,IOURNAI. OK SClHNn-: ())• HNUR Social Sci.. 2012. Vol. ?)1, No. 6, pp. % - I 0 4
DOC THOAI 'SONG HAY KlIONCJ S O N G . . . ' VA U N H CAM IU K I C H CLJA H A M L E T
N g u y e n T h i H a n h Tnfdng Dgi hoc Hong Dift H-mail: [email protected]
'loin (at. l.riLi n:iy. nhan viil Ihinilcl khi xem xel thifctng chi dUdc ban nhieu den hanli tiong ciia nhiin vai ma il tkftfc chu y li'li linh cam. von la mot bieu hien quan irong Uong lam liang cua llamlcl liim nen IciiS'u nhan vzii hi kich dac tn/ng. Bai viel lap Irung ban sau \\cn doan doe Ihoai "Song hay khong song..." Irong vel kich Hamlel o phifdng dien linh earn eiia Hamlet ve van de "song", "khong s6ng" anh hKdng den linh bi kich ciia nhan vai. lam cho Hamlel trd thanh nhan vat hi kich dac biel, lieu hicu nhal trong chuoi cae nhan vat bi kich khac cua Shakespeare.
Tirkhda: Hamlet, Shakespeare, doc thoai. nhan vat bi kich. linh cam.
1. Mc( dau
The gidi cua vo ihiJc, cua tidin thiJc, cho den ngay nay v5n mai bi an va kho li giai doi vdi loai ngifcfi. Khi tim hieu nhan vat bi kich Hamlet trong v6 kich cung ten ciia Shakespeare, chiing toi phat hien ra mpl dieu li thii: trong con ngifdi "Ua suy tU"ayt6ntai rat nhieu nhu'ng iinh cam ve diem gd, ve ket cue xau xay ra sau nay. Dac biet, nhiing diJ cam chet choc nhif la mpl am anh thifdng trifc trong vo thiJc ciia chang. Trong do, "Song hay khong sdng..." (H6i III; canh 1). doan dpc thoai noi tieng, ket tinh nhiing gia tri nghe thuat tinh tuy ciia thien tai Shakespeare, kich gia s6 mdt the gidi, chiJng to dinh cao ciia tinh bi kich d nhan vat bi kich Hamlet khi chang linh cam. Tii vo thiic, Hamlet da "nhin thay" tritdc "cai dep", "cai hiing" ma ca nhan chang theo dudi cuoi ciing se that bai. Hay noi each khac, nhan vat da sdm y thiic dUdc sU thSt bai cung nhU cai ch6t ciia minh nhifng vln khdng tranh khoi nhiing di^u do.
2. Noi dung nghien cu'u
2.1. Linh cam bi kich co tinh xung dot cao
Trong nghe thuat xay dUng kich ban, viec id chiic cac 151 doc thoai chifim vi tri quan trong khi tai hien chSn dung va ban chat con ngUdi ben trong cua nhan vat. B6i thong thudng, nhan vat d l giai bay nhieu trang thai cam xuc nh^t khi dpc thoai. Tiiy nhien, khdng phai liic nao d6c thoai ciing bieu hien xung ddt. Xung dot kich la "dau hieu cua hanh ddng va cua nhiing liic lUdng doi dich nhau cua t b kich" [2]. Ddc thoai "S6ng 96
Bdc thogi "Song hay khong .vSng... " vd lmh cdm hi kich cua Hamlel
hay khdng sdng ..." cua Hamlet cd kich tinh cao bdi xung dot giiia hai thai dg ma Hamlel budc phai lua chgn.
Khdng gidng cac nhSn vat bi kich khac, mac dii nhan thdc dugc mdc dd Iinh cam khdng phai chi xuSl phat td hoan canh ca nhan ma cdn mang iSm vdc Ihdi dai va xa hgi, the nhifng Hamlet v5n khdng sao thoat khoi hi kich ciia su sdm y Ihiic tai ca nhiing dd vS hj. Va each thdc tdn tai nhflng dit cam trong Hamlet cung rdt khac. Nd ludn la ndi am anh vdi tan do cao, mdc do sau, vdi linh phdc lap da chigu, vc cung... Tat ca hgi lu nen mgt net dac biet cho nhan vat bi kich Hamlet.
M u het cac nha nghien cdu deu nhan IhBy, Hamlel lii mdt tinh each da dien, phdc tap. Le Huy BSc ggi la nhan vat cd "linh ludng dien". W.Hazlilt lai ggi la "da tinh each", khdng don gian, xudi chiSu" [4;92]. Va linh each iy nhat quan ca d each nghi suy, Iran trd va linh cam bi kich mang tinh xung dot. Linh cam ciia Hamlet khdng chi gOi len nhdng cam nhan vS cai chet, ma hel sflc dac biel, chang cdn linh cam dugc ca nhflng mau thuin, phflc tap xgay quanh nd vdi nhttng dan do, ban khoan tran ngap. Khi Hamlet neu ra vdn d6: "Sdng hay khdng song ...", chang khdng dUa ra mgt kel luan khang dinh bSng mdt phat ngdn mang tinh chic chan nhfl mdt so lan khac ma chang dan trai vdn dg ay ra bdng sfl dan do va ndi ban khoan Idn.Dd chinh la xung dot ngay trong linh cam ciia chang.
