DIEN DAN
Ddng tri thac trong nen kinh te
va phuang thiic nam giO tri thdc cua doanh nghiep
TS TA DOAN TRINH
Bo KH&CN
Trong khuon kho nghien cii'u nay, chung ta se trao do! ve cac phu'tfng thii^c du'tfc doanh nghiep (DN) sii dung de chie'm giir tri thu'e la ke't qua cua hoat dong khoa hoc va cong nghe va chuyen hoa tri thii'c thanh gia trj dau ra de thu du'tfc Itfi ich cho minh nhu' the nao.
De xem xet cac phu'tfng thii'c du'tfc DN suf dung nh^m chiem giif tri thii'c la ket qua nghien cu'u khoa hoc va cong nghe, tru'dc het can thao luan cac vi du ve each thii'c ma dong tri thii'c chay trong nen kinh te. Cu the la can xem xet sii lan toa cua tri thu'e or cap do DN, noi triTc tiep su' dung tri thu'e de chuyen hoa thanh gia trj kinh te.
I. SU lan toa ciia tri thiic khoa hoc va cong nghe dcapdpDN
Nhff da phan tich d cac bai trffdc, tri thffc khoa hgc va cdng nghe cd the dffOc bieu hien d 2 dang: Vat the hoa va phi vat the hoa. Tri thffc vat the hoa la tri thffc nam ben trong ciia san pham dffOc mang ra ban; con tri thffc phi vat the hoa la tri thffc khdng nam trong san pham dffdc mang ra ban. Tinh chat cdng ich ciia tri thffc da dan tdi ngoai ffng dffdng hay dan tdi sii lan toil ciia tri thffc trong xa hoi ma ngffdi tieu diing cd the sff dtrng ma khdng phai tra tien. Sff lan toa nay da tao ra mot khoang chenh lech giffa loi nhuan (hoac ldi ich rieng) thu dffcic ciia DN da tao ra tri thffc vdi loi ich cua cong dong ma ban tay vd hinh ciia thi trffdng khdng cd kha niing cung cap giai phap hieu qua.
De cd the phan tich rd cac tac dpng lan toa cua tri thffc, Adam B. Jaffe' da phan biet 3 cO che lan toa tri thffc khoa hoc va cong nghe la: Lan tod true tie'p qua tin Stfdo trifdng, lan tod khdng true tie'p qua
thi trUdng vd lan tod mang qua tuang tdc trong nhdm. Sd do 1 giup chung ta phan tich ve 3 cO che lan toa tri thffc trong nen kinh te.
- Khi DN 1 dang san xua't mot san pham nha't dinh nao do thffc hien viec dau tff vao hoat dong nghien cffu va trien khai (R&D), nd se tao ra cdng nghe mdi hay tri thffc mdi.
Tri thffc nay hoac cdng nghe nay dffdc sff dung de tao ra siin phiim cd
chat Iffdng tot hOn hoac giam thieu dffpc chi phi san xua't. Nhd do, san pham do DN 1 san xua't ra se cd dffdc vi tri canh tranh tren thi trffdng.
Khi dffpc ban tren thi trffdng, Ipi ich kinh te ma san pham mdi ctia DN 1 tao ra bao gom: Lpi nhuan tang them a cda DN 1 va Ipi Ich bd' sung b ma khach hang thu dffdc do giam gia thanh hoac chat Iffdng cao hdn.
Phan lai nhuan a thu dffpc do cdng nghe, tri thffc mdi tao ra cho DN dffdc gpi la lai ich tieng (hay lpi Ich tff nhan) ctia DN do. Phan lai ich bd sung b cho khach hang trffc tie'p dffpc gpi la lai ich cong dong.
Tong ldi ich (fl+ b) thu hoi tff hoat dpng dd'i mdi ciia DN 1 se bao gom lpi Ich rieng ctia DN cpng vdi lpi Ich cpng dong ma khach hang trffc tie'p sff diing san pha'm mdi dffpc hffdrig gpi la lpi ich xa hpi. Phan lai ich kinh teho sung b do khach hang dffpc hffdng chfnh la khoang chenh lech do tri thffc lan tod qua
tin trudng true tiep tao ra.
- Trong nhieu trffdng hdp, san pha'm ciia DN 1 cung cd the dffdc khach hang la cac DN thff 2 khac sff dung lam dau vao ctia qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh cua minh. Theo kenh nay, cac tri thffc dffdc DN 1 tao ra co the chay vao qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh cua cac DN 2. Cac DN 2 sff dijng tri thffc mdi trong san pha'm do DN 1 tao ra de tie'n hanh hoat dpng R&D va cai tie'n san pham cua minh. Khi dd, cac DN 2 cung se dffdc hffcing lpi nhd viec giam chi phi, tang chat Iffdng dau vao do viec sff dung san pham cua DN 1 mang lai. Ke't qua la, ca cac DN 2 va khach hang ciia hp cung thu dffdc M nhuan va M ich c tff tac dpng lan toa cua cac tri thffc do DN 1 tao ra.
