QUAN THj-QUAN LV
IfNG DUNG CONG NGHE BLOCKCHAIN TRONG HE THONG LOGISTICS DO THI:
TRl/CfNG HOP CUA THANH PHO HA NOI
• TRAN THj HLfdNG - D 6 BA LAM
T 6 M T A T :
Blockchain (chudi khdi), la mot cong nghe tidm nang va eo nhieu ffng dung trong cdc ITnh vffc khic nhau nhff dich vu tai chinh, bdn le, logistics va quan ly ehudi cung ffng. chinh phij dien tu", BJii bdo nghien cffu tong quan ve blockchain va nhffng tiem nang ffng dung cdng nghe n&y vao hoat dOng logistics, qudn IJ chu6i cung ffng ndi ehung va he thd'ng logistics dd thi tai TP. Hit Ndi n6i ri^ng.
TJ^khoa: Blockchain, logistics do thi, he thd'ng van tai hang hda do thi.
I.Gi^thi^u
Trong nhiJng nam gan day, edng nghe chuoi khoi hay blockchain dffdc danh gia lii mgt trong nhifng cong nghe tiem nang, co the tao ra nhffng Ihay ddi dang ke trong hoat dgng ciia cac cdng ty, td chiic, va chinh phu (Merks, Perkov, and Bonin 3020). Mgi so Iffdng ldn edc ffng dung dffa tren cfing ngh$ chudi khd'i da dffde phdl trien trong nhieu linh vffc khde nhau nhu' ehinh phu dien tff. tai chinh, gido due, logistics va quan ly ehudi eung ffng (Xu, Weber, and Staples 2019). Theo mot bao cao
^e 10 cong nghe chien Iffdc nam 2020 ciia cdng ty img ngh? ndi tieng the gidi Gartner, cdng nghe ia\ duHc dff dodn se bung nd mffc do anh hirdng
"Mg 5 n3m tdi (Gartner 2019).
He Ihdng logi.sties do thi 1^ viec cd'i ffu hda hoat Jong cung ffng trong khu vffc dd thi tren ed sd xem
^eicjc \eu tdddc trffng rieng ve tinh hinh giao
•liong, xa hpi, 6 nhidm moi trffdng vii nhu cdu eua
"laeh hang. Mue tieu cua logistics do thi nhdm '^V i^ng lot nhat nhu cau ve dich vu logistics eua i-acchu ihe (chu hang, edng ty cung ca'p dich vu 'ogiMics va khdch hang), ddng thdi td'i thieu hda
chl phi van chuyen va giam mffc do anh hffdng lieu cffe len cdsd ha tang, mdi trffdng va xa hgi; tff dd hu'dng tdi sff phat trien ben vffng tren ea 3 khia canh (kinh te. xa hgi va mdi trffdng). De dat dffdc dieu nay, eac nha nghien cffu va cac ehu the trong he thd'ng logistics dd thi da va dang thff nghiem, trien khai dp dung cdc edng nghe tien tie'n nhat nhff tri tue nhan tao (Artificial Inlelligence- AI), chudi khd'i (Blockchain). dff lieu Idn (BigDala), he thd'ng dinh vi toiln cau (Global Positioning System-GPS), he thd'ng ihdng tin dia ly (Geographic Information Syslem-GIS), he thd'ng giao thdng thdng minh (Intelligent Transport System-ITS), va cae md hlnh td'i ffu hda hoat dgng van chuyen, phan phd'i san pham.
TP. Ha Ndi la trung tam kinh le, ehinh iri xa hdi eua Viet Nam. cung dang gap phai rat nhieu aplffe lien quan de'n va'n de logistics dd thi.Cu the la: (i) tinh trang tac nghen giao thdng, (ii) tinh trang 6 nhiem tieng dn. (Hi) Cinh trang 6 nhiem khdng khi, va (iv) chi phi logistics. Nguyen nhan Clia tinh trang nay do: (i) so Iffdng va^mat do dan sdcao, (ii) lu'dng hang hda luan chuyen ldn do Hii
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TAP CHI CONG TRlTdNfi
Ndi la diem tmng chuyen cho cac nha xua't nhap khau giffa cffa kha'u Hai Phdng \di cae tinh, va (iii) SLTphdt trien bung nd eua ihffdng mai dien tff khien nhu cau giao nhan hang tang len manh me.
Nhffng van de ve logistics dd thj ne'u khdng dffdc giai quye'l se gay thiet hai ldn ve mdt kinh te'cho nhffng chu the kmh doanh tren dia ban thanh phd va cdc tinh lan can. cung nhff giam chat lu'dng cude sd'ng ngffdi dan. va anh hffdng de'n sff phal trien ben vffng chung.
