JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE
Social Sci., 2010, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 117-120
B A N T H E M V E C H l J C N A N G D I N H V I C U A TU" X U N G HO
Pham Ngoc Thtr6ng
Sd Gido due vd Ddo tao Lang San
1. M d dau
Co t h i ndi, chQc ndng chu yiu cua tQ xQng hfl la thiit lap quan he tiip xuc giQa nhQng ngQdi ddi thoai va duy tri cuflc thoai giQa ede ben tham gia. SQ im ldng hay thiiu vdng ldi xung ho hay sQ thay ddi each xQng hfl cung cd mflt gia tri xa hfli - ngfln ngQ hpc n h i t dinh. Nhu vay, xQng hfl ngodi chQc ndng thiit lap quan he tiip xuc (chQc ndng md d i u cuflc thoai) cdn cd chQc ndng bigu lfl thai dfl, tinh cam cung nhQ vi t h i cua cac nhan vat hfli thcai.
Ba chQc ndng cd ban cua tQ xQng hd da dQpc gidi ngfln ngQ hpc nghign cQu la chUc ndng dinh vi, chUc ndng chiiu vdt va chitc ndng the hien quan he lien cd nhdn.
0 bdi nay, chung tfli ban thgm vg chQc ndng dinh vi cua tQ xung hd.
2. Noi dung nghien ciJu 2.1. Khai niem dinh vi
Trdng cflng trinh Co sd ngit nghia hoc tii vung, Dd Huu Chdu da khdng dinh:
"Treng ngfln ngQ, t i t ea cae cdu noi, bdng each nay hay each khac diu phii co nhQng yiu td ddng vai trd dinh vi" [2; 130].
Khai niem dinh vi dupc J.Lyons phdt biiu nhu sau: "Dinh vi dupe hiiu la su xac dinh va su ddng n h i t ngUdi, qua trinh, sU kien ma ngUdi ta ndi din vd qui chung vdi mflt ngQ cinh khflng - thdi gian ndc dfl dQpc tac ngn va dQpc duy tri bdi hdnh dflng phat ngfln vd bdi sQ tham gia cua mflt ngudi nci duy n h i t va It ra la vdi mflt ngudi nghe" [5;260].
TQ dinh nghia cua J.Lyons, chung tfli thiy, sfl dinh vi trong ldi ndi phai dupe thuc hien bdi eac nhdn vat hfli thoai - ngQdi ndi vd ngQdi nghe.
Ba pham tru dinh vi da dupc ngQ phdp hca vd da dQpc nghien cQu trong ngQ phap ed diin la pham tru ngfli (nhan xQng) dia diim va thdi gian. 0 bdi nay, chung toi ehi tim hiiu pham tru dinh vi trong ngfli nhan xUng qua cdc tQ xQng hfl - yiu td dinh vi cua ngfli.
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Pham Ngpc Thudng
2 . 2 . Chu'e n a n g d i n h vi ciia trf XLfng h o
Theo quan sat cua chung tfli, yiu td dinh vi ddng vai trd can ban trong t i t ca cac phat ngfln cd sfl dung tfl xUng ho.
Con ngudi lufln d vao the giao tiip vdi nhiiu Idp ngudi, loai ngUdi khac nhau vi dia vi xa hfli, Ifla tudi, gidi tinh, trinh dfl hpc vin... va giao tiep cung diin ra d ngfl canh rflng, hep khac nhau nhu khflng gian, thdi gian cung nhu tfnh chit qui thfle hay bit qui thfle cua cuflc giao tiip. Chinh vi thi, cac nhan vat hfli thoai lufln lufln phai bra chpn va sQ dung cac tQ xQng hfl sao :bo phu hpp vdi tQng loai quan he va phu hpp vdi ngQ canh giao tiip. Cd nghia la, tuy theo mdi quan he cua ego {ego la thudt ngQ cua dan tflc hpc chi edi Tfli) vdi ngQdi ddi thoai ma ego cd thi xQng em d vi tri 1 nhung cd the xuiig anh d vi tri 2, hoac xung bd d vi tri 3... Viec thay ddi nay dupc thuc bien nhd vao diim gde qui dinh chfl dQng cua ego. Ndi ro ban, ego cd thi thay ddi tfl xung hfl khi vi thi cua ego khflng cdn gifl nguyen vi tri ban diu.
Diiu nay chflng td vi thi cua nhan vat hfli thoai la tupng ddi. C.K.Orecchioni nhan xet "Tuang tae la mflt qua trinh dOng. 0 T l , Ll (ngudi phat ngfln 1, ngudi phat ngfln 2) cd thi d vi thi cao nhung d T2, Ll lai d vi thi thip. Ddng thdi anh ta cdn thi manh d mat nay nhung lai yeu mat kia; Vi du ngudi phdng vin va ngudi dupe phdng vin" [6;48]. Do dd, cae nhan vat hfli thoai mudn sfl dung tfl xUng hfl cho hpp ly thi phai xac dinh (dinh vi) dupc vi thi cua minh vdi vi thi cua ngudi ddi thoai.