Ca phan lai nhuan va lai ich phdt sinh c cho cac dd'i tffdng ben ngoai DN 1, do tri thu'e lan tod khdng qua thi trudng true tie'p tao ra se bd' sung them vao phan bi ich eong dong 1: Hieu ffng lan toa cua tri thii'c trong nen kinh te'
Thj tnidng san pham canh tranh
Lai nhuan a
Loi ich b ciia khach hang
DN 1 Lcti nhuan c cua cac DN 2
khac
Sati pham lot hem:chi phi thap Hon
Till tnjong san pham canh tranh kJiac
Lai nhuan d cua DN khac
Lgi ich if ciia khach harm
Lgi ich ca nhan DN I
Loi ich cong dona
Lgi ich
\ a hoi
b do tri thffc lan tod qua thi trudng tnic tie'p tao ra. Cac dd'i tffdng ffong xa hpi da dffdc hffdng thu cac ldi ich cpng dong (ft+c) nay khdng phai ffa tien cho DN 1. DN 1, nPi san sinhra tri thffc mdi, khdng thu hoi lai difdc lpi Ich tff sff lan toa tri thffc nay.
- Them vao dd, tren thffc te con ton tai dang lan toa tri thffc thff 3.
Dang lan toa nay xay ra khi cd nhii'ng DN thff 3 khac dffdc hffdng ldi la doi thu (hoac se la dd'i thii) canh tranh ciia DN I. Thdng thffdng, cac DN 3
KHOTH'O?^***"'^-^"™
DIEN DAN III
nay hoac dang san xua't ra san pha'm tffPng tif nhff DN 1 hoac san pham cd lien quan de'n DN 1 deu cd the giam thieu chi phi san xua't hoac hoan thien them tinh nang san pha'm ciia minh tren cd sd nhffng gi hpc hdi dffpc tff ke't qua nghien cffu cua DN 1. Trffdng hpp cffc doan xay ra khi cac DN 3 bat chffdc, sao chep hoac danh cap cdng nghe la ke't qua do'i mdi ctia DN 1. Day lit stf lan tod mang qua lifdng tae trong nhdm.
Trong lan tod mang qua tuang tdc trong nhom, sff sut giam lpi ich rieng ctia DN 1 xay ra theo hai each. Trffdc het, khi sff dung tri thffc hpc dffdc tff DN 1 de giam thie'u chi phi san xua't hoac hoan thien tinh nang san pha'm ciia minh, cac DN 3 la dd'i thti canh tranh se tao ra them lai nhuan bd sung d cho chinh minh va lai ich bd sung d cho khach hang ciia minh. Mat khac, khi sff dung tri thffc da hpc dffpc tff DN 1, nang life canh tranh cua cac DN 3 dffpc tang len va nhd dd hp cd the canh tranh de chie'm linh thi phan ciia DN 1. Dieu nay buoc DN 1 phai gidm bdt mdt phdn trong lai nhuan a ma hp dffpc hffdng khi khdng CO canh tranh de duy tri thj phan cua minh.
Tffc la, sff ke't hpp gitta hieu ffng lan toa tri thffc vdi tffpng tac do canh tranh da lam tang them khoang chenh lech do hieu ffng lan toa gay ra thong qua sff tang len ciia lpi ich cpng dong va sff giam di ciia lpi Ich tff nhan.
- Sff phan tich tren day cho thii'y, hint ifng lan tod qua tin trudng triie tiep ehi lam tdng lpi Ich cpng dong ma khdng lam giam lpi ich tff nhan. Hieu ffng niiy cd the dffpc coi la hieu ifng lan tod thuan tuy. Ngffdc lai, hieu ffng lan tod meing qua tuang tdc trong nhdm mpt khi dffpc ke't hpp vdi sff canh tranh thi dffdng nhff da lam giam ldi Ich rieng ma DN 1 thu dffpc tren thffc te. Ndi khac di, sff tffdng tac giffa tac dpng lan toil ve tri thffc va sff canh tranh ve thi trffdng lam tang them mffc dp quan trpng ctia van de phai nSm giff tri thffc ciia DN. Sff quan trpng ciia van de khdng chi bdi vi DN khong the nam giff dffpc het cac lpi ich tff tri thffc do minh tao ra, ma cdn bdi vi DN khong mud'n bi rPi vao the phai dffPng dau vdi viec bi cac DN khac canh tranh bang chinh tri thffc do chinh minh tao ra.
CP che lan toa trong nen kinh te nhff da phan tich d tren giiip chung ta giai thich dffpc ro hPn tinh chat cdng Ich ctia tri thffc khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Trong phan tie'p theo, chung ta se thao luan ve cac phffPng thffc ma
cac nha kinh te xac dinh la se cd anh hffdng de'n nang lffc canh tranh ciia DN khi phai doi phd vdi van de nam giff tri thffc do minh tao ra nay.
II. Cac phuong thuio nim glO tri thuic khoa hoc va cong nghe
Sit km tod ciia tri thitc khoa hpc va cdng nghe nhff da ban luan d tren la ddng chay tff nhien (vd thffc) ciia tri thffc trong ciing mpt linh vffc hay tff linh vt/c niiy sang linh vffc khac. Ddng chay tff nhien cda tri thffc khoa hpc va cdng nghe dffpc lan toa qua cac kenh truyen dan nhff: Cac cdng bd'hoac trinh dien;
kenh vdn con ngffdi khi ngffdi lao dpng mang theo minh cac tri thffc da dffpc tich luy tff DN cu sang DN mdi khi thay ddi cdng viec; theo kenh ky thuat phdn tieh nguac- va thiet ke lai san pham ciia ngffdi khac.
