghiep THCS trd Ien 11 cd kha nang dao tao hp trd thinh lao dpng cd trinh dp chuyen mdn tay nghd cao.
yd trinh dp chuyen mon tay nghe: Theo ket qua didu tra nam 2006 thi cd den 74% lao ddng cua nudc ta chua dupc dio tao chuyen mPn nghiep vu, sd nay d ndng thon cao hon rit nhieu (gin 83%) din den ri't nhieu khd k h d trong viec tiep thu cac thanh tuu KHKT vio boat ddng san xuat lim cho narig suit lao dpng tha'p (Tham khao sd lieu bidu 3).
Ngoli trinh dp chuyen mon tay nghe cua lao ddng nudc ta ye'u thi lao ddng nudc ta cung cdn n h d g diem yeu khic nhu:
the lire yeu, y thQc chap banh ki luat lao dpng yeu, chua cd tie phong cong nghiep ...
pd t d g budc nlng cao chat lupng ngudn lao ddng d nudc ta cd nhidu giai phap, song mdt trong nhung giai phap cd tfnh dot phi la phai nhin thuc dung dan viec dio tao nghd cho ngudi lao ddng bdi CO den 74% sd lao ddng
Bieu 3: Trinh dp chuyen mdn tay nghd lao ddng d nudc ta tfnh den nam 2006
Dan vi tinh: %
Tieu thirc 1. Chua duoc dao tao
2. Qua dao tao nhung chua co bang 3. Qua dao tao da co bang
4. Trinh dp so cap 5. Trinh dp trung cap
6. Trinh dd cao dang, dai hpc tra len Cong
Ca nudc 73,98 10,98 3,66 0,92 4,75 5,71 100
Thanh thi 48,40 16,68 8,03 1,49 9,35 16,15
100
Nong thon 82,62
9,05 2,18 0,73 3,18 2,24 100
[Ngudn tdi lieu: Trdn Xudn Cdu- Tap chi Lao dong - Xd hoi sd 321/2007]
chua he dupc dio tao chuyen mPn nghiep vu.
Ddo tgo nghe- Gidi phdp de ddp dng ngudn lao dpng cd chdt lugng cao d Viet Nam
Ndn kinh te nudc ta cung nhu cic doanh nghiep trong nudc dQng trudc sQc ep canh tranh ngiy cang khdc liet khi ma chung ta hdi nhap kinh td ngay cang sau hon, rpng hon.
Dd nang cao sQc canh tranh nhim tdn tai vl phit tridn chQng ta phli timg budc nang cao NSLD , mudn nang cao nang suit lao dpng thi mpt trong nhQnp vin dd quan trpng II phai nang cao chit lupng ngudn lao dpng (Dac biet la trinh dp chuyen mdn tay nghe cua ngudi lao dpng).
Mpt thuc te h i d nay 11 cic doanh nghiep Viet Nam dang dung trudc tinh trang thieu trim trpng ngudn nhan lire cd chat lupng cao, theo khio sit nghien c d cua Tdng cue Day nghd vdi 3000 doanh nghidp dupe didu tra thi cd den gan 60% doanh nghiep cho rang hp thieu khoang "7% lao dpng cho nhu elu san xuat, gil su ring moi doanh nghiep cd quy md binh quan khoang 150 lao dpng thi mdi doanh nghiep thieu khoing I I lao ddng vl cl nudc cd gin 280.000 doanh nghiep thi sd lao ddng thieu khoang 3.000.000 ngudi. Nhu ciu
tuydn dung lao dpng cua ele doanh nghiep vdi co cau la 55%- 60% phai dupe dio tao chuyen mon tay nghd, do vay udc tfnh cic doanh nghiep nudc ta se thieu 1,65- 1,8 trieu lao dpng dupc dio tao chuyen mon tay nghd.
Tinh hinh dgy nghe d nudc ta Men nay nhu the ndo?
