TO CHUC CHO HOC SINH THUYET TRINH -
MOT BIEN PHAP QUAN TRONG Ot NANG CAO CHAT TUONG DAY HOC UGH SO 6 T R U O N G T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G
•
O NGUYEN THU QUYEN*
D
di mai phuang phap dqy hoc (PPDH) Ljch si) (LS) theo huang «phat huy tinh tich cue, ty giac, chu dpng, sang tqo cua HS, phu hqp vdi dqc trung mdn hoc, dqc diem ddi tuqng HS, dieu kien cua tung Idp hoc, boi duong cho HS PP ty hoc, kha nang hqp tac, ren luyen, kl nang van dyng kien thuc vdo thyc tien, tdc ddng den tinh cdm, dem Iqi niem vui, hung thu va trach nhiem hoc tap cho HS" (1) dang Id mdt xu the tich cue trong cdc nhd rrudng. Qudn triet tinh than ddi mdi PPDH ndi tren, ngay tu ddu ndm hoc 2009-2010, chung tdi dd tien hdnh dp dung vd thu nghiem viec td chuc cho HS thuyet trinh bdi hoc LS.1. Thuyet trinh Id mdt trong nhung phuang thuc h ieu qud giup truyen dqt thdng tin mdt cdch thuyet phuc den mdt nhdm ddi tuqng nghe nhdt djnh. Trong nhd trudng phd thdng, PP thuyet trinh cd vai trd vd uu the quan trqng trong viec truyen thy kien thuc cho HS. Tuy nhien, viec chu yeu su dyng PP thuyet trinh «mdt chieu" trong PPDH truyen thdng dd ddn den thdi quen hoc thudc Idng - nhd - dqc Iqi trd thdnh phd bien trong dqi bd phdn HS. «LS ddu phdi Id mpt chudi sy kien de ngudi viet su ghi Iqi, roi ngudi gidng su dqc Iqi, ngudi hoc su Iqi hoc thudc Idng", «Dieu quan trqng Id qua hoc tap, chung ta thdy duqc cdi gi qua cdc thdi dqi LS vd tu dd chung ta rut ra duqc kit ludn gi, bdi hgc gi..." (Phqm Vdn Dong). Viec to chuc cho HS thuyet trinh nhdm ren luyen cho HS cd tinh than ty hoc mdt cdch tich cue, biet dn ndi luu loat, phdt bieu y kien mdt cdch ty nhien, ranh mach. Trong do, HS chu ddng chudn bi bdi, trinh bdy vd thdo ludn.
GV chi Id ngudi ddng vai trd hudng dan cdch thuc chudn bi, phdn cdng trinh bdy chu khdng true tiep tham gia chudn bj vd trd Idi thay hoc trd. Chi den luc cdc em ket thuc thdo ludn, GV mdi tdng ket vd dua ra cdc nhdn xet, DG, cho
diem. Nhu vdy, rd rdng PPDH ndy dd thyc sy bien cdc em HS trd thdnh trung tdm cua gid hoc.
De HS thuyet trinh bdi hoc LS cd hieu qud, theo chung tdi, cdn thyc hien quy trinh sau.
2. Quy trinh td chuc cho HS thuyet trinh bdi hoc LS
2. /. Cdc budc chudn bi
Budc 1: GV hudng ddn HS cdc cdng viec cdn thiet de chudn bi cho mpt bdi thuyit trinh.
Cdng viec ndy trdi qua 3 giai doan:
- Giai doan 1: Thu thdp thdng tin vd xdy dyng cdu true bdi thuyit trinh: 1) Xdc dinh rd rdng cfSu de chinh cua bdi thuyet trinh, sau dd gqch ra cdc y lien quan de xdc djnh trqng tdm bdi thuyet trinh;
2) Tien hdnh tim kiim tdi lieu tir mqi nguon (Internet, SGK, thdy cd, bqn be, gia dinh,...), song cdn thyc hien phdn loqi du lieu ngay tu budc ndy (sdp xip Idn thu nhdt); 3) Sdp xep cdc du lieu, thdng tin cd duqc theo cdc y dd gqch (sdp xip Idn thu hai); suy nghi ve mdi lien he giua cdc thdng tin trong luc sdp xep; 4) Dya tren cdc y vua tim duqc, len so thdo ddn y cho bdi thuyet trinh (bdi cd bao nhieu phdn, ndi dung mdi phdn gdm mdy phdn nhd), sau dd lap ddn y chi tiet (du lieu ndo diing cho chd ndo), ddn y cdng chi tiet cdng tdt; 5) Dua tdt cd npi dung vdo ddn y, khoan hdy nghi den viec dieu chinh; 6) Sdp xep, chinh sua cdc y sao cho phu hqp vdi tien trinh bdi ndi vd hqp logic (sdp xip Idn ba). Bien tap Iqi cdu chu, rut ngdn cdc y du thua hodc viet le the. Can chu y phdn chuyen y rdt quan trqng sau mdi ndi dung;
7) Dqc Iqi Idn nua, tqo mdt bdn tdm tdt goi y ngdn ggn dung trong luc thuyet trinh (de dS nhd Iqi vd tranh viec doc Iqi todn bd bdi thuyet trinh).