Ca doan ddc thoai dai 35 dong tho nay cd the chia lam sau ngi dung chfla sfl ban khoan, dan do cua ngudi ndi:
Ban khoan
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6.
Cap do Khai quat Trien khai Trien khai Trien khai Trien khai
"I lien khai
Noi dung S6ng/ hay khong s6ng
Chiu dUng tat ca .../ hay la cam vu khi...
Ch^t la ngii .../ngu co the chi la md... /chinh dieu do gay ra bao tai hoa cho cupc song nay
Chiu dUng nhflng roi vpt va khinh khi cua thcJi dai, sU ap bflc cua ke bao ngfldc, h6ng hach ciia ke kieu cang, n6i giay vo ciia tinh yeu tuyet vpng, sfl tri chSm ciia cong ly, hon xUdc cua cubng quyen, su miet thi ciia ke bit tai .../chi cin vdi mot mui diii la co the dfla minh den cho yen nghi.
Cam chiu, than van ... dfldi ganh nang cupc dbi / sd mpt cai gi menh mang sau khi chet,,.. bat ta phai cam chiu mpi kho nhuc tren coi \hk nay / bay tdi nhflng ndi khd' nhuc khac ma ta chfla biSt tdi.
Ndi vudng mac ciia tam tfl iy Iam cho ta trd thanh hen mat.../ bao dfl kien ldn lao. cao quy ... ch^ng the bien thanh hanh ddng.
Khi ban \i \h\. d l xung ddt trong doan ddc thoai "Song hay khdng sdng...", Phiing.
Van TuTu da phan tich vkt cu the bi^u hien cua xung dot qua ngdn tii va tam trang cua Hamlet theo mot hiidng nhin mdi can cii vao thii tfl trfldc sau va do dai ngan cua ciu triic ngdn tii: "Sdng" hieu theo nghia "dfldc s6ng", nhung la song nhuc, tfldng ling vdi triidng hdp chiu dling t i t ca ...", "khdng s6ng" hieu theo nghia "khdng dfldc s6ng", "phai chit", 97
Nguyen Thi Hanh
nhung lil chet vmh. lfl<Jng Ung vdi Infcing hdp "cim vu khi vung len ..." [2;76].
Vil de tien so siinli liai ciicli hicu Ircn, cluing loi xin neu lai hai sd dd ma tac gia bai Vict nay thi khiii quai:
Sdng hay khong song
tiiiu d\mg Iiil ca hiiy
Cam vu khi vung len
Tfl hu] hfldng lien, chiing toi nhan Ihay rang. Trfldc hel diJ hieu theo each nao thi doan ddc ihoai Iren deu chfla diy nhiing biin khoan chon Ifla va giang xe tam trang nhiin vai Hamlel, nghia la doan "Sdng hay khdng sdng..." cd tinh xung dot cao.
Thfl hai, neu can cfl vao dien bien chii^u dai vd kich vdi loi hanh dpng do dfl va tinh each trim tfl thien vd suy nghi ciia Hamlet - mpt kieu nhan vat bi kich dac trflng- thi dfldng nhfl sau nhflng phan van, ban khoan trong suy nghi khi Ifla chpn mpt loi song, Hamlet thien va each hieu thfl hai. Cii mdl chang kha dai, Hamlet chim dam trong suy tif, chip nhan mdt tdn tai oiii oam trfldc mit, nung nlu y chi tra thii cho cha va dflng xay thifi dai. Day la mpt kieu "sdng" chiu dflng tit ca, den mflc hang loat cac nguy cd tao nenbi kich sau nay cua chang da cd cd hdi dien ra: Quyen hanh nam trong tay ngfldi chu dpc ac, me "dim chim trong chan goi loan luan" khdng hay biet thflc hfl gi, ngfldi yeu phai phat dien ma chet. Kieu sdng "chiu dflng til ca" va gifl bi mat cau chuyen hdn ma trong long Cling chang dem lai ket qua nhfl y, cudi cung ly tfldng cua chang chfla dat dfldc. Nhflng khi chang linh cam minh se guc nga trong cupc dau tranh chong cai ac, "dep yen mpi bat bing" tfle la chang "khdng song" nhflng vln nhan thflc r ^ g : "Tfl gid phiit nay, y nghi la phai dim mau, nSu khdng chang cd gia tri gi" bdi "moi sfl viec d i u nham chong lai ta, thuc giuc chi phuc thu da nhat cua ta ..." (Hoi IV; canh 4). Day cd the hieu la each Ifla chpn " d m vu khi viing len" ciia Hamlet, dii la mdi hinh thanh trong suy nghi. Do vay, neu gan vdi nhSn vat Hamlet, each hieu thfl hai co ve nhfl hdp ly hdn. \ ^ neu Ihoat li khoi v6 kich ma hfldng din quan ni6m s6ng ndi chung thfldng tdn tai lau nay nhfl mpt cupc each mang tfl tfldng thi lai thay each hilu thfl nhit cd ly.
