Con ga trong ng6n ngu va van hoa Vift
Le Ddc Lu^n^
' Trudng Dai hpc Su pham, Dgi hpc Di Ning.
Email: [email protected]
Nhin ngiy 04 thing 12 nim 2016. Chip nhin ding ngiy 23 thing 1 nim 2017.
Tdm tdt: Con ga la mft trong 12 con giap. No con dugc gpi Id ca, dgu, ga, cha, ke. Ga khflng chi cd gia trj kinh te va dm thyc, ma con cd f nghia ve tam linh. Ga bieu trung cho dong ho thdi gian; ve trgng thai, ddc tinh, phdm chat con ngudi; vl nang lyc, vgn hfi, sg may rui, ngheo kho va gidu sang.
Con ga la khdi nifm thudng diing trong ngon ngd va la bieu tugng d§c sdc ttong vdn hoa Viet Nam.
Tur kh6a: Bieu tugng, ga, ngon ngii, van hfla, Vift Nam.
Abstract: The rooster is one of the 12 animals of the oriental zodiac. It bears not only economic and gastronomic values, but also spiritual meaning, symbolising a timepiece, human moods and qualities, capacities and luck, and poverty and wealth. The image of the rooster is often utilised in the Vietnamese language and culture as a special emblem.
Keywords: Emblem, rooster, language, culture, Vietnam.
1. Ddn nhdp Qudng Binfa ggi gd Id cfaa. Am "cha" co the la am cd han am "ca". Am vj /c/ va /k/
Bilu trung ndm D|iu vdi fainfa dnh con ga td ^ l u ndm cdng fadng dm vfl thanfa, khflng Idu da di vdo tam thdc ngudi Vift. Vi sao bat faoi. In, tdc [1, tt.91-105]. Trong tiing nhu vgy? Bk tta Ifli cdu hdi ndy bdi vilt Lao, "con ca" Id '^fl edy" [3]. "Ca" vd phdn tieh ddc dilm cua eon gd trong ngon "cdy" diu edng ngufln gdc. Cd the "ca" va ngfi va van hda Vift. "kfi" la faai dang tfae bifin dm cda nfaau bdi chiing dfiu chung dm vi /k/. Am "ga" Id qud trinh biln d i i ngft am ttung gian gifia 2. Conga trong ngfln ngu-Vift "ca" vd "gd" bdi "ga" phdn anh thdi ki tiing Vift ban ddu khdng cd thanh difu roi Gd ttong tiing Vift eung dugc ggi Id: dgu, din ba thanh d thfi ki thd VI vd 6 thanh ca, cd, ga, cha, ke. Ngudi mifin Trung ggi vdo thl ki XII do anh hudng cua hfi ngfln gd Id ca, cd; nguoi vdng Bdc Quang Binh vd ngfi Hdn Tgng [I, tt.91-105]. Nhu vdy, cfl Nam Ha "irnfa ggi gd Id ga, rieng vung Bdc thfi "eha", "ca", "kfi", "ca", "ga", "gd" diu
52
Le Bdc Lugn la con gd. Tfaeo gidng thi cd ga mdi vd ga
ttflng (nfaimg dm cd cda "ttdng" Id "sing").
Trong tyc ngfi dm "sdng" eung cfai ngudi cfaa, dan dng ("con bdng sflng mang"). Nfau vdy, "sflng" bieu tfai gilng dye, kfaflng pfaan bifit dgng vat hay nguoi. Sau nay dm "sflng"
bifin tfadnfa "ttdng" dfi cfai gd gidng dye, cdn
"sflng" it dung va ttd tfaanfa td cd.
Tfi "dgu" (ung vdi ten mflt gidp trong 12 con giap) cfl t h l la tiing Viet cd. Hifn nay, cfadng ta chua tim thdy mdt bifin thfi cda
"dau" ttong tieng Viet. Trong tmyfn cuoi Tam dgi eon gd, khi thay gido cat nghia chfi
"kfi", dng ta kfaflng bilt cfau nay la gi, ddnh ndi dai "du di Id con du (fa". Vgy, giua "dd"
vd "ddu" cd lifin quan gi voi nfaau kfaflng?
