I T H ! TRUCiNG THUY SAN
Thach thum phat trien nong nghiep uiet nam I
TRONG THUC THI HIEP DINH TPP
n TS Le Thanh Y - Hdi Khoa hgc Phdt trien Ndng thdn PHANO
H O I N H A P KINH TE L A XU THE TAT YEU KHACH QUAN DE P H A T TRIEN TRONG NEN KINH TE TOAN CAU; D I TIM LOI G l A l CHO QUA TRINH NAY, P H A I CHAP N H A N O U O N G DAU V O I T H A C H THU'C D§
LOI DUNG THOI CO VA NHOIMG CO HQI P H A T TRIEN. D O I VOI NONG NGHIEP VIET NAM; TRU'dC HET, CAN NHAN OANG DUNG NHU'NG TRO NGAI, KHO KHAN NHAM LAM RO G l A l P H A P CAN THlfC HIEN cA TRLTOC MAT L A N L A U D A I . TU" THU'C TRANG NEN NONG NGHIEP NL/6c N H A C H U A OU NANG LU'C LTNG PHO VOI RUI RO TRONG THU'C THI NHU^G HIEP DINH THU'ONG M>^I QUOCTE; BAI VIET DE C A P D E N MOT SO KHIA CANH LIEN QUAN DE CUNG TRAO D O I .
Hi6p dmh TPP vai thuc day tang t r u i n g kinh te
Nen kinh te'nudc ta dang co nhiing dau higu hoi phyc tich cue; viec tham gia Higp djnh ddi tac kinh tg' xuyen Thai B'mh Duong (TPP) va cac hiep djnh FTA khac tao ea hpi mdi cho tang trudng kinh te'. Chuyen gia aia Ngan hang Thg' gidi (WB) nhgn djnh, kinh tg' Viet Nam cd kha nang hudng lgi ldn khi thue thi Hipp djnh TPP. Nhd tta trudng md rpng, tiong pham vi anh
hudng aia cac nude tiiam gia tdi 40% GDP toan ca'u ; tang tiudng kinh tg' Viet Nam cd the tang fhem 8-10%, tham chi de'n nam 2030 cdn cao hon. Tuy nhien, Cli hich nay ding dem lgi nhieu ap lyc, budc nha san xuat trong nudc phai cgnh tranh quygt ligt va qua dd, thiic day manh tang nang suat lao d^ng de tang trudng ben vung hon.
Theo Bd trudng Vii Huy Hoang, TPP dugc coi la hinh mSu hgp tac kinh te' khu vyc trong
Nong nghiep Vi^t :Vuij; Cv hoi td M.IJ^ liioi IPP taiili In l,uii 5 6 IHUOM MAI Tltir SAN / sfl 192 / IHANG 1212015
nhiing thgp nign dSu thg* ky 21.
Hiep dinh gom 30 chuang, de cgp khdng chi dg'n cac linh vi^c truye'n thdng nhu hang hda, djch vu, dau tu ma cdn ca cac van de mdi nhu thuang mgi dign tut, tgo tiiuSn lgi de phat tiien cac dSy chuyen cung trng va chuoi gia tri cua nhieu san ph&n. Vdi ket qua dam phan dgt dupc, TPP la mdt hi^p dinh toan dien, cd chat lugng cao trgn ca sd can bAng lgi ich va luu y tdi trinh do phat tii&i khac nhau giiia cae ejuoc gia.'.
Hiep djnh dugc ky vpng thiic day tang trudng kinh te' tgi tat ca cac nudc; tgo viec lam, giam ngheo va nang cao miie sdng ngudi dan ddng thdi veji thiic day sang tao, nang cao nang suat lao dgng, siic egnh tranh kinh te^ minh bgch hda, quan trj tdt hon va ciing cSi cac tigu chuan ve lao dgng va moi trudng (Timg Lam 2015).
Danh gia tac dpng enia TPP tdi kinh tg' Vigt Nam, bao cao aia Vi|n Nghien ciiu Kinh teva Chinh sach (VEPR) nhgn djnh,|
THITRi;(i)NGTHUYSANII
GDP Viet Nam cd the tang cao do hang rao tiiue" quan dugc dd bd. Nhieu chuyen gia qud'c techo rang, ngii san xuat npi dja dap ling dugc hang rao ky thugt ciia cac doi tac, GDP ciia Viet Nam cd the tang them 35,7 ty USD vao nam 2025. Vdi nhieu ca hgi thuan Igi de md rgng XK, Viet Nam cd the' tigp can sau hon vao thi trudng oia nhung ng'n kinh te'ldn thg'gi(?i nhu Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban, Uc va Canada. Trong quan hp thucrng mai giira 12 nudc tham gia TPP, Viet Nam d vi thg' xuat sigu kha ldn (7/llnudc). Nhd dig'u kien thien nhien thuan lgi va lpi thg'ndng san; thye thi TPP se giiip Viet Nam thu hiit manh vdn FDI cnia cae nude trong khdi, tgo ca hgi dg' khai thac tiem nang ndng nghiep, nhat la ve thiiy san.