Tliy nhien, khi xem xet Hamlet vdi mflc dd anh hfldng d i n tinh bi kich cua nhln vSt nay tir gdc dp nhiing linh cam cua chang v^ la "dinh cao" ciia linh cam bi kich, chung toi muon tap trung chu y tdi xung dot cang thang chfla dflng nhiing ban khoan, dan do 6 raiJc dp cao nhat. Nhfl tren da noi, cd the tam xera ca doan ddc thoai co sau sfl ban khoan. B«&
khoan dau tien cd gia tri khai quat nhfl la m6t phat ngdn chii d l cho ca doan: "Song hay khdng s6ng - dd la vin dl". Sau dd la nam sfl ban khoan d d p dd trie'n khai cho vln dS khai quit tren. Va khi bdc 16 nhiing ban khoan, dan do trong long ddng thdi Hamlet con to 98
Ddc thogi "Song hay khdng .sdng... " vd linh cdm hi kich cua Hamlet
rd nhflng mSu thuin ludn song song ldn tai trfldc sfl Ifla chpn cua minh. d d p dp trien khai thfl ba, chang ndi: "Chit la ngii... va tfl nhu rang ngii di la chim dflt mpi dau kho ciia cdi long va muon van vit tfl thfldng... chang dang mong mudn lam sao?" tfldng nhfl chang se chip nhan cai chit nhfl the de dfldc "cham dflt mpi dau khd" thi ngay sau do Hamlet lai lat ngfldc vln dl; "Chit, ngu. Ngtt cd the chi cd the la md. Hfl! Day mdi la diiu khd khan...
chinh dieu dd gay ra bao tai hoa cho cudc sdng ding dac nay!". Hoa ra vln dl khdng ddn gian nhfl vay. Hamlet cfl tfl dfla ra mdt vln dl sau do lai tfl phu djnh vln dl. Khlng dinh r6i lai phii dinh la bien phap co ban de Hamlet suy ngam moi le. Trong suy nghi. chang nhac nhilu den cai chit, hoac giic ngii, giic md (cung Iii mpt dang cua cai chet) vdi nhilu ban khoan va mau thuin. Mau thuan ngay trong chinh con ngfldi chang, trong suy nghi va ngay trong ca linh cam chet choc cua chang.
Theo loi van hanh ly, din ban khoan thfl nam, tinh phii dinh lai vln de "chit" la
"ngii", la dfldc "chim dflt dau khd" da day len mflc cao hdn, dd la ndi sd cai chit vi ai cung "sd mdt cai gi menh mang sau khi chit, ca mdt thi gidi huyin bi ma da vfldt bien cfldng thi khdng mdt du khach nao con quay trd lai...".
Nhfl vay, vln dl ban diu dfla ra din din dfldc Hamlet trien khai theo dd dai va chieu sau cung mpi cung bac cua nd. Ngfldi dpc cd cam giac lucnay Hamlet dang dflng trfldc canh ddng dao di xdi lai de cho liic dit dflpc tdi xdp cung la luc ngfldi Iam chpn Ifla ra dfldc loai gidng trdng phu hdp. Ciing nhfl ngfldi Iao ddng tren canh ddng, tuy hp khdng ndi ra nhflng ai di qua cung se hieu hp dinh gieo hat loai giong nao, loai cay nao tren manh dat ly. Vdi Hamlet cung vay, du chang khdng chpn Ifla dflt khoat mpt ldi sdng nao, song bang each chang dat van dl va "cay xdi" chung, ngfldi dpc tfl ngim hieu, chang se chpn mdt each sdng that xflng dang va phu hdp.
2.2. Mot linh cam da tang y nghia
Linh cam - ban than nd da la mdt van dl ki bi, khd ndi va dfldc ly giai rit vd cung.
Hdn the, theo each Shakespeare xay dflng, linh cam cua Hamlet khdng chi hfldng vl cai chet, vl dinh menh, sfl may rui, diiu xlu ma vfldt len tren, nd cdn de cap din rit nhilu vln dl phflc tap cua nhan loai.