Do vay. nhdm tac gia da dat ra cau hdi nghien effu vc kha nang ffng dung blockchain de gidi quyet nhffng van de cua logistics va quan l\ chudi cung ffng ndi chung va he tiidng logistics dd thi tai Ha Ndi ndi rieng.
2. Phffdng phap nghi&n cffu
Dc tra ldi du'de ciiu hdi nghien cffu da dSl ra.
ehiing toi da thffc hien nghien cffu tdng quan ve blockchain. nhffng ffng dung, quy trinh ffng dung, khao sdl linh hinh ffng dung blockchain vao hoat dgng logisdcs ndi chung va logistics dd thi ndi rieng tai cae nffde U-en the' gidi. Tff dd. phan tich tiem nang ffng dung cdng nghe niiy nhdm nang cao hieu qud cua he thd'ng logistics dd thj tai Ha Ndi.
3. Tong quan ve blockchain
Bloekehain hay ehudi khd'i la mdt cud'n sd ghi dff lieu phi tap trung vdi ffng dung dau tien dffdc phdl trien tren dd la Biteoin (Nakamoto 2008) mdt loai tien ky ihuai so. Cdng nghe nay giiip tao ra nhffng dff lieu (dffdc ghi trong nhffng giao dich) khdng the ihay ddi hay xda dffdc. Giao dich chffa dff lieu phai dffde ehffng thire bdi cdc ben cd tham quyen ha> phan dong da sd' ngffdi tham gia tnfde khi dUdc ghi vao tfong mdt khdi (block). Khd'i la mgt phan ciia ehudi khd'i. Mgi chuoi khd'i hen tuc md rdng ra khi cdc khd'i mdi dffdc lao ra va nd'i
\ao. Cdng nghe chudi khdi ed nhffng dae diem chinh la tinh phan ldn. linh nha't quan. kha nang an danh vii kha nang kiem chffng tinh dung dan cua dff lieu. Cdc he thd'ng chudi khd'i thffdng hoal ddng trong moi irffdng phi tap trung \a tich hdp mgt so' edng nghe cd't ldi nhff hiim bam. chff ky sd' (du'a tren khda khdng dd'i xffng) va cd ehe ddng thuan phiin lan. Cd the coi chudi khdi la mgt cud'n sd nhat ky dien iff ghi lai tat ca cac giao dich (lii hoat dgng irao ddi thdng tin giffa cdc ddi tu'dng) (Garay, KM\I;I-.. and Leonardos 20l.'i. Beck et al. 2016).
Cic giao dich nii> dffdc ddng gdi trong cac khdi.
eae khdi na\ sau dd dffde Men kei \di nhau. dffde
gan nhan tiidi gian (Crosb> el al. 2016) \a dffdc phan phdi. chia se \di cdc mit (node) nhm irong mdt mang ngang hang (Zhao. Fan, and Yan 2016) Do dac diem IffU trff phan tdn, cae giao djch da diTdc ghi tren he tiidng chudi khdi se dffdc xdc minh bdi nhffng mit tiiam gia irong mang ngang hang (Zhao. Fan. and Yan 2016). Thdng qua vi?c sffdung mgt cdche ddng thuan, cae khd'i mdi dffdc them vao chudi khd'i se khdng the thay ddi dffdc nffa (Kraft 2016). Kha niing nay mang lai tinh tin eay cho ede dff lieu dffdc lffu trong h6 thd'ng.
Cong nghe chudi khd'i cd nhieu dac diem quan trgng. phan biet vdi cac cong nghe khde ndi len gan day nhff dff lieu Idn, Internet van vat hay tri tue nhan tao. Ddc tinh quan trgng va phai ke den dau tien cua chudi khdi dd lii tinh chia se vd cong khai.
Dde tinh nay lao ra sff minh bach ctia cde dff li?u lffu trong toan bd he tiidng, bdi vl cac thdng tin dffdc eung cap edng khai giffa nhffng mdy tinh (edc mil).
Cae dff lieu nay rii't khd ed the bi thay ddi bdi mot ben tde nhan thff ba nao khac bdi cac mil trong he thd'ng da luff vii xdc thffc dff lieu dffdc ddng gdi.
Dac diem ehinh tiep theo cua chudi kho'i dd lii linh tin cSy. Do tin cay trong he thd'ng dffdc thiel lap thdng qua hai yeu to'. Thff nha't, ihdng tin ve edc giao djeh dffde chia se va lffu irff tren loan bg edc mil mang (Kraft 2016) va do dd tao ra khd nang phdng chd'ng loi va hau nhff khdng thd bi md't mdl dff lieu mgl khi da Iffu irong chudi khd'i. Thff hai, cdng nghe nay tao ra mgl he ihd'ng hoal dgng hoiin toan tff dgng, do dd giam di dffdc cac ldi x3y ra bdi nguyennhan tff ngffdi van hanh he tho'ng.
