NHAT BAN CHIEM DONG MALAYA (1941-1945) VA sy PHAT TRIEN Y THUfC
CHINH TRi CUA NGU6l MALAY
LY TlTdNG VAN*
G
iai doan Nhfit Ban chilm ddng Ddng Nam A trong C h i l n t r a n h T h i gidi II da t h u h u t si? quan tfira nghien cQu rdng rai cua n h i l u hpc gia. Nhin chung, cac hpc gia d i u cQng n h a u chia se quan dilra: Chiln t r a n h t h i gidi II da khdi d i u rapt si? chuyen b i l n chinh trj vfi xfi hdi quan trpng d Ddng Nara A. Tuy nhien, v l danh gia tac dpng cua Nhfit Ban (dfic bidt lfi nhQng tac ddng chinh trj) ddi vdi khu vUc thi lai khdng hofin tofin ddng nhfi't. Thi?c te' dfi nd'i len eude t r a n h lu^n giQa hai t r u d n g phai: Bien doi (Transforraation) vdi dgi difn la Harry BendaOJ vfi Tii'p diin (Continuity) vdi dai di$n Ifi Alfred McCoy.*^' Vdi trUdng phdi Bidn ddi, giai doan chilm ddng cua Nhfit Ban da kich thich si? p h a t trien y thQc chinh trj cua ngudi dfin trong khu vi?e, do dd da tao ra rapt bUdc ngofit dang k l trong sU phat t r i l n chinh tri hien dai b h l u he't cac nUdc Ddng Nara A. Trong khi dd, trudng phdi Tii'p diin cho r i n g rapi si?chuyin bien chinh trj d cac nUdc Ddng Nam A trong vfi sau C h i l n t r a n h T h i gidi II ddn gian chi lfi si? t i l p dien nhiing phat t r i l n chinh tri cita thdi ki trudc chien
t r a n h (cd t h i d raQc cao hdn). Trong hdfin canh thay doi do si? chilm ddng ciia Nhfit Ban chi tgo ra do tudng lfi ed su b i l n doi chQ khdng phai lfi thUe chfi't.'^*
Thgt khd cd the k i t thuc cudc t r a n h luan nfiy neu vfi'n d l dUdc khfii quat hda d ca'p dp khu vuc. Ndi mdt each khfic, nghien cQu tfic ddng ciia giai doan Nhfit Ban chiem ddng tQ quan dilm khu vUc cd t h i dUa d i n kha nfing khdng bao quat h i t dUde mpi si? chuyin bien trong dd cd nhQng chuyen bien khdng d l phat hien.
Vi vfiy, se la phQ hdp hdn n l u dat vfi'n d^
trdng khudn khd' cua tiftig qudc gia. Dilu quan trpng nfim d cho, cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A dQ cd rfi't n h i l u dilm tUdng ddng, song trUdc khi bi Nhfit Ban chilm ddng, cae qudc gia nfiy da bi thdng trj bdi nhieu d l q u o c thUc dan khac nhau.*'*^ Do dd, raQc dp tac ddng cua Nhfit Ban doi vdi ddi sdng chinh t r i - xa hdi cua cac qudc gia nfiy nhu the nfio phu thudc rfi't n h i l u vfio si? phat t r i l n kinh te - xfi hdi, dac biet lfi si? phat trien chinh trj dudi tac ddng cua nhQng chinh sach cai trj cua cac nUdc thUc dan tQ thdi ky trUdc, dd Ifi chQa k l dlii si? chi phdi ciia cac yeu td mang t i n h t r u y i n
• Ths. Ly Tudng Van, IChoa Ljch sQ - TrUdng Dai hgc KHXH vfi NV. DHQGHN
56 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 1112011 thdng trong van hda, tdn giao tin ngUdng,
dfic tinh tam ly tdc ngudi cua mdi quoc gia... Bfii v i l t "Nhdt Bdn chiem ddng Malaya (1941 - 1945) vd tdc dgng cua nd den sii phdt trien y thitc chinh tri cua ngudi Malay" dUde t r i l n khai theo hudng t i l p cfin nfiy. Bfing each di vfio bdi canh rfi't rieng, rfi't cu t h i cua Malaya, bai viet ed g l n g lam sang td si? phat trien y thQc ehinh tri eiia ngQdi Malay trong nhiing nam trong va sau chien t r a n h dgt trong sQ so sfinh vdi giai doan trUdc chid'n t r a n h khi rafi ngudi Malay dUdc dfinh gia lfi tpc ngudi "it quan tara de'n chinh trj nhfi't treng sd' cfic dfin tdc d Ddng Nam A"*^' di thfi'y ro raQc dd tac ddng cua cfic chinh sach cua Nhat Ban trong thdi gian nfiy.
1. M a l a y a tri^dfc k h i N h a t B a n chiem dong
Chinh sach cai trj ciia Anh tQ nQa cuoi t h i ki XIX de'n dau t h e ki XX da lfim thay ddi tinh hinh dia-ehinh tri cua Malaya vdi 3 thuc t h i tren cd sd ca'u tnic thudc dia hai mang: Mpt mang la e h l dp cai tri true tilp ddi vdi Khu dinh cU Eo bien (Straits Settlements - SS) gdm Xingapo, Malacca, Penang va tinh WeUesIey. Mang thQ hai Ifi e h l dp cai tri gian tiep vdi cfic trudng h ^ ciia Lien bang Malay (Federated Malay S t a t e s FMS) gdm P e r a k , Selangor, Negri-Sembilan vfi P a h a n g ; Cdc bang Malay ngodi lien bang (Unfederated Malay States - UMS) gdm Kedah, PerUs, Kelantan, Trenganu va Johor. Trong qua trinh thuc dan hda xa hdi Malaya, chinh sach nhfip k h I u lao dpng ciia Anh ciing lam b i l n dang t i n h hinh nhan k h I u cua dfi't nUdc: tQ mdt xa hdi tUdng ddi t h u l n nhfi't ve sfic tec trd
thfinh mpt xa hdi da cdng ddng vdi si?
n h a p cu d a t cua lao ddng Trung Qud'c va An Dp. Malaya b a n d i u lfi qudc gia chi cua ngudi Malay, gid day nd khdng t h i khdng t i n h den rapt thUe te la sd lupng ngudi nhfip cu d nhieu thdi dilm dfi chiera tdi hdn mpt nita d a n sd' eua dfi't nudc.'^
Hdn nQa, chinh sach cai tri theo phUdng thQc "chia" dd "trj" cua Anh chfing nhQng k h i c sfiu thera nhQng khac biet ve chinh trj, tdn gifio, vfin hda giQa ba cdng ddng Malay, Hoa, An Dp mfi cdn tao ndn sU chdnh Idch Idn v l t r i n h dp phat t r i l n kinh td', trong dd ngudi Malay ban dja ludn la cpng ddng ye'u kdm nha't.