Thi trudng md rpng tgo thugn lgi cho cac cdng ty ndi dja va nudc ngoai day mgnh dau tu nham tan dyng co hgi hudng thug' XK thap de dgt gia tri gja tang cao trong chuoi cung iing.
Thu hiit dau tu, hgp tac vdi ddi tac nude ngoai giiip Viet Nam nang cao dugc chat lugng san pham, tham gia sau hon vao ehudi san xuat toan cau va hgi nhap sau hon vao thj trudng tai chinh the' gidi. Gia tang ddng vd'n FDI vao Viet Nam se giiip he thd'ng ngan hang thanh khoan va tie'p cgn dugc eac ngud'n vd'n vdi chi phi thap.
DCTI nay, dau tu tryc tigp ciia cac nudc TPP vao Vigt Nam dgt hem 100 ty USD vdn dang ky, chig'm gan 40% tong vd'n FDI.
Ddng vdh deh tir nhieu thanh vien TPP cd trinh dp phat trieh
cao cd the' mang lai lgi ich lan tda ca ve edng nghg, ky nang quan ly va dich vy cd gia tri gia tang cao.
Gia tang dau tu FDI giiip ftiiie day sy hinh thanh vdh cd'djnh va tao CO hgi cho Viet Nam khai thac Ipi thg'tiem nang ve' ndng nghiep.
Ciing vdi thuan lgi va nhiing CO hpi md ra, TPP ciing dgt ra cho nen kinh tg'nudc ta rat nhieu thach thiic. Thdi gian qua, kim nggch XK ciia Viet Nam ngay mpt gia tang; nhimg co ca'u XK thig'u hieu qua; mat hang XK chii yg'u la nguyen lieu thd, hang hda cdng nghe tha'p hogc ehi lam gia cdng, khig'n cgnh tianh ve gia ca, chSt lugng va gia tij tang ciia hang hdaludn trong yeu thg; khd tham nhap duge vao hp thdng phan phoi chinh va khdng chi phdi dugc "thi trudng bgn ngoai.
Trudc siie ep md cira thi trudng va canh tranh doanh nghigp;
nhieu nganh san xuat va djch vu gap khd khan; san pham ndng nghipp, doanh nghiep va ndng dan Vigt Nam chju sy cgnh tianh gay gat, trd thanh nhiing ddi tugng de bi ton ihuong nhat,
Cac nudc tham gia TPP cd xu huefmg dam phan giii bao hp ddi vdi ndng san npi dia; hang rao phi thue'quan se trd nen pho bieh vdi ygu eau cao hon ve' chat lupng san pha'm ma day Iai la diem yg'u aia ndng nghipp Viet Nam. Hang NK tang, XK chua tim dupe dudng vao thi trudng nhig'u nudc da dgt ndng nghigp, nhat la nganh chan nudi trudc nhiing khd khan. Chimg nao rao can ky thuat chua cd hoac ye'u kem; cac bign phap vg sinh dich tg khdng hieu qua, nudc ta de trd
thanh thi trudng tieu thu cae san pham chat lugng tha'p.
Thyc trgng nong nghi#p qua ket qua dieu tra nong nghiep, nong thon
Qua ttinh md cira hgi nhap vao nen the' gidi, nganh ndng nghiep Viet Nam cd nhieu chuy&i bieh, da dua dat nudc tir mdt qud'c gia NK tid thanh nudc XK luong thyc manh hang dau the gidi. Nhd XK gao, fhiiy san va nhieu ndng san dgc thil, kim nggch XK cua nganh da dat tign 27,2 ty USD ( ehiem 17,6% tdng kim nggch XK ca nu6c) tit nam 2013.
Cimg vdi CO hdi do hpi nhgp mang lai, nhiing thach thiic tir tiem lyc nhd be va khd khan phai chiu dung khig'n ndng nghigp, ndng thdn, ndng dan va ca nen kinh tg' phai ganh chiu ton thSt khdng nhd. Dg'cd nhan dinh khai quat ve hipn trgng ndng nghigp nudc nha, can xem xet nhiing yg'u to quygt dinh ve' nguon lyc dat dai, lao dpng va kha nang phat tiien ciia hg ndng dan.
