aaaaa DAUTU-PHATTRIEN
MlTOfl NHOM GIAI PHAP CAN DOT PHA D£ PHAT TRIEN DlTOfNG SAT VIET NAM
KS. VU BlTC THANG I. KHAI QUAT VE PHAT
TRIEN DU'OfNG SAT VIET NAIW
Vi?t Nam la nudc cd dudng sat tu kha sdm. Nam 1825, tuyen dudng sat dau tien xuat hien tai Vuong qudc Anh, 1872 Nhat Ban CO dudng sat, thi nam 1881 Viet Nam da bat dau xay dimg tuyen dudng sat dSu tien tu Cgt cd Thu Ngu Sai Gdn di Ben xe Chg Ldn dai 13km cung vdi tuyen dudng tir chg Ben Thanh Sai Gon di My Tho dai 71km.
Ngay 20/7/1885, chuygn tau dau tien keo bSng dau may hoi nudc khdi hanh tir ga Sai Gon den ga My Tho danh dau ngay chinh thuc chay tSu cua Dudng s4t Viet Nam.
Theo sd lieu cua tac gia bien tap tir thdi lam d Cue CSu duomg, Tong cue Dudng sat, (trong Bang 1, chi tinh theo tuyen chinh) thi trudc nam 1945, mang ludi Dudng sh. Viet Nam CO 2.595km chinh tuySn. Sau nam 1945 da d,a bd 371km, cdn 2.224km dudng cd tir cu, xay dung them 361km mdi. D8n nay tong cgng chieu dai chinh tuyen la 2.585km, vin chi xdp xi sd km da cd trudc nam 1945 (khdng ke cac dudng ga va phu trg tac nghiep khoang 506km).
Ta cd the thay trong 41 nam dau, Ducmg s5t Viet Nam dugc dau tu tang trung binh 63,2km mdi nam.
Ludt Duang sat m&i dugrc Quoc hgi thong qua 16/6/2017 dd ma ra nhimg hdnh iang phdp ly, Ay thudt vd tic duy mdi, tang von ddu tu vd ca che uu dai, t^o ca hpi cho Budng sdt Viet Nam phdt trien xung tdm.
Tin vui lan nira Id 6 thdng ddu 2017, Duong sdt da chgn dung duac dd sut gidm lien tiep trong 4 ndm qua, san lucmg bat ddu tdng tra IqL
Tuy nhien, viec tdng ddu tu cho duang sdt Id dieu Men ddu tien, nhung vdn chua du. Con rdt nhieu tra nggi tit hodn cdnh lich su vd thuc ti cdn thdo ga bang nhieu gidi phdp todn dien vd quyet tdm dot phd. doi hoi su dot mai ciia nhiiu ngdnh: Tic quy hogch, xdy dung, do thi, thuang mgi, cong nghiep, khai ichodng, den duang song, duang bien. hdi quan, van tdi, kinh doanh, cdn dupc chung sue cdi tien dong bo diphuc hoi v; the duang sdt Viet Nam.
trang bi lai. Nhung khd khan hau chidn da lam dudng sat hu hong xuong cap nang ne, phai khoi phuc tam bg roi mdi nam mot tang cudng gia c6, din din thay the mdi. Sau tboi ky ddi mdi, voi sd von dau tu cd ban, nganh dudng s5t da cd g5ng nang cap ha tang co sd, mua sam trang bj toa xe dau may, dua dudng sat dan dan tien len nhu ket qua co dugc ngay nay.
Mdi ngudi dan Viel Nam co 2,7cm dudng sSt, hic la 36,5 ngudi thi cd lm dudng. M6i km^
dat Viet Nam cd 7,83m dudng sit. Til nhien chi tieu s6 met dudng sit tren Ikm^ chua phai la tieu chuin chii yen, vi cd nhiing nudc giau nhung it ngudi, dat dai mSnh mong bang tuyet Ihi chi tieu mds/km^ vin khdng cao. Ta CO the so sanh vdi cac nudc quen wISItoSiISISI"
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Trong chien tranh, dudng sat bi tan pha nang ne hu hong hoan loan, phai khdi phuc gan nhu lam mdi. Toan bp nha ga ciu dudng phai xay dung lai. Toan bg diu may toa xe, thong tm tin hieu, he thdng dieu hanh, co sd cong nghiep va sinh hoat deu phai
msmm
DAuTLf-PHATTRIEN aaaaa thugc nhu Phap: Co 45m dudng
sat/km^ va 0,44mds/ ngudi. Dire CO 114mds/km^ va 0m56ds/
ngudi, Nhat ed 71,9mds/km- va 0,26mds/ngudi. Qua dd cd the hinh dung chieu dai dudng sit Vi?t Nam cdn ngin.