Ban than cdng ddng ngudi Malay tren toan bfin dao cung khdng t h i tdn tai vdi tU each lfi mdt cpng ddng thd'ng nhfi't, m$t p h i n do a n h hudng cua chinh sach "chia"
d l "tri" cua thue dan Anh, mdt p h i n do dfic tinh tfim ly ciia ngudi Malay trong xa hdi Malaya truyen thdng. Ngudi Malay da sd la nhQng ngudi theo Hdi giao, do dd hg tuydt ddi t r u n g thfinh vdi cae Sultan cung nhu vdi nhiing nhfi Ifinh dao cdng ddng, trong khi dd cac Sultan Malay it quan tfim dd'n ehinh tri hdn la va'n d l thupe ve tdn giao, nhfi't la sau khi dUde ngudi Anh dap iing rapi q u y l n ldi kinh t l cung nhU dia vi xa hdi. Mfit khac, vi ngUdi Malay Hdi gifio chi t r u n g t h a n h vdi b a n g ciia imnh nen dSi vdi hp, nhiing ngUdi Malay Hdi giao d i n tQ bang khac dUdc coi "Ifi ngudi xa la"''' vfi cfing xa la hdn n l u dd lfi ngudi Malay khdng theo Hdi giao. Phong trfio dan tpc chii nghia cua ngUdi Malay trong bdi canh dd rfi't khd cd dUdc su thd'ng nha't. Tren thUe te, phong trfio dUdc chia ra thfinh 3 nhdm: Nhdm cua nhQng tri thitc chiu dnh hudng cda giao due tdn giao chu ydu dUdc
Ly Tudng Vdn - Nhdt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 -1945)... 57
dfio tao tQ k h u vi?c Trung Dong (the Religious-educated inteUectuals), nhdra cua nhQng tri thitc qui tpc chiu dnh hudng cua nin giao due theo kieu Anh (the EngUsh-educated Elites) vfi nhdm cua nhiing tri thiic cap tien chiu dnh hudng cua giao due bdn dia (the Malay-educated radical intellectuals). Si? ndi len cua nhdra thQ nhfi't thdi ki trUdc chien t r a n h cd mdi Uen quan chfit che vdi nhQng phong trfio ehinh tri vfi tdn gifio d Trung Ddng, Inddnexia vfi An Dp. Phong trfio nay truyen truyen cac y tudng cai each Dao Hdi d Malaya, ddng thdi khuyen khich ngUdi Hdi giao Malay tham gia tich cUc hdn vfio linh vuc kinh t l dang bi thd'ng trj bdi nhQng ngUdi nhfip cU. Phong trfid dfin tpc chu nghia cua nhdra thQ hai tfip trung vfio nhidm v\i cai each cae the che phong kiln trong Idng xa h^i Malay nhUng khdng d$ cap dd'n nhidm vu chd'ng thiic dan Anh ciing nhu muc tieu tii tri. Chi cd nhdm thQ ba cua nhQng tri thQc trudng thfinh len tQ n i n giao due ban dia theo dudi muc tieu lat dd si? thd'ng trj cua thuc dfin, phan doi sU hdp tac vdi chinh q u y l n Anh ciia rapt bd phfin qui tdc Malay vfi chd'ng lai ngUdi Hoa - nguyen nhfin ciia si? lac hfiu cua ngUdi Malay. Khi Nhgt chilm ddng Malaya, nhdra nfiy chii trUdng dua vfio N h a t dd chd'ng Igi thUc dfin Anh, gifinh doe lap eho Malaya trong rapt dat nude "Inddnexia vi dgi" - "Greater Indonesia" bao gdm ca hai thi?c t h i Malaya vfi Inddndxia.
Tofin bd tinh hinh tren da dfin d i n mdt thuc tllfi d Malaya cho de'n trude khi Nhfit Ban chilm ddng lfi vfin chua cd mot each h i i u thdng nhfi't v l khai niera "qudc gia Malaya" cQng nhU vile ba tdc ngUdi dd phai coi ho lfi "ngiidi Malaya" nhu the
nao". Thfim chi ngay ca khi khfii niera
"qudc gia Malaya" ed tdn tai thi nd cung chi dUde hieu rapt each ddn gian lfi "qudc gia cua ngUdi Malay". Y thQc chinh tri eua ca ba nhdm sfic tpc trudc khi chie'n tranh bung nd lfi ye'u vfi khong ddng nhdt. Do dd, cung khdng qufi khd d l ed t h i h i l u tgi sao nen dpc lap ddn tpc chUa bao gid Id moi quan tdm sdu sdc cda ngUdi Malay dQdi cfic thdi ki thd'ng tri ciia Bd Dfio Nha, Hfi Lan hay Anh (trQ phong trao dfi'u tranh cua nhdm tri thitc cap tien Malay). Tfi't ca nhQng h i l n thiic tren da thay ddi mgnh me k l tQ khi cd si? chiem ddng eua Nhat Ban.
Mfic dQ chi didn ra trong mdt thdi gian ngIn, khoang 3 nam ru3i, song sU kien dd cung da gay ra nhQng tac ddng sfiu s i c d i n dfic tinh tfim ly va sU nhan thQc cua ngUdi dan, trUe tie'p tao nen sU thay doi ve khuynh hudng phat trien y thQc chinh trj cua cae tpc ngUdi trong xfi hdi Malaya ndi chung vfi ngUdi Malay ndi rieng.
2. T a c d o n g c h i n h t r i c u a N h a t B a n dr M a l a y a t r o n g thcrt g i a n c h i e m d o n g
Bdn ddo Malaya chay dfii tQ bien gidi Nam Thai Lan den tan cQng Xingapo dUOc coi Id muc tieu hdng ddu cua di'qud'c Nhdt Bdn trong cupc chinh phuc Dong Nam A.
Khu vuc nfiy cd ngudn cao su tU nhien Idn nhfi't the gidi va trQ lUdng thilc cung rfi't ddi dfio. Ben canh dd, cii diem Xingapo nfim v l phia Nam Malaya cung dUde Nhfit Ban xem lfi trung tdm bp mdy chie'n tranh cua Nhfit d Dong Nam A, bdi dfiy lfi phao dfii kien cd' bao ve eac thudc dia d vung Vien Ddng ddng thdi la con dUdng di xuong Inddnexia, Australia va ra An Dp Dudng.
Sau khi tao dupe ban dgp quan trpng tQ viec chiera ddng Ddng Dudng, lai dudc
58 Nghien citu Dong Nam A 11/2011 Thai Lan ddng y cho van chuyen qufin qua
mien Nam nude nay da cho phep quan Nhat nhanh chdng t h a m nhfip vfio bd b i l n phia Ddng vfi phia Tay cua Malaya cung nhu chiem ddng Xingapo. Trfin chiln tgi Malaya chinh thQc b i t dau vfio ngfiy 8/12 khi quan Nhat dd bp len Kota Bharu d bd b i l n Ddng B l c bang Kelantan. D i n ngfiy 14/2/1942, sau khi cQ diem Xingapo bj thfi't thii, Nhat Ban v l cd ban chiem tofin bd Malaya va b i t dfiu thi hfinh chinh sfich
"Nhfit hoa" xa hdi Malaya bfing qufin sU, chinh tri vfi vfin hoa.
2,1. Chinh sdch Qudn sii hda xd hpi Malaya
Trong quan d i l m eua Nhfit, Malaya khdng chi la thudc dja ma cdn la thdnh tri viqudn sU ciia quan phidt N h a t Ban d khu vUe Ddng Nara A. Do dd, khac vdi md hinh cai tri kep eua Anh thdi ky trudc chie'n tranh, Nhfit dfi thie't lgp che dp cai tri triic tiep ddi vdi tofin bfin dao Malaya vfi dgt diidi sU kiem sodt cua mpt chinh quyin qudn sU. Vi vfiy, chi hai t u a n sau khi do bd vfio Malaya, Chinh quyen qudn sii Malaya (Malayan Military Administration MMA) dUde t h a n h lap va dfit tru sd tgi Xingapo. Chinh quyln quan su cua Nhfit ddng vai trd nhu mdt chinh quyen trung Udng, la budc di dau tien d l N h a t thuc hidn qufin sii hda bp mfiy ehinh quyln, t i l n tdi quan si? hda tofin xa hpi Malaya.
Dieu nay dUdc giai thich: 'Viec xay dUng Khdi Thjnh vUdng chung Dai Ddng A khdng ehl ddi hoi phai t i l p tuc theo dudi rapt each tofin dien cupc chiln t r a n h hidn tgi rafi cdn phai ludn sfin sfing cho mot cudc chiln t r a n h khac trong tUdng Iai". Do dd, "SI? thd'ng nhfi't v l qufin sU lfi thuc si?
rfi't can thiet, cac khu vi?c qufin si? vfi cfic
cQ dilm trpng y l u can phai dQdc phdng ve hofic tnic t i l p hoac gian tie'p dUdi sU kiem soat ciia dfi't nudc chung ta"*^*-
Qua trinh quan si? hda bo may hfinh chinh tnidc het dUdc tien hfinh thdng qua viec cit eac si quan quan dpi Nhfit Ban nfim giQ nhQng chQc vu cao nhfi't vfi tofin bd phai dQdc dat dudi sU k i l m sdfit ciia qufin dpi Nhat. Hpi dong Co' vdn Trung Uang la cd quan gdm dai dien eua ta't ca eac cdng ddng dfin tpc, dudi nd la cac Hgi dong cd'udn cdp khu vUc va cap tinh. Tgi cfic ed quan nay, Cdng sH Nhfit giQ chQc vu chu tich, cac Sultan Malay thudng lfi Phd ehu tich. Xingapo trd thfinh mdt d§c khu t u trj vdi mdt Thi trudng Ifi ngUdi Nhat. Cae bang eua Malaya cung vdi Malacca, P e n a n g vfi Wellesly d i u dUdc chuyin t h a n h eac t i n h dudi si? dilu hfinh eua cfic Thd'ng ddc Nhat. Vi tri Thi trudng vfi Thdng ddc, nhU t r e n da ndi, d i u do cfic si quan quan dpi Nhfit Ban n i r a giQ vfi chiu trach nhiem trUdc Chi huy toi cao (Somubucho) ciia MMA. NhU vay, cfic si quan quan dpi Nhfit Ban da thay t h i vai trd ciia eac Sultan vfi trd thfinh ngudi dQng d i u cac bang. Cfic Thdng dd'c Nhfit tren thUe te' da thiic hidn ca trach nhidm cua cfic Cd' vfi'n Anh trQdc day l l n cua cac Sultan. D i l u nfiy ddi lap hofin tofin vdi nhQng vi tri vfi dac q u y l n mfi eac Sultan dfi tQng cd dQdi thdi ki cam quyln cua Anh, khi dd hp la ngudi dQng d i u cac bang/vUdng qudc cua minh, hofic chi it cung Ifi ngudi cd tham q u y l n cao nhfi't doi vdi van de Uen quan den Islam giao.'"