Van dfi nay van kfad xdc djnh. "Dgu" eung viet la "gigu", cfai fadng rao, cai phfin che ngan nen ed td ghfip "rdo giau" [7].
Tuy tfaeo ddc dilm cdu tgo, mfli truflng soi^ md "gd" ttong ngdn ngfi Vift cd nfaung tfin ggi khdc nhau. Tri nfadn gd tfaeo mfli trudng sdng ttong ty nhifin cd cdc logi:
gd gd (dufli ngdn), ga ldi (gd to cd dudi xde tya dufli eon chim cdng), ga nuflfc (song d ddng bdng). Tri nfadn ga tfaeo mdu sdc cd:
ga ac hoac ga d (gd cfl long den tuyin), gd xam fl hodc gd ndu (ga cd Iflng xam den), gd sao (Iflng dudi cd cfadm, mdu gidng dudi cflng), gd budfm (gd cd sac long Idm ddm d?p nfau con buom), ga bdng tricfa (gd cd mdng dd nhu cfaim tricfa), gd nhan (gd cd Idng ttdng nhu chim nhgn), gd cfauli (gd cd nfaifiu mau nfau vdng, xdm, ttang, dfl, vd ndu gidng nhu tfaan cdy cfaudi ldm dom), gd dilu (long dd dng anh mdu ndu sgm). Tri nfadn tfaeo chdc ndng dd chgi cd cdc logi: ga cfaoi hay ga dd (gd cao Iflfn, chan ddi cd cya, dd gidi, nudi d l chgi nfaau), ga ndi (ga ndi Id thd gd gidng tot vd to da gifli). Tri nhdn ga tfaeo cd cfl: gd cd faogc gd tre (gd nhd), gd
kiln (ga nhd, long mdu nfau canfa kien), gd ri (ga nfad, cfaan ngdn), gd cfl hode ga t l (gd to cd it Iflng, cd vfi chdm chap), gd ddn hay gd cd lu (gd ion con, chan to, cdng by, cya mge khdng ddi nhung da rat hdng). Tri nhdn ga tfaeo chdc ndng sinh sdn cd: ga gifl (loai gd ttflng cfaua cd cua va chua gdy), gd hoa (ga ttdng to kfadng tfaifin), gd thiln (ga ttdng bi thifin), gd mdi gfae (gd mai to ggi ttflng vd sip dfi). Tri nhdn gd theo xudt xd ed cac logi: gd xiem (gd cd ddu nfad, long mdu xdm Idm dom trdng), gd ta, gd tdy (ga xudt pfaat td phuong Tay), gd logo (gilng gd tdy, Iflng toan mdu ttdng), gd pha (lai tao nhieu giong vfli nhau), gd cdng nghifp (gd tdy nufli theo phuang thdc cong nghifp) [7]. Gd con cd tfin theo dja phuong nhu: ga Dflng Tao, gd Hfl, ga Cao Ldnh, gd Ba Diem, ga Hfle Mfln, ga Kfi Sach. Gd Cao Lanfa nfli tieng Id ga da gifli ("gd nao faay bdng gd Cao Lanfa").
3. Con ga trong van hoa Vift Cling gd Iuc giao tfafia Id tin ngudng cda cu ddn nflng nghifp. Ngudi ddn dung gd, d§c biet la gd trlng, d l lam dd ciing ttong djp le tet, le gio gia tien, le md cda md. Nhung le cau than linh diu phdi c u i ^ ga. "Gd, xdi, ttdu vd rugu" Id 4 le v§t tfli thilu dfi ciing thdn linh. Gd Id lodi cfaim dugc tfaudn duflng thdnh gia cdm. Nd diing ddu bdng ttong cdc loai gia cdm khdng chi ve gid trj kinh t l vd dm thuc, ma cdn v l gia trj tam linh. Thjt gd vd trdng ga la mfln dn ngon vd b l dudng. Gd lgi Id gidng de nufli, mdn dfi.