Van de ton tai la chit lugng tieu chuin ha ting ky thuat cdn chua dung cap, sudt hang tram nam vin chu yeu la ducmg don, ban kinh nho, nha ga ngan, toe do thap, tai trpng nhe, boc xep yeu.
Dudng sat Viet Nam con bd ngd thi trudng, chua phat trien dung tidm nang, chua tan dung lgi the de khai thac mang lai lgi ich kinh le cho dat nuoc va tiet kiem cho ngudi dan.
n . N H U ^ G SUY NGAM TU"
QUA TRINH LICH SU"
Nhin lai qua trinh hinh thanh ducmg sat Viet Nam tu Quy hoach diu tien 1898 (ngoai tru nhimg van th chinh tn da khep lai vao qua khu) ta co the nhan thiy nhieu tu duy ve chuyen mon dang suy ngam:
1. Trong tSng do giao thong, dirdmg s i t dirge coi la xinmg s6ng cua nen kinh td, la dgng mach chinh cua huyet mach giao thong
Tir true chinh duong sat xuyen sudt ding bang bac nam, toa ra cac nhanh dudng ngugc len mien son cudc, ndi lien riing nui va biln xa. Tuy Quy hoach cd du tmh ma chua dau tu dugc doan vugt qua Trudng Son tii Mg Gia sang Tha Khet (Lao), hi Quang Ngai sang Krachie (Cao Mien), hi Lgc Ninh sang Thai Lan, nhung ciing kha phu hgp vdi dia du va nhu ciu van tai, cho den
I QA 8 nam 2017
hang tram nam sau van la nen tang dd phat trien.
Do la mgt mang ludi dat diing tim vdc va vi the cua dudng sit trong mang ludi giao thong, tao ra nhidu co hgi tang trudng va lien ket da vimg da phuang tiiirc.
2. Duimg sit di trirdc, chiem vai trd chu dao, lam diem tua cho mang luoi dvong bo, ket hop v^n chuyen hang nang duong xa, vdi hang nhe dwmg gan nhu nhihig mach mau ho trg ti^p noi den mQi nhanh moi mien Dau tu cho dudng sat tdn kem nhieu so vdi cac nganh Idiac, nhung van dugc uu tien de dudng sat but pha di trudc, giii viing vai trd la phuong thiic van tai chu luc, gia thanh v ^ tai re, an toan, mang lai lgi ich cho nen kinh le va xa hpi.
3. Dircnig sat du-gc ndi thong v ^ hf thdng Cang song Cang Biin, cac Khu mo va Khu Cong nghifp de thu hut van chuyen banh khach hang hda Cac cang viln duong nhu Hai Phdng, Da Nang, Sai Gdn va nhd hern nhu B6n Thiiy, Quy Nhon, Phan Thi^t deu co dudng nhanh
re vao cau tau ben cang.
Doan vdng qua 2 canh tam giac Phli Ly - Nam Dinh - Ninh Bmh da md vdng vao ga Nam Dinh noi c6 khu cdng nghiep del va cang Song Dd Che - Nam Dinh chiing td dudng sat luon uu tien ndi ket vdi cac chan hang va nguon khach.
Doan Vinh di Tan Ap - Mu Gia da md de khai thac mien niii va ndi sang Lao den tan Banaphao, chd ngay sang Tha Khet.
Doan Lao Cai - Con Minh, Lang son - Hiiu nghi quan da md ra co hgi giao thuang quoc te. Tii do c6 CO sd de sau nam 1955 to chiic cac doan tau Lien van Qudc te Ha Ngi qua Bic Kinh - Ulanbato - Mascova den Beclanh va Ddng Au chiem m^t thi phan ldn trong rat nhieu nam.
4. Duong sat gan gui voi cuoc sdng ngudi dSn. Tiiyen va ga gan lien voi nhu cau di lai ciia c^c vung mien, di qua cac vimg dan cu dong diic, cdc thanh phd Ion Doan tiu c6 du hang toa chd du loai ngudi tu doanh nhan tri thiic den dan ngheo gdng ganh ban buon chay chg. Doan tau toe hanh nam bic timg dat toe dg cao so voi tau khach ngay nay.