Cd the thay rang, viec lan toa ciia tri thffc khoa hpc va cdng nghe qua cac kenh truyen dan neu tren cd the khdng de dang, hay mac nhien xiiy ra. Viec sff dung hoac chie'm doat tri thffc ciia ngffdi khac ddi hdi phai cd mpt so' dieu kien nha't dinh lien quan de'n nang lffc tie'p thu hay sff ditng dd'i vdi tffng loai tri thffc khac nhau.
Cung khdng khd de nhan thay rang, ddng chiiy nay la vd thffc dd'i vdi cac nhii sang che - ngffdi tao ra nd. Tat nhien, nd cd the khdng v6 thffc dd'i vdi ngffdi tie'p nhan sff lan toa dd.
Day chinh la cac vl du ve ngoai ffng dffPng ddi vdi xa hpi.
Sff lan toil tri thffc xay ra khi y tffdng mdi mang den sif gia tang ctia cac sang che mdi trong cac linh vffc khac. Ngffpc lai, ne'u mpt tri thffc mdi dffpc nhting (hay vat the hoa) trong san pham cda mdt cdng ty nao do thi gia cua siin pha'm ay can phiii phiin anh dffpc It nha't 1 phan ldi Ich do tri thffc dd mang lai.
Song song vdi nhffng no lffc de do Iffdng dffpc ty sua't iPi nhuan, cac nha kinh te tren the gidi da cd' gang tim hieu each thffc cac DN ffng xff vdi tac dpng lan toa va kha nang ciia DN sff dung lpi ich tff viec nghien cffu nhff the nao. That bai thi trffdng trong trao dd'i tri thffc lam cho DN khdng cd khii nang thau tdm tat ca cac lpi ich ma sff dd'i mdi ctia hp cd the mang lai. Vi vay, dieu quan trpng la can xem each DN cd khii nang sff dting lpi Ich tff viec nghien cffu nhff the nao.
Theo thd'ng ke cua Quy Khoa hpc My, nam 1990, cac DN My da chi khoang 100 ty
USD cho hoat ddng R&D; nam 1995. khoang 120 ty USD; nam^2000 khoang 186 ty USD va nam 2006 khoang 192 ty USD- . Cac con sd'nay cho tha'y. rd rang cac DN da thffa nhan (hoac chi It ciing ky vpng) ring thu hoi ldi ich ca nhan la dang ke. Cac con so' dd ciing gian tie'p giiip cho chting ta hieu ring, mac dii thi trffdng tff do khdng van hanh trdi chay do cd tac dpng lan toa cua tri thffc, nhffng van dii va dang ton tai cac cP che hffu hieu mil DN sff dung de niim gitt ket quii nghien cffu va thau tdm lpi ich tff hoat dpng nghien cffu.
Va ngffpc lai, cd the rut ra ke't luan rang, tac dpng lan toa dffdng nhff la Idn nha't khi khdng cd s3n cac cP che chiem giff ket quii nghien cffu hoac cP che niiy khdng dffpc van hanh trPn tru.
Theo Adam B. Jaffe, thdng thffdng, cac DN niim giff lpi Ich tff tri thffc do hoat 6ong R&D tao ra thdng qua 4 phffPng thffc quan trpng sau'': Bao ho quyen sd hffu tri tue (SHTT); giff bl mat thdng tin; tan dung thdi gian di trffdc, dan diiu va cP hpi tich luy kinh nghiem; nlm gitt nhffng tai san hay nang lffc bd trp chuyen dung.
7- Ndm gid tri thdc thdng qua viec bdo ho quyen SHTT
De giam thie'u sff lan toa ciia tri thffc, DN cd the cd' gang loai trff mpt each hpp phap nhffng ngffdi khac sff dung tri thffc do minh tao ra. Viec loai trff hpp phap niiy dffpc tie'n hanh thdng qua viec thiJc hien bao hd quyen SHTT theo: Bing dpc quyen sang che, ban quyen hay cac rang budc trong hpp ddng lao dpng de ngan chan ngffdi lao dpng (nha khoa hpc hay ky sff) mang theo va sff dung cac tri thffc do DN tao ra khi thay dd'i chd lam viec.
Bing dpc quyen sang che lii van bing dffpc cP quan nhii nffdc cd thii'm quyen cap nhim xac lap vii cdng nhan sff dpc quyen ddi vdi sang che. Cd the ndi, bing dpc quyen sang che la hpp dong gitta mpt ben lit loan the xa hdi vdi nha nffdc lii dai dien. vii mpt ben lii DN/td' chffc/ca nhiin tao ra sang che.
Hinh thffc nay cung cap cho DN sff dpc quyen cd thdi han ddi vdi cac sang che ciia minh.
Theo do, DN dffpc toiin quyen cho phep hoac ngan chan ngffdi khac ap dting. sff dting hoac quye't dinh viec chuyen nhffpng quyen sP httu hay chuye'n giao quyen sff dting sang che dii dffpc cii'p bing dpc quyen trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat dinh\ De doi lai, nha sans che se cons bo cac thdng tin sang che
So thang 6.2009
Hoat ddng
KHOA HOC
Ill DIEN DAN
can thie't ra xa hdi va cd quyen ky ke't hdp dong chuyen nhffdng quyen ddi vdi sang che hoac chuyen giao quyen siJ dung sang che cua minh khi xet tha'y can thie't. Can lffu y rang, bang dpc quyen sang che ndi chung dffdc xem nhff la each thffc bao hd cd hieu qua hdn doi vdi cac sang che lien quan de'n san pham mdi (dd'i mdi san pha'm) so vdi cac sang che lien quan den quy trinh siin xua't mdi (dd'i mdi quy trinh).