4. Tiem n3ng ffng dung blockchain trong logistics va quan ly chu5i cung ii'ng
Nhieu nghi6n effu da chffng minh r^ng, logistics vii quan Iy chudi cung ffng du'de eoi la mdc ITnh vffe rat phii hdp vdi cac ffng dung ciia blockchain (Dobrovmk el al 20)8; Gong and Liao 2019; Kuhn, Jacob, and Schuller 2019;
Twenhoven and Petersen 2019; Merks, Perkov, and Bonin 2020). Trong vong ddi ciia mgt sdn pham, khi nd trai qua cae bffde trong chudi cung ffng (tff san xua't cho den lieu dung), dff lieu dffdc tao ra trong mdi bffdc do ed the du'de ghi lai dffdi dang cac giao dich, tff dd tao ra mot lieh sff vinh vien eho san pham. Cdng nghe blockchain co the gilip tang tinh hieu qua^cho- dj Ghi nhan tffng ddn VI lai san (iff san pham ddn le cho de'n thung ehffa) trong qua trinh nd trai qua cac bffdc trong
234 So 2-Thang 2/2020
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cJHioi cung ffng, (») 'heo ddi cdc ddn dat hang, tHfo lai. hda ddn. tiianh todn va cac loai gia'y td Ihdc va tiii) theo doi cdc tiii san sd' (nhff bao hlnh, chiing nhan. ban quyen, gia'y phep, sd sen, oi \ach) mgt cdch thdng nhS't. Hdn the nffa. vdi bid chat phi tap trung, blockchain cd the giup ling tinh hieu qud trong viec chia se thdng tin ve qui trtnh sdn xua't, van chuyen, bao quan, sff hao mfingia tri cua sdn phim tdi cdc ben lien quan, [nang lai mOt phffdng thffc mdi cho viec hdp tac nong tnOt chudi cung ffng phffc tap. Nhffng van de Ihich thffc irong logistics nhff dd tri trong giao nhan hing, mJCt cdc gia'y td, chffng tff, tai lieu.
ngufin gdc sdn pham khdng rd rang, eiing cde ldi khic trong qud trinh chuyen giao giffa cdc thanh vifin trong chudi hoat dgng logistics... cd the tdi thieu hda, thSm chi Id loai bd bang edch sff dung blockchain. Cdc ldi ich khi lich hdp cdng nghe blockchain vdo logistics vii quan ly chudi eung tfngc6 thd ke den nhff: tang tinh dn dinh, giam thilu cdc ldi va sff cham trd cd the phdt sinh, tdi iliicu h6a chi phi vdn chuydn, nhanh chong xac dinh v5'n de. tdng dp tin tffdng (sff tin tu'dng ciia lAdchhdng v^ cdc dd'i tde), cai thien trong quan ly giao vdn va qudn ly kho. Cdng nghe blockchain cung ca'p sff minh bach irong thdng tin loin di^n vl chudi cung ffng. Tff dd, ta cd the ih^y difdc sff van chuyen cua hang hda ca ve Iih6ng gian va ihdi gian trong sud't cac giai doan di chudi cung ffng eung nhff trong qua trinh va n chuyan. Cdc nha quan tri van tai va logistics ed diftjccdc thdng tin vd dieu kien vat ly cua cac Id hing tai bd't ky mot thdi diem nao (nhff sff sai lech nhi^i dfi) cd thd giiip cho viec ra quye't dinh trong cic hoat diJng logistics dffdc hieu qua hdn. Cdch thtfc kinh doanh nay se dam bao hoan thanh cde nhi^m vu chinh ciia logistics, do la dffa hiing hda dandling ndi, diing thdi diem, vdi so' Iffdng phii hdpva vdl cha't Iffdng nhff d trang thai ban dau.
Logistics dd thi la mdt nhanh eua logistics ndi chung. do vay. nd cung hoan toan co the thu hirtng nhBng ldi ich ke tren khi tich hdp cdng nghe blockchain. Logistics dd thi lii mgt he thdng dara nhiem viee tiep nhan, bao quan, van ehuyen
*"i phan pho'i hang hda didn ra trong edc dd thi.