Song song vdi vide xda bd toan bd bd may hfinh chinh d nhQng khu viic bj cho lfi "cd truyen thdng chfiu Au m a n h me" vfi b i t giam ta't ca eac thfinh vien chfiu Au thudc
Ly Tudng Van - Nhdt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 -1945)... 59 cd quan h a n h ehinh cfic cfi'p, nhQng chinh
sfich mdi cQng dUde ban hfinh lien quan de'n quyet dinh bd nhiem nhieu ngUdi Malay hdn ngUdi Hoa vfi ngUdi An vfio he thdng chinh q u y l n (chu yeu d cfi'p quan vfi cap dja phUdng). Ddi vdi cfic vi tri cfi'p cao hdn, ngUdi N h a t se thay the tofin bp nhQng ngQdi do chinh q u y l n Anh bd nhiem trudc dfiy. NhU vay lfi, dUdi thdi ki Nhfit Ban chiem ddng, n h i l u ngUdi Malay da nIra giQ nhieu chQc vu cao hdn so vdi thdi ki thdng tri cua Anh.
Vi coi Malaya lfi t h a n h tri quan si? d Ddng Nam A, ddng thdi lfi ngudn cung cfi'p quan trpng cho nhQng nd li?c chien t r a n h ciia chinh phu Nhfit nen ngofii vile cai tri bang nhQng bidn phap quan si? chat che, viec qudn sU hoa ddt nUdc trin diin rpng lfi dfic dilm ndi bat trong chinh sach cai tri cua Nhat Ban d Malaya. Nhfit tie'n hanh thfinh Ifip mpt so' lUdng Idn cac ddn vi canh sat vfi qufin dpi tren khap ca nUde, sau dd t u y I n dung -hfing vgn ngUdi dfin dia phUdng vfid cac ddn vj nhu: Kenpeitai (Canh sat quan sU), Tokkoka (Canh sfit chinh tri), Shocho (Canh sat dfin sii),"''' Jikedan (Dpi dan qufin tU ve), vfi nhieu ddn vj qufin tinh nguyen mang ten Heiho b cfic Ifing xdra" '* .VI hinh thQc thi t h a n h nien cua ta't ca cac s i c tdc d i u dUdc tuyIn md, Sdng tren thQc t l , t h a n h nien Malay chiira dai da sd, t h a m chi hp cdn dQdc ngQdi Nh^t tuyen t r u y i n r i n g , thara gia vfio cac luc lUdng nay, t h a n h nien Malay se trd t h a n h tang ldp tinh hoa mdi (new eUte), tinh hoa trong gidi qufin si? (miUtary eUte)0^. Ngay ea phu nQ vfi eac nQ sinh cQng dQi?c khuyen khich tham gia vfio cae khda hufi'n luy^n qufin si? vdi nhiing ddi hdi rfi't cao v l t h i li?c vfi ky lu^t h i t sQc
khat khe. Viec thfinh lap Dpi qudn tinh nguyen nH ngUdi Malay - Malay Women's Auxiliary Corps vao eudi nfim 1944 la
minh chiing ro net nha't cho cfic nd liic qufin si? hda xfi hdi Malaya cua Nhfit Ban.
Do gap phai nhQng tha't bgi to Idn tren chien trUdng, N h a t Ban tQ thang 9/1943 tien hfinh thfinh lap hai dpi quan vdi quan sd hofin toan lfi ngudi ban dia vfio thang 12/1943: Mdt lfi Giyugun (lUe lUdng qufin dpi tinh nguyen), cdn dUdc bie't de'n vdi rapt cfii ten khac: Doi qudn bdo vi ddt me (Defenders of t h e Motherland hay Pembela Tanahair - PETA). Ddi qufin thQ hai d qui mo nhd hdn lfi Giyutai (dpi qufin tinh nguyen). Ca hai dpi quan nfiy dUdc xac dinh la liic lUdng chie'n dfi'u (khac vdi cfic dpi quan tinh nguyen d cac Ifing xa) dac biet lfi luc lupng Giyugun ed nhiem vu hd trd tnic tie'p cho quan dpi chinh quy ciia Nhfit Ban trong viec phdng ve Malaya chd'ng Igi cae cudc tfi'n cdng cua quan Ddng .jninh.''^' Dang tide la dpi quan nfiy da thfi't bai ngay trudc khi Nhfit Ban dau hang. Ngudi Nhfit trong tinh t h i cap bfich cua cudc chid'n d thdi didm thang 5/1945 da hdi thue cfic nha lanh dao KMM tai sinh luc lUdng chie'n dfi'u ciia ngudi ban dia vdi rapt cfii ten mdi Kekuatan Rakyat Istiraewa (KRIS). Ibrahira Yaaeob-Chu tich Hiep hdi Thanh nien Malaya (KMM) vfi cac cdng si? ciia dng trong KMM/KRIS da chii ddng lidn hd vdi cac tri thQc cua n i n giao due Anh va cac Sultan cua cfic bang Perak, P a h a n g va Johor de t h u y l t phuc hp ve kha nang gianh dpc lap cho Malaya trong mdt da't nudc Inddnexia vt dai. NhUng, sU dau hang bfi't ngd cua N h a t Ban vfi viec ngudi Inddnexia tuyen b d n i n dpc Ifip vao t h a n g 8/1945 ma khdng
60 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 11/2011 bao gdm Malaya da Ifim cho cac n h a l a n h
dao KMM vfi t h a n h vien KRIS vd cQng thfi't vpng. Su trd Igi cua thUc dan Anh vfi sU ra ddi eua chinh phu Tunku Apdul Rahman da coi Ibrahim Ifi rapt p h a n til ehinh trj nguy h i l m , budc dng phai sdng luu vong d Inddnexia trong mpt thdi gian dfii sau dd. Cae t h a n h vien chu chd't khfic eiia KMM t i l p tue si? nghiep boat dpng chinh trj cua minh bfing each lap ra mdt dang chinh trj mdi cua ngUdi Malay mang ten Ddng Ddn tpc chu nghia Malay (The Malay NationaUst P a r t y - MNP).
2.2. "Chinh tri hoa" xa hpi Malaya bdng cdc chinh sdch vdn hoa, giao due
Nhfit bfiy td quan d i l m v l viec xay dUng "Khdi thjnh vUdng chung Dai Ddng A" trudc h i t c i n phai di?a tren mgt nin tdng thdng nhdt vi vdn hda trong dd, n i n vfin hda eiia ngUdi Nhfit dUdc tan dUdng nhu mdt khudn mau cho sii t i l n bd ciia khu vuc. Do dd, d hau h i t cfic nude Ddng Nara A, ngay tQ nhQng ngay d i u chiira ddng, bd may quan si? cua Nhfit Ban dfi t r i l n khai chien djch "Nhdt Bdn hda" m^t each raanh rae thdng qua cac chinh sach giao due va vfin hda.