Gd ttdng bao gid cung Id tfad cdng cho cdc le quan ttgng vd ngufli ta cdn bdi bdng cfaan gd [5]. Gd la mft vgt phdm dung ttong nghi le cudi xin. Trong truyfin thuylt
"Son Tmh, Thuy Tinh", ttong cac l l vat Hiing Vuong thdcfa cudi d l cfagn r l cd "gd chin cya" [6]. Ngdy xua, trudc khi cuoi vg, nhd trai phdi nflp cfaeo (tifin nf p ldm If pfal cufli xin) eho ldng kfim tfaeo con gd xin l l ("Em vfi thua m? cung cfaa/Bdt Ign di cudi bdt gd di cheo").
v l pfaong tfady, tfaeo ngu hanh, gd Id con v|it thufc fadnfa kim, pfad fagp kfai bdi tri d huflng tdy cua cdn phdng. Gd ttflng dugc sd dyng trong vdn pfaflng vd cdc doanfa ngfaifp vi nfl cfl kfad ndng tfauc ddy su ngfaifp pfadt trien. Ben canfa dd, con gd ttong, voi tu tfai vuong gid cua cfaiing, cfing dugc cfao Id rat tit cho cac nhd ldnh dgo. Hmh dnh cfad ga ttIng oai vf, fadng dung bilu tugng cho sy thjnfa vugng, cho 5 ddc tinh tdt cda nam gidi (nguoi qudn td): tinfa vdn (mao dd tya nhu mu canh chudn eua quan van), tinh vu (cya gd), tt'nh dung (khdng sg djch thu), tinfa nhdn (kifim dn tfaeo dan, ciing voi ddng logi), tinfa tin (gay bao gid cfainfa xdc).
Tiing ga trlng gay Id bdo faifu sy may mdn, xua duoi dilu xui xfio. Nguge lgi, ga mai md gdy Id bdo dilm gd, khdng may mdn ("gd mdi gdy mai, lun bgi cda nfaa"). Gd thuong gdy td canh b i n vd gdy rf d canh ndm, nhung gd gay sdm bao hifu dilm xdu.
Tyc ngfi cfl eau: "gd gdy eanh mgt hfla tai, ga gdy canfa faai dgo tae". Cdu ndy ed ngfata nfau sau: eanh mgt trdi mfli toi nfaung kfai cfl nfaa ttong viuig cfady tfai gd ngd ttfli sdng nfin gdy, cfln canfa faai khi bpn dao tdc din cuop bflc, lam ndo dpng tU gd tudng gdn sdng nfin cimg gdy. Mdn thjt gd thuong ddng tiep dm kfadeh quy ("khdch din nhd, chdng ga tfai vjt"), nfaung vifc ttgng dgi deu cd gd. Tyc ngfi cfl cau "but sa ga cfalt".
"Sa" d day cd faai nghia: "sa" vdi nghia ddt bdt ki vd "sa" voi nghia ki sai. Cd faai dilu ndy deu phdi gifit gd ddi (don tfi dugc ki
chap nfagn, cfao pfafip) hode tg lli (do ki sai).
Gd ttong tfaifin kfaflng cdn dap mm nfin thjt bfio, vi tfae tfauflng dem dang bilu cho nguci minfa faam on, ttong dd cfl thdy cung:
("con ga ttong thiln d l rifing cho thdy"), Gd mdi bilu tnmg cho tinfa mdu td. No cham con tu khi dp trdng cho den khi con Ifln, hfi tfady mdi la gd m? ggi con dfin an.
Kfai cfl con ndo faai eon cda nfl thi nfl nhat quyfit xong ra bdo vf den cung. Vi the no duge ddn gian Idy Idm cdm fadng nghm tmh ("Cat len mdt tiing la da/Cho chim nhd tl cho gd nfad con"). Trong tranfa Dflng Hi, bdc ttanfa ddn gd m? con the hifn sy sum vdy, me con qudn q u ^ ; bde ttanfa dda be dm gd thfi hifn sy vinfa hoa; hue ttanh ga ttdng vdi gd mai vd ddn gd eon thl hifn su hgnh phdc dd day; hue ttanfa faai con gd ttflng efagi nhau thfi hifn sy dung khi... Do Id nhung bieu tugng vdn fafla dan tf c. Nha tho Hodng Cam da dua ra mgt phdt faif n rat tfad vi: "Tranfa Dflng H I gd Ign net tuoi ttong/Mdu dan tgc sang bimg trfin giay difp" (Bfin kia sdng Dudng).
Gd bieu trung cho dflng ho thoi gian.