'••'Jng nhffcdc chien Iffdc nham cai thien tdng the
^ hieu qud cua cdc hoat ddng dd. ddng thdi psm thieu cdc tde ddng tieu effc tdi mdi trffdng, T"nmgth(ii dai nen kinh te sd vcti xu tiie loan cau
hda, thffdng mai dien tff hda va dd thj hda nhff hien nay. cde nhu cau luan chuyen hang hda trong dd thi cung ngay cang dien ra thffdng xuyen hdn. Dffdi day se la mot so nhffng ffng dung cu the ma blockchain cd the thffc hien va ddng gdp vao viec nang cao hieu qua cua logistics, qudn ly chudi eung ffng ndi chung va logistics trong dd thi ndi rieng.
4.1. ung dung trong xdly gid'y td
Hoat dgng logistics ndi rieng va quan ly chudi cung ffng ndi chung difdc hinh thanh tff ra't nhieu eong doan. mdi edng doan deu can cd si/ chuyen giao va phdt sinh hang loai cac loai gia'y id ean dffdc xac nhan. Viec sff dung ede loai giay td nay tieu ton rat nhieu thdi gian. tien bac, nhffng khdng an loan, vl cd the de dang hi mat, danh trdo hodc lam gia. Mdt vi du cu Uie la viec van ehuyen hdng ddng lanh tff Ddng Phi sang Chau Au can cd tem vd sff xdc nhan ciia khoang 30 ngffdi vd cae td chffc phdi rffdng lae vdi nhau hdn 200 Ian (Popper and Lohr 2017). Chi phi cho viec xff ly gia'y td lien quan den thffdng mai ffde tinh tff 15% den 50% chi phi van ehuyen vat ly (Groenfeldt 2017; Popper and Lohr 2017). De giai quyet va'n de nay, IBM vd Maersk da b;il tay vdi nhau va dira ra mgt gidi phdp:
sff dung cdng nghe blockchain nhff mgt phffdng lien loan cau ke't nd'i ehu hang, nha van chuyen va hdi quan. Mdt tiiff nghiem dau lien nam 2017 dil thdnh cdng. Trong thff nghiem nay. mgi tai lieu va xdc nhan deu dffdc dffa len blockchain. cac he thd'ng tiidng tin cu khdng bi tiiay the ma dffdc lang ci/dng qua viec tieh hdp cdng nghe blockchain. Thdng qua eae giao dien tieu chuan. edc dd'i ldc deu dffdc trao quyen de hien tiii da\ dii cdc trang thai eiia cac container. Theo (Alison 2017), Maersk va IBM, ky vgng se sff dung blockchain de xff Iy dien tff cho viec van chuyen loan cdu vdi 10 trieu eontainer (1/7 san Iffdng khai thdc eiia Maersk mdi ndm) vao eud'i nam 2017. Dieu nay giiip giam thieu cac bffde eong viec can lam. giam chi phi cho viec xffjy gia'y td lidn quan den thffdng mai va edn gdp phan giam tiiieu lac ddng len mdi trffdng.
4.2. Truy xud't nguon goc
Truy xua't ngudn gde la edng viee hdt sffc quan irons trong logistics va quan ly ehudi cung ffng.
Mdi^khi cd van de xdy ra. de giai quyet dffdc tan gd'c va'n de. nha qudn tri can truy xuat dffdc thdng tin de biet nguyen nhan gdc rd ciia van de, iff do ed hffdng gidi quyet triel de nhat. Gan day. the
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TArCllCOIICTIIItNe
gidi dang phdl ddi m|i \di sff bCing phdl dich benh tff thffc phara. Khi xay ra nhffng vu viec nhff \ ay.
cdc nha ban le se gap khd khiin trong \iec tim ra cac thanh phan xa'u den tff dau va da dffdc giao den cffa hang nao (Tian 2016). Ne'u khong dung blockchain. cd the mat vai tuan hoae lau hdn de truy xua'l ngudn go'c cua thffc pham (Popper and Lohr 2017). Dieu nay se lam anh hffdng khdng nhd den qud trinh xff ly khung hoang. khdi phue niem tin tff phia ngu'di lieudiing. De laodieu kien theo ddi ngudn gdc eho eac mat hang thu'c pham.
Walmart da hdp tac \di IBM vao nam 2016.