Trong ChUdng 4: "Xay dung van hda vfi tu tudng" cua ban DU thao cdc ki'hoach ca bdn thdnh lap Khu vitc Thinh viiOng chung Dgi Ddng A"'*> nhfi'n manh r i n g , nude Nhfit cd radt sQ raenh Uch sit la phai tao ra mpt trgt tii dgo ddc mdi (New moral Order) cho Khu viic Dai Ddng A, trong dd nhQng nguyen ly dao dQc cua Nhfit Ban c i n phai dUdc t r u y i n ba sfiu rdng. Thdng qua phUdng t i l n la tieng Nhfit (Nippongo) dU0c sit dung nhu mot ngdn ngQ chung vfi cac chUdng trinh vfin hda, moi ngudi dan chfiu A se dUde hUdng d i n de di theo Con
dudng cua De qud'c Nhdt Bdn (The Japanese Imperial Way) vfi dUde truyin thu tinh t h i n Nhgt Ban (Nippon Seishin):
ky lugt thep, tuyet ddi trung thdnh vdi Thien Hodng, sdn sdng hy sinh vi Thiin Hodng. Cae tfii Ueu ciia Vidn Nghiln ciiu Chiln t r a n h tofin dien (The Total War Research Institute) cung dUa ra cac chinh sach d l xfiy dung rapt chUdng trinh gifio due mdi dUa t r e n eac he tU tUdng cua "Khu vi?e Thjnh vUdng chung Dai Ddng A" vfi ' T i n h a n h em dai ddng" (Hakko Ichiu hay Universal brotherhood). Chinh sach van hda - giao due ciia Nhgt hUdng tdi vi^c dfio tao t h i he tre, dfic bi$t lfi eac nhfi lanh dao tre tofin dien ca ve t h i chfi't l l n tinh than, sfin sfing phuc vu tdt nhfi't eho quoc gia vfi qufin ddi, xitng dfing Ifi t h i n dan cua Thidn Hoang vfi de qudc N h a t Ban.*'^* Muc tieu tdi thUdng ciia cac chinh sach nfiy la Ifim cho ngUdi dan chfiu A nhfin thQc rfing cupc chii'n tranh Dgi Ddng A dUdi sii ldnh dgo eua de qud'c Nhdt Bdn Id mgt cudc Chii'n tranh Thdn thdnh (Holy War) vi sU tu do cua cd chdu A
Ngfiy 29/4/1942, Nhfit cdng bd 'Tuydn ngdn ve dai c h u n g hda t i i n g Nh^t"
(Declaration for the Popularizaticn of the Nippongo Movement), trong dd tieng Nhfit ddng vai trd quan trpng khdng chi d chQc nang la ngdn ngQ chung eiia chau A rafi nd cdn dinh hinh n i n vfin hda cua khu vUc Dai Ddng A, Ddi vdi tnidng hdp Malaya vfi Inddnexia, Tuydn bd k h l n g dinh r i n g
"chung ta phai day cho cu dfin d dfiy ngdn ngQ chung cua chQng ta d l hp d i n dan loai bd nhiing khac bidt ve phong tuc tfip quan giQa cac tdc ngUdi b Malaya vfi Sumatra".
Mdt chiln dich dUdc phat ddng r i m rd t r l n tfi't ea cac phUdng ti^n thdng tin dai chung
Ly Tudng Vdn - Nhgt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 -1945)... 61 n h l m huy ddng si? quan tam eiia ngQdi
dan dia phQdng doi vdi viec hpc tie'ng Nhat. NhQng thdng diep dUdc t r u y i n di nhu: "khdng cd su h i l u b i l t v l tie'ng Nhfit, tUdng lai cua bgn b dfi't nude nfiy se bi bao vfiy bdi khd khfin chdng chat, thfi't nghiep vfi nghio tung cd ci?e",OS) hay "hpc t i i n g Nhfit khdng chi lfi trach nhiera mfi cdn la cd hdi vfing do Chiia Trdi ban tang"*^"^ w . . . va w... Cac t r u n g tam day tid'ng Nhat khdng chi t r a n ngap d cac t h a n h phd, cac cdng sd, vfin phdng ma tieng Nhfit cdn trfin ca v l cac vQng ndng thdn cua Malaya ndi mfi eac dpi qufin tinh nguyen Ifi nhiing ngudi linh Nh^t, cac vidn chQe ngUdi Nhfit hay eac giao vidn tid'ng Nhfit say rad truyin t h u tid'ng Nhfit, Uch sit vfin hda Nh^t Ban cung nhu tinh than vfi ldi sd'ng cua ngUdi Nhat.
Ddi vdi vfi'n d l trUdng hoc, tQ t h a n g 4/1942, MMA cho ddng cila tfi't ca cae trudng thupc he t r u n g hpc, cao dfing vfi dai hpc, trQ cac trudng liln quan d i n hudng nghidp, dfio tgo n g h i , cao d i n g y vfi cae trudng dfio tao giao vien. Den cudi nfira 1942, cac tnidng phd thdng cd sd cua ngUdi ban dia Malay dUdc phdp md lai vdi ty 1§ cao hdn so vdi cfic trudng ciia ngUdi An,"^* trong khi cac trudng dgy bfing t i i n g Hoa vfi t i i n g Anh vfin bj cfi'm. Cac trudng day bfing t i i n g Anh sau dd tuy dupe phep rad lai nhUng hi thay the hoan tofin bfing tie'ng Nhfit, bdn canh dd t i i n g Malay vfi t i i n g Tamil cung dUdc phep sit di?ng 5 day. Ddi vdi m^t sd trUdng cua ngudi Hoa, rafie dQ da dUdc chfi'p nhfin cho hogt dpng trd Igi vfio t h a n g 10 nhung vdi d i l u ki^n khdng dUpc sit dung t i i n g Trung Ifim phUdng tien giang day. Phai d i n t h a n g 7/1943, MMA td ra nhU0ng bd hdn
khi cho phep day t i i n g Trung vdi thdi lupng 3 gid/mdt tuan, nhUng chi rapt nfim sau dd lenh cfi'm lai dUdc ban hfinh.
CQng tQ nfim 1943, d l tranh t h u dfin ban xQ ung hd cho nhiing nd lUc chiln t r a n h eua minh, MMA ehu trUdng md rpng SI? t h a m gia eiia cac quan chQc ngQdi ban xQ vfio cac vj tri cao hdn trong bp may ehinh quyln.*^^' Do dd, dao tao dpi ngu nfiy lfi vfi'n d l dupe dfic bidt quan tfim.
MMA cho t h a n h lap mpt he thd'ng tnidng vdi ten gpi Koa Kunrenjo tgi Xingapo, Malacca vfi Penang n h l m muc dich dfio tao nhQng nam t h a n h nien tudi tQ 17 d i n 25 khoe v l t h i chfi't l l n tinh t h i n , thfi'ra nhuan cfic gia tri vfin hda Nhfit Ban, trinh dp chuyen mdn td't, lfi ed sd quan trpng ciia lUc lupng Ifinh dao dfi't nUdc trong tUdng lai. Koa Kunrenjo do vfiy cdn dUdc gpi bfing cai ten khac: TrUdng ddo tgo lUc luong ldnh dgo (Japanese Elite Training School). Tren danh nghia, Koa Kunrenjo dUdc md r a chd t h a n h nien cua moi s i c tdc Malay. Hoa, An nhUng tren thUc te, chfnh quyln MMA cung n h u chinh phii Nhfit Ban da xay dUng rapt chUdng t r i n h chuyen sfiu n h l m "Nhdt Bdn hda" thanh niin Malay. Chinh sfich than Malay ciia Nhat Ban dfi gifinh cho ngudi Malay chi tieu t u y I n sinh cao hdn so vdi cac tdc ngUdi khac - 70%, eon Igi 30% lfi t h a n h nien ngudi Hoa va ngUdi An Dp nhUng phai trai qua si? t u y I n chpn ra't ki cfing.*^*
Sau khi tot nghiep, chi nhQng sinh vien Malay xufi't sfic chQ khdng phai ngQdi Hoa hay ngQdi An se dUdc nhfin hpc bdng ciia chinh phii de t i l p tuc theo hpc tai Nhfit Ban.*^" Cd t h i tha'y, chUOng trinh hgc tap d Koa Kunrenjo khdng dan gian chi Id sU th It thach vi tinh thdn hay mang tinh giao
62 Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 11/2011 due vi tdm ly cho thanh nien Malay md sU
thiic Id Idm cho bp phdn thanh niin ndy thdm ddm ly tudng ud tinh thdn Nhdt Bdn, Khi trd t h a n h nhQng nhfi Ifinh dao cdng ddng hay giQ nhQng trpng trach xfi hdi, chinh bp phfin nfiy se giup Nhgt Ban dinh hudng si? phfit trien chinh tri - xfi hdi d Malaya ndi rieng vfi Khu vUc Dai Ddng A ndi chung. Dd cung chinh lfi muc tieu cua chinh sfich vfin hoa, gifio due ciia Nhat Ban.