Trfldc het, ciing gidng nhflng lln linh cam khac, cai chit ludn la mpt am anh thfldng trflc diln ra trong Iinh cam cua Hamlet. Mac du van dl cd ban dfldc dat ra ban diu la
"Song hay khdng song" nhflng khi tri&'n khai chu yeu ngfldi ndi lai nhac din cai chit.
Hamlet nam lln trflc tiep dung tit: "not to be" (khdng song); "die" (chet), "sleep of death"
(giic ngii ciia cdi chit), va "death" (cai chit).
Thfl hai, Hamlet co nhflng quan niem va phan biet khac la vl cai chet d tam triet hpc, tfle la cai chit khdng phai d the' tinh tai ma d the vSn dpng. Trong ban dich tieng Viet, ngfldi dich Idt ta dfldc nhfltig sfl khac nhau khi chuyen dich dong tii hoac danh tfl chi cai chit nhflng ngfldi dpc se khd nhan biet hdn so vdi nguyen ban tiing Anh. Chang han, b dang ddng tii, do U sfl so sanh: "... To die, - to sleep, - No more" [5;46] (Chet la ngii, khdng hdn).
Nhflng khi d dang danh tii lai la: "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
Ngiiyt-nTlii Hanh
." |.'i.46| {Tmng guic ngu ciia cdi chil iiy nhung gific md nao se tdi) va "Ijut that the dread ofsomclhuig alk-i dcalh" j^iadl (., Ncii khong pliiii vi SO hai didu gi dd sau cai chdt).
•linng quan mem v;i lap liian cua Hamlel, ngu" hay "md" cung lii mgt bien the cua
"cai ehL-l" (Uip h lini liiy killing liile Hep ndi in ra, nhung dfldng nhfl ngfldi ndi cd sfl phan dinh kha inch idi iinih pidi cua vim di "khong sdng" Idc lii "chdt" vdi ba chang khac nhau
l o d i e ( ( l o n i ! l i H — ik'iilli (diiiih lli| — after dealh (danh Hi) I I I Ikitih tldni'ehs'l li'iiehel - ' Coi ehOt (Ihe yidi sail khi chet)
Vil ha chang ay, mach lif duy ciia Hamlel duOc lai dl lai lai van dc quan niem le song - chel d dill ('hiing mol lii quan niem; Chel lfle lii ngu, lii md Chang hai la quan niem:
Kill ngu, "nhflng giic nui se Idi" khien ta phai "suy nghi" vii "diiiu dd gay ra bao nhieutai hoa cho euoe sdng", Chang ba lii quan niem: Ndi sd hai mdl eai gi dd sau khi chet - "mpt (he gull huyan hi" khien "khdng du khiieh niio dam quay Ird lai".
Thuc chill neu xiiu chudi ba ehiing lfl duy nay lai, viin de cdt ldi cdn lai chi cd the ham chfla trong mdl ngi dung: Chel la ngu, la mO nhflng ai cung sd hiii the gidi huyen bi sau khi chet. Mot van de qua ddi quen (huge Ird thanh mot chan ly mugn ddi nhflng lai sao lai cd ve mdi me qua each thi: hien vii lu duy cua Hamlel.
Thfl ba, mdt vin de d lam eao triel hoc dfldc lfl duy theo logic binh dan. Shakespeare tdn lai hiing miy the ky qua chac chiin la bdi Hamlel. Hamlet sdng cung nhan loai la bdi IU duy vil kieu IU duy "sdng" va "khdng sdng". Thdng thfldng, trong dan gian, chung ta hay ndi "ngu nhfl chet", hiim y it nhieu chi moi lien he gifla giic ngu va cai chfit nhttng van la d the so sanh d diiy, Hamlel khang dinh "ehel la ngu" tdi hai lan (trong nguyen ban tac gia dung dau gach ndi cd chflc nang chu thich nghia tfldng dfldng gifla chdng:" to die - to sleep" va cdn nhin manh "lo die - to sleep - no more" (chet la ngu - khdng hdn). Noi dSn "cai chet" se mang tinh trflu tfldng, khd njm bit, khd ly giai, nhflng dfldc Hamlet giai ma theo tfl duy logic rit d l hieu: Liy giic ngu ra lam lieu chi "dinh nghia" cho quan niem cua rieng chang. Cd the ma hoa lai "dinh nghia" hy nhfl sau:
Ch6t = ngu = md = suy nghi = ndi sd hai.
Ttt ca nhflng vin d6 cd ve trflu tfldng dflng canh nhau khdng lam cho van 6i dang ly giai tdi nghia ma ngfloc lai, rat sang rd. Tfl dd, mgt van de ldn lao dfldc dat ra: Chit.
chfla phai la het, la da ket thuc. Sau cai chet vSn cdn cd sfl van hanh, dieu nay khoa hoc da chflng minh.