NhiSu doan tiu ket hgp vdi gid giac cac phien chg, dua ddn khach dd timg ga le, hinh thanh nen thuat ngii "tiu chg". Tham chi dau cd chg ddng thi con cd cac ga hoac tram khach nhu Ga dau c i u Long Bien, Ga Chg Thugng v.v... ma nay da bd.
Vi vay thi phan van tai hanh khach mang lai nguon Ihu va lgi nhuanlan.
@i»i@
aaaaa DAuTif-pnATTRieN
Theo cac bac cao nien k8 lai thi thdi xua nguoi dan tdn trgng dudng sat dSn miic kinh ne, khdng cd van nan nem da va xam hai an toan dudng tau, khdng dam lan chiem hanh lang an toan dudng sat hoac tiiy lien tu y vugt ngang dudng tau.
5. Moi thanh phd deu co nha ga khach it trung tSm de khach tifn di Iai
Nha ga tnmg tam dd thi d vi tri bao quat nhat, dep nhat, cd kien tnic tieu bieu, la diem nhan ciia khong gian do thi. Mdi nha ga d6u gin li6n vdi sinh hoat kinh te va van hoa ciia dan eu, la noi chia Iy, xum hop va d§ lai nhieu ky niem ve tudi tre va que huong trong ddi ngudi, la nai tham quan ghi lai dau an trong long du khach khi den tham do thi, nhu phong each cua cac do thi Chiu Au.
6. Nh^ ga va doan t i u da di vao thtf van nghf thuat v ^ nhieu tac pham lang man va hifn thnc de l^i tinh nguxri men ylu dirdng sat, gop phan quang ba thirong hifu uy tin cho du-ong sat Co the nhac lai mgt bai tha cua thi sy T8 Hanh hi nam 1938, ma nhiing ngudi lam "nghS Hda xa"
thuang nhd den ca trong luc vui budn lln uu tu ve dudng sit:
"Toi thdy toi thuang nhUng chiec tdu, Ngdn dai khong du sue di mau, Co chi vuang viu Irong hai mdy, Mdy chiec loa day ngng khd
dau"..
Kho tha ay hi "ndi budn nhan the" cua tac gia la mgt hgc sinh
mmi
18 tuoi, Cli ngay nghi hgc lai thieh den nha ga xem tau va va cugc song san ga, khong ngd cd mgt doan lai cd hieu qua khoi day cam hiing cho nhieu the hf ky su muon dem tri tue lam huyet gdp siic dua Duong sit Viet Nam tien len hien dai.
III. THCH CO MCO - D<?I CHCf BU^6C TIEN M 6 I Do hoanh canh lich sir 6k lai, Dudng sat Viet Nam bi yeu din den miic lae hau, mat can ddi, mat thi phin, mit khach hang than thiet.
Van tai dudng sit chi chiSm ty trgng dudi 2% ddi vdi hang hda noi chung. Dd la mgt lang phi thiet thdi Ion cho dat nudc vi da bo roi mgt phuang thiic van tai nang luc ldn, trgng khdi ldn, chi phi thip va an toan cao.
Tinh trang do lam cho chi phi logistic cua Viet Nam chiem tdi 22% GDP la kha ldn so vdi cdc qudc gia khac, trong do rieng phan chi phi ciia GTVT chi8m tdi 60%. Do la dieu udng tien, xdt Clia, vi chiing ta da phai lang phi qua nhieu %GDP vi khong tan dung the manh cua duang sat de tiSt kiem chi phi cho xa hgi.
Dang buon la van tai hanh khach chi trong nhd vao cac tuydn dudng xa nhu tuydn Bic - Nam thi Iai bi chen ep tranh khach cua cac hang hang khong gia re.
Tham ehi nhieu hanh khach cao cap va chuyen gia noi rang yeu qui dudng sat luon mudn vuc day dudng sat, nhimg vin chgn di may bay, chang miy khi diing tiu hoa tdc hanh. Quanh nam chi trong chd vao ngudn khach
nhan dip ll tdt tang cao, thi lai Iam vao canh mat can doi, hudng nay ddng thi hudng kia lai ving, khien phai ha gia dd khdi phi sire chay khong, chiu 16 dd phuc vii cong ich.