3. Sii p h a t t r i e n y thufc c h i n h t r i c u a ngiidri Malay
Trong thdi gian chiem ddng dQ khdng lau dfii, nhUng phai thQa nhfin r i n g chinh sfich "chinh trj hda" xa hpi Malaya thdng qua viec t r u y i n ba eac gifi tri vfin hda, giao due vfi qufin sii cua N h a t Ban - d raQc dp nha't dinh - dfi ddng vai trd lfi chdt xuc tdc ddi vdi sU chuyen bien y thQc chinh tri ciia ngudi Malay. Va'n de nfiy cd the v i n cdn gfiy tranh cai d mdt sd quoc gia Viet Nara, Minama hay PhiUppin nhUng dfi lfi mdt thuc te'd Malaya. Nhu mot sd'diem dfi chi ra d tren, thdi ky thudc Anh, ngUdi Malay bj cho lfi nhdra ngUdi it quan tfira d i n chinh tri nha't trong sd cac dan tdc d Ddng Nam A ndi chung va d Malaya ndi rieng.
Cfic chinh sfich cua Nhfit, dQ ed chii y hay khdng cd chii y, da tac dpng d i n mpi khia canh cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi Malaya. He qua Ifi, y thQc chinh trj ciia ngQdi Malay da cd sU chuyin b i l n rd ret theo chieu hUdng tii mpt thi'gidi quan thien can mang tinh dia phuang nho hep sang mpt tdm nhdn thUc rpng Idn hOn vi quoc gia-ddn tpc.
The h^ nhQng tri thQc Malay dang hpc tap theo md hinh giao due cua Anh vfi giao due ban dia thdi ki tnidc chie'n t r a n h , gid
dfiy dudi chinh q u y l n qufin si? Nhfit Ban, hp d i u quay sang tiep nhfin md lunh giao due cua Nhfit Ban va tinh t h a n Nhfit Ban (Nippon Seichin). Hau h i t trong sdeac tri thQc ban dia trUde khi trd thfinh nhQng nhfi Ifinh dgo d cfic vi tri cao thfi'p khfic n h a u trong bd may hfinh ehinh nhfi nUdc d i u la hpc vien cua he thd'ng trUdng Koa Kunrenjo, trudng dao tao cac nhfi lanh dao. K i t qua nhU da dupe ehi ra trong cudc khao sat dUdc tie'n hanh trong nhQng nfim 1976 - 1977 ddi vdi cfic ciiu hpc vien ngUdi Malayt^^* cho thfi'y, sU trai nghilm tai Koa Kunrenjo vdi cUdng dp ren luyen manh dfi giup eho gidi tinh hoa mdi cua dfi't nude thfi'm n h u I n tinh ki lufit, sii kidn nhfin, tl? tin vao b a n thfin, vfi tinh t h i n hy sinh fii qud'c. D l t r a Idi cho cau hdi qua trinh ren luyen trong thdi gian chiln t r a n h da lfim thay doi thai dp cua hg nhu t h i nfio v l SI? doan ke't cua ngUdi chfiu A, eua dfi't nUdc cua hp vfi ve chu nghia thUc dfin phUdng Tay, da sd' cac ciiu sinh vidn d i u tra Idi: mpi si? tuyen truyen cua Nhgt trong thdi gian nay da khufi'y ddng y thiic chinh tri cua t h a n h nien Malay cho dQ ngudi Nhfit khdng chu y k h u y i n khich phat trien chu nghia dan tdc cua ngUdi ban dia. Cfic cUu sinh vien cung nhfi'n mgnh r i n g , ngudi Nhfit dfi "truyin dfin y thQc doan k i t d a n tpc" vfi day ho "y thQc chdng thQc dan". Vdi loat cau hei v l y nghia ciia vide rdn luyen ddi vdi sU thay ddi v l Idl sdng cung nhU cfic vfi'n de lien quan de'n cdng viec hien tgi, hdn 80%
trong sd nhQng ngQdi dQdc hdi deu qua quyet thiia nhfin: sQ trai nghiem trong thdi gian nfiy rfi't cd y nghia ddi vdi si?
trudng thfinh v l tam ly vfi nhan thQc cua hp trudc nhQng vfi'n de mang tinh chinh
Ly Tudng Vdn - Nhdt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 -1945).. 63 tri ciia dfi't nUde. Tfi't ea hp d i u cam thfi'y
"nhu the dUdc hdi sinh" sau khi dfi thay ddi hoan tofin n i p t u duy cu trudc dfiy.
Mpt cUu hpc vifin ndi: "Gid dfiy tdi n h u lfi ngUdi dUdc sd hQu rapt n i n vfin hda mdi va mdt hofii bao to Idn hdn". Cae ci?u hpc vien khac cung cho r i n g "da sfin sfing phung sU cho cdng cudc xay dung rapt dfi't nudc Malaya radi". V l vfi'n di nfiy, Harry Benda trong "The J a p a n e s e I n t e r r e g n u m in Southeast Asia" cung nhin nhfin gifio due nhu Ifi ddng li?e tao ra si? b i l n doi sau sfic n i n chinh tri khu vuc khi dng cho r i n g : Dpng cd thue day gidi tre chinh lfi si? ddi mdi mdt cfich triet d l dUde dem lai bdi giai ddgn ehid'm ddng cua Nhfit Ban d Ddng Nam A ... dfic bidt dUdc dem lai bdi chinh sach giao di?c.'^^'
Chinh sfich "Quan si? hda" eua ngudi Nhfit t i l n hfinh trong thdi gian nfiy cung dUdc coi lfi mdt tac nhfin kich thich, mdt dpng ed thQc d i y ddi vdi bd phfin t h a n h niln-ndng dfin Malay, vd'n Ifi nhQng ngQdi sdng bi§t Ifip trong cac Ifing xa, lfim nhQng cdng vi$c ddng ang hfing ngay, h i t miic trung t h a n h vdi cac Sultan va eac bang cua minh. N h u n g t i n h hinh nfiy da thay ddi cd ban trong thdi gian chiln t r a n h khi hp bi huy dpng vfio cac ddn vj qufin dpi vfi canh sat, du^c hufi'n luyen bdi cfic si quan Nhat theo md hinh cua qudn dpi Nhat Ban, dUdc t r u y i n ba tinh t h i n N h a t Ban vfi dao Iy chien binh, dUdc k h I e sfiu trong tara tri mdt y chi " t h l p " bao ve ban dao Malaya, vfi Idi tuyen the xay dUng si?
thinh VUdng cho ban dao... NhQng gia trj dd cd y nghia vd cung Idn ddi vdi qufi trinh trudng thfinh v l y thQc chinh tri cua ngudi ndng dan Malay. Nhilu ei?u qufin nhan-ndng dan cua cfic ddn vi Heihe,
Giyutai, Giyugun sau chid'n t r a n h cung da t u tap hdp Igi vdi nhau trong radt td chQc chiln si tre la'y ten lfi Dpi qudn thanh niin vi cdng ly (Angkatan Pemuda Insaf - API hay Youth for Justice Corps). API lfi rapt minh chQng d i i n hinh cho sU trUdng thfinh v l chinh tri cua ndng dan Malay.