Theo bio d o cua Tdng cue Day nghd, den nam 2007 nirdc ta da hinh thinh dupc mpt mang ludi dao tao nghd khi da dang vdi 2052 co sd, bao gdm: 55 trudng cao dang nghd, 242 trudng trung d p nghd, 632 trun^ tim day n^hd, 1123 co so giio due, lop day nghd tai cac doanh nghiep, cic lang nghd.
Ket qua nam 2007 da tuydn sinh dio tao dupc 1,436 trieu lao ddng, nhu vly neu so vdi nhu ciu thi mdi nam thieu khoang 200.000- 300.000 lao ddng cin dupc dio tao tay nghe c h u y d mPn (Mdi chi tfnh thidu ve sd lupng chQ chua tfnh d d ehlt lupng dao tao da dip Qng dupc chua).
Trong nhung nam tdi khi sd lupng cac doanh nghiep thinh lap ngay cang nhieu hon, quy md cac doanh nghiep tang len thi nhu elu khan hiem ngudn lao ddng cd^ chi't lupng cao se cdn cang thing hon nhieu.
Tap chi nghien cCru Tdi chinh ke' todn 6 5 )
VAN OE HOM NAY
CSo 4 (57) - 2008)
Gidi phdp de phdt trien mgng ludi ddo tgo tay nghe chuyen mdn cho ngUdi lao dpng la gi? Co nhidu gili phap dd phit tridn mang ludi dio tao tay nghd cho ngudi lao ddng, dudi day 11 mpt sd gili phip chu yeu:
Mpt la, cdn phdi co sic thay ddi ve nhdn thicc ddi vdi viec ddo tgo nghe d nicdc ta.
Tam ly chung cua cbQng ta hien nay 11: sau khi con cli td't nghiep phd thdng trurig hpc tbi con duong duy nha't dd lap nghiep trong tuong lai 11 phai thi vio cic t r u d g dai hpc hpac chf ft 11 cic truong cao ding m l khong cin bie't rang con em mmh cd du khi nang, kien t h d dd thi dupc bay khong. Didu niy vQa tao ra sQc ep cho thf sirih, cho cic trudng dai hpc vQa lang phf ngudn luc cua xa hpi bdi cic t r u d g dai hpc cd so lupng thf sinh dang ky thi cang dPng tbi IP trong tuydn s i d cing nhieu, mat khic cic thf sinh cho ring chi kbi nio kbPng the vio dupc cic trudng dai bpc vl cao ding tbi bp moi vio cic trudng dio tao ngbd.
Sir d a n thQc tren vo hinh chung da lim cho cic trudng dao tao nghe khPng dupc dat dung vi trf trong \iec dio tao ngudn n h d luc cho quoc gia va didu dd se anh hudng khdng tdt den viec diu tu cho viec phit tridn m d g ludi he thdng cic t r u d g day nghe d nudc ta.
Trong didu k i d ndn kinh te hpi nhap cin d a n thQc ring: Phit trien mang ludi he thPng cac t r u d g day nghd 11 mpt tat y d khich quan nhim tao ra ngudn nhin lire cd trinh dp cao dip d g su phit tridn kinh te.
Hai la, cdn phdi cd quy hogch tdng the phdt trien mgng licdi he thdng cdc tricdng dgy nghe d tdm vT mo.
Day 11 mpt cdng viec kbi quan trpng dd phit trien d c trudng day nghe d nudc ta bdi didu dd giup cho chung ta trinh duoc su diu tu vdn cho
cac trudng day nghd manh mun, hieu qua thap. Mat khic, nd cdn giup cho chung ta phan bd he thdng cic trudng dio tao nghe mdt cich hop ly cho cic vung, cic midn. De lim tdt cong tie quy hoach tdng the phat tridn mIng ludi cic trudng day nghe thi Tdng cue Day nghd'phai dua t r d du bao cua nen kinh te vd nhu ciu cin lao dpng cd chat lupng cao ma xay dung mang ludi cac trudng cho phu hop va Tong cue Day nghe cung cin cd su- phdi hap mpt cich hop ly, cd h i d qua vdi cic Bd, cac nginh cd lien quan nhu: Bd Ke hoach
& diu tu, Bp Gilo due & dio tao, Bp Tli chfnh ...