Cdc budc chudn bi nhu tren nham bdo dam nqi dung bdi thuyet trinh dung trgng tam, ddydu vd rd rdng.
* TnrongTHPT chuyen Nguyen Trai, TP Hai Duong
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 3 <k. i . 3/201 o)
Qua trinh thu thap thong tin nhdt thiet phdi duac tien hdnh theo dung cdu true cua bdi thuyet trinh: - Md bai: giai thieu duqc muc dich, Iqi ich md bdi thuyet trinh mang Iqi cho nguai nghe;
md bdi Idm sao thu hut vd an tuqng; - Than bai:
de dqng Iqi duqc trong tdm tri ngudi nghe, phdn thdn bdi chi nen tu 2 den d phdn nhd (cdc ket qud nghien cuu ve khd ndng tap trung vd tri nhd cho thdy, trong mdt khodng thdi gian nhdt djnh ngudi nghe chi cd the nhd khdng qud tdi da 7 van de); - Kit bai: can tdm tdt Iqi ndi dung dd trinh bdy, chdt Iqi cdc diem chinh md ngudi nghe can nhd vd kem theo Id nhung Idi ddng vien, keu goi de hq thuc hien theo nhung dieu dd trinh bdy
- Giai dogn 2: GV hudng dan HS each luyen tap, bdng cdch ren cho cdc em: - Tap ndi trudc guang (de biet minh nhu the ndo khi len thuyet trinh); - Tap cudi (de cdc em biet tu tin); - Ndi chdm vd rd rdng (thudn Iqi cho ngudi nghe);
- Bdo dam bdi thuyet trinh trong thdi gian quy dinh (neu bdi thuyet trinh ddi cdn bdtdi cdc budc khdng cdn thiet); - Hoc hdi kinh nghiem tu bqn be trong Idp vd tu cdc MC trong cdc game show.
- Giai dogn 3: GV hudng dan HS each thuyet trinh mpt each hieu qud va dn tugng bang cdch van dyng hieu qud cdc phi ngdn tu trong thuyet trinh. Theo thdng ke xd hdi hoc cua MT, sue mqnh truyen dqt qua ngdn tu chi cd 7%, qua giong ndi Id 38%, qua hinh dnh Id 55%. Dudi day Id nhung chi ddn giup HS cd nhung bi quyet de su dung cdc phi ngdn tu trong thuyet trinh mdt cdch hieu qud: - Anh mat: Nhin bao qudt cd Idp vdi dnh mdt tuoi vui; - Guang mat: Hdy ngdng cao ddu, cudi that tuai vdi guang mat rang rd; - Tay: Ludn de tay trong khodng tir that lung xudng dudi cdm, hdy ddi tay de tqo ra su khdc biet; - Ddng dung:
«Try trudc, tua sau" de the hien su ndng ddng vd nhiet tinh; - Trang phuc: Gpn gdng, chinh te;
- Giong ndi: Rd rdng, cd sue cudn hut vdi dm luqng len bdng xudng tram; - Khodng each: phu hqp vdi cd Idp, chon vi tri Idm sao cho tdt cd cdc khdn gid deu nhin thdy; - Di chuyen: hdy di len hodc di xudng de khdn gid khdng mdi mat vi phdi nhin Idu vdo mdt chd vd de tqo ra su khdc biet; - Sugiao luu: Hdy the hien sy gdn gui, chia se cdm xuc vdi ngudi nghe (chdng hqn bdt tay thdn mat vdi nhung bqn cung tham gia thdo ludn).
Budc 2: GV phan nhdm va cho cdc Idp bde tham chu de bdi hoc. Ddu ndm hoc, GV cho HS bde thdm cdc chu de bdi hoc - hai HS cung mdt
chu de (viec bde thdm ndy ddi vdi HS chuyen cd the chia nhd theo tung muc cua mdt bdi de cd the tim hieu sdu hon ndi dung cua bdi hoc). Sau do, theo trinh ty bde thdm, den tiet cua bdi hoc ndo thi nhung HS bde thdm duqc bdi hoc dd se len thuyet trinh.