Kgt qua die'u tra ndng nghigp, ndng thdn glai doan 2001-2011 ciia Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke cho tha'y, quy md san xuat ndng nghipp nudc ta chii yg'u la hd gia dinh san xuat nhd, cd dign tich dat dai binh quan dao dgng tir 0,82 de'n 0,92 ha ( bao gdm ca dat ndng nghiep lam nghiep va thuy san).
Sy bieh ddng vg' dat dai, so' hp san xuat ndng nghiep trong giai doan 2006-2011 khdng dang ke^
nhung lai bpc lg nhieu ban chg'.
Sau chuyen doi va tap trung rudng da't, b'mh quan dat hg gia d'mh san xuat ndng nghiep
IHJONGMAITHOysAN/sfl 192/THANG 12^015 5 7
llTHITRacJNGTHUYSAN
^ K H
cd khoang 0,7 ha, gom hon 4,6 manh; tinh tigng manh miin nay dan dg'n nhieu khd khan trong td chiic san xuat ndng san hang hda. Thuc trgng didn ra eung tucmg ty ddi vdi nganh thiiy san vdi binh quan dien tich nudi trdng dat 0,33ha/hd va trong lam nghipp d mirc 2,98ha/hd. Dat dai va b'lnh quan dien tich sir dyng e!ua hp tiong san xuat ndng, lam, ngu nghigp dupc thg' hign trong bang 1.
Ket qua td'ng dieii tia ndng thdn, ndng nghiep Va thiiy san nam 2011 eiing chi ra, ca nudc cd 15,166 trigu hp ndng dan vdi dan sd' trong tuoi lao ddng kha cao; ngudi cd kha nang Iao ddng len tdi 32 trieu (tang 4,5% so vdi nam 2006), binh quan 2,lllao ddng/h$.
Phan tich thyc trang xa hpi ndng thdn cho thay, trinh dp lao ddng cd ky nang d miic tha'p;
hau het ngudi lam vipc trong ndng, lam, ngu nghiep chua qua dao tgo; ty le ngudi dugc dao tao toan nganh nam 2001 chig'm 6,2% td'ng sd' Iao dpng, 10 nam sau (2011) len 8,2% va den 2014 chi dgt 11,1%. Dang quan nggi trong boat ddng dao tao la chua quan tam diing miic dao tao nghe' nen tinh trang "thira thay thieu thg" ngay cang cao. Co caii lao ddng dupe dao tao tir nghg' CO ban doi dai hpc va trgn dai hpc trong nganh dugc the hign trong bang tong hcyp sd' 2.
De'n nay, cdn tren 88% luc lugng lao ddng trong nganh chua qua dao tgo; da phan kie'n thiic san xuat ciia Iao ddng ndng thdn duge hinh thanh tir tiai nghigm thyc tg; khd tie'p cgn dugc vdi cdng nghg hign dai, cang khd chuyeh ddi sang nhirng nganh nghe' phi ndng ngn nang suat lao dgng d khu vuc ndng thdn dang
cdn rat tha'p*. Day la van de cot ldi Iam gia tang thach thiic ciia nganh tiong nang cao nang luc cgnh tranh, tig'p thu va md rpng CO hpi tham gia hdi nhgp TPP.
Ciing vdi ban che' ve dat dai va lao d^ng, kgt qua dieu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghigp va thuy san giai dogn 2001-2011cdn cho thay, kha nang rich liiy ciia hp ndng dan d miic dp rat thap.
Theo gia hien hanh, miic tich luy b'mh quan hp nam 2001 ehi gan 3,23 tiipu dong; nam 2006 len 6,69 tiieu va den 2011 dat 17,38 trigu ddng. Dang quan nggi la miie tich liiy bang hign vat trong cimg thdi gian ehi dgt dupe tir 0,512 tiipu; len 0,728 tiieu va 1,829 trieu dong. Dieu tia tiep can nguon lyc ciia 2.225 hd ndng thdn vao nam 2014 aia Vien Quan ly Kinh te Trung uong da riit ra, cd 45,9% so' hg dimg voh tich liiy dupe vao mua vat tu san Bang 1:Sat dai va dien tich su'dung cua ho nong nghiep giai doan 2006-2011
Nongnghiep Lara nghiep Thiiy sin Hngs6
Tdngdientich( 1 O^ha) Nam 2006
8.380,3 3.425,5 578,4 12.384,2
S6 hpClO*) Nam 2006 11.653,478 1.421,843 1.991,473 15.066,794
Binh quan (ha/ho)
0,72 2,41 0,29 0,S2
TdngdientichClff'ha) Nam 2011
9.053,6 4.414,8 569,4 14.037,8
S6 ll«10>) Nam 2011 11.948,261 1.481,944 1.736,599 15.166,804
Binhquan ha/ho)
0,76 2,98 0,33 0,92 Nguon S6 liiu diiu tra Nong ttidn, nong nghiip va thiiy san2006-2011 TCTK 2012 Danvi10'ha,W'hd.ha/h6
Biing 2: Co cau lao dpng dUOc dao tao trong nganh nong nghiep giai doan 2001 -2014 N a m
2001 2006 2011 2014
Tyle LD dao tao(%) 6,2 8,2 9,0 11,1
Nghe ca ban 2,28 2,97 2,8 3,6
Trung cap tra len%
3,92 5,23 6,2 7,5
Chua dao tao % 93,81 91,84 91,0 88,9
Nguon TCTK 2011, BdLDTBXH2014 B.