Tir 2011 ddn 2015, kinh phi dau tu cho Dudng sil chi chiSm khoang 3,18% trong ca ciu d k tu cho nganh Giao thdng, trong khi do Duong bg chidm 88,89%.
Con sd nay phai tang Ien it nhSt 12 lan va cdn cd thd tang han nua mdi tao dugc vdn mdi thu hiit dau tu de tao ra Igi nhuan.
Truoc tinh hinh khd khan do, Luat Dudng sit 2017 da mang lai chuyen bien mdi ve tu duy va phap ly, tao quydt tam tai ca cau dau tu va doi mdi Dudng sat, cd tac dgng rat ldn tdi phat trien ciia nganh Dudng sat noi rieng va kinh te xa hgi ndi chung.
Dac biet cd nhimg chinh sach mi lien phan bd Ngan sach Trung uong trong ke hoach diu tu cdng de dam bao phat trien ha tang Dudng sit quoc gia, c6 hin mot chuong ve dudng sit do thi, mot chuang cho dudng sat toe do cao va rat nhieu didu mdi khac.
Nhiing canh cita ldn da rpng md, nhung cdn phai c6 nhung hanh dgng thuc td kip thdi t^o ra budc nhay vgt manh me de dua dudng sit phat tridn diing tim.
IV. M u ' d i NHOM GLU PHAP CAN DQT PHA Y>t PHAT TRIEN DU'OfNG SAT VIET NAM
Nhu ciu vdn cho dudng sit qua ldn, tinh the canh tranh cao cho nen kha nang cung iing von du uu tien nhidu ciing van cd the bi han chd bdi hoan canh thuc te.
DAuTLf-PHATTRIEN aaaaa
Vi v§y, phai c6 mpt hf thdng giai phap dong bg dd ddi mdi toan dien nganh dudng sit eiing cac nganh lien quan, thu hiit su chung tay gop siic cua toan dan dd "giai ciiu Dudng sit Viet Nam".
Xin dd nghi khai quat vd 10 nhdm giai phap chidn Iugc, cd nhiing didu tudng nhu khdng thd Iam ndi, nhung vin phai dot pha de tien tdi nhu sau:
1. Ra soat va chinh su^ lai toan dien Quy hoach Dirdng sat va cac nganh lien quan ddn Dirong sat de xay dung chidn lugc "Chung tay giai cihi Dirdng s i t Viet N a m "
Can cai tao toan dien Dudng sit Viet Nam tu mang ludi ca sd ha tang den dieu hanh kinh doanh theo mo hinh moi va trinh do moi, theo kip trinh do hien dai hoa, tao dugc the diing mdi va tim dugc nhieu khach hang than thiet.
Khong nhiing the, cdn phai ra scat lai toan bg quy hoach cua cac nganh c6 lien quan den dudng sat va cac nganh cd the sir dgng dudng sit. Tu do chinh sira quy hoach eac nganh ay, tir quy hoach tdng the khong gian, Giao thong, xay dung. Do thi, Nong thon, Cong thuang nghiep, Hai quan, Duong bg. Hang khong, Dudng song, Ducmg bidn. Van tai hanh khach va hang hoa, Kho tang ben bai, Cang can ICD, Ga kdl hgp trung tam dan cu thuang m^i cong nghiep... nhim xda bd nhiing ydu td cgc bp thd a chua than thien vdi dudng sit chua khai thac hdt tidm nang dudng sit. Tir do xac dinh vai tro huydt mach chinh va chd dling cho dudng sit tdn tai.
giam chi phi giao thdng cho tung hanh trinh, xda bo lang phi Ihiet hai cho nen kinh te.
Nhiing hau qua cua tu duy quy hoach tli thdi bao cap lam mang ludi dudng sat each xa ngudn van tai, dua "cung" each biet xa
"cau", mat lgi the tham gia thj trudng, giam siit kha nang kinh doanh, dan ddn tinh canh kho khan ngay nay.
Ban quy hoach thdi 1960 da xda bo ga Hang Cd, dua ga chinh Ha Ngi ra Mai Dich. Nam 1978 xda bo ga Sai Gon cii, dua ga mdi ra Binh Trieu cho vo ving ve, eat dirt cang Sai Gdn va san bay voi dudng sat.
Quy hoach thdi bao cap da cd lap dudng sat khdi do thi khien dudng sat xa dan xa nguon hang khien cho 6 to dudng dai phat trien, dan phai tu sim phuang tien ca nhan day dudng la nhung di hai den ngay nay.