Bao hd quyen SHTT la phffPng thffc thanh cdng nha't vdi nhffng tri thffc cd the dffdc md ta de dang va cd the he thd'ng hoa dffpc. Ngoiii ra, thffc te'cung chi ra rang, viec bao hp ddc quyen dd'i vdi sang che' trong mpt so' nganh cdng nghiep nhff: Hda chat, dffdc pham... cd kha nang dat hieu qua cao hPn so vdi mpt sd nganh khac. Sd di nhff vay la do trong cac nganh nay da cd sff ke't hpp kha chat che ctia 2 ye'u to': Viec nIm giff cac bing dpc quyen sang che mdt each rd rang va viec thffc thi quyen dd'i vdi sang che ciing de diing hPn khi bi vi pham. VI dti, khi td'ng hpp dffdc mpt phan tff hay m^f hpp chiit trffdc day chffa ton tai thi kha nang de thoa man tieu chuan ve tinh mdi can phai dap ffng khi dang ky bao hd dpc quyen sang che cd the dffpc ly giai kha rd rang. Dong thdi, viec chffng minh rang mdt ai dd xam phain quyen dd'i vdi sang che khi dffa phan tff hay hpp chat nay ra ban tren thi trffdng ciing khdng qua khd khan. Ngffpc lai, dd'i vdi cac nganh cdng nghiep khac, viec chffng to ring mpt he thd'ng cP khi hay dien tff phffc hpp nao dd khac hay khdng khac ve ban chat so vdi nhffng thff da sSn cd trffdc dd cd the se gap khdng it khd khan.
2- Nam gid tri thdc dddi dang thong tin bi mat
Ddi vdi mpt sd loai tri thffc mdi, gitt bi mat thdng tin cd the la phffPng thffc de cac DN na'm giff cac y tffdng mdi cd hieu qua. Thdng tin bi mat dffpc biet de'n trong phap luat va thffc tiln cua cac nffdc dffdi cac thuat ngff nhff:
BI mat thffPng mai, bi mat san xua't va kinh doanh. thdng tin khdng bpc lp^ Luat SHTT nffdc ta sff dung thuat ngtt bi mat kinh doanii de chi cac loai thdng tin bl mat nay. Ve ban chat, bi mat kinh doanh la mpi thdng tin cd the dffpc sff dung trong dieu hanh DN nhim tao ra lpi ich kinh te cho DN do da mang lai ffu the canh tranh so vdi nhffng ddi thu khdng biet hay khong sff dung cac thdng tin nay.
KHoTS*o"^^^**"^«="»
Viec su" diing phffdng thffc giff bi mat nay phu thudc vao dac diem ciia tri thffc can chie'm giff. VI du nhff: Phu thudc vao kha nang hay mffc dp cd the he thd'ng hoa cua tri thffc, dp phffc tap cua cdng nghe ham chffa tri thffc, kha nang cd dffdc bi quye't bang ky thuat phan tich hay giai ma ngffdc... Ndi gpn hdn la phu thudc vao kha niing hay mffc dp ma cac dd'i thd canh tranh cd the bat chffdc cdng nghe do DN tao ra.
Khac vdi each chie'm giff bang phffdng thffc bao hp dpc quyen sang che, giff bl mat thdng tin la each thffc hieu qua nha't trong viec bao hd cac tri thffc an^ khd cd the he thd'ng hda (va vi vay khd cd the sao chep).
Do dd, phffPng thffc chie'm giff tri thffc thdng qua each giff bl mat dffdng nhff hieu qua hdn trong trffdng hpp nam giff cac bi quye't ve quy trinh cdng nghe san xuii't (dd'i mdi quy trinh) so vdi bl quye't ve san pham (dd'i mdi san pham).
3- Nam gid tri thitc thdng qua viec tan dung thdi gian di trUdc, ddn ddu vd lai theve cahoi tich luy kinh nghiem
Trong mdt sd trffdng hpp, chi can la ngffdi dau tien tao ra tri thffc mdi thi DN da cd the cd dffpc lpi the trong viec nam giff phan dang ke cac lpi ich do hoat dpng dd'i mdi mang lai. Dieu nay cung dting ca trong trffdng hpp khi cac tri thffc nay khdng dffpc bao hp quyen SHTT. Viec trd thanh ngffdi dau tien dffa siin pha'm ra thi trffdng it nha't cQng tao ra sff dpc quyen tffdng do'i ve thdi gian cho DN.
Trffdc het, nd cho phep DN nam gitt dffpc cdng nghe mdi khi tie'p can vao thi trffdng tao ra dffdc sti ham md, niem tin va ke't qua la sir gan bd trung thanh ctia khach hang vdi san pham ctia minh. Ne'u xay ra ngoai ifng lan tod mang qua tuang tdc trong ididm.
khoang thdi gian di trffdc nay cd the giup DN cd dffpc ffu the trong viec phat trien them cac san pha'm mdi de bd' sung cho san pham chinh ctia minh. Va nhff vay, DN cd kha nang duy tri lpi nhuan d mdt mffc dp nha't dinh, tham chi ngay ca khi cac DN khac dan dan cd the bat chffdc, sao chep cac san pha'm mdi ctia hp.