Chung ta da tflng biet mgt Othello, mot Desdemona, mgt Ophelia ... linh cam tdi cai chet nhflng de' linh cam iy trd thanh radt am anh thi chi cd radt Hamlet ma thdi. Die biet, ngfldi anh hung tre tudi nay lai con trd thanh mot tri^t gia khi ban le sdng chet d dSis bang Sfl ly giai logic rit khd bat be va dky thuyet phuc. Nhdng dfldng nhfl tiem tang daiii sau nhttng phat ngon iy, Hamlet cdn la mgt nha tien tri dfl bao trddc nhieu dieu.
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Ddc thogi "Song hay khdng .mng... " vd linh cdm hi kich cua Hamlet
2.3. Mot linh cam xuat phat tuf vo thu'c
Con ngfldi khi linh cam tdi mot dieu gi dd sc xay ra trong tfldng lai gin hoac xa, cd luc dfldc bieu hien nhfl la mot sfl tif chil, cd muc dich nhflng co liic, nhifng linh tinh, nhflng dfl cam lai vfldt qua li tri ciia con ngfldi, vfldt ra khdi lim kiem soal ciia ngfldi ndi. Dang linh cam Ihfl hai nay xull hien nhfl mdt nglu nhien, thuoc vl vd thflc. Neu nha nghien cflu phe binh A.C Bradley iflng chi ra ring hlu hit ly do de Hamlet "chin chfl"
("procrastination") trong hanh ddng la dfldc "sfl bao chita cua tilm ihflc" ("unconscious excuses") [4] thi khdng chi cd vay. trong suy nghi cua Hamlel, khi chang gdn len nhflng linh cam, no cflng dfldc hieu ra nhfl tfl trong tiem thflc va thudc vl vd thflc.
Theo Tif die'n Tain li, vd thflc la "nhflng cam nghi khdng nhan ra dfldc, nhfl la an nau trong mdt cdi ldng tdi lam, nhflng van chi phdi hanh vi va khdng bao gid hien ra nguyen hinh".
Trfldc tien, sfl vd thflc ly dfldc bieu hien rd net thdng qua ciu true sd Ifldng chfl dfldc dung. Ngay tfl ddng thd dau tien, khi dfla ra vln dl de suy nghi va Ifla chpn: "S6ng hay khdng sdng... "("to be or not to be") da ed nhilu diiu khiln ngfldi nghe phai suy nghi. Tai sao Hamlet khdng dat ra vln dl "song" hay "chit" (to be or to die) ma lai dung cum tfl d ve sau phu dinh cum tfl phia trfldc? Ve so Ifldng con chfl trong hai vl nay, ldi phu dinh ay dem lai dp lech khdng ngang nhau. Ve thfl nhat chi cd mdt chfl "sdng" cd hai phat am ("to be") con ve thfl hai cd hai chfl ("khdng sdng") cd ba phat am ("not to be").
Sflc nang ro rang nghieng ve ve thfl hai. Dfldng nhfl trong nghi suy va Ifla chpn diy cang thang va nhieu giing co quyet liet cua Hamlet, du khdng ndi ra, nhflng ngay tfl diu, am anh cua chang cd ve vln thien ve vln dl "khdng sdng". Hdn nfla, sd Ifldng tfl ngfl chi vln dl "sdng" chi dfldc nhic tdi ba lln ("td be" - mpt lln, "life" - hai lln), trong khi tfl ngfl chi vl vln dl "khdng sdng" trd thanh am anh trong ddng suy tfl cua Hamlet. Do vay, mac du ban than Hamlet khdng thiy dfldc dieu dd nhflng ngfldi dpc lai dl dang nhan ra bdi chung thupc vl phan vd thflc. Va khdng gidng nhflng lln ddc thoai khac cua Hamlet, nlu suy nghi cua chang xen vao nhflng linh tfnh, nhflng dfl cam thfldng chi dfldc bieu hien bang mdt phat ngdn mang tinh thdng bao xudi chieu thi lan nay, Iinh cam dfldc gdi ra bang mot chudi nhieu phat ngdn khac nhau. Dang sau ldi tfl luan ve vln dl "sdng hay khdng sdng"
dfldng nhfl cd mdt mach chay ngim rit vd thflc vl noi am anh chit choc ludn trd di trd lai trong con ngfldi Hamlet. Cd y kiln da khang dinh, cd le cai chit trong hanh dpng mdi la suy nghi chinh ciia Hamlet luc do. Dp dai ngin khac nhau cua hai xung dot ke tren cho thiy xung dot sau (dau kho d cdi ddi nay hay dau khd' d the gidi ben kia?) dan vat tam tfl Hamlet nhilu hdn la xung dot trfldc (s6ng hay khdng song) [2]. Nghia la tinh xung ddt d dp cang thang va quyet liet cua lan linh cam nay cao hdn rit nhilu, khien cho nhflng dan do cua Hamlet cang mang kich tinh hdn. Lieu chang se Ifla chpn giai phap nao? Mac du sau dd, tac gia khdng de' Hamlet trien khai va gpi ten vln dl "khdng s6ng" la gi nhflng each dSn dat va Iy giai chuyen sang vln de "chet", "cai chet" phin nao gdi ra y dinh cua ngfldi phat ngon. "Khong s6ng" tuy ban chit sSu xa khdng hoan toan ddng nhit vdi "chit"
nhflng thflc ra cung la de bieu hien cai chet. Ngfldi ndi khdng gpi hai vln dl minh dan do la "song hay chet" ngay tii diu, cd le de tranh cho ngfldi tilp nhSn hieu nhim va ddng
101
Nguyfin Thi Hanh
nhil hoim toan gifla hai tfl "khdng s6ng" va "chdi". 6 day, ciSch hid'u "not to be" la "khdng dflOc sdng" (theo Phiing Viin TiJu) c6 vc nhfl hdp ly hdn.