Gid'ng nhff vdi Maersk. Blockchain dffdc sff dung de tdng cffdng tinh minh bach va irong sudi cho he thd'ng cdng nghe thdng tin hien cd giffa Walmart va cde dd'i tac thdng qua mgt cudn sd cai minh bach, theo ddi ehuyen ddng eua ede mat hang thffc pham. Trong mgi so' thff nghiem dau tien, Walmart va IBM da theo ddi ta't ca cdc hoat dgng ngi dia - san xuat thit ldn tff cdc trang trai nhd ciia Trung Qud'e den edc cffa hang Trung Qud'c; va cdc hoat ddng qud'c te' • san xua't eae san pha'm iff My Lalinh den cae cffa hang d Hoa Ky (Popper and Lohr 2017). Trong cdc thff nghiem na\. dff lieu nhff nguon gdc trang trai, sd Id, nha may. dff lieu xff ly. ngay hei han. chi tiet giao hang da dffdc ghi tren Blockchain va ngay lap tffc cd siin cho ta't ca cde thanh vien mang. Vdi sff bung phat dich benh tff Ihffc phd'm. dff Heu nay cho phep Walmart truy tim ngudn gd'c chi trong vai giay. Walmart tin rang, Blockchain cung ed the giam lang phi thffe pha'm neu dff Heu mdi ed sdn ve thdi han sff dung Clia thffe pham du'de sff dung Iam thdng sd' de td'i ffu hda chudi cung ffng (Shaffer 2017).
5. Tiem nang phat tricn cua cong nghd chudi kho'i trong logistics do thj tai Ha Npi
Theo tiidng ke cua Bd Cdng ThUdng. doanh thu ban le thi/dng mai dien iff (T.MDTi cua Viet Nam tang trffdng den ?<0''i trong nam 2018 (lu'dng ffng hdn S ty USD), gap ddi td'c do lang tnrdng eiia nam 2015. Ude tinh. doanh thu bdn le TMDT den nam 2020 se cdn md'c 10 ty USD. \'iei N'am se la mdt trong ede thj trffdng TMDT ldn nha't Ddng Nam .\ Do vay. nhieu doanh nghiep nganh Ban le nhir The gidi di ddng. FPT, Lotte. .Aeoa. dang dinh hffdng day manh phdt irien thffdng mai dien iff Ciing \di dd la viec cac dng idn nganh Thu'dng mai dien tff nhir .Mibaba. Amazon... tham nhap vao \ let Nam da liim thi trffdng logistics sdi ddng
hdn bao gid het Sff phdt trien ve kinh ic cdng vdi sff bung nd cua thffdng mai dien iff nhff da de cdp d tren mang den ra't nhieu ed hdi fung nhff tiidch thffc dd'i vdi he tiidng logisiics dd thi lai Vidt Nam ndi chung va cdc thanh phd ldn nhff Ha Ndi vii Hd Chi Minh ndi rieng. De cd the cai thien chd't Iffdng dich vu Vii hieu qud cua logistics eung nhff ddm bdo muc lieu phdt trien ben vffng, can thiel phdi cd sff dau tff phal trien cd sd ha tang giao thdng ciing vdi ffng dung nhffng cdng nghd hffu ich cda ky nguyen sd'. nhff: Tri tue nhan tao, Blockchain....
Nhffng tiidch thffe ldn ve mat vi md cua logistics ddthi tai eac thdnh plid'd VieiNam ndi chung vd he thdng logistics do thi tai Ha Ngi ndi ridng, nhff:
• Cd sd ha tang van tdi chffa ddp ffng nhu cau.
Theo nghien effu cua (Nguyen and Pham 2017), mat do dffdng phd khu vffc ngi do chl dat 0,74km/km-, trong khi tieu chuan c^n dat Id tff 6,5- 8 km/km-.
• Nhu eau ve djch vu van tdi, logistics da, dang va se tang nhanh (xud't phdt tff thffc te Id Hd Ngi cd 38 khu cdng nghiep va cum cdng nghiep, 198 Idng nghe, 135 sieu thi va 28 trung tam thffdng mai eiing hang tram trung lam ban budn, bdn le cung 7.5 trieu cff dan dang sinh sd'ng (Nguyen and Pham 2017).
• Tmh trang d nhiem mdi trffcfng gia tdng.
• Tinh irang tac nghen giao thdng tie'p dien nhieu nam.
Dudi day la mgt sd giai phdp va tiem nang ffng dung blockchain de hd trd nhffng gidi phdp nay dUdc crien khai hieu qua.
• Crowd logistics
Gidi phdp crowd logistics mdt nen tang khai thae to'i da ngudn Iffe nhan rdi tff cgng ddng ngffdi dan trong dd thi, gdp phan lam giam chi phi van ldi, giam quang dffdng phdi van chuyen tren mdt ddn vi hang hda/doanh thu. cQng nhff thdi gian giao hdng eho cde cdng ty logistics, chu hang va ca ngffdi tieu dung, ddng gdp tieh effc vao sff phat trien ben vffng cda cdc dd thi (Buldeo Rai et al. 2017; Buldeo Rai.
Veriinde, and Maeharis 2018; Dolati Neghabadi, Evrard Samuel, and Espinouse 2019).