Trong giao tiip, chung ta thudng cd mpt bp tieu chi di dinh vi vi the cua minh va vi the cua ngudi ddi thoai nhu tudi tac, quan he gia dinh, quan he xa hfli, vi thi giao tiip...
Cdn cQ vao vai trd dinh vi cua tQ xung hfl trong boat dOng giao tiip thi nhflng tfl mang y nghia chi quan he nhu "anh", "em", "cha", "me", "flng", "ba", "chu",
"bac", "cau", "di", "thim"... la nhflng tfl khflng ed y nghia biiu vat nhu nhflng tfl mieu ta chan chinh. So sanh cac tfl "anh", "cha", "chu", "cau"... vdi "dan ong" va so sanh cac tfl "ciu", "me", "cfl", "di"... vdi "dan ba" se lam ndi gia thuc trong pham vi dinh vi cua cac tQ nay. \'i du :
Nhan vat .\ la "em" cua nhan vat B .
"chi" cua nhan vat C
"em" cua nhan vat B
"co" cua nhan vat D
Nhung du mang vai la "em", "chi" hay "cfl" vdi bit ky mflt nhan vat nao thi A vin chi la mOt ngudi "phu nQ" mOt ngudi dan ba ma thSi.
Cung nhu vay, mflt ngudi nao dfl cd thi la "em" ddi vdi A d diim mde nay nhung lai la "anh" cua B d diim mflc khac hay la "bac" la "ong" cua C thi anh ta cung chi la mflt ngudi "dan flng" ma thfli.
Noi tQ XQng ho co chQc ndng dinh vi trong qua trinh hfli thoai, dieu iv cd
nghia la tii xung hd cd tdc dung tu bpe Ip vi thi ciia ngudi ndi ve ngudi nghe. Ngudi
noi tu xac dinh va "y thQc" ve vi thi cua ngudi ddi thoai so vdi bin than minh ma
sfl dung cac tfl xUng hfl tQOng Qng. Ddng thdi, qua cac tQ xQng ho, ngudi nghe cung
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Bdn them ve chUc ndng dmh vf ciia tU xUng hd
nhdn biet dupc thai dfl, tinh cam cua ngudi noi ddi vdi minh.
TQ xuiig hfl CO the giup cho ngUdi ngoai cuflc cung co nhQng hieu biit nhit dinh vi quan he cua cac nhan vat hfli thoai. Chdng ban, mflt ngudi dupc gpi la "chu"
hay tQ XQng la "chu" tat hdn i n d i u quan he da dupc xac dinh qua tQ xung ho do. Tuy diim gde va vat chudn dua ra ta mdi co t h i kit luan dupc quan he cua cac nhan vat hfli thoai. Neu yiu td dinh vi d day la quan he xa hfli don thuin thi ngudi dupc gpi hay xung la "chu", thudng la ngudi co dfl tudi chenh lech so vdi ngUdi ddi thoai khoang mflt t h i he (tfl 15 - 20 tudi). Chung ta cung chi dodn nhan dupc mdi quan he giQa hai nhan vat hfli thoai trgn la quan he tudi tac, gidi tfnh. Niu yiu td dinh vi la quan he trong gia tflc thi nhan vat dQpc gpi la "chu" thudng la em trai ruflt (hay em hp) cua bd liy t h i he con la chudn.
Trong cflng trinh |3]. khi gidi thieu vi sU dmh vi xd hpi, Dd Huu Chdu chi ro
"Trong tiing Viet, ngoai mflt sd tQ nhu "ngai", "be ha"... cac tQ dinh vi xa hfli diu dfla vao sQ dinh vi trong gia dinh, hp hang nhu "ong", "ba", "anh", "chi"... lam co sd [3;237]. SQ dinh vi nay khiin cho cac mdi quan he ngoai xa hfli trd ngn than thiit hon.
Nhu vay, gpi mflt nhan vat nao dd la "em" hay "anh" hddc b i t luan mflt tQ nao khac trong he thdng tQ xung hfl la phu thufle vdo sU dinh vi vi t h i eua ngudi ndi.
Trong boat dflng giao tiip, tuy vao tQng ngQ canh giao tiip, tuy vao tQng ddi tQpng giao tiip cu t h i ma cac nhan vat hfli thoai co t h i chpn lua cac nguyen tdc dinh vi khac nhau. Hai nguyen tdc dinh vi thudng dupc sfl dung trong giao tiip la nguyen tac tu ngd trung tdm va nguyen tac lay ngUdi khde ldm trung tdm.
Nguyen tdc tQ nga trung tam cd nghia la ngQdi ndi tQ liy minh, liy egd lam gde d i qui chiiu \-a liy tinh t h i giao tiep mat ddi mat (duong dien) lam tinh t h i chuin. Nci each khac, sQ dung nguygn tac tu nga trung tam tQc la ngudi noi liy ban than minh, liy cai tfli (ego) cua minh ma giao tiip vdi nhdn vat khac.