Ddn gian quan nifm "dfim 5 canh, ngdy 6 khdc". Trong bdi ca dao lira hdnfa d Hd Npi cd cdu "tieng cfauong Tran Vd, canh ga Thg Xuong". Canfa 5 Id khodng thdi gian tii 3 dfin 5 gid sdng, gd bdt ddu gdy Idc ddc td 3 gid, gdy rf Ifin td 4 gid. Bon gid Id Iiic ga bfin lang Thg Xuong gdy vd cdc su try tri chiia Trdn Vd thdc dfy danfa chuflng tyng kinh sang. Bilu trung ve thoi gian cd thanh ngfi "gd mfli Ifin chuong". Theo dd, ga tfaudng Ifin chuing vdo kfaodng 6 dfin 7 gid tfli, f nfli Iuc dd tfadi gian moi cfa$p tfli, con sflm. Cdu "nda dem gd gdy" thi nfli rdng thoi gian qud khuya kfaodt.
Kfai ngfae mft con gd ttIng gdy thi cac con ga ttdng khdc ciing gay tfaeo. Con nay 54
Lfi Bdc Lugn gdy to tfai edc con kfadc ciing c l gdy to faon.
Tu dd cd cau: "gd ngufli gdy, ga ta cfing dap ednfa". Hdm f cdu tyc ngfi ndy la bdt cfaudc ldm tfaeo cd tinh bdy ddn. Tfi "gay"
dd trd thdnfa dn dy khi ndi ai dd khoe khoang ("mdy Igi gdy rfli ha", "chua cd gi ma da gdy rdi").
Ga ttdng cd kfad ndng dd nfin cd cdu "gd cung mdt me cfad hoai da nhau" cdu nay kfauyfin anfa em doan kit, gdn bd vfli ntiau, dung tranh gianfa ddu da nfaau. Ga mai khdng gdy nhung kfai dfi thudng cue tae. Td dfl cfl cdu: "gd de ga eye tde". Cdu tyc ngfi ndy hdm f nfli rang ngufli ttoi^ cufc moi bifit sy vifc xdy ra, tu khoe cho thien ha bilt. Ga dd khflng bang ngya dd. Vi thl ed can thanh ngu "dd ga dd vjt". Can nay dfi cfal ngufli lam vifc qua loa, dgi kfaai. Nfli v l tinh faifiu thdng cd cdu "gd gifl ngua cya" edu nay tuong ty nfau cdu "ngya non hau dd". Cdu
"con gd ghet nhau tifing gay" ham cfai sy dfl kj, ghen ghet khi thay ai dd hon minfa.
Ndi ve fadnh dfng, phuang thdc sai lam, cd cdu "giet ga lay trdng". Cdu ndy phe binfa sy ndng vgi (mudn cd trdng ngay nfin gilt gd, nfaung cdn ttong byng ga tfai trdng van khdng thdnh trdng). Cau "ino gd dao_
ttdu" eung ndi vfi cdch tfaue lam vifc sai (con ga tiu nhd ma ldy dao mo trdu dfi md gd till kfaflng pfau fagp). Cau ndy cung cd nghia Id lam to chuyfn vfli mgt vifc nhfl.
Gd vd eudc (faodc quflc) cung lodi cfl be ngoai kfaa gidng nfaau nfin de "nhin gd fada culc". Cdu nay ndi ve sy nham Idn, tudng cdi ndy nhung hoa ra edi kia.
Ga bieu tnmg ve ndng lyc, vgn hfi, sy may rui, ngfaeo kfad va giau sang. Ndi ve con ngudi kem cdi, cd cdu thanfa ngfi "ttdi gd khdng chdt". Cau ndy ndi kfi hfin yfiu, kfadng Idm duge vifc gi nen thdn. Ndi ve nhfing ngufli dan dng Idm dn thdt bat.
khflng cfl uy tin, cd cau "dudi ga cfao vg".