Budc 3: GV thiet ke vd phdt cho cdc em bdng tieu chi DG bdi thuyet trinh. Day Id mdt cdng viec vd cung quan trqng. Nd nhu mdt sy dinh hudng trudc ndi dung cua bdi hoc de giup HS nghien cuu, chudn bj vd thuyet trinh bdi hoc LS mdt cdch cd trqng tdm. Sau ddy Id mdt mdu bdng tieu chi DG md GV cd the tham khdo (GV hay thiet kiludn cdc phieu ndi dung DG bdi thuyet trinh cho cdc bdi hoc trong cd mdt ndm hoc vd ddng thdnh quyen vd phdt cho HS) (xem bdng).
2.2. Cdc budc len Idp. Trinh tu tiit hoc nhu sau:
- On djnh td chuc Idp (/ phut).
- Kiem tra bdi cu (5 phut): GV to chuc kiem tra bdi cu theo hudng cho HS ty kiem tra, ty DG.
Hinh thuc kiem tra phdi phong phu, da dqng, cd the dudi dqng mdt cudc thi: trd Idi nhanh, ddi hieu nhau... Nhdt thiet, GV phdi cd nhung thang diem chi tiet dd duqc thdng bdo trudc cho HS de HS cd the ty DG xem minh dqt duqc bao nhieu diem so vdi yeu cdu cua cdu hdi dua ra.
- GV ddn ddt vdo bdi mdi vd mdi hai bqn HS len thuyet trinh (1 phut).
- Hai bqn HS len thuyet trinh bdi hoc (15phut).
- Cd Idp trao ddi thdo ludn vd dua ra nhung cdu hdi van ddp vdi hai bqn HS thuyet trinh (10 phut).Cdu hdi ndo hai bqn khdng trd Idi duqc cd the nhd cdc bqn trong Idp bd sung y kien hodc cd the nhd GV gidi ddp.
- GV chdt lai ndi dung chinh cua bdi hoc (10 phut): thdng qua cdu hdi cua cd Idp, nhung ndi dung kien thuc md cd Idp vua trao ddi thdo ludn, GV dinh hudng Iqi ndi dung cua todn bdi, chdt Iqi cdc dan vi kien thuc chinh md cdc em cdn phdi ndm. Mat khdc, de cd kT ndng thuyet trinh trudc dam ddng, GV ren luyen cho HS 10 phi ngdn tu trong thuyet trinh (tu tu the, ddng dung, tdc phong, khodng cdch, ddng tdc tay, dnh mdt, nu cudi, giong ndi cho den cdch ddt vd trd Idi cdu hdi, sy di chuyen trong khi thuyet trinh...;
thdng qua dd, HS se mqnh dan hon, ty tin han khi ndi trudc dam ddng vd dam the hien minh - dd Id kT ndng mem md HS Viet Nam cdn rdt thieu.
- GV cung cd Idp DG tiet hoc (3 phut).
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 3 1 - 3/2010)
phap giao dye Reggio Emilia, tre em Id trung tdm, chu the cua qud trinh td chuc cdc hoqt ddng gido dye. Chung hoc tap, vui chai, phdt trien mdt each ndng ddng vd tich cue. Thdng qua cdc hoqt ddng duoc td chuc dya tren nhu cdu, hung thu, khd ndng cua tre, cdc em hoc tap, nhdn biet the gidi xung quanh, hinh thdnh vd phdt trien tri thuc mdt cdch ddy du, chinh xdc. Dong thdi, giup tre phdt huy tdi da tiem ndng cua bdn thdn tren ca sd GV mang den nhung co hdi trong mdt mdi trudng gido dye thudn Iqi vd phu hqp cho tre the hien.
2) Vai trd cua GV. Phuang phdp gido dye Reggio Emilia ddc biet nhdn mqnh tdm quan trqng cua GV - ngudi dinh hudng, ddn ddt qud trinh hoqt ddng hoc tap cua tre mdt cdch linh hoqt, mem deo. O phuang phdp ndy, GV tham gia tich eye vdo cdc hoat ddng cua tre vdi tu cdch nhu Id mdt thdnh vien cua nhdm; dya tren nhung hieu biet ve tre (thdng qua quan sdt, theo ddi cdc hoqt ddng cua tre vd ghi chep ti mi, cy the ve ndi dung cdc cudc thdo ludn, trd chuyen trao ddi cua tre) GV cd the dua ra y kien, nhdn xet de cung tre thdo ludn, chia se nhung kinh nghiem, hieu biet cua bdn thdn ve ddi tuqng;
ddng thdi, biet cdch td chuc cdc hoqt ddng, tqo mdi trudng kich thich tre hoc tap mdt cdch tich eye (vi dy: ddn ddt tre den nhung tinh hudng cd vdn de de tre phdi suy nghi vd tim ra cdch gidi quyet bdng nhieu phuang phdp khdc nhau), qua dd, khdng chi giup cho tre phdt trien nhdn thuc, md rdng tu duy md cdn giup GV phdt trien vd ndng cao chuyen mdn cua bdn thdn minh; mat To chirc cho hpc sinh...