API ra't tich cUc tim kiem sii hdp tac vdi cae nhdm chinh tri ciia ngUdi Malay vfi ea cae nhdm chinh tri ciia cae cpng ddng khac raidn Ifi hp cd cung chii trUdng chdng chu nghia d l qud'c. API dUdc danh gia lfi mdt trong nhQng td chQc t h i h i l n ro ndt "tinh cfich mgng trong quan dilra vfi tinh chiln dfi'u trong h a n h ddng". Thfim chi API dfi tQng tuyen bd' "Nen dpc lap (ciia Malaya - Tg. nha'n mgnh) phai gifinh dUdc bfing sU dd mau, khdng ed each nfio khfic".*^''*
Y thQc v l SI? dofin k i t la rapt chuyin bien rd't dang chu y trong xa hdi Malaya ngay trong thdi gian chie'n tranh. Si? kien dien ra vfio nfim 1943 da khdi dfiy y thQc ddfin k i t d cdng ddng ngQdi Malay khi Nhfit Ban trao bd'n bang Hdi giao d phia Bfic Malaya gdra Kelantan, Trenganu, Kedah vfi Perils cho Thai Lan'^^* lfim cho ti 11 tdc ngudi thay ddi nghieng hfin v l phia ngUdi Hoa. Tofin bd dan sd ngUdi Malay (bao gdm ca Xingapo) chi cdn chiem 34% so vdi 47% la ngudi Hoa. Cong ddng ngudi Malay cam tha'y bj de dpa nghiem trpng khdng phai chi vi si? y l u kdm v l t i l m luc kinh t l so vdi ngUdi Hoa nhU trudc day, rafi vfio thdi dilra nfiy, moi de dpa bj tra thQ nguy hiem hdn n h i l u khi ngudi Malay tQng bi ngudi Hoa cho r i n g hp da tiep tay cho Nhfit t a n sat cpng ddng ngUdi Hoa k l tQ khi chiln t r a n h b i t d i u vfi gid day ngudi Malay lai trd thfinh cpng ddng thieu sd. Vi vfiy, neu cQ t i l p tuc chia
64 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 11/2011 re, tilp tue duy tri long t r u n g thfinh chinh
tri vdi cac Sultan vfi cac bang nhU trUdc kia thi c h i c c h i n liic lUdng cua ngudi Malay se dd dfing bi "be gly". Day lfi bfii hpc dau tien eho ngUdi Malay v l sU can thiet phai doan k i t vUdt r a khdi bien gidi eua mdi bang vfi vUdt len tren tinh rieng biet cua tiing bang. Mat khac, chinh nhQng td chQc Lien Malay (pan-Malays) mfi thfinh phan chii ye'u lfi t h a n h nien Malay d cfic Ifing xfi dQdc t h a n h lap dUdi SI? bao trd cua Nhfit, d l hd trd Nhfit trong cae chiln dich dfin ap ngudi Hoa vfi chd'ng lai cfic cupc phan cdng cua quan Ddng rainh cung dfi hinh thfinh trong hp tinh cam cdng ddng doi vdi ngudi Malay d i n tQ cac bang khfic.
^ thQc dofin k i t cua ngUdi Malay rapt l l n nQa dQdc kich thich bdi chinh sach ciia Bd Ngogi giao Nhfit dQa ra vfio thang 2/1945: Ke hogch trao trd dpc lap cho Malaya. Ke hoach nay da tinh d i n cac kha nfing doe lap cho Malaya, song khdng phai cfin cQ tren nhQng vfi'n d l cua ngUdi ban dja Malay rafi lai cfin cQ tren vfi'n d l cua ngudi nhap eU, ehu yeu lien quan den tinh hinh dan sd'cua ngudi Hoa. Khd ndng thd nhdt: Sfit nhfip 4 t i l u qud'c Kelantan, Trenganu, Kedah va Perils vfio Thai Lan (vile nfiy dfi dupe t r i l n khai), p h i n cdn lai cua Malaya se dUde sat nhfip vfio Trung Qudc; Khd ndng thd hai: Trao tra q u y l n ti? tri eho Malaya thdng qua viec thil't lap mdt the e h l chinh trj vdi si? cdng tac ciia ngUdi Hda - nhQng ngUdi dang chilm da s d t a i Malaya, vdi ngUdi Malay (gidng nhU md hinh hdn hdp Han - Malay); Khd ndng thii ba: Malaya trd t h a n h mdt bang ciia Lien bang Inddnexia.'^^' Khi K l hoach nfiy tuyen bo cdng khai, khdng chi gidi
quy tdc Malay truyen thd'ng ma ngay ca bd phan Malay t h a n N h a t (chu ye'u lfi gidi tri thQc efip tien Malay trong KMM/KRIS - nhQng ngudi chii trudng dUa vfio Nhfit Ban d l gifinh ddc Ifip cho Malaya) cung cam thay bfi't binh tnidc k l hogch dd. Hg da k i t hdp vdi nhau, cung nhau gid y kiln phan ddi len MMA va chinh phii Nhgt Ban. Tham chi trong n h i l u thang sau dd.
cfic nhfi lanh dao KMM cdn tim mpi each d l t h u y l t phuc gidi qui tpc truyen thd'ng cung dfi'u t r a n h eho n i n ddc lap ciia Malaya trong Greater Indonesia. Si? hdp tfic hiira hoi trong thdi gian chie'n tranh giQa nhQng ngUdi Malay khdng cQng Ifip trudng chinh tri nhUng cQng hudng vl mdt vfi'n d l chinh tri quan trpng cua dfi't nude da eho thfi'y mdt kha nfing hdp tac Idn hdn trong tUdng Iai.
Dudi tac dpng eua Nhfit Ban, khdng chi nam t h a n h nien Malay d mpi thfinh phin dUdc chinh tri hda mfi ngay ca phu nU Malay b cfic Ifing xa cung ddn nhan qua trinh nfiy theo n h i l u each khac nhau'^'*
Trong giai doan chiera ddng, n h i l u chinh sfich cua Nhfit da tac ddng tnic tilp ddi vdi phu nQ Malay, chfing hgn nhU chinh sach trUng thu lUdng thUc phuc vu cho quan ddi, chinh sach t u y I n mp lao ddng cho cfic dpi quan xay diing dUdng bg, dudng s i t hofic t h a m gia vfio cac luc ludng t i n h nguyen q u a n - c a n h tren k h I p ca nUde. Tinh hinh dd da Ifim gia tfing vai trd kinh te cua ngUdi phu nQ khi hp dUdc sit dung nhu lfi liic lUdng lao ddng chinh trong khu vUc ndng nghiep thay t h i nhflng ngudi dfin dng da bi buy ddng do nhu c l u v l ngudn n h a n lUe ciia Nhfit Ban.
Hfing nghin phu nQ Malay trd thfinh cdng nhan lam viec tai cae nhfi may xi nghidp
Ly Tudng Van - Nhdt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 - 1945).. 65
hay n h a n vien vfin phdng. Hang t r a m phu nQ Malay b cac lang xa cung dUdc huy ddng vfio Dpi qudn tinh nguyen nH ngiidi Malay tQ cuoi nam 1944. N h i l u td chiic phu nQ b i t dau xuaTt hien d cac t h a n h pho, thi trfi'n vfi cac lang xa cung vdi nhieu td bao, t a p chi ciia p h u nQ dQdc xufi't ban bfing tiltig Malayt28), Quan s a t cac b i l u hi$n chinh tri ciia p h u nQ Malay trong nfim 1945, mdt nghi si Anh - ngUdi da tien hfinh khao s a t khAp dfi't nQdc Malaya v l vfi^n de thfinh lap Lien hiep Malaya - dst phai thdt l l n d i y kinh ngac: "phu nQ Malay dang t h a m gia tich cue trong cac phong trfio dan tpc c h u nghia n h u cac cuoc bilu tinh chinh tri, mit tinh p h a n khang, hay Idn cac d i i n d a n chinh tri va trinh bay nhiing bfii p h a t b i l u mang d i y tinh chinh tri. '^®' Chinh si? p h a t trien nay da k h i l n cho mot sd n h a nghien ciiu p h u nQ Malay thfim chi cdn d a n h gia tac ddng ciia Nhfit Ban trong giai doan chiem ddng n h u la sU khdi d I u cua mdt q u a t r i n h giai phdng phi? nQ. Nhin chung, cdc chinh sdch cua Nhdt Bdn trong giai dogn chiem dong nhU dd phdn tich cdng co the dUOc coi Id chdt xuc tdc trong sUphdt trien ythdc chinh tri cua phu nH Malay.