Gd tfauflng dn d ch§ cd thdc dn vd coi xay (Id noi cd vuong vdi thdc ggo). Tfi dfl cd cdu "gd que an qudn c i i xay". Cau tuc ngfi chfi bai nhiing nguci kem cdi, thieu y cfai tfauflng lam nfaiing vifc quanfa quan d nhd, gdn lang, nfaung vifc quen tfauge, ma kfadng dam ttai ngfaifm, kfadm phd nfaung noi mfli, nfafing dilu kfaac la. Ndi ve tai hga don dap tfai ed cdu "gd qufi bj cfad dufli" (eau ndy fainfa tugng hon cau "hpa vd don chi"). D I canfa bdo nfaung dilu khflng may, nguy hilm, dy bdo diln biln kfadng tdt cd cdu "fade xuong ga, sa ednfa khi".
Cau ndy cfl ngfaia rdng: canfa khfi rat gidn, de gay, neu leo cay khfi se bj ngd, cdn xuong gd sdc, cdng, khi bj fade khfl ldy ra.
Nfli v l su sung sudng kfai dugc ty do, ddn gian cfl cdu tyc ngfi "cfaim so long, gd sd cfauong" (chim s l ling nd bay rdt xa, ga so chudng nd cung tung chgy nhu bay). Ndi ngfafio khd, tyc ngft cfl cdu "chfl dn dd, gd dn sdi" (cdu ndy cfai vimg ddt khd cdn, ngheo kfad). Ndi ve gidu sang cfl cdu "gd dn khdng fait bgc" (cau nay fadm f nhd giau CO, qud nhieu tien cda).
Ga bilu trung ve mdi quan hf, dng xd gia dinfa vd xd hpi. D l phe phdn, chfi trdcfa v l mpt loai ngudi, mft tmfa each ndo dfl ngufli Viet dua vdo ttgng thdi buoi, bfli cda ga. Cdu tyc ngft "trdu ttong nha d l gd ai bdi" cd f rdng, vifc ttong nhd nhung lai dfi cho ngufli khdc can thifp. Hai cdu tyc ngft
"hodi thdc nudi gd rimg", "hoai thdc ta cfao gd ngudi bfli" dfiu cd nghia rdng, that faoai phi khi cfadm lo mft ngufli khdng thufc v l minh, lam mgt vifc md khdng dem Igi lgi icfa gi. Con gd tfauflng hay nhdy m l lung tung d l kilm dn, nhd bIp Id nai ga hay vdo kifim dn. Td ddy cd cdc cau tyc ngft: "vdng chu nhd gd vgc nifiu tdm", "vdng chd nhd.
ga buoi bIp". Nghia hdm ngfln cua hai cdu tyc ngft ndy Id: ttong mflt co quan, tfl chdc, nfaan vifin tan dyng ca fapi kfadng cd ngudi qudn Ii, ty y ldm nfafing vifc tfaeo chd quan cua minfa. Tu tap tmfa sinh faoat cua ga ma cd cdu tyc ngfi "cfad cdy gdn nfaa, gd cgy gan cfauing". Cau nay ndi vfi cd logi ngufli cay thl minfa la ngudi ban qudn dfi bdt ngt ngudi dja phuang kfadc. Cdnh bdo mft hfi lyy khi quan he bdt edn cd cdu: "cfaoi chd, cfafl lilm mat; choi gd, ga md mdt". Cau tuc ngfi ndy ham y nfli rdng dung choi qud thdn mgt vdi ai md minfa kfaflng thl faifiu dugc, su thdt thudng cda hp cd thl lam cfao mmfa bj vg. Gd ttong m l i quan fae voi ddng logi ciing dugc kfaai thac trif t dfi. Gd rfing ciing Id gd nhung hoang dd. Tu dfl cfl cdu: "thdc ddu ma ddi ga rung". Cau nay cfai fadnfa vi tdn kem, lang phi, khdng dem lgi hifu qud.
Gd phong df kem hon so vfli phugng faoang, tft dfl cfl cau tuc ngft "pfaugng faoang dn lan vdi ga". Cau nay cfl y nghia rdng, ngudi sang trpng md d vfli ngudi tdm thuong thi lang phi vd khflng phu fagp.
Phfi phan sy phdn bgi, phdn pfadc cd cau tuc ngfi "gd nfaa Igi bdi hep nfaa". Cdu ndy noi rang ngufli ttong nfad, eung fap tpc, cimg CO quan nfaimg vdn pfad faogi ldn nhau. Cdu tuc ngfi "cdng rdn edn ga nhd" phfi phdn ke pfadn phuc, mugn ke kfadc gifit faai ngudi nfad, ngufli cung que fauong ddt nude dfi chilm cho, dat dugc mong mudn quyfin lyc.