Nguygn t i e liy ngudi khde lam trung tdm hay cdn gpi Id nguygn tdc gpi thay ngdi. Nguyen tdc gpi thay ngfli "la mflt vi ddc biet cua sQ xQng hfl ma ngQdi dQpc gpi lai giQ mflt "vai" khac trong mdi quan he xa hfli vdi ngQdi khac thay vi ehc ngudi dang XUng hfl vdi minh" [4;62].
Nguygn t i e gpi thay ngfli dupc cdc nhan vat hfli thcai sfl dung hit sflc linh heat, phong phu va da dang. Nhfl nguygn t i e gpi thay ngfli ma cac nhan vat giao tiip CO t h i vupt qua dupc nhflng "mau thuin", nhflng bdn khodn khi phii iQa chpn tQ XQng hfl. Chdng ban, trong gia tflc, A la anh cua B nhung B lai cd dia vi xa hOi cao hon A. Niu A dung cap tQ xQng hfl anh - em thi co sQ "man t h u i n " giQa quan he gia tOe vd dia vi xa hfli. Do do, "trudng hpp gap ngudi ddi thoai co thQ bac t h i p hon minh nhQng da ldn, da co cQOng vi trong xa hfli Id phii ddi lai each xQng hfl bdng each thay vao dd each xung hO cua bac con, bae chau minh (chdng ban, thay em bdng chu, bdng cfl, thay chau bdng anh, bdng chi )" [1;142].
Nhiiu khi khong n h i t thiet la ngudi ddi thoai cd dia vi xa hfli t h i p ban minh mdi phai sfl dung nguyen tdc gpi thay ngfli. Chdng ban, mpt vi giao su di ddn chau 119
Pham Ngpc Thudng . ^
d m i u giao, gap cfl giao cua chau minh, vi giao su cd t h i ndi: "Xin phep cfl, toi ddn chau ve". Xet vi tudi tac, vi giao su ban tudi cfl giao cua chau minh. Xet v i cUOng vi xa hfli, giao su cung ed eUOng vi cao ban nhung v i n gpi ngudi ddi thoai bdng "cfl"
thay cho chau minh. Viec gpi thay ngfli d day t h i hien thai dfl tfln trpng cua vi giao su ddi vdi cfl giao cua chau minh. Giao su gpi cfl giao eua chau minh la "cfl" va tu xung la "tfli". Cach xUng "toi" vin gifl dupc vi the cua giao sQ trQdc eo giao cua chau minh.
3. Ket luan
Tdm lai, vdi nhflng tfl xUng hfl n h i t dinh, nhan vat giao t i i p cd t h i bflc Ip nhan thfle eua minh vdi ddi tupng cung giao t i i p . Mat khac, tfl xUng hfl eung xac dinh ro ban quan he gifla ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe qua ehflc nang dinh vi eua minh.
J.Lyons coi ehflc ndng dinh vi la ehflc ndng thfl nhat, quan trpng cua dai tfl khi flng viit: "Ndi cae dai tfl dai dien ve mat ngfl nghia cho danh tfl va dd la ehflc ndng thfl n h i t cua chung thi that sai lim. Thfl nhat, theo each hiiu nhu vay, ngudi ta khflng phan biet gifla ten va cac biiu thfle dinh danh, cac biiu thfle danh ngfl.
Cac dai tfl la cae biiu thfle chieu vat diu tUOng duong theo quan diim ngfl phap vdi cac ten gpi, vdi cac danh tfl. Ndi cac dai tfl trude h i t la eac tfl thay t h i la b i t ki nd thay t h i cho danh tfl hay cho cac biiu thfle danh ngfl. Nghia la, ngudi ta cho ring, cac ehflc ndng thay t h i trong vdn b i n (ehflc nang hdi chi) quan trpng hpn ehflc ndng dinh vi cua chung ma chung ta hiiu r i n g , trong hai ehflc ndng do thi chUc ndng dinh vi mdi Id chiic ndng thit nhdt. (chung tfli n h i n manh)" [5261].
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
[1] Nguygn Tai Cdn, 1975. Ngu phdp tiing Viet (tiing-tU ghep-dodn ngu). Nxb Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuygn nghiep. Ha Npi.
[2] Dd HQu Chau, 1987. Ca sd ngU nghia hoc tU vung. Nxb Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep. Ha Ndi.
[3] Dd HQu Chau, Bui Minh Toan, 1993. Dai cuang ngon ngU hoc, tap II. Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi.
[4] Nguygn Van Chiin, 1992. Ngdn ngu hoc ddi chiiu vd doi chiiu cdc ngdn ngu Ddng Nam A. Trudng DHSP Ngoai ngQ Ha Ndi
[5] John.Lyon, 1980. Sesmantique Linguistique. VI Deixis, espace et temps, Paris.
[6] C.K. Orecchioni. Les interactions Verbales. Tome II. Armand Colin.
A B S T R A C T
Discuss more on the located function of the 'called word'
The element locate to hold the basic role in all speakers that used the 'called word.' In a few, the called word, the speaker may be exposed to know himself to other speakers.
Besides, the 'called word' also defines more clearly the relationship between speaker and
listener through the located function. • , , , ,:
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