Tiep den, d ban khoan Ihfl hai: "chiu dflng tk ca nhflng vidn da, nhttng mui ten ciia s6 ph,in phfl phang // hay la // cam vu khi vung len mil chdng lai vdi sdng gid cda bien khd, ehdng lai dc' mil dicl ehung di, dang nao cao quy hdn?". Nguyen ban lieng Anh, giiia hai vc ngan each nhau bang gidi lfl "or" (hay, hoic lil), ve diu gdm 15 chtt, ve sau gSm 1.1 chfl, sflc nang nghieng vij ve dau, lai cd niau thuin gifla ban khoan thfl hai so vdi ban khoan diu tien.
Vfldng mac lam lfl cua Hamlel liSp tuc dfldc trie'n khai d ban khoan thfl td: "Chiu dung nhiing roi vgl va khinh khi cua thdi dai, sfl ap bflc cua ke bao ngfldc ... // chi can vdi mgt mui dui hi eo the' dfla minh den cho yen nghi". Hamlet dfla ra hang loat nhttng bat cdng, dau khd' ma con ngfldi d coi song phai chiu dflng: Roi vgt, khinh khi, ap bflc, hdng hach, tinh yeu luyel vong, cdng ly, cfldng quyen, ke bit tai... Con ngfldi s6ng trong Ihdi dai iy khdng cdn cd Ihe' lin tfldng vao mgt dicu gi l6t dep d ddi. Va y nghT tfl sat da len Idi viio diu dc Hamlel Nhflng y nghi lfl sal luc nay lai rit khac vdi lin ddc thoai dau (ien:"(!)i, thil da rin chic, qua rin chic nay hiiy chay ra di, tan ra di, bidn thfinh mdt gigt sfldng" (Hdi I; canh 2). Neu lan dau, ddn gian chang cd y dinh tfl sat la de xoa diu nfii dau, ndi nhuc Irfldc nhttng "chfldng tai gai mill" oai oam cua gia dinh minh thi lan nay cai chit lil sfl ddi choi lai hiing loat cac bit cdng, dau khd kia. Neu cai chet tnidc la sfl thoa hiep va bit Iflc thi cai chet sau la sfl ddi dau va phan flng lai thdi dai.
Hoa ra sflc nang cua y nghia cau chtt khdng phai luc nao cdng hoan toan phii thugc vao do dai ngan cua con chtt ntta. Van theo nguyen ban, vk dau ciia ban khoan tren keo dai tdi 41 chfl lai ddi choi vdi ve sau chi cd 11 chtt nhflng sflc nang nhfl dfldc don vao 11 chfl sau cung. Do lech vdi khoang each qua xa nay lai cd mgt hieu flng ngfldc lai: ^y chinh la viec liy cai chet, chip nhan sfl hy sinh de' chong lai cudc s6ng cam chiu, nhin nhuc kia. Du ket thuc ban khoan nay vin la mdt dau hoi de ngd nhflng ngfldi dgc phin nag cam nhSn dflgc thai do hanh dong va each Ifla chgn cung nhfl hfldng giai quyit ciia Hamlet til viec sg sanh gifla Idi song cam chiu va cai chet trong hanh ddng.
O ban khoan thfl nam, hai cap ddi xflng cua sfl dan do dfldc dfla ra: "Cd ai danh cam chiu, than van ren ri, dd md hdi dfldi ganh nang cudc ddi // neu khdng phai chi vi sd mdt cai gi menh mang sau khi chet, ca mdt the gidi huyin bi ma da vfldt bien ctfdng thi khdng mgt du khach nag cdn quay lai" va "bat ta phai chiu ragi khd nhuc tren cdi thi nay // (con hdn la) bay tdi nhttng ndi nhuc khac ml ta chfla he biit tdi?".