Cau "chan ga lai boi rugt ga" tuong ty nfau eau "noi da xdo tfajt". Cau ndy y ndi rdng, ga ma boi mft ga d l dn, ngudi ma gilt ngudi thi th|t Id dau don.
Ndi vfi quan hf gia dinh, ddng tgc, nguIn cfi, ddn gian cung ldy hmfa dnfa ga.
Cdu "con tflng gd ndi" d l nfli vfi huylt t h l t ^ di truyin, con chau cda gia dinh tilp ndi dugc truyen thdng tdt dep cda dng cha.
Con, dac bift la eon ttai, pfaai gifi cha, kfaong de cho cfaa bd me, bd gia dinh di vol ngudi phy nfi khdc. Con ma khflng cfl cha la mat di eho dua, vj tri xd hpi. Con gd cung nhu vdy, nd gifi 6 vi o Id td dm, trong dd co trdng hodc gd con, mat d Id mdt tdt cd. Con kfadng cd cfaa eung vdy, dd Id mdt mat rdt Idn. Td dd cfl cdu "con gift cfaa, gd gift I".
Hai v l eua eau tuc ngft nay ddt bfin canh nfaau, v l sau minh hga cho vfi trudc. Ga ttdng khdng biet dp trdng, kfaong cfl thfli quen nufli con, nfin edu "gd trlng nufli con"
ndi rang, cha nudi con that la kfafl, sy vat va kfad nfage cda ngudi eha kfai vg mdt dfi con lai cfao minh nudi duang. Thanh ngfi "m?
gd, con vjt" lgi ndi den cdnh cda nhung tte em som mfl coi m?, phdi sflng vdi di ghe hoac cfaa me nudi. Ndi vfi sy chac chdn ttong tam tay cd cdu: "ddu vao nfad nfau ga bd rg". Cdu ndy cfl nghia rdng, con ddu vfi nha cfaing tfai kfaflng thl ndo ty do, hi rdng bugc bfli quy tdc, lli sing cda nha ehong.
Ndi v l tdm thdc hudng vfi nguIn cfi, dan gian cfl cdu "gd cfl ttd md vfi rftng". Cau ndy dflng ngfaia vfli cdu "cdo cfafit quay ddu ve niii", "Id rung vfi cgi".
Gd bilu tnmg vfi ddc tinfa, phdm chat con ngufli. Cau "gd che tfade chdng boi thi ngudi mdi che tien" nfli rang, khflng ai che tien, ciing nfau ga kfaflng bao gid chfi thoc.
Ndi v l su nhift tmh, hang hai thdi qua nhung cfl phdn x i c nfli cfl cau "hdng mau gd". Nfli v l tinfa keo kift, bdn mflt bvin xin cd cdu "dai cdt sdo Idy faat da, dai cut gd lay faat tdm" (tucmg dng nfau: "rdn sanh ra md"). Cau nay con cd nghia ve sy tun kifim vd vpng (vi ldm sao cd tdm ttong phan ga).
Cdu "cam ddu no bung chfl, thflc dau no bung ga" ndi rdng chd vd gd dn mft luc cfl thl dn lai dugc, com dau du cho cfad vd thflc dau vfia cho ga an nhu the. Cdu tyc ngfi nay
56
Le Bdc Lu|n ciing kfauyfin ngufli ta cho chfl vd ga dn
cfadng mye. Cdu ndy cfln cfl y phfi pfadn ldng tfaam vd ddy cua bgn tham lam. Ndi vfi hdnh vi gian d i i ed eau "bfi an ttgm gd, ed an ttgm ttdu, lau ldu ldm giac". Cdu tuc ngu nay canfa bdo rang neu ttfi cd hanfa vi an cdp Idc nfad thi Ion len se dn cdp edi Idn hon vd se la gige cudp nay mai.
Gd bieu thj trang thai cda con ngufli.