Tai TP. Ha Ndi, hien nay da cd mdt sd nen tang crowd logistics nhir Ahamove, Lalamove, Grab, HeyU, shipVN. shipehung, sapo. Tuy nhien.
mdt trong nhffng trd ngai Idn nha't cua giai phap nay la sff chinh xac. an loan va mmh bach cua thong tm giao dich. thff ma can ihidt dd phue vu 236 Sd2-Thang 2/2020
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Aoqud trinh giai quyet nhffng tranh ehap cd the
"u\ ra. Vd cdng ngh? chudi khdi (blockchain) la tdi pMp tdi ffu nhdm truy xua't thdng tin, eung duSdim bdo sff minh bach cua thdng tin eho he [ho'ng aowd logistics nay va xay di/ng niem tin pffs'khach hang vdi ngffdi cung cap djch vu kbdng chny^n.
mHfAongqudn ly van tdi thong minh (ITS) H? thdng van tdi tiidng minh cho phep lap ke ho^ch tac nghiep, dinh tuyen vdi dff lieu dffde cap phit ibeo thdi gian tiiffc de td'i ffu hda ngudn lire ciia cic cong ly logistics cung nhff nen tang crowd loKSiics. De cd nhffng dff li&u cap nhat theo thdi gian thifc ndy, blockchain cung Id mdt trong nhffng giiil phdp hihi ich khi dffdc tich hdp vao he ihd'ng quin Iy van tdi/giao nhdn. Ddng ihdi nd cung dam bio Slf an todn vd bao mat thdng tin cho he thd'ng.
lYuan and Wang 2016; Lei et al. 2017; Singh and Kim 2017)
mU^dongthong minh (Smart contract) Hijp ddng thdng minh da dffdc nghien effu thff nghidm tff khd lau, nhffng tdn tai nhieu va'n de ma Jenkbicdngnghe blockchain xua't hien mdi thifc SI/
iliftfc gidi quye't. Nhd gidi phap hdp ddng thdng nunh ma hoat dgng kinh doanh ndi ehung va hoal tJgng logisiics ndi rieng se giam dang ke dffde ede khiu irung gian, nhffng ngffdi mdi gidi va ben thff ba chtfng thffc hdp ddng, tff dd he thd'ng logistics dd lhi cung gidm dffdc nhu eau ve van chuyen (qua lai gii^ cdc khdu tmng gian) va nhu cau ve kho bai (thod^m giffa cdc khau), lam giam dp lffc len cd sd ha tang do thi vdn da khdng ddp ffng du nhu cau.
liong th6i nang cao tinh minh baeh va hieu qud cua hoai dgng logistics (Wu20l8).
• Tiigiao nhqn hang thong minh Trin the gidi, da cd rat qud'c gia trien khai lu
|iao nhdn hdng thdng minh dffdi eae ten ggi khde nhau nhff smartbox, reception box, parcel locker....
^i*igidi phdp nay sau khi ngffdi mua xdc nhan mua hing vd thanh todn, ngffdi bdn/ngffdi van ehuyen se khfing c^n Ihiet phdi giao hang den tan nha hay cd fluan Clia ngffdi nhan ma ehuyen hang tdi mgt tu gao nhSn hdng tiidng minh da dffdc hai ben ddng ihu|n Iif tnrdc de tiiudn tien nhd't vdi ngffdi nhan.
'"gifiJi bdn/ben giao hang se gffi cho ngffdi nhdn fni! ma de co tiie md tii vd la'y hang hoa minh da mua trong khung tiidi gian tiiuan tien nha't vdi minh l|ai nhien sau mgt khodng tiidi gian nha'l djnh vi du
^ ^5 ngay, ngirdi mua khdng la'y hang, hang se
di/dc van chuyen ve kho/gffi lai ngffdi bdn, de td'i u^
hda viec sffdung cua tii).
Tren thffc te. hinh thffc giao hang tan nha truyen tiidng xay ra ra't nhieu trffdng hdp cdc ddn hang khdng giao dUdc u-ong lan giao dau lien do ngffdi nhan khdng cd nha, khien viec giao hang phdi lap lai nhieu lan, tang quang dffdng, sd Iffdl va chi phi van chuyen. Mgt sd' irffdng hdp, ngffdi mua lffa chgn ehuyen hang de'n ndi lam viec. Tuy nhien, hien nay. mdl sd'cdng ly tren the'gidi da cd nhffng quy dinh han che nhan vien nhan hdng mua online cho ed nhan trong gid lam viec, vi dieu nay anh hi/dng den chat Iffdng lam viec cua cd nhan hg va nhffng ngffdi xung quanh. Do vay, viec giao hdng tai tli giao nhan hang thdng mmh la bien phdp id'i ffu cho nhffng va'n de tren.