Den day, dung Ifldng dai ciia con chii vln nghiSng ve vl sau trong mdi cap khi dl cap den cai chit va thi gidi ciia ri6ng nd. Xung ddt vln dai dang va giang co trong mdi mfit ban khoan, mfit vln de tri^n khai. Kit thuc xung dfit nay vln bang mgt dau hoi chii chfla CO ldi khang dinh Ifla chon sing cam chiu 3 "coi thi nay" hay "thi gidi huyin bi sau khi chet" ma "ta chfla biit tdi". Mflc do xung dfit da dfldc ntog ldn bang sfl dan do giiia;
cdi sdng cam chiu va coi chit chda dfldc biit nhiiu chuyin kh4c. C4u triic cia nhflng dbng thd nay bat dka bang dai tft "who", kit thuc bang d k hoi (?) va noi kit gitta chiing la ti!
so sanh hdn "rather ... than ..." nlu chuyin dich nghia thanh "cd ai danh ... con hdn la?'J
m
Dpc thogi "Song hay khdng sdng. . " vd linh cdm hi kich ciia Hamlet
nhfl ban dich tren e rang de lam cho nhflng ngfldi thoat ly nguyen ban hieu lim. Dung ra nhiing ddng thd ay khi chuyen dich nghia thanh mdl ban khoan thi phai la: "Lieu ai chiu dflng dfldc tieng can nhan va do rad hdi dfldi mdt cupc s6ng met moi, trfl khi sd hai mdt diiu gi dd sau cai chet, mdt thi gidi huyen bi ma da vfldt bien cfldng thi khong mot du khach nao con quay trd lai, ndi sd lam rdi ren y.chi va bat chung ta phai cam chiu nhflng ndi khd nhuc ma chiing ta da bill cd hdn nhflng khd nhuc khac ma chung ta chfla he biet tdi?"
O day, chung tdi chu y hdn din phu tfl tao nen cau true nhflng dong Ihd mang chung mpt y nghia dien dat. Neu cau hdi bat diu bang "who" thi tfl so sanh gifla cau " rather ...
than" phai dfldc dich la "cd hdn" mang ham y ban khoan, dan do thi mdi hdp ly. Vdi each dich "cdn hdn la" se de tao nen each hieu nghieng vl npi dung ve Irfldc hdn la vl sau. Khi dich thanh "... bat ta phai cam chiu nhflng kho nhuc ma ta bill cd hdn nhflng khd nhuc khac ma chung ta chfla bill tdi" se khach quan hdn va phu hdp vdi trang thai tam ly chfla diy xung dot trong con ngfldi Hamlet: nen Ifla chpn each nao?
Nhfl vay, Hamlet du khdng ndi ra hfldng Ifla chpn, nhflng tfl ddng chay vo thflc, ngfldi dpc nhfl cam thiy nhflng gi lien quan din cai chit, den hanh dpng chit, den cdi chet la dieu ma chang hoang tfl tre tudi rit quan tam. Neu chi ddn gian quan niem "chit la hit, la kit thuc" thi Hamlet khdng phai ban khoan va dan do nhieu. Nhflng bdi gifla each sdng ma phai cam chiu mpi tui nhuc d ddi vdi dfldc hanh ddng ma chet di, raa biet dfldc ca nhflng gi sau khi chit tuy cd khiln con ngfldi fla suy nghi nhfl chang khdng the khdng suy nghi, nhflng khi phai dfla ra can nhac d the doi chpi nhfl vay da ham chfla sfl Ifla chpn ngim ciia chang rdi.
Cam nhan dfldc dieu dd, d nhflng ddng thd tiep theo, Hamlet da chuyen ddng tam tfl tfl dang nghi vln sang khang dinh: "Diy, chinh ndi vfldng mac cua tam tfl ly lam cho chung ta trd nen hen mat tit ca... chang the biln thanh hanh ddng". Vln sfl dung nhflng cap tfl trai nghia the' hien sfl xung dot trong suy nghi cfla Hamlet nhfl: hen mat - quyit tam, ngpn Ifla bung len - anh leo let, dfl kiln - hanh dpng nhflng ban khoan ay da chfla dflng mdt npi dung khang dinh sfl thflc tinh hay la tfl nhan thflc phfldng cham hanh dpng.
Va nhfl chung tdi da de cap d chfldng II, din luc nay, Hamlet da tfl thfla nhan sfl do dfl trong hanh ddng lam te liet y chi ciia chang. Song diu sao, trdng suy nghi va trong dfl dinh, Hamlet da cd mdt quyit tam va sfl thay ddi ldn lao.