* Nang suM lao dong khu vuc nong lam thai/ san (fheo gid cffdinh 2010) nSin 2014 daf 18,7 tniu donglnguai, bang 36,8% binh qudn chung, niii kmh te, chi bang 26,8% ndng suSt lao d^iig cua ngdnh dich vii od 20,2% Irong ngdnh cons nshiip
NG MAI THJY SAN / Sfl 192 / THANG 12/2015
THI TRU(5NG THUY SAN I
xua't, so hd sir dung ngudn vd'n nay dau tu dai han chi chiem 6,4% (VARHS 2014) Khong cd kha nang tich liiy khieh cac ndng hg thieu von tu cd de' dau tu md rdng san xua't, khdng cd kha nang da'u tu dd'i mdi cdng nghg va ap dyng tig'n bg ky thuat trong dieu kien khd tiep can vd'n vay tir ngan hang va eac to chiic tin dyng khac.
Dg dang nhgn tha'y san xuat phan tan, rieng le oia timg hd gia dinh mang tinh phd" big'n trong nong nghigp; su lien ket giiia cac hg trong canh tac va giiia hd ndng dan vdi doanh nghigp che'bie'n va tigu thu san phain cdn ldng leo va rat rdi rgc.
Ket qua dieu tra cnia vien Chien lugc va Chfnh sach phat trieh ndng nghigp (IPSARD) cho tiiay, chi cd 5,2% so" hp ndng dan vdi 6,2% dign ti'ch canh tac tham gia vao cac hgp dong lign ket veifi doanh nghigp. Do lign ket theo kieu "mua diet, bdn doan" va qua nhieu cap trung gian, thucmg lai;
chua hinh thanh dugc chg' tai chia se lgi ich va rui ro nen chat lugng va hieu qua ciia cac lign ket rat thap,thig'u ben viing; tinh trang pha bd lien ket khi cd high dpng ve gia ndng san hoac dieu kien san xuat bat thugn eiign ra thudng xuygn (IPSARD 2014)
Vdi thyc tiang ndng nghiep qua ket qua dieu tia, neu khdng cd giai phap quygt liet de' cai thign; san pham ndng nghigp Vigt Nam vdi chat lupng thap, khdng dam bao su ddng nhat se khd cgnh tranh dugc tren tiu trudng khu vyc va eang de hi tiiua ngay tren san nha.
Trd' ngai va nhirng thach thiPc hoi nhap
Mud'n tim giai phap him ich tiong hgi nhgp qud'c tg^ trudc hgt nganh ndng nghipp phai lam rd dugc nhiing tid ngai va thach thiic tir trong ngi bd cho de'n phia ngoai nganh. Trong bdi canh toan cau va tir thuc tigng dat nudc; thdch thuc vd trd ngai lan nhdi duac ghi nhan la thi' chd qudn ly kinh te'vi mo, bao gdm ca bd may cdng quyen va cdng chiic hogch dinh, thuc thi phap lugt va chinh saeii nha nudc.