d TP. Ha Ngi. nam 2019 Lazada da ihff nghiem gidi phdp nay vdi ten la llogie smartbox.
tuy nhien gidi phdp mdi dffng lai d ihff nghiem, chffa trien khai hang loat. Ly do la gidi phap nay can phai cd dieu kien tien quydt la he thd'ng thanh todn trffc tuyen dffdc ddm bao an loan va sff dung rdng rai. vi khi sff dung he ihd'ng tu nhan hdng thdng minh thi khdng the sff dung hinh thffe thanh todn phd bidn hien nay la ship COD. Blockchain cd the dffdc xem Id cdng nghe hffu ich giiip he thd'ng thanh lodn dam bao dffde an loan va bdo mat, nhd dd ma nhffng gidi phap ve parcel locker hay reception box se cd iiem ndng dffde trien khai rgng rai hdn d Viet Nam (De Marco and Padilla 2018: VNPAY 2020).
u Dong goi thong minh (Smart package) Mdt trong nhffng hoat ddng eua logistics la viec ddng gdi hang hda phue vu qua Irinh giao nhan va van chuyen. Nhffng vat lieu cho viec ddng gdi nay hoan loan ed the dffdc tdi sff dung thdng qua ffng dung blockchain vao truy xua't thdng tin lien quan den vdng ddi cua vat lieu ddng gdi. Cng dung blockchain trong gidi phdp Smart package eua Walmart da dffdc trien khai va cap bdng sang ehd tai M> va dffdc tnen khai bdi chudi sieu thi Carefour cua Phdp (Kouhizadeh and Sarkis 2018). 6 Viet Nam ndi chung va Ha Ndi ndi rieng. Iffdng hang hda giao hang chang cudi cung vd cung ldn. di kem vdi nd ehinh la rdc thai tff he thdng tiiung/ hgp ddng gdi, Neu ffng dung dffde gidl phap nay vd logistics thu hdi hieu qua se siam dffdc dang kd Iffdng rdc thai \a lac ddng len mdi irffdng.
So 2 - Thong 2/2020 237
TAP e i j CONG TlirONG
• Ho trd cdc ca quan chdc ndng trong qudn lv h( thd'ng van tdi do thi
De he thd'ng logistics dd lhi hoat ddng hieu qua va ben vffng. cac cd quan chffc nang cung cd rat nhieu bien phap hanh chinh va k\ vgng nhffng bien phap nay dUdc ihu'c hien nghiem ttic.
Tuy nhien. hien tu'dng gian lan trong qua trinh khai bdo ihdng tin, Ideh luat cdn tdn lai kha pho bien. Trong tru'dng hdp nay. Blockchain cd the dffdc ffng dung de hd trd edng tac khai bao. Iffu irff he thdng ihdng tin mgt caeh bao mat \ a truy xuat thdng lin irung thu'c ve cae loai phffdng tien, thdi gian dang kiem. tieu chua'n khi thai, nhien lieu, nang Iffdng sff dung, thdi gian ra vao khu vffe thanh phd'. vd tde ddng mdi trffdng. Mdt so' qud'c gia tren the' gidi cung dp dung bloekehain cho qud trinh mua ban phat thdi carbon, hay giam sal qud trinh van tai phat thai carbon tha'p (Sabericial.2019).
Kich bdn dng dung cong nghe blockchain Kjch ban minh hga cho viee ffng dung edng
nghe blockchain trong he tiidng van tai dd tiii.
nham ddng gdp \ a o \ ice mdn kh.u thanh eong edc gidi phdp cu tiie tren d.i\ difdc trinh bay trong Hinh minh hga.
Mdt mang chudi khd'i dffdc tiiiet lap. bao gdm sff Iham gia eua cde tiianh \ icn irong he tiidng van tdi hang hda dd tiii: nha eung cap (doanh nghidp, trang Ihu'dng mai dien tff,...). hang van chuyen (Grab, giao hang nhanh. giao hdng liet kiem,...), cffa hdng ban hang (sieu thi, cffa hang, hg kinh doanh....).
Mdl dd'i tde cd the trien khai mgl mit, dd lffu trff m^l bdn sao cua loanbgdffli&u trdn mang Iffdi. Ddidne td'e qud irinh truy va'n thdng tin, mdt sd'cd sd dff iicu quan he ve thanh vien tham gia mang, khdch hdng.
sdn pha'm....cd tiie dffdc xay dffng. Dd giao tiep vdi mang ehudi khd'i, can cd cdc services (dich vu) de thffe hien cac thao ldc dgc vd ghi dff lieu. Mpt sd ede dich vu tiiiet yeu can cd bao gdm: quan ly ngffdi dung, qudn ly khdch hdng, qudn ly ddn hdng, quan ly san pha'ni, hdp ddng thong minh, thanh todn va Ihd'ng ke.