(Tiep theo trang 36)
trong sudt bdi hoc vd cd nhieu co hdi de ty DG cdch hoc cua rieng minh.
HS duqc su dyng cdc loqi cdng nghe khdc nhau de thyc hien nghien cuu, trao ddi thdng tin vd tqo ra kien thuc; duqc ren luyen them ve cdc ki ndng sdng nhu klndng giao tiep - ung xu, klndng thuyet trinh, thuyet phuc, kl ndng hdi ddp, ty chu, Idm viec theo nhdm, hoqch dinh myc tieu...
Doi voi GV: GV dd thyc sy trd thdnh ngudi td chuc, hudng ddn hoqt dqng cua HS de HS ty minh tim kiem phdt hien tri thuc; trd thdnh ngudi cd van, ngudi kich thich hoqt ddng hoc tap cua HS vd cd nhung luc cdn ddng vai trd Id ngudi trqng tdi, ngudi trung gian hod gidi cdc cudc tranh ludn d trong Idp. •
khdc, GV cung can biet cdch can thiep dung luc, dung chd, phu hqp, biet khich le ddng vien tre de duy tri hung thu cua tre vdo cdc hoqt ddng tiep theo.
* • *
Tre em Id tuang lai cua ddt nude. Bdi vdy, cdn ddt sy quan tdm hdng ddu vdo cdng tdc gido dye, chdm sdc vd ddu tu phdt trien cho tre em, ddc biet Id tre mdm non; nhdm phdt trien tdi da tiem ndng cua tre, giup tre phdt trien todn dien ve the lyc, tri tue, tinh cdm, dqo due..., chung ta khdng chi quan tdm tdi chdt luqng gido dye, ddo tqo GV md cdn phdi ddi mdi hoqt ddng, phuang phdp gido dye theo xu hudng tien bd, hien dqi, phu hqp vdi ddc diem phdt trien tdm sinh li cua tre em. Ben canh dd, cung can chu trqng cdng tdc gido dye gia dinh, giup phy huynh hieu duqc y nghia vd tdm quan trqng cua viec gido dye tre trong nhung ndm ddu ddi. •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chard. C; Edwards. C. P., Gandini. L.. Forman. G: The hundrered languages of children: The Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education. Norwood. New Jersey: Ablex publishing Corporation. 1993.
2. Joanne Hendrick - Lee Oyn soop (dich). Reggio Emilia, 1998.
3. Kim Jung Hee. Reggio Emilia Approach. Seoul.
Hakchisa. 2003.
4. Kim Joung Hoo. Reggio Emilia Approach analysis and application. Seoul Changehisa, 1999.
(1) Quyet dinh so 16/2006/QD-BGD DT ngay 5/5/
2006 ciia Bp truong Bp GD-DT.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tap doan Intel. Chutmg trinh day hpc ciia Intel - khoa hpc khoi dau, phien ban 2.0 (ban quyen 2007).
2. Nguyen Thi Coi. Cac con duong va bien phap nang cao hieu qua day hpc lich su u truong pho thong. NXB Dai hgc suphgm Hd Ndi, 2006 3. N.G. Dairi. Chuan bi giu hpc lich su-nhu the nao.
NXB Gido due. H 1973.
4.1.F.Khazlamov. Phat huy tinh tich cur ciia hpc sinh nhu the nao? NXB Gido due, H 1978.
5. Phan Ngpc Lien. Doi moi viec day hpc lay hoe sinh lam trung tam. NXB Dai hgc qudc giu Hd Ndi.
6. Phan Ngpc Lien - Trinh Dinh Tung. Phat huy tinh tich cur ciia hpc sinh trong day hpc ljch SITU THCS.
NXB Gido due. H 1998.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 3 pa i - i / a o i o )
BANG NQI DUNG DANH GIA BAI THUYET TRiNH Ngudi thuyet trinh:
Ten bai hoc:
Dinh huang bai hpc Tien trinh bai hpc
1. Muc tieu bai hpc
• Kien thurc:
• Tu tuang:
• KTnang:
Bai thuyet trinh dat dupe nhdng muc tieu nhu the nao?