PGS Vu Trpng Khai cho rang, bp may cdng quyen va cdng ehiic quan hgu, oia quyen, sach nhieu, tham nhiing veM nhiing thil tyc phien ha dang trigt tigu y chi kheiii nghigp va dau tu phat trieh Clia ea ngudi dan lan doanh nghigp. Theo dng, the che* kinh te' VI md hdi nhap vdi qud'c tg' ddng vai tid kieh tgo phat trien;
la nudc di sau, Vigt Nam cd the hpc tap kinh nghiem thanh cdng hoac that bgi ciia cae qud'c gia di trudc de cd thg' cai to the' chg' nhanh chdng va hieu qua; song cai khd la quygt tam chinh tri trong eai to. Neu bd may cdng quyen va cdng chiie quan lieu, Clia quyen, tham nhiing di cimg the che' phap luat khdng du manh de khac phyc nhirng ban che' trong xu the' hdi nhgp thi Vigt Nam se phai tra gia dat khi cac higp dinh ve' cpng ddng kinh tg'khu vuc(AEC) va TPP cd higu luc (Vu Trpng Khai 2015)
Thdch thiic tic noi ho ngdnh ndng nghiep
Tvr thuc tigng san xuat ndng nghigp cd the' thay, thach thiic
ndi bat la nganh chua co chim lugc sdn phdm quo'c gia phu hap cho timg vitng sinh thdi. Dudng nhu nhiing ndng san chii lye cd khdi lupng san pham ldn deu la kgt qua enja qua tiinh phat trieh ty phat; hgn chg' nay dan de'n d ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long thu nhgp Clia ngudi san xuat ty lg nghich vdi san luong liia gao va XK gao gia tang dong thdi vdi d nhiem moi trudng ngay cang them nang (Vii Trgng Khai 2015) Han cheve nguon luc, dac biet la quy mo hp ndng nghiep nhd, phan tan, san xuat theo kieu "cha truyin con not" theo hgi chiing dam ddng, vdi cdng nghg va ky thugt lgc hgu, dan deh nang suat lao ddng tha'p, chat lugng san phain khdng cao. Cimg vdi hgn chg' nay, thieii to chiic san xuat theo chudi gia tri nganh hang;
khdng ddng bp cimg cdng nghigp chg' bieh dan dgn ndng san hang hda cd gia tri thap va thig'u kha nang cgnh tianh hdi nhap.
Hg luy aia san xuat nhd, phan tan dan de'n hd ndng dan cd thu nhgp tha'p; khdng cd kha nang tich liiy. Thig'u vd'n dau tu md rpng san xuat va ap dung tieh bp cdng nghg da hlnh thanh mdt vdng luan quan, khigh hp tieu ndng khd thoat khdi san xuat nhd . Day la thach thiic mang tam qudc gia, ddi hdi chinh sach hdi nhap phai cd giai phap thao go tir chinh sach vi md trong quy hogch san phain va vimg san xua't, nham to' chiic lgi san xuat theo hudng md rdng cae qua ti'inh lien kdt tir ddng rupng dg'n ban an, hogc tir ddng rudng de'n mgn tau XK.
I T H I TRUCJNG THUY SAN
Ky n a n g lao d g n g t r o n g n g a n h t h a p d a n g la t r d nggi d e tiep thu tig'n bd edng n g h p d a p ling ygu cau n a n g cao chat l u p n g s a n p h a m va n a n g suat lao d p n g tiong cgnh tianh hpi n h a p . N h i e u n a m qua, d a u t u cho n d n g n g h i g p g i a m tha'p, kgt cau hg t a n g n d n g t h d n c h a m p h a t trig'n, q u a n t a m c h u a d i i n g m i i c va thig'u n h i i n g m d h i n h phii h g p tremg v§n d y n g cdng nghg v a o n h i i n g n g a n h h a n g n d n g san cd lgi thg'ngn tiem n a n g sinh thai a i a n h i e u v i m g c h u a d u g c p h a t huy. Thay vl chii trucmg xay d u n g m p t n e n n d n g n g h i e p edng n g h e cao, n g a n h da tgp t r u n g xay d y n g k h u cdng n g h g cao t r o n g p h g m vi h p p n e n k h a n a n g v a n d u n g kdt q u a riit r a edn h g n chC thie'u n h i i n g hinh thai lign ket thieh h g p doi vdi n e n san xuat n d n g nghigp m a dgi bg p h a n la n h i i n g h d san xuat n h d le, p h a n tan.
Cdn tr& vd thdch thUc ngodi ngdnh
Ton tgi va thaeh thiic t r o n g n o n g nghiep lien q u a n true tig'p d e h boat d g n g chi d a o ciia n g a n h ; n h u n g k h d n g tach rdi khdi the chg' kinh te' vi md, chii truemg chig'n l u g c p h a t trien edng nghigp va d o thi hda; can d u g c xem xet d d n g b p tir the che'phat tiien de'n td chiic q u a n ly va hogeh djnh chinh sach cua n h a n u d c .
N g a n h n d n g nghipp k h d cd t h e l i n g p h d vdi thach thiic hpi n h g p khi chie'n l u g c p h a t tiien cdng nghigp va d o thi b u d c n g u d i d a n rdi b d r u g n g d d n g k h d n g the t r d t h a n h lao d g n g cdng nghipp chuygn n g h i e p . D o p h a t tiien
cac khu cdng n g h i e p k h d n g di ciing k h u dan cu hoac k h d n g tao ra ddi sd'ng d d tlu tot hon, d a n den khd thu hiit lao d d n g n d n g n g h i e p , lyc l u g n g lao d g n g don li tren dja ban n d n g thdn khieh tinh trang san xuat n h o , p h a n tan khd cd the khac p h u c .