Hinh: Kien triic cho kich ban di xuat Ong dyng blockchain trong hogt dpng logistics
238 So 2 - T h a n g 2/2020
QUAN T R j - D U A N L Y
t Cic chu hdng nhff cffa hang ban le, trang thiRtng mai dien tff cd nhu cau chuyen hang tdi khich hang ghi thdng tin giao dieh len mang chudi khdi, vdi thong tin giao hang, san pha'm difdc giao
\i hinh thffc thu phi. Mpl ma QR code dffdc dinh Jtngdisdn pham, chffa dinh danh duy nha't eua san rham va cac thdng tin ban dau (ngay gid ddng gdi, lin san pham, cffa hang,...).
• NhJ van chuyen khi nhan hang, se quet raa OR code de ghi nhan lai thdi diem nhan hang. Ddn vi vin chuyen cd tiie ket hdp thdng tin vi tri cffa hang va vi tri nhffng ngffdi giao nhan hang de xdc Jinh ngifdi nhdn hdng phii hdp gan nha't.
• Khi san pham dffdc chuyen tdi edc dia diem phan phdi trung gian, kho lffu trff ciing se quet ma QR code de bd sung tiiem thdng tin ve thdi diem nhanciing nhff chuyen hdng di.
I Khdch hdng khi nhdn san pha'm, ed the quet ma QR code dinh khm de cd todn bg thong tin ve nguon gdc, qud trinh van chuyen, phan phd'i san phdm. Cdc thdng tin nay khdng the lam gid dffdc.
Vice Ihanh lodn giffa cffa hang, trang thffdng mai di^n tijf, nha van chuyen se dffdc thifc hien thong
qua cac tiidng tin ntinh bach va khong tiie ehinh sffa da Iffu trff.
6. Ke't luiin
Trong bai bdo nay. chung tdi gidi tiiieu tdng quan ve chudi khd'i, ldi ieh va tiem nang ffng dung cdng nghe ehudi khdi vao lmh vu'c logistics vd quan ly chudi cung ffng ndi chung va he thd'ng logistics do till tai TP. Ha Ndi ndi rieng. Cdng nghe ehudi khd'i cd nhffng ffu diem vffdt trdi so vdi nhieu cdng nghe trffdc dd. ddc biet la tinh minh bach, khdng the chinh sffa dff lieu vd dac tinh phan tdn tff nhien. Nhffng liu diem nay se gdp phan hd trd cae gidi phap nang cao hieu qua vd ti'nh ben vffng Clia he thd'ng logistics dd thi tai TP. Ha Ngi cua ede chii hang, eac cdng ty logistics eung nhff cac cd quan nha nffde. Cdc nghien cffu tu'dng lai cd the thirc hien thff nghiem va ddnh gia hieu qua trong edc hoat ddng thffc te. Nhffng thdeh thffc khi dp dung cdng nghe blockchain nhu'niing lffc cdng nghe, sff Io Id'ng \ e rd ri bi mat kinh doanh, cdeh thffc sff dung, lini trff dff lieu va khung phap ly cho viec ffng dung cdng nghe nay eung la nhffng hirdng can dffdc nep tuc nghien cffu •
Ldi cdm dn:
"l^ghiitt ciht ndy ditac tdi tra hdi TrUdng Dai hgc Bdch khoa HdNQi trong de tdi md so T2018-PC-U I".
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NjavnhSn bai: 14/1/2020
\gz\ phun bi^n danh gia va siira chij'a: 24/1/2020 Ngiiy chtip nh^n d9ng bai: illlHaO
Thdnglin ttic gid:
I.TRANTHI HLfdNG
Vif n Kinh t&'va Quan ly, Trrf&ng Dai hoc Bach Idioa Ha Npi 2.B6BALAM
Vif n C6ng ngh^ thong tin va Truydn thdng, Trrftfng Dai hpc Bach Idioa Ha NOi
APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN IN CITY LOGISTICS SYSTEM:
THE CASE OF HANOI
• TRAN THI HUONG School of Ecohomics a n d Management, Hanoi Universitv of Science and Technology
• DOBALAM
School of Information Technology and Communication, Hanoi University of Science and Technology
ABSTRACT:
Blockchain is a potential technology with many applications in various fields such as financial services, retail, logistics and supply chain management, and e-govemment. This anicle presents lhe overview of blockchain and die potenual of this technology for applying to logistics and supply chain management in general and to the city logistics system of Hanoi in parucular.
Keywords: Blockchain, city logistics, urban freight distribution s\ slem.
So 2 - Thang 2/2020 241