Song song vdi Ipi the ve thdi gian, cac DN dl dau vdi y tffdng mdi se la ngffdi cd ldi the hdn d khoang thdi gian dffpc sff dung tri thffc mdi trffdc ngffdi khac. Do cd khoan^
thdi gian sff dung tri thffc mdi trffdc ngifdi khac nen DN di dau tich luy dffpc nhieu kinh nghiem hPn va vi the cung cd the sd dung tri thffc cd hieu qua hPn. Ldi the tff viec tich luy kinh nghiem va sff dung tri thffc hieu qua hdn la he qua cda hieu ffng dudng eong hoc ho?.
Dieu nay cd nghia la, DN di dau se co them mot khoang thdi gian de "lam quen" vdi dd'i mdi vii do dd, tich luy dffpc nhieu kinh nghiem hdn trong san xua't so vdi cac DN di sau. Khi phai dd'i mat vdi sff canh tranh sau do, DN di dau da cd sff thuan thuc hOn trong viec to' chffc san xua't, dan de'n chi phi san xua't tha'p hdn. Cac chi phi tha'p nay cho phep DN di tien phong cd dffdc vi the vifng chac tren thi trffdng, giff vffng dffdc thi phan cua minh. Tren cd sd dd, DN di tien phong lai tiep tuc tich luy kinh nghiem san xua't va tie'p tuc giam thie'u chi phi de duy tri sff ton tai cda minh.
4- Nam gid tri thdc thdng qua Uu the sd hdu nlidng tdi sdn hay ndng liic bd tri chuyen dung
Mac du tri thffc cd tinh chat cda hang hoa cdng Ich, viec khai thac ve khia canh kinh te dd'i vdi tri thffc mdi van thffdng doi hoi them mdt sd dieu kien ve tai san hoac nang lffc bd' trd chuyen dung'" khac. Nhffng tai san hay kha nang chuyen dung nay cd the khong de dang de cac DN khac cd the chie'm dung hoac sao chep dffdc.
Cd the ke ra mpt so' tai san hay nang life chuyen dung nhff; Nang life san xua't d quy md Idn, dp tin cay cao trong day chuyen san xuat, nang lffc kinh doanh va tie'p thi qua he thd'ng mang Iffdi ban hang va cham sdc dich vu khach hang, kha nang nam bat va dieu chinh theo thi trffdng... Viec nam giff hoac dau tff vao cac loai tai san hay nang life bo trp chuyen diing nay cd the giup mpt DN doi mdi nam bat phan Idn td'ng so' ldi nhuan do mdt cdng nghe mdi mang lai va cd the giiip DN tff bao ve minh It bi canh tranh hdn do sif lan toa cda tri thffc gay ra.
NgffPc lai, khi viec san xua't ra san pham mdi ddi hoi phai cd cac tai san hay nang life chuyen dting ma DN khdng cd dffdc chiing thi hp cd the gap nhieu khd khan khi muon nam giff phan Idn khoan ldi Ich tff ket qua nghien cffu cda minh. Trong trffdng hdp nay, DN hoac la se budc phai tff bo mdt phan Wi Ich dang ke va cap phep cdng nghe cda minh cho DN dang nam giff cac tai san va nang life
DIEN DAN III
chuyen dung dd, hoac phai dd'i mat vdi sff canh tranh gay gat tff cac DN khac sff dting tri thffc dffpc lan toa de hffdng ldi va se nam giff cac ldi the canh tranh dang ke tren thi trffdng. Tren thffc te cd rat nhieu vi du ve cac DN doi mdi dau tien khdng the nam gitt dffdc thanh qua ma tri thffc do minh tao ra cd the mang lai.
III. lua chon phuang thUc nam gia tri thdc cuabN
Viec DN quye't dinh can sff dung phffPng thffc nam giff tri thffc nao trong 4 phffPng thffc neu tren va khi nao can sff dung chung phu thudc rat nhieu vao hieu qua mii tffng phffPng thffc nam gitt tri thffc se mang lai cho DN. Ve phan minh, hieu qua ma tffng phffPng thffc nam giff tri thffc cd the dem lai cho DN lai phti thuoc rat Idn vao ban chat cda tri thffc, viio nang lffc hpc hdi, nang lffc chuyen dting cua DN cung nhff vao mdi trffdng kinh doanh va moi trffdng phap ly xung quanh.
Co the liet ke mpt so' ye'u to' anh hffdng de'n viec lt,fa chpn phffPng thffc nIm giff tri thffc cda DN nhff sau;
M^f Id, phu thuoc vdo khd ndng thdc thi cua he thdng phdp luat ve SHTT
Cac DN dffdng nhff chi tdn trpng va sff diing each thffc bao hp quyen SHTT khi hp hi buoc phai tuan thd theo luat phap. Dieu do CO nghia la, kha nang thffc thi cda he thd'ng phap luat ve SHTT cang cao thi phffPng thffc nam gitt tri thffc thdng qua viec bao hd quyen SHTT cang cd tac dung. Trong trffdng hpp nay, bao hp quyen SHTT thdng qua bdng doc quyen sdng chela mdt phffPng thffc nam gitt tri thffc quan trpng thffdng dffpc cac DN sff dung.