Cum ciing, khdng t h e khdng ndi den sU tnidng thfinh viitft bfic v l k h a n a n g chinh trj d bp phfin t r i thQc Malay dUdc dao tao bdi nen giao due Anh. Dudi chinh sach
"thfin Malay", chinh quyen Nhfit da bo nhi^m n h i l u t r i thiic Malay vao bd may hfinh chinh hdn so vdi ngudi Anh trQdc kia. NhQng k i n h nghiem chinh tri trong t h ^ k^ nfiy cQng vdi si? tnidng t h a n h ve t a m Iy vfi nhfin thQc chinh tri da giup t i n g ldp tinh hoa mdi cung co sU tQ tin ve chfnh trj, c6 Ifip tnidng kien quyet hdn,
c h u c^ng ndi len tieng ndi ciia cdng ddng, sfin sang thudng t h u y l t d l bao ve quyln ldi cua cpng ddng minh va cua da't nUdc. d thdi diem day tinh nhay cam cua nfim 1946 khi chinh q u y l n Anh quyet dinh thiic Men ke hogch thfinh lap Lien Hiep Malaya*^ (The Malayan Union Scheme), nhiing tri thQc Malay ehu yeu lfi nhQng tri thiic dUde dao tao bdi nen gifio due Anh vfi ca nhiing t r i thQc t h a n Anh tnidc day da van ddng va thfinh lap mpt td chQc chinh tri mdi - To chdc Dan tpc Thd'ng nhdt Malay (United Malays National Organization - UMNO) vfio thang 5/1946.
"Ngudi Malay mudn ndm" lfi khIu hidu h a n h ddng, ciing la ldi keu gpi tap hdp quan chung nhan dan Malay ciia UMNO.
Su ra ddi cua UMNO Id mpt sU kien cd y nghia trgng dgi bdi vi day la Idn ddu tiin ngi£ti Malay tren todn bdn ddo dUac cung nhau tham gia vdo mpt phong trdo chinh tri "dQdc SI? iing hp ciia hau bdt cfic thfinh phan chii yeu trong xa hdi Malaya, tQ nhiing n h a qui tdc, cac cdng chQc vien chQc trong chinh quyen Anh, de'n nhQng ngUdi dan toe chii nghia ca'p t i l n vfi cfic n h a lanh dao phong trao Islam giao".*^^'
NhQ vfiy, chii nghia dan tpc eiia ngUdi Malay, "dUdc tie'p them sinh li?e" bdi ngQdi N h a t trong tbisi gian chien tranh, dfi thUc sii trudng t h a n h . D i l u nay dUdc t h i hidn bfing SI? p h a t t r i l n v l y thQc chinh tri ciia ta't ca cac t h a n h phan trong xa hdi Malay va sii gia t a n g raanh me cfic hoat ddng chinh tri ciia hp khi ngQdi Anh quay trd laL 6 t h a n g sau khi Nhfit Ban d i u hfing, cd mpt sil bung nd cac td chQc chinh trj tren toan b a n dao. Theo thdng ke ciia chinh quyln Anh (thang 2/1946) cd 44 td chiic doan t h e cua ngUdi Malay, trong do
Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A 11/2011 cd 30 td chQc chinh tri; cd 8 td bao bfing
tieng Malay tren ban dao va 3 td d Xingapo. *^2' Dilu nfiy xem ra mau thufin vdi mpt sd' y kien cho r i n g y thQc chinh tri/chu nghia dfin tpc cua ngUdi Malay phat trien mpt each "cham chap", "1 ach"
hofic d trang thai "ngu quen" raai cho tdi thdi diem xufi't hien K l hogch Lien hiep Malaya dIu nfira 1946, khi do ngUdi Malay radi thiic sii lo ngai v l kha nfing bi
"vupt qua" bdi nhQng ngQdi phi ban dia.
Cung cd y nghia rat quan trpng, kich thich su tnidng t h a n h manh me hdn nQa trong y thQc chinh tri ciia ngQdi Malay chinh lfi sU thay ddi xu hUdng chinh tri cda ngUdi Hoa vd ngudi An. Cho den nfim 1946, mfic dU vfin chUa cd si? thd'ng nhfi't nfio trong chii nghia dfin tdc tofin Malaya, nhQng trQdc vile ehu nghia dan tdc cua ngudi Malay ngfiy cfing phfit trien, cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa vfi ngUdi An cung thfi'y c i n t h i l t phai thfinh Ifip eac td chQc chinh tri ciia rieng ho d l bao ve q u y l n ldi cua cdng ddng minh. Sii thfinh lap Hiep hdi An Kilu Malaya (Malayan Indian Congrees - MIC) vfio t h a n g 8/1946 vfi Hiep hpi Hoa k i l u Malaya (Malayan Chinese Association - MCA) vao t h a n g 1/1949 la b i n g chQng ciia chilu hUdng thay ddi nay. Sii c h u y i n b i l n dinh hudng chinh tri thdi k^^ sau C h i l n t r a n h The gidi II ciia cpng ddng ngudi Hoa (vfi d raQc dp thfi'p hdn ciia cdng ddng ngUdi An) da t h i hien "y thiic chinh tri todn Malaya" cua moi cdng ddng va quan trpng la hp d i u hudng tdi xay di?ng "mpt nUdc Malaya mdC kit hap thdng nhdt chinh tri vdi da dgng ve van hoa. Do Ifi ly do vi sao hp trd nen quan tara hdn de'n cac va'n de ciia Malaya vfi ngfiy cang nhfin thfi'y rainh
ddng nha't vdi ngUdi Malaya. Hp da chpn Malaya nhu la mdt ndi eU t n i lau dfii va khdng cdn t u cho minh lfi ngogi k i l u nQa.
mfic du trong ho vfin duy tri long trung thfinh vdi mau qudc: Trung Hoa hay An Dp. D i n dfiy cd t h e ndi, si? phat triln J thQc chinh tri ciia ngUdi Hoa, ngudi An b mQc dp nao dd lai cd tac dpng ngUdc trd lai ddi vdi sii trudng thfinh ehinh tri ciia ngudi Malay.
Ke't l u a n
Giai doan Nhfit Ban chilm ddng da thuc sii b i l n Malaya tQ "mpt viing ddt vd'n bi til tdng ve chinh tri" trd thfinh "mgt viing xoay vi chinh tri" *^^' vdi nhiing chuyen b i l n mang tinh cfich mgng trong ^ thQc chinh tri cua mpi cdng ddng sic tpc trong dd ngudi Malay giQ vai trd trung tara. Nhfit Ban da day cho ngUdi Malay mdt sd bfii hoc: ehu nghia d l qudc khdng chi lfi dpc quyen cua ngudi chfiu Au, cac cudng qudc chau A cung cd t h i trd thfinh nhQng ten de quoc, va t r e n het, dfi'u tranh gifinh ddc lap tQ si? thdng trj cua d l qudc thUc dfin lfi hofin tofin cd t h i . NhQng bfii hpc dd cung vdi thUc t i l n cfich mang dang didn ra d rapt so' nUdc trong khu vi?c nhu Viet Nara, Inddnexia vao thdi dilra thfing 8 nfim 1945 cang cung cd them Udc nguyen dpc lap ciia ngudi Malay. Do dd, sau su ra di ciia N h a t Ban, cQng nhQ phin ddng cac dan toe khac d Ddng Nara A, khdng rapt ngudi Malay nfio raong mudn t i l p tuc cd sQ thay t h e c h i dp cai trj ciia Nhfit Ban bfing su thdng trj ciia thi?c dan Anh nfla. D i n day, cd hdi d l tao di?ng mpt radi quan tfim chung da xufi't hi$n, dd chinh lfi nen Dpc lap ddn tpc. TQ nfim 1946, tnidc sQ dpng vien chinh trj vfi dofin
Ly Tudng Van - Nhdt Bdn chiem dong Malaya (1941 -1945).. 67 k i t chua tQng thfi'y cua ngudi Malay, Anh
b i t d i u dap Qng cac nguydn vpng dfin tdc cua hp. Tuy nhien, phai sang dau nhQng nfim 1950, cung vdi nhQng chuyen bien mdi cua tinh hinh khu vi?c vfi qud'c te, si?
kidn cd J nghia then chd't ddi vdi qua trinh trudng thfinh chinh tri cua ngudi Malay la SI? lUa chpn lien minh ehinh tri vdi MCA cua nhQng ngUdi dQng dau UMNO.<^^' Qua trinh Uen minh d i i n ra tuy khdng hoan toan sudn se nhUng sdc mgnh Lien minh ciia "ngudi Malaya" dfi dupe tgo dung trong mdt khdng gian chung lfi "ddt nUdc Malaya" vfi cung hudng d i n mdt radi quan tfim chung lfi "Dpc lap ddn tpc". Malaya t i l n d i n ddc lap hofin tofin vfio thang 8/1957 lfi kd't qua cao nhfi't vfi cung lfi ta't yd'u cua qua trinh phat t r i l n vfi trudng thfinh v l chinh trj cua ngudi Malay/Malaya./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Harry Benda nghien cQu ve tac dong ciia Nhfit Ban chiem ddng doi vdi Inddnexia.