Ba la, cdn tdng cicang ddu tu ngudn life tdi chinii cho hogt dpng dgy nghe vd qudn ly sic dung ngudn vdn ndy cho cd hieu qud.
Nhtrng nam qua mac du Chfnh pnu da cd nhidu cd gIng trong viec diu tu vdn cho viec phat trien he thd'ng dio tao ngbd, ching han narn 2007 ngan sich nha nudc da chi 700 tl ddng cho Du In tang cudng nang lire dap tao nghe (trong dd phan bd cho khdi TW 11 202,8 ti ddng, khdi dia phuorig 11 497,2 ti ddng), song ndu so vdi nhu elu thuc te ciia boat dpng dio tao nghe thi vin chua d i p Qng dupc vl viec su dung ngudn vdn nay h i d qui chua cao.
Di gill quye't khd khan yd nguon ydn diu tu trong didu k i d diu tu tQ ngan sich cdn nhidu khd khan thl cin phli da dang hoi d c ngudn dau tu c d cac thanh phan kinh te, cua cic doanh nghiep, cua cic nbl diu tu nudc ngoai thdng qua viec ban binh cic van bin pblp quy nhim khoi thdng d c ngudn vd'n tren.
Bdn la, cdn ddi mdi chuang trinh ddo tgo vd da dgng hod cdc logi hinh ddo tgo nghe cho phu hop vdi dieu kien ciia nicdc ta.
Vdi dac didm d c doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd quy md
nhd va vQa la chu yeu, hoat dpng san xult kinh doanh da dang nen boat dpng d d fao nghe d nudc ta mudn thuc su CO hieu qua thi cin phai da dang boa phuong thQc dao tao nhu: cd thd d i o tao tap trung tai cic CO sd, dio tao tai cac cd sd sin xua't, tai cic doanh nghiep ... Mat khic, chuonjg trinh d i o tao ,cung phai thudng xu^eri ddi mdi chp phQ hprp voi yeu ciu cua ddi mdi khoa hpc- cons nghe nhim ^iup ngudi lao dpng cd thd^ tiep can dupe vdi su phat tridn cua KHCN va nang cao nang luc canh tranh cua cac doamh nghiep Viet Nam.
Nam la, ddo tgo vd bdi dudng mpt dpi ngu cdn bp, gido vien cd du trinh dp, ndng lire ddo tgo dpi ngu ngicdi lao dpng cd trinh dp tay nghe cao.
Day 11 mdt viec lam can thiet bdi neu khdng cd dpi ngti giio vien gidi tni khdng thd cd dpi ngu ngudi lap ddng cd trinh dp tay nghe cao, mud'n vay ngoai viec tu dao tao trong nudc chung ta can thidt phai cd sir hpp tic vdi nudc ngoai thdng qua hpj) tac hoac lien doanh, lien ket de tie't kiem chi phf dao tao ma vin cd thd co mdt dpi ngii giio v i d day nghd gidi.
Tren day la mpt sd giai pblp CO ban nhim dip d g nhu elu dao tao nguon lao ddng cd chat lupng cao d nudc ta trong thdi gian tdi vl hi vpng chung ta se sdm gili quyet duoc tinh trang Idfian hiem ngudn lao ddng cd chat luong cao trong qui trinh phit trien ndn kinh te.
Tai lieu tham khao:
- Tap chi Lao ddng - Xa hgi sd'32]/ 2007
- Tdng cue Thdng ke:
Thdng ke lao dpng vd viec ldm ndm 2006
- Kinh te 2006-2007 Viet Nam vd Thd gidi.
66> Tgp chi nghien cCfu Tdi chinh k§ todn