Viec bao hp quyen SHTT thdng qua bdng doc quyen sdng ehe giup thdc day sff phat trien va phd' bie'n nhffng cdng nghe mdi.
Ly do dPn gian la, ne'u khdng cd sif bao hd niiy thi nhieu san pha'm, dac biet la nhttng san pham can vd'n dau tff Idn nhffng de bi cac dd'i thu canh tranh bat chffdc mdt khi da ban ra thi trffdng - khd cd cd hdi xua't hien.
Mat khac, mot khi cac DN phai bao ve sang che cua minh bing each giff bl mat ve nhffng sang che'dd thi dieu quan trpng hdn la nhffng sang che khdng dffpc cdng bo nay se cd kha nang bi mai mpt di.
Do vay, xet ve khia canh chinh sach, mdt qudc gia cd he thd'ng phap luat SHTT day
du va he thd'ng tht/c thi quyen SHTT hieu qua se cd cP hpi tdt de hoat dpng R&D phat trien manh me. Hon ntta, viec thi hanh day dd cac quy dinh cda phap luat SHTT khdng nhffng khuye'n khich cac nha khoa hpc yen tam nghien cffu, sang tao ma con la tien de thuc day hoat ddng dd'i mdi trong san xua't kinh doanh cda cac DN.
Theo kinh nghiem cua To' chffc SHTT the gidi (WIPO)", khi vdng ddi siin pha'm cang ngin va sff canh tranh ngay cang khdc liet thi sffc ep de DN phai dd'i mdi hay phai tiep can dffpc vdi cdng nghe cda cac DN khac ciing Idn. Sff ddc quyen cd thdi han tff viec sd hffu bing diJc quyen sang che cd y nghia quan trpng giup cac DN thu dffpc lpi nhuiin ddc quyen de cd the phat trien nhanh trong mdi trffdng canh tranh va rdi ro. Mpt khi da dffpc cap bing dpc quyen sang che thi mpi hiinh vi sff dung sang che ma khdng dffpc phep deu bi cam.
Hai la, phu thuoc vdo ban chd't cua thdng tin (tri thdc) cdu thdnh nen cong nghe
Tren thffc te, cd khdng It cac thdng tin nhff y tffdng kinh doanh, bl quye't cdng nghe... cd the rat khd dang ky de dffdc bao hd dffdi dang bing ddc quyen sang che bdi viec xin cap bing dpc quyen sang che khdng he dPn gian.
Bing ddc quyen sang che khdng dffpc cii'p cho nhffng y tffdng mP ho ma chi dffpc cap cho cac giiii phap ky thuat duac bdc Id mpt each rd rang va day dd trong dPn dang ky sang che'-. De tranh viec bao hp cho nhffng cdng nghe da dffpc phd' bie'n hay cdng nghe ma ngffdi cd trinh dp trung binh trong linh vffc cdng nghe dd cd the de dang lam dffpc, dPn dang ky xin cap bang d<3c quyen sang che phai dffPc cac chuyen gia xem xet.
Viec nay thffdng ddi hdi thdi gian kha dai.
hai nam hoac lau hdn, va kha tdn kem ne'u DN dang ky bao hp d nffdc ngoai.
Trong trffdng hdp dd, DN cd the nlm giff tri thffc cda minh dffdi dang bi mat kinh doanh. Tham chi, trong trffdng hpp cd du dieu kien bao hd sang che, DN cung van dffng trffdc sff Iffa chpn: Dang ky bao hp dpc quyen sang che hay giff sang che nhff mdt bl mat kinh doanh. Cdng thffc Coca-cola la mdt VI du nhff the ve bi mat kinh doanh''.
Nhff tren da phan tich, dieu nay hoan toan phu thudc vao mffc dp khd/de cua tn
thffc cung nhff phii thudc viio biin chat an hay hien cda tri thffc. Tht/c te cho thay. cho du viec gitt bl mat riit ton kem nhffng cac DN Idn chd ye'u dffa vao viec giff bl mat kinh doanh khi khd cd the dffpc cap bing sang che. DN ciing Idn thi lai cang can phap luat bao ve bi mat kinh doanh.
Them vao do. DN khdng the chi dffa vao tda an de bao ve nhffng bi mat quan trpng mil cdn phai dffa vao chinh minh. De bao ve bl mat kinh doanh cua minh. cac DN budc phai dffa ra cac bien phap biio ve hpp ly. Thdng tin can thiet cho nhttng hoat dpng quan trpng se chi dffpc bdc Id khi bi mat kinh doanh dffpc bao ve diiy du. Chiing han nhff:
Han che nghiem ngat sd Iffpng ngffdi cd the tie'p can cac thdng tin canh tranh quan trpng;
chi dao tao d mdt mffc dp nha't dinh mdt sd rat It nhan vien de lam nhffng nhiem vu lap rap khdng ddi hdi chuyen mdn cao...