Phat tnen cdng nghiep \'a do till dan den thu h e p da't canh tac; cdn chinh sach nha nudc lai kJidng tao d u o c ngudn cung cho thi tru'dng dat dai de hinh thanh nhCmg trang trai san xua't n d n g san h a n g hda. Mat khac, h g n die' chuyen ddi dat tiong liia keo dai da can trd viec p h a t trien, m d rdng san xuat n h i i n g cay tidng, vat nudi cd gia tri gia tang cao va cung la lpi thg'dac thii ciia Vigt N a m .
Tir b a n chg've to chiic eua ne'n san xuat n d n g san h a n g h d a q u y m d nhd, p h a n t a n v d i h a n g chye trigu h g gia d i n h ; m d r g n g h p i n h a p budc m o i n g a n h h a n g n o n g
san, dac biet la chan nudi, phai canh t r a n h k h d n g can siic voi san p h a m ciing loai cua nhieu n u d c khac tren thi t r u d n g
Trong trong trgt, san pham n g a n h h a n g m a n g lgi the canii t r a n h n h u liia gao, ca phe, ho tieu, hat dieu, cay rirng... cd co hdi m d rdng thi t r u d n g XK, song n h i i n g hgn che ve che bien, bao q u a n d a n deh chat l u o n g san p h a m giam siit va kha nang canh t r a n h XK k h d n g cao, Doi vdl san p h a m lam thirc an chan n u d i n h u n g d , d g u tucmg va mia d u d n g ; Viet N a m k h d n g cd loi thg'so s a n h ; n e u s a n xuat d e thay t h e ' n h a p kha'u p h a i doi m a t vdi cgnh tianh gay gat v d i san pham - N K se k h d t&i tgi trgn thi trudng,
Ve chan nuoi vd nudi trong thiiy sdn, n h i r n g n h d m nganh san p h a m t h u p e linh v y c nay chiu nhig'u a p lyc tir tieu chuaii g vp sinh cao, an t o a n t h y c p h a m J
I / S 6 192/THAW 12/2015
THI TRL/CJNG THUY SAN I
nghigm ngat va nhirng vu kien chdhg pha gia xay ra thudng xuygn. Ngoai lgi the' thuy san sau nhie'u nam vat lgn vdi kho khan tren thj trudng the' giai de cd kim nggch XK 7,9 ty USD (nam 2014); san pham chan nudi dang phai cgnh tranh khdng can siic vdi mat hang NK ca ve gia ca lan ve sinh va ATTP. Khd khan gay gat oia chan nudi la thie'u con gid'ng dap iing duge yeu cau thj trudng; quy ti'inh va co sd vgt cha't, chudng trai; ehua dam bao tinh be'n viing va vg sinh, ATTP;
mat khac, gia thanh san pha'm edn qua cao, khd tieu thy hogc phai tieu thy dudi gia thanh.
Ddi v&i doanh nghiep vd hd nong ddn. Trong h0i nhap, doanh nghigp va hg ndng dan san xuSt nhd phai cgnh tranh true tie'pvdi cac doanh nghipp nudc ngoai cd tig'm luc tai chinh vdi mang Iudi tieu thy rgng khap tren the'gidi, hp tao dugc lgi thg' cgnh tranh cao. Ddi mgt trude khd khan vdi nang luc canh tranh thS'p, nhig'u kha nang doanh nghipp phai thu hep hogc pha san. Nguy co nay bupc nhieu nganh hang phai chuyg'n sang kinh doanh nhiing san pham khac de cd thg' ton tai va phat trig'n.
Giai phap can quan tam trong tien trinh hoi nh|p
Tir nhung kinh nghipm riit ra sau ngay gia nhgp WTO, dg" hgi nhgp thanh cdng cac nha phan rich cho rang, van de' quan trgng Id xdy dung the che qudn ly vi md.
Theo dd vigc can lam tiudc hgt la ra soat lai hg thd'ng luat phap, chinh sach va thu tuc quan ly;
sua ddi va hoan thign sao cho phil hpp vdi thdng lg, tuong thich vdi luat phap erua nhiing ddi tac cung tham gia hgi nhgp trong cae higp dinh thuong mai.
The' ehg' quan ly can nham vao lanh mgnh hda thj trudng cung ling dau vao va tidu thu san pham da'u ra cho san xuat ndng nghiep, thdng qua cac he thd'ng hgn kgt va chudi gia tij san pham nganh hang; xay dyng ca che, tao ngud'n cung de hinh tiianh thj trudng dat dai thiic day qua trinh tich ty, tgp tnmg rugng dat, tgo thuan lgi md ra nhiing co sd san xuat ndng san hang hda ldn, phil hgp vdi lgi thg' phat tiien cua tirng vimg sinh thai.