Ben canh dd, nhfl la mpt sfl vd tinh, nglu nhien va rit vd thflc, mac du dang ban khoan suy luan va Ifla chpn con dfldng di cho chinh minh, mac du gin cudi ddc thoai nay, Hamlet da to rd mpt sfl thay ddi Idn tfl trong dfl dinh nhflng khong hie'u sao cudi cSu khang dinh sfl tfl thflc linh con ngfldi minh, chang lai van bat thdt ra nhflng ldi mang diem xlu:
"... bao dfl kiln ldn Iao, cao guy ciing phai xoay chieu ddi hfldng, chang the bien thanh hanh ddng". Va Idi tien nghiem ly, dia Hamlet khdng y thflc dfldc, nhflng dpc gia lai cam thiy nhflng dau hieu dfl bao lien quan sau sac din tinh bi kich cua nhan vat nay.
Bing linh cam chit choc ^loan toan ngau nhien, vd thflc, doan ddc thoai "Sdng hay khong sdng..." nhfl dfldc tac gia dung cdng nhilu nhit d^ tao nen mdt diem nhln hoan chinh vl miu ngfldi anh hiing bi kich thdi Phuc hflng sdm y thflc dfldc that bai cung nhfl 103
Nguyfin Thi Hanh
cai chet cua minh. Hamlet vfloi len Ircn nhttng nhSn vat khic de' cd vi tri dttng die biet, ril neng Irong Idng khan gia. Doan dgc thoai nay khfing chi bie'u lfi nhttng dfl cam chit choc bi kich xudi chieu nhfl nhflng lin phal ngfin khac mil cdn hfii tu dfldc ca nhflng mSu ihuin phflc lap da chieu Irong lmh ciim ciia Hamlel. Va khfing g i i n g nhflng lln linh cam chi dfldc thdt ra hing ngon lfl mdt each cd chii dich ma dac biet nd cdn chfla diy sfl ky bi khd ly giai ciia linh cam thudc vl liem Ihttc, vfi thttc. Cd le chinh nhttng diem dd la mdt trgng nhflng ly do khiln chd ciic nhii nghien cflu, phe binh van hgc suit nam thi ky qua vin chfla hoiin toiin cd eiii nhin thfing nhit ve tac pha'm nay, ve quan niem va le sing ma nh.1n vai Hamlel phal bieu trong doan doc thoai tren.
3. Ket luan
Mang Irong minh nhieu hoiii bio, li Ifldng nhan van cua mflt thanh nien thdi dai Phuc hflng nhflng dflng trfldc thflc le vd cung khung khilp, ban thiu, nhd nhdp, oai oam, Hamlel hoan toan mit niem lin, hi vgng mgi dieu ill dep cua coi sdng. Cd le, vi thi, cam giac vl cai chet, coi chel ludn trd thanh nfii am anh thfldng trflc trong chlng. Tien hanfa khao sal so sanh kel hdp vdi viec tim hie'u linh cam cua nhln vit bi kich Hamlet, chiing loi nhan thiy, Shakespeare Irfldc sau van nhit quan tao nen mgt net dep ciia ngfldi anh hung cd ly tfldng, cd muc dich cao ca Hamlet, trfldc sau chlng vln nhat quan mdt kieu fla suy tfl, ludn do dfl ban khoan va trfldc sau dfl cam chit choc diu anh hfldng slu sac den hi kich cua chang. Hamlet khong chi 11 mdt nhan vat bi kich die biet cua Skakespeare ma cdn la mol nhan vat bi kich dac trflng trong nen van hgc nhan loai. Chic rang, Hamlet se cdn ludn mdi me, h i p din vdi mudn ngfldi va mudn thdi mfii khi chung ta md d^ang sach ra va suy ngim.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Le Huy Bac, 2001. Hamlet vd Shakespeare. Tap chi Vln hgc nfldc ngoai, s i 2.
[2] Phung Vln Tttu, 2001. Nhdn dip 400 ndm Hamlet. Tap chi Van hgc, so 9, [3] W. Shakespeare, 1995. Tuyen tap kich. Nxb Sin khau. Ha Ngi.
[4] D. F. Bratchell, 1990. Shakcipearean tragedy. London, New York.
[5] W. Shakespeare, 1985. Two tragedies: Hamlet aiul Macbeth. Moscow.
ABSTRACT
The monologue "To live or not to live,.." and the tragic feeling of Hamlet For years, the character of Hamlet only been discussed much about the charactet'|
actions but little attention to the feeling, which is an important expression of the mood ™ Hamlet makes a character tragic characteristics. Focus article discusses deep monologue,
"To live or not to live ..." in the play Hamlet in terms of Hamlet's hunch about "life'J
"live" affects the tragedy of character, makes Hamlet a tragic figure in particular, the i n ^ typical sequence of Shakespeare's other tragic character.
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