II. PP
thuyet trinh Van dung hieu qua cac phi ngdn tu khi thuyet trinh: Nhan xet cua em ve viec van dung cac phi ngdn tdkhi thuyet trinh cua ban?
II. Npi dung thuyet trinh
Npi dung co ban: Hay nghien cuu va chSt lpc nhung su kien ca ban trong SGK de neu bat dupe cac y trpng tam cua bai
Dien nhung npi dung co ban cua bai thuyet trinh
II. Npi dung thuyet trinh
Ndi dung mdi: Ca Idp rat hung thu va DG rat cao vai nhung thong tin tu lieu ma ban tham khao dupe tCr cac tai lieu ngoai SGK va cac phuang tien thong tin dai chung co tac dung giup ca lap hieu sau han va lam phong phu han cac kien there ca ban cua bai
Dien nhCrng npi dung mdi cua bai thuyet trinh
II. Npi dung thuyet trinh
Nguon tu lieu hinh anh khi thuyet trinh: That la tuyet vai neu nhu ban co nhCrng tu lieu hinh anh ve nhung su kien LS co trong bai. No lam cho bai thuyet trinh cua ban tra nen hap dan ngudi nghe
Bai thuyet trinh da su dung nhung hinh anh minh hoa LS nao?
IV. Thao
luan Cau hdi cua ngudi thuyet trinh Cau hoi cua ca Idp V. Tong ket
Tdng ket bai hpc cua GV DG cua HS ve tiet hoc ngay hdm nay
V. Tong ket Bai hpc LS em
rut ra tir tiet hpc Bai thuyet trinh cua ban nhu the nao?
2.3. Nhung luu y doi vdi GV: - GV phai co thang diem cy the cho bdi thuyet trinh cua HS dya tren ba tieu chi: phong cdch thuyet trinh (su dyng 10 phi ngdn tu khi thuyet trinh cd dqt hieu qud khdng?), ndi dung thuyet trinh, phdn giao luu trd Idi cdu hdi cua cdc bqn trong Idp; - GV nen cd diem thudng cho cdc ban trong Idp cd cdu hdi hay vd cho cdc bqn cd cdu trd Idi hdp ddn; - GV can phdi hinh thdnh d HS tinh than phe vd ty phe bdng cdch yeu cdu cd Idp trudc khi dqt cdu hdi cho hai bqn thuyet trinh, dua ra nhdn xet ve nhung mat tich cue vd hqn che cua bdi thuyet trinh cua cdc bqn; - GV phdi yeu cdu HS ve nhd ty tdng hqp cdc kien thuc dd tiep thu duqc tren Idp vdo vd trong luc dn Iqi bdi cu; - GV nhdt thiet phdi thudng xuyen kiem tra vd cua HS.
PPDH neu tren duqc thyc hien tu thdng 8/2009 (tqi cdc Idp 10 Vdn, 10 Su, 10 Dja, 10 Anh, 10 Li, 10 Sinh, 10A1 cua Trudng THPT chuyen Nguyen Trdi). Trong thyc te, dd cd nhung budi thuyet trinh rat an tuqng (ve cdch diln thuyet day ty tin cua HS, ve bd cue sdng tqo; cd nhung dan
vj kien thuc HS dua ra ngodi SGK vd tdi lieu tam khdo do Bd ban hdnh khien GV ddi luc cdm thdy sy hieu biet cua minh ve LS lodi ngudi cdn qud it).
3. Ket qud thu duqc
Ddi vdi HS: Vdi PPDH ndy, rd rdng HS dd trd thdnh ddng tdc gid cua qud trinh gidng dqy.
Cdc em thyc sy dd trd thdnh chu the cua hoqt ddng gido dye, duqc chu ddng vd sdng tqo trong viec hoc tap, duqc tiep can nhieu luong tri thuc khdc nhau. Cdc em thudng xuyen tham gia vdo viec phdn tich, DG, tdng hqp d muc dd cao du cdc loqi tdi lieu khdc nhau.
HS duqc the hien nhung kham phd rieng cua bdn thdn trong qud trinh hoc tap vd Idm viec hdng say de xdy dyng bdt cu cdu trd Idi ndo trong sd nhung cdu trd Idi cd the. Cdc em duqc khoi day Idng say me hoc tap, bqc Id vd phdt trien nhung ndng lyc tiem tdng cua bdn thdn; ddng thdi duqc ren luyen PP ty nghien cuu vd kT ndng hoc tap.
Cdc em biet trudc minh se duqc DG nhu the ndo, nhdn y kien phdn hdi tu GV vd bqn hoc cua minh (Xem tiep trang 30) Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 3 (k. i . 3/aoio)