Di cimg giai phap thyc hien trong nganh ndng nghipp, chinh sach cdng nghiep va dd thi can cd nhiing dieu chinh nham vao hinh thanh cac khu cong nghiep va djch vy cd kha nang tgo vigc lam; cung cap san pha'm, dich vy dau vao va tieu thy san pham dau ra cho san xuat ndng nghigp. Dgc biet, ciiinh sach dd thi hda can quan tam xay dyng nhiing khu dan cu gan vdi cum san xuat cdng nghiep, erung ca'p dii tien ich va djeh vy cdng nham tao lap cudc sdng tdt han cho eu dan roi dong rupng sang lam cdng nghiep va dich vu, giiip hg tid thanh thi dan. Chi cd vgy mdi hy vpng xda bd tinh tigng san xuat nhd, phan tan Clia hd gia dinh phai bam vao rupng dat d ndng thdn.
Tir nhu cau thi trudng hgi nhgp vdi lgi tiig* ciia timg vimg sinh thai; ndng san hang hda ed gia tii cao va kha nang canh tranh tdt chi cd thg' phat trig'n khi hinh
thanh duge chieh lugc san pha'm qud'c gia. Theo do; viec lap quy hoach va xay dyng co sd ha tang ky thugt phii hgp vdi Igi thg'phat trign san pham se dugc md rdng tren nhiing vimg sinh thai khac nhau, dya tien tiem nang va lgi the'cy the' oia cac nganh hang.
Chigh lugc san pham quo'c gia va quy hogch phat trie'n san pham nganh hang la co sd dg' hinh thanh cac vimg san xuat va td chiic ndng dan san xuat ndng san vdi khdi lugng ldn. Myc tigu nay se tao ddng luc de' hinh thanh thi trudng dat dai, nang cao kha nang ap dung cdng nghg cao, ca gidi hda, tin hpc hda qua trinh san xuat va quan ly trong nhiing ca sd san xuat ndng san hang hda.
Nguon nhan lyc cd ky nang san xuat va trinh dg quan ly la nhan to quygt dinh de' thuc thi eiiinh sach va giai phap thiic day nang cao chat lupng, nang lyc cgnh tianh XK ndng san. Tir nhiing han che ve co cau nguon nhan lyc dugc dao tgo da phan tich d phan 2, can cd chinh sach dau tu dao tao ndng dan chuygn nghiep de'hinh thanh ddi ngii lao dpng cd tiinh dp, gan bd lau dai vdi ddng rudng va xa hdi ndng thdn. Nang eao ehat lugng dao tgo nghe ndng can hudng tdi d&ig bg hda tnnh dp ca vg' van hda, chuygn mdn va dgo diic nghg' nghiep va hinh thanh dupc tigu chi danh gia trinh dp ngudi lao ddng thich iing vdi yeu cau hdi nhgp enia timg nhdm nganh hang.
Trong xu thg' thdi dgi, mud'n nang cao chat lugng san pha'm va nang lyc cgnh tranh ciia
I T H I TRUdNG THUY SAN
n g a n h n d n g n g h i e p p h a i tgo d u g c n e n san x u a t d y a tien cdng n g h e eao; t h u c h i e n s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p h i i u c o v d i n h i i n g g i d n g cay, con cd n g u o n g e n e b a n dja d e tgo san pha'm dgc thil, ed lgi the' cgnh t r a n h t r e n thi t r u d n g t r o n g va n g o a i n u o c . D e Iam d u p c n h i g m v u nay, can cd chieh l u p e d a u t u n g h i e n ciiu p h a t trig'n c d n g n g h g d y a t r e n dgc thil sinh thai va the' m a n h ciia n g u d n n g u y e n ligu t r u y e n t h d n g ea ve' gid'ng, thiic a n chan n u d i , thud'c thii y, thud'c b a o ve t h u c vat, p h a n b d n va cdng n g h e s a u t h u hogch.
D o tiem l y c k i n h tg* ciia d o a n h n g h i e p t r o n g n u d c va h d n o n g d a n cdn n h i e u h g n chg', n h a n u d c can t a n g miic d a u t u n g a n sach n g h i d n cniu trien k h a i c h o n g a n h n d n g n g h i e p . PGS C h u Tie'n Q u a n g cho r a n g , m i i c d a u t u v a o linh v u c n a y can n g a n g b a n g v d i cac n u d c t r o n g k h u v u c , n g h i a la chie'm tii 7 dg'n 8% vd'n da'u t u v a o n g a n h n d n g n g h i p p , d o n g thdi v d i viec t a n g q u y e n t u chii cho cac co s d n g h i e n ciiu trien khai, xa hpi h d a b o a t d ^ n g c h u y e n giao edng n g h e di ciing vdi b a o ve q u y e n s d h i h i tri t u e (Chu Tig'n Q u a n g 2015).