Cdu "lung tung nfau gd mdc tdc" hdm y chl ttang thai limg bung, kfad xoay xd cda ngudi vdo tfafi bj dpng, tfailu binh tinfa, boi rfli ttong xd Ii cdng vific. Can "d rd nfau gd ru" cfai con nguci khdng cd sinh kfai. Ndi vfi trang tfadi yeu I m faay lo sg din run rdy cd cau "run nfau gd bj cdt tifit". Cdu "Id dd nfau ga ban faflm" cfai ngufli cham chap, khdng hogt bat. Tu "quang ga" de cfai ngudi mdt kfim, nfain kfadng rfl nfau ga Idc chifiu toi (khdng thdy gi nen tfaudng Igc cfauong). Cdu
"nhao nhac nfau gd lac me" ndi ve sy nga ngae bdi rdi ciia con kfai lgc me va ciing ndi v l sy hon loan, nhdo nhdc cda mpt to cfadc mat ngufli dung ddu lanfa dao. Cau "nhdo nhac nfau ga pfadi cdo" cfl net tuong dflng vfli cdu ttfin nfaung cd su kfadc bift, vi cdu nay bifiu faifn su faodng faflt, lo sg khi gdp nguy failm. Hdm cfai ttgng tfadi hSn loan, thilu binh tinh lo sg, bdi rdi kfai ddng ttudc tinh hudng ng§t ngheo. Tuang dng vdi nghia ttfin cd cdu "nhon nfadc nfau ga con gap qug". Nfli ve ngudi sg hai qud mdc, mdt tai xdm thi cfl cau "mat tdi nhu gd cdt tilt". Mifiu td ttang thai chfln rpn, vfi vdng, hii hd cda ngufli m u l n Idm viec gi dd ngay nhung lai chua tim ra cdch cd cdc cau "ddo ddc nfau gd mdc dfi", "te tdi nfau gd mdi mdc de", "te tdi nfau gd mai nhdy d". Thdnh ngft
"ngu gd, ngd vit" d l cfai trang tfadi ngu la ma, efafp chdn, kfaflng thdnh gidc. Da cua ngudi sdn sui dugc vi "nii da gd".
Ga dung dfi bilu thj tinh cdcfa, dae dilm hogt dgng eua con ngufli. Nfli ve ngudi phy nft mdn de tfai kfadng cd can nao faay hon edu thdnfa ngft "dfi nfau gd". De cfai ngudi tdc gian ma chtri nfaieu cho ha dg thi cd cdu
"chdi nhu mat gd". Ga Id con vdt de nudi, vdn it, kfadng pfaai ddu tu nfaieu nfaimg lai dem hifu qud kinfa tfi cao. Kfai kfadn kfafl ngudi ta nghi ngay din vific nudi gd. Tfi dfl cfl cdu "thang gifing, thang hai/thdng ba, thang bon/thdng khfin tfaang iign.../Ra chg Ke Dien mua eon gd mai/vfi nudi" [6]. Cau thanfa ngft "cfaft nfau ga bdi" cd y rang chfi viet xdu (gilng nhu gd boi thi hdn cae vet lodng ngodng, khdng cd duflng net ro rdng, ldn xgn). Cdu "hgc nhu ga dd vdch" cd f rang, ga ma da vach tfai cfai ngfae lgt rf t, chd lam cho vach hu hai gi, nfaung ngudi hgc kfadng ra gi cung kem cdi nhu the. Nfli ve can thdn trudc khi ldm vific gi cfl cdu tuc ngfi "cfafl ba quanfa mdi ndm, ga ba lan vo canfa mdi gay". N l u ngufli ta lam gi dd nghe tifing lgp bdp thi khdng cd sir so sdnfa ndo hay hem cdu "ldp bdp nfau gd md mo"
(bd tfaflc ggo ttfin mo cau, gd md lgp bop). Mdu dfl tuoi dugc vi "do nfau m'.o gd". Mat ngufli bj di ung dd rdn len thi dugc vi nfau "m§t dd nhu ga chgi". Mdu cda ldng trdng trung gd kfai lupc rdi bflc ra rdt trdng nfin dugc vi vfli da trdng ngdn. Tfi dfl CO can: "da nfau trdng gd lot" hogc "da trdng nfau trdng gd bdc".