Ba Id, viec ndm gid tri thitc dUdi dgng bi mat kinh doanh cung cd the de ddng ban trong trddng hap cd cdc rdo cdn khi thdm niidp ih: *nfdng
Chang han, khi bao hp bi mat kinh doanh cd the dffa tren quy dinh ve chd'ng canh tranh khdng liinh manh thdng qua yeu cau ky ke't thoa thuan biio mat vdi ngffdi lao ddng, nha tff vii'n. khach hang va dd'i tac kinh doanh hoac ke't hpp cac md'i quan he tren'"*. Trong trffdng hpp khac, viec giff bi mat kinh doanh cung se de dang hPn khi so' Iffpng DN cung nganh nghe khdng nhieu.
Bao hp tri thffc can nlm giff dffdi dang bi mat kinh doanh cd mpt sd ffu die'm nhff:
Khdng mat chi phi dang ky, khdng bi gidi han ve thdi gian bao hp nhff trong bao hp dpc quyen sang che, khdng ddi hdi phai bdc Id hoac dang ky, cd hieu lffc tffc thi. Tuy nhien.
cung can lffu y de'n mpt sd nhffpc diem khi bao hd dffdi dang bi mat kinh doanh nhff: Chi cd hieu lffc chd'ng lai viec cd dffpc hoac sff dung trai phep, ngffdi khac cd the phan tich.
giai ma ngffpc de tim ra bi mat vii sau do cd quyen sff dung, mpt khi dffpc bdc Id cdng khai thi mpi ngffdi deu cd the tff do sff dting.
mffc dp bao hp ye'u hPn so vdi bao hp sang che, ngffdi khac cd the dang ky bao hp dffdi dang sang che khi hp dpc liip cd dffpc bi milt do mpt each hpp phap.
IV. ling xd ciia Chinh sach
Nhff vay. viec nghien cffu each thffc
So thana 6 2009 ^^^l flOnO
^ ° * ^ ^ KHOA HOC
DIEN DAN
lan toa cda ddng tri thffc trong nen kinh te, phffPng thffc nam giff tri thffc cung nhff cac yeu to' anh hffdng de'n phffPng thffc nlm giff tri thffc cua DN gidp chdng ta cd each nhin xuyen sud't vao qua trinh sang tao va sff dung tri thffc trong nen kinh te.
Hieu biet ve cd che lan toa cda tii thffc trong nen kinh te gitip chdng ta giai thich dffpc rd hPn tinh chat cdng ich cda tri thffc khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Nd cd y nghia rat Idn trong quan ly nha nffdc khi can xac djnh xem cac dff an nghien cffu nao cd the se tao ra sif lan toa Idn ma DN khdng the kiem soat dffpc tac ddng cda nd.
Hieu biet ve phffPng thffc nam giff tri thffc, ve cac ye'u td anh hffdng de'n phffdng thffc nam giff tri thffc cda DN se giup chung ta nhan thffc dffdc rd cac tac dpng lan toa se xay ra khi nao, d dau, vdi mffc dp nao va vl sao viin cd nhieu DN tich cffc dau tff vao viec tao ra tri thffc - loai san pham cdng ich dac biet. Qua dd, nha nffdc can cd chinh sach gi vii can hanh dpng ra sao de dieu chinh sff that bai cda thi trffdng va khuye'n khich DN dau tff vao nghien cffu de dat dffpc sff hieu ffng lan toa tri thffc dffdng cho xa hdi d mffc td'i ffu.
Mdt so chinh sach thffdng dffpc nhii nffdc ap dung la; Hd trp mpt phan hoac tiii trp hoan toan cho cac de tai nghien cffu va cho viec dao tao nguijn nhan lffc khoa hpc vii cdng nghe cda DN; cd chinh sach thue thich hpp dd'i vdi cac chi phi dau tff vao nghien cffu; thffc hien khau trff thue (tin dung thue) de giup DN chd ddng tao nguon cho cac hoat diDng nghien cffu cda mlnh...i
Chu thich va tai Heu tham khao chinh
' Adam B. Jaffe: Nha kinh te hoc ngifdi My, Giao sif Dai hgc Brandeis, My. Ong la chuyen gia trong linh vifc Icinh te hoc ve thay doi cong nghe, tac dpng kinh te ciia cac nghien cu'u tai trd cong. kinh tc hoc ve ciic nganh cong nghiep difdc kiem soat. Ong dii cong bo nhieu cong trinh lien quan den hoat dong R&D ciia khoi cong nghiep. kinh te hoc trong nghien cu'u cO ban va trong cac tru'dng dai hoc, ve cac yeu to quyet dinh den pho bien cong nghe.
- Ky thuat phan tich ngu'dc - doi khi du'dc goi lii giai ma (tieng Anh la reverse engineering) lii qua trinh tim ra ciic nguyen ly ky thuiil ciia mot phan mem u'ng dung hay thiei bi cd khi thong qua viec phiin tich cau true, chu'c nang vii hoat dong ciia nd. Trong qua trinh nay. ngu'di ta ihifdng phai thiio dd ddi tu'dng (vi du: Mot thiei bi cd khi.
mot phiin mem) thanh tifng phan de phan tich chi tiel hoat dong cila nd. Thong thu'dng. ky thuat phan tich ngu'dc difdc su" dung vdi muc dich tao ra mot thiei bi hoac phan mem mdi. hoat dgng giong het nhu'ng khong sao chep biit cif thii gi tif doi tifdng nguyen biin. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Reverse_engineering
'Trich tif biing 5, Biio cao National Pattern.^ of R&D Resources: 2006 Data Update, NSF.