Di c i m g v d i v d i e o chg' va chinh sach d ta'm vi m d ; to ehiic san xuat n d n g n g h i e p d t a m e a sd, t r o n g cac n g a n h h a n g va viing s a n x u a t cd vai trd d a c bigt q u a n tiong. T r o n g d i e u kien san xuat o i a cac h d gia d i n h c d n p h a n tan, x a y d u n g h g p tac xa n d n g n g h i e p t h e o t i n h t h a n L u a t H o p tac xa n a m 2012 se la giai p h a p thiet t h u c d e tgo c a u n d i giiia d o a n h n g h i e p va n d n g d a n t h e o chudi gia tri n g a n h h a n g . D e xay d u n g h g p tae xa dich t h u c cua n d n g d a n , n h a n u d c can h d tip, giiip xay d u n g d p i ngii can b d q u a n ly va k y t h u g t chuyen n g h i p p tiong to' chiic va dieu h a n h d e h g p tac xa tiiuc s u la m g t to chiie k i n h tg', tid t h a n h ddi tigng ciia d o a n h n g h i e p cung ling da'u v a o va tigu t h y s a n p h a m d a u ra, g i u vai tid to chiic chudi gia tii n g a n h h a n g trgn dia b a n san xuat.
Tir h u d n g p h a t t n e n n g a n h h a n g n d n g san k i n h d o a n h k h e p kin tir dd'ng r u g n g de'n b a n an, can cd n h i r n g dcm vi d a m n h a n d u o c vai trd Ianh d a o chuoi gia trj cua t i m g m a t h a n g n d n g san, d u a cac t r a n g trgi h o g c h d n o n g d a n san x u a t t r d t h a n h n h i i n g m a t xich t r o n g c h u d i gia tri nay. Theo dd, viee h i n h t h a n h
va p h a t t n e n he thd'ng doanh n g h i e p c u n g irng d a u \ a o , che bieh va tieu thu san p h a m dau ra ciing vdi d o a n h n g h i e p thue d a t Iau dai cua n d n g d a n de to chiic san x u a t t h e o chudi gia tri, cd the la giai p h a p giai khac p h u c d u g c n h i r n g tdn tgi ve thi t r u o n g , t h u o n g hieu, vd'n san x u a t va a p d u n g cdng nghe tien b d ma tiing hd gia dinh nho lo k h d n g the lam d u p c
Tiiay dto icri ke't Di cimg CO hdi phat trien la n h u n g thach thiic to lejn ddi voi n d n g n g h i e p Viet N a m tiong hen n h a p k h u \arc va toan cau kh;
cpng d d n g kinh te ASEAN, TTP va cac hiep dinh thuemg mai khac cd hieu luc thi hanh. Viec nhan d a n g va chu d o n g iing xu v6i khd k h a n thach thiic dat ra se la each Iam giiip n g a n h cd thg giani thigu a p lyc, p h a t h u y lcri the cua n h u n g san p h a m dac thii de co the phat trien d u o c n h u n g nganh h a n g n d n g san vdi hem nang von cd Tir n h i i n g \'ah d e goi ra, bai
\ i e t hy \'ong d u o c gdp ban ciing cac n h a nghien o i u hoach dinh chinh sach n d n g nghiep mot tiehg ndi t h a m khao./ •
Le T h a n h Y 19b/66S Dirinig Lac Long Qudn, Tny Ho, Ha Nov, Mob 0913393222 Tdi lieu tham khdo
TCTK 2012 - Ket qud dieu tra Ndng thon, ndng nghiep vd thiiy sdn giai doan 2006-2011 - Hn iioi 2012 VARHS (2014) - Ket qud dieu tra tiip can nguon luc cua hg gia dinh nong thdn tai 12 tinh - Hn Npi ilinug 11 IPSARD (2014) - Doi mai vd hodn thien thecMphdt tridn nong nghiip trong dieu kiin kinh te'tlu trudng vd hoi nhap kinh te qud'c te- Hd Noi 2014
Vu Trgng Khdi (2015) Phdt triih ndng nghiep Viit Nam truac thdch thuc hgi hap kinh tequoc tc.
Diin ddn chinh sdch ndng nghiep thuang niin - Hd Ndi ngdy 04 thangll
Chu Tien Quang (2015) - Thdch thiec doi vdi ngdnh ndng nghiip trong hot cdnh bpi nhap kinh tc quoc teva mpt so huang dieu chinh chinh sdch, Diin ddn chinh sdch ndng nghiep thuang nien 2015 - Hd Npi ngii;/ 04 thiiug 11 Titng Ldm (2015) - Ca hpi vd thdch thiec khi Viet Nam gia nhdp TPP. - Nhdn Ddn online 06 thnng 20
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