Gd bieu tnmg ve vdn fada dng xd, giao tiep. Gd va vjt Id hai con vgt gia cdm nhung gigng keu khac nhau. Tfi do cd cdu thdnh ngfi "flng ndi gd, bd nfli vjt". Cdu ndy cfl f rdng, nlu moi ngudi ndi mflt kilu, theo hudng khdc nfaau tfai sfi khflng failu nfaau.
Cau "hdi ga ddp vjt" lgi hdm y rdng ngufli hdi mgt dang, ngudi ttd ldi mgt neo, khflng an khdp gi vfli nhau. Cdu "lep bep nhu ga
m l tep" ndi v l ngudi ngdi Ifi mdch leo, ndi lep bep nfau ga m l . Cdu "ddu ga dit vit"
bilu thj sy kfaflng phu hgp do kit nfli khdng dflng bp. Cdu nay cfln cfl nghia rdng, trudc nfli vfi ddu gd, sau lai nfli ve dit vjt, trude va sau khdng an nfaap gi voi nfaau, sy trinh bdy nhung trudc sau khdng thong nhdt. Cdc thdnh ngft "con cd con kfi", "ke ca kfi de ngfing" diu chi v l viec ndi nang dflng ddi, chuyfin ng xo chuyfn kia. Tfi "cd" dong nghia vdi "ke", "ca", "ga". Cdu thanfa ngfi ndy cfl f rdng mgi ngudi dfiu biet vd ehi can bilt "cd" Id ga, khong can p h ^ gidi ddi dflng gd Id "kfi". Cau "kfi ca ke dfi nging"
con cfl nghia rdng khi kfi con "ca" md lgi ke con "ke" r l i lai k l thfim con "de" vd con
"ngong" tfai cfad dn nfadp gi vdi nfaau.
4. Ket luan
Bilu trung nam D^lu ttong muoi hai con gidp vdi hinh anh con gd da di vdo Idi dn tifing nfli, ddi song sinh faogt, vdn hfla, tin nguflng cda ngudi Vift. Cd mft hf thing kfaa phong pfau tfin ggi cfai ga theo mdi trudng song, theo giai dogn sinh trudng, theo giong, theo khd nang sinh sdn, theo hinh dgng vd mdu sdc cda ldng... Nfafing bien doi dm tifit cfai gd thfi hifn qud trinfa phdt triln tiing Vift. Nhftng ttang thdi, tinh
each cda eon ngufli duge bifiu trung qua hinfa dnfa eon gd ttong ca dao, tyc ngir, tfaanh ngft Vift. Tfi xua din nay, tiing ga gdy sang canfa ttd tfadnfa nfau tieng chuong ddng fad bdo tfafli gian, gdn bd mat thilt voi lang qufi Vift.
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] Mai Ngpc Chil (Cha biSn) (1997), Casdngon ngfi hge vd tiing Vigt, Nxb Giio dgc. Hi Npi.
[2] Ngio^n Xuin Kinh, Phan Ding N h ^ (Chd bien), Phan Ding Tii, Nguyen Thu? Loan, DJng Di^u Trang (1995), Kho tdng ca dao ngu&i Vift, Nxb van hda - Thfing tin, H i Nfi.
[3] Trln Krai Lin (2007), Tie diin Ldo - Vift, Nxb Tfing hpp Tp. H i Chf Mmh, Tp. H 6 chl Minh.
[4] Nguyin Lin (2006), TCr diin thdnh ngff vJ tuc n^ ngt Nam, Nxb Vin hpc, H i Npi.
[5] LS Diic Luln (2011), "Vii n^t v^ vSn h(5a ttnyen th6ng ngudi Vi§t qua mft s l eiu tue ngtt", Tgp chi Ngdn ngii vd D&i sdng s l 3.
[6] lA Dac Lu|n (2015). Tiip cgn tdc phim vdn hgc nhd truang theo phuang phdp phdc hgp, Nxb v a n hpc. H i NOi.
[7] Hoing Phi (Chu biln) (2005), TH diin tiing Viit, Nxb D i Ning, D i Ning.
[81 Vifn Nghifin cihi Vin hda (2002), "Tgc ngtt", Tong tdp vdn hgc ddn gian ngu&i Viit, Nxb KhoahpcxahOi,HiNOi.
58