Lugn an Tien sy cua dng da xufi't ban thfinh sach vfio nfim 1958 vdi tua de The Crescent and the Rising Sun, Indonesia Islam under Japanese Occupation (The Hague: Van Hoeve). Quan dilm Bii'n ddi cua Harry Benda sau dd da anh hudng den rfi't nhilu cac chuyen gia nghien cQu ve Ddng Nam A khfic nhu Benedict R.O'G Anderson, Dorothy Guyot, David Steinberg, Silverstein
2. Bing cfich dfit vfin de trong mpt khung thdi gian rdng Idn hdn tQ nhQng nfim 1930 deii nhQng nSm 1950, Alfred McCoy, mot chuyen gia vl Philippines ciing hai hpc gia khfic Robert Taylor, chuySn gia ve Mianmar vfi David Marr, chuyen gia vl Viet Nam - dfi dua ra nhilu bing chQng dl
khfing dinh quan diem Tiep dien cua minh.
3. Alfred W. McCoy, Editor (1985), Southeast Asia under Japanese Occupation, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.
Monograph Series Number 22, pp. 1-9.
4. Inddnexia la thudc dia Ha Lan, Burma vfi Malaya lfi thupc dia ciia Anh, Philippines la thuoc dia cua Mi. Vi§t Nam. Lfio, Campuchia la thuoc dia Phap.
5. D. G. E. Hall (1981), A History of South- East Asia. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., p. 87L
6. CAB 129/28. CP (48) 171, "The Situation in Malaya" in Cabinet Memorandum by Mr.
Creech Jones.
7. D.G. E. Hall, (1981), Tldd, p.839 8. Xem "Draft of Basic Plan for
Establishment of Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere" trong Theodore de Bary and Donald Keene (1964), Tldd..
Chudng 3. Political Construction.
9. Xem Yoji Akashi, "Japanese MiUtary Administration in Malaya with reference to Sultans, the Islamic religion and the Muslim Malays, 1941-1945" Asian Studies 7. No.l (April 1969).
10. Cac luc ludng canh sat nay dUdc dfit ditdi sU chi dao ciia Hien binh Nhfit. cd nhi^m vu can quet cac phan td phan Nhfit la ngudi Anh, dSc biet la ngUdi Hoa hoat dong trong cac cd sd cua Qud'c Dfin Dang, Dang Cpng san tgi Malaya, hay trong luc lUdng DaUbrce (la mot doi qufin tinh nguyen chOTig Nhat do Anh td chQe vdi da sd' la ngUdi Hoa, hogt dong d tien tuyen Xingapo).
11. Cac dpi quan tinh nguygn cua ngitdi Malay c6 nhiem vu ho trd ve mfit nhfin lUc eho quan dpi chinh qui ciia Nhgt Ban (phuc vu trong cfic ddn vi vfin tai, hau cin, hoac dupe dieu dong d l tham gia tieu diet cae cfin cQ dia, cfit dift ngudn cung cap lUdng thuc eho cac doi du kich d trong rQng).
12. Alfred W. McCoy, Editor (1985), Tldd, p.85.
13. Lebra, Joyce C , (1977), Japanese - Trained Army in Southeast Asia. New York:
Columbia University Press, p.118-19.
14. "Draft of Basic Plan for Estabhshment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"
68 Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A 11/2011 (1964). TTdd., ChUdng 4. T h o u ^ t and
Cultural Construction.
15. Grant K. Goodman (1997). Japanese Cultural Policy in Southeast Asia during Worid War U, S L Martin's Press, Inc., p.
117-18; Yoji Akashi. "Education and Indoctrination Polif^ in Malaya and Singapore imder the Japanese Rule, 1942- 1945". Malaysian Journal of EducationlS, Nol/2 (December 1976), p.1-3.
16. The Syonan Times, June 6, 1942.
17. The Syonan Times. June 9. 1942.
18. Barbara Watsm Andaya, Lecxiard Y. Andaya (2001), A Histrory of Malaysia, Univerdty of Haiwail Press, Hcmtduhi, p. 259.
19. Trong "Nhiing nguyen tac chi dfin cd ban v l chinh tri tai khu vuc Dai Etdng A" (Uajcs- Principles f^ Political Guidanoe in Greater Elast Asia) dfi chi ra r a i ^ d Malaya. ngUdi ban dia se dUdc tao d i ^ Isi&i ^ tham du ve mfit chinh tri tuy theo tieu chuin cda h ^ Vfi. cU dfin ^^^a phUdDg d Malaya cong nhU d nhQng thudc dja cu ciia Dnig An Ha I ^ n se dUdc phdp t h a m di? ve mfit chinh tri" vdi mot sd lUdng nhat dinh vao cam nfim nay (nfim 1943) the theo nguyen vraig cda ngudi dfin ban xQ va cfin at theo ttinh do vfin hda khfic nhau ciia bp.
20. Yoji Akashi, "Education and Indoctrination Policy in Malaya and Singapore under the Japanese Rule. 1942 - 1945" in Malaysian Journal of Education 13, (Dec, 1976), pp. 18 - 20.
21. NhQng thdng tin them ve cfic sinh vien Malay dupe dfio tao d Nhfiit Ban hang nSm xem them Grant K. Goodman, (1997), Tldd, pp. 141-45.
22. XemYoji Akashi, T h e Koa Kunrenjo and Tokubetsu Ryugakusei (Special foreign Students): A Study of Cultural Propaganda and Conflict in Japanese Occupied Malaya. 1942-45". Institute of Social Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, pp. 39-66.
23. Grant K. Goodman, ed.. (1967) Imperial Japan and Asia: A Ressessment, New York: East Asian Studies, Columbia University, p. 78,
24. Din theo Byun^Euh Sob, I d e a l without Heat: Indonesia Raya And the Struggle for Independence in Malaya, 1920-194^".
MSS/PM. Serial No. 15, 1946.
25. Su chuyen nhUdng nay dudc coi nhu la mpt "phan thu&ig" ciia Nhat Ban dfinh cho Thai Lan sau khi dUdc Thai Lan tao dieu kien cho Nhat van chuyen quan qu3 mien Nam nudc nfiy de xfim nhap vao ban dao Malaya va viec Thfii Lan tuyen c h i ^ vdi qufin Ddng Minh Anh, My nfim 1942.
Cac bang nay thuoc ve Thai Lan trong suot thdi gian chien tranh va ngfiy 16/8/1945. quyet dinh sat nhgp bi tuyfin fad vo hi0u hoa. Malaya thu hdi Igi 4 bang nhu thdi ^ trUdc chiln tranh.
26. Political AfiTairs Section, Ministry of Foreign Afiairs, Tokyo, "On the Problems of the Independence of Malaya, 20 Feb, 1945". D i n theo Cheah Boon Kheng (2003). TTdrf. p. 50.
27. Ve vfiii de nfiy xem them troi^ Official State Records: A Min^ield fur Studying Pre-1957 MaltTf Women, (School of Humanities - Universiti Sains Malaysia. Malaysia).
28. NhQng th«ig tin them ve su thQc tinh chinh tri cua phu nQ Malay xem them trong HaMnah Bainadhaj (1975), Tldd. pp. 39-5&
29. Vu^inia H. Dancz (1987). Women ami Partr Politics in Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, p. 85.
30. Ke hoach v l Lien hi^p Malaya dUdc xfiy dung tQ nfim 1943, chinh thQc cong bi'vao thfing 10/1945. vfi dUdc trien khai thUc hien vfio thang 4/1946.
31. Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Y.
Andaya. (2001). Tldd. p. 267.
32. The Malayan Union Secretariate, 44/46.
33. Thomas H. Silcock va Ungku Abdul Aziz,
"^Nationalism in Malaya" trong William L.
Holland (ed.), Asian Nationalism and the West, New York MacMilan, 1953, p.291.
34. Khdi Lien minh (Alliance) chinh thQc khdi dpng tQ thfii^ 2 nfim 1952 gtOa hai dang chinh tri Idn nhfi^t la UMNO vfi MCA DIu nfim 1955, MIC gia nhap Khm l i e n minh. Thfing 11 nfim 1957, Khm Hen minh 3 dang dfi dfing ki vdi t u each la mpt dang chinh tri: Dang Lien mioh.