^ Economic analysis of research spillovers implications for the advanced technology program. Adam B. Jafte Brandeis University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Prepared for the Advanced Technology Program. December 1996.
'Hilu hei cac nu'dc an dinh khoang thdi gian niiy theo tieu chuiin qudc te lii 20 nam.
'Trong tie'ng Anh. cac thuat ngif tu'dng u'ng lii: Trade secret, business secret hay undisclosed secret.
' Luat SHTT nu'dc ta co hieu life thi hanh tCf ngay 1,7.2006 su" dung thuat ngi? bi mat kinh doanh. Theo do, bi mat kinh doanh la thong tin thu difdc tif hoat dpng dau M tiii chinh. tri tui;. chifa dUdc bpc li) vii co khii nang su' dung trong kinh doanh.
* Khai niem tri thii'c iin (tacit knowlegde) difdc Michael Polanyi (1891-19761, giao su'hoa ly, kinh te hpc va triei hpc ngifdi Anh difa ra. Theo ong. tri thilc du'dc chia thiinh 2 loai: Tri thu'e an (vl du: Ky nang cua ngu'di thd thu cong. kien thiic trifc giac cua nhii khoa hpc) vii tri thiJc hien (vi du: Cac so lieu, nguyen ly, cdng thifc, quy trinh), Theo do, tri thii'c iin thu'dng lii nhifng tri thiJc cd tinh chai:
Khong nhin thiiy du'dc vii khd the hien mot each khach quan; du'dc sd hifu trong con ngu'di va khd chia se vdi ngu'di khac; ton tai d dang kinh nghiem ca nhan, irifc giac, cam hiing, cam giac vii khd chuyen giao thong qua qua trinh giao due ddn thuiin, Tri thiic hien la nhifng tri thifc cd the the hien khach quan bang ngon ngif vii bieu tu'dng. cd the chia se vdi nhieu ngu'di, cd the trao ddi giao tie'p difpc vdi ngu'di khac; cd the chuyen giao thong qua qua trinh giap due trudng hpc ddn thuan.
''Du'dng cong hpc hdi (tie'ng Anh lii learning curve) mp ta md'i quan he giifa san lifdng liiy tich ciia mpt DN vii lifdng diiu vao can thiei de san xuai moi ddn vj siin lifdng (Tif dien kinh te trifc tuyen www.IPSARD.gov.vn).
'" Trong nghien cu'u cua minh. Profiting from technological innovation: Implication for Integration.
Licensing and public policy, Research Policy. (1986). David Teece dii phan biet tai siin b() trd thanh cac loai: Cd tinh chili chung. tinh chuyen dung. Tai san bi) trd cd tinh chai chung lii nhtfng tai siin khdng can phai dieu chinh gi khi phai dap u'ng yeu ciiu dd'i mdi, bdi vi chiing sin cd trong dieu kien thi tru'dng, thiei bj san xuai muc dich chung. Tai Siin bo trd cd tinh chuyen dung lii tai san chuyen diing mii thieu nd. khd cd the Ihifc hien dd'i mdi.thanh cong. Tai
siin chuyen dung cd 2 loai: Sif phu thudc ddn phifdng (mpt chieu) vil phu thudc song phifdng (hai chieu),
"• '-• '*Sdng tgo tuang lai. tai heu gidi thieu ve san»
che diinh cho DN vifa vii nhd, Tr 9-10, ban tie'ng Viet, 2008, www,wipo,int/sme,
"Cam nang chuye'n giao cdng nghe, trang 128. Nhii xuai ban Khoa hgc va Ky thuat. Ha Npi, 2001. Coca-Cola lii loiii nude udng co ga do Cdng ty Coca-Cola san xuatva difdc ban tiii tren 200 quo'c gia, Cdng thu'e nay la bi mat thifdng mai, Cdng thii'c dau tien cua Coca-Cola difdc John Pemberton sang che'ra vao niim 1885 va biin gd'c difdc lifu giif tiii Ngan hiing Suntrust Atlanta, Hoa Ky,
• David B. Audretsch et al. The Economics of Science and Technology; Journal of Technology Transfer 27, 155- 203, 2002(92002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Economic analysis of research spillovers implications for the advanced technology program. Adam B. Jaffe Brandeis University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Prepared for the Advanced Technelpgy Program.
December 1996,
t David J. Teece, Reflections on "Profiting from Innovation". Institute of Management, Innovation and Organization. Haas School of Business, University' of California. Berkeley, CA 94720-1900, USA, Research Policy 35 (2006) 1131-1146, © 2006 Pubhshed by Elsevier,
• Marco Ceccagnoli and Frank T, Rpthaermel, Chapter 1 Apprppriating the returns from innovation.
Technological Innovation: Generating Economic Results.
Advances in [he Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth. Volume 18, 11-34, Copyright, 2008 by Elsevier Ltd,
• Kamil Idris, SHTT - mpt cpng cu dac life de phat trien kinh te. Td' chii'c SHTT the gidi. Ban dich tieng Viet dp Cue SHTT phat hanh, 2005,
• Sang tao tifdng lai, tai lieu gidi thieu ve sang che diinh chp DN vtfa va nhd. www.wipo,int/sme,
• Slides "The economics of R&D tax credits". Prof, Brownyn H, Hall, University of Canifomia at Berkeley,