Khi doi mdi sang kinh te thi trudng da nhidu lin dieu chinh quy hoach dudng sat nhung vin chua tao dugc luong mydn phli hgp t^n dung the manh cua dudng sat.
Diem doi mdi dang ke la da md ra he thdng dudng sat ngi do. Du an Dudng sat tren cao Yen Vien - Nggc H6i da giii lai dugc ga Ha Ngi tai vj tri cu, cho tau hda dudng dai (Duong sat Qudc gia) chay chung vdi Duong sit ngi do dua khach vao tan ga Ha Ngi cii.
Ga Sai Gdn ciing dugc dua tir Binh Trieu ve nha ga lam d Hoa Hung, nhung hon 40 nam TP. H6 Chi Minh vin chua cd mgt nha ga khach dung tam.
Nhieu ton tai bit cap tir thdi bao cap can dugc khic phuc dd hf thong dudng sit gan voi nguon hang, tang siic thu hiit khach.
Muon lam dugc dieu do con phai cd nhieu cai tien dot pha bing mgt chien Iugc giai ciiu Dudng sat Viet Nam.
Quy hoach dudng sit khong phai chi la vach ra nhung ludng tuydn to dep, quy md hoanh trdng dudng doi kho rgng, ma con phai CO nhiing chien lugc kinh doanh va lien kdt de dudng sat c6 kha nang nang cao lgi nhuan lay dudng de nuoi dudng.
2. Noi kdt dirdng s i t vdi hf thdng giao thong cong cgng do thi va huyen xa, thu hiit hanh khach chon hanh trinh t i u hda Den nay khach di den san ga van cdn cue kho va ton kem vi phai tu chuyen chang, ehuySn tai hanh ly, tim each di ve den dich bang xe 2 banh ca nhan la chinh.
Quy hoach cu dua tren tu duy lang man, pho mac nhu cau di den san ga cho giao thong cdng cdng lien vimg va ngi do, trong khi thuc td 40 nam giao thdng cdng cgng vin yeu kem chua dap img.
Vi vay, dudng sit vin bj han che bdi thieu luong chuyen chd hanh khach tiep can.
Gin day da khdi dgng xay dung dudng sat npi do nhung vin cdn cham chap.
Ha Npi da cd ging di diu trong viec tiep can bang each giii lai ga Ha Ngi lam ga Irung lam ket noi cac tuyen metro va tau hda.
Dudng sit tren cao Ngpc Hoi - Yen Vien da manh dan thiel ke
Diyj^niKg
aaaaa DAU TLT-PHATTRIEN cho dudng sat do Ihi di chung vdi dudng sat quoc gia xuyen qua trung tam do thi vai cac ga dung chung tau quoc gia va tau do thi la Nggc Hoi - Giap Bat - Ha Npi - Gia Lam - YSn Vien.
Do la nguon khach ldn de nudi dudng sat lien tinh bac nam trong tuong lai.
Tuy nhien d TP. Hd Chi Minh thi khong cd ket ndi giiia mang ludi metro va cac ga dudng sat quoc gia. Tuyen metro Ben Thanh - Sudi Tien va 5 tuyen khac deu CO cac ga metro qua xa cac ga dudng sat. Ga Sai Gdn dat tai Hda Hung khong cd tuyen metro di qua ma ciing chang c6 tuyen xe bus chinh vao trudc san ga.
Trong khi dd thi cac do thi nudc ngoai co ben metro ngay canh ke ga, bus va taxi ddn khach ngay hanh Iang trudc sanh nha ga.
Tuong lai, cd dudng tau bda tdc dp cao TP. H6 Chi Minh - Cin Tha thi khach tii trung tam phai di metro Ben Thanh - An L^c mat 10,3km, khe nf xach hanh ly xuong di dudng bg tir An Lac sang ga Tan Kien mit 6 km mdi len dugc tiu, mua ve tidp 140km niia xudng Cin Tho. Thd thi diu tiu hda chay 200kra/gid mit 45 phiit nhung ddi tiu chd xe liing cung mit hang gid niia tdn them tien chuyen tuydn thi ciing kem phan hgp ly. Tau hda toe do cao Ha Npi - Sai Gdn mit 8 gid, nhung chuyen xe chd tau lung cung hi trung tam ra ga Nggc Hoi mat hang gid niia cung khidn cho nhiing ton kem dd tang tdc do giam gid tiu it phin hip dan khach hang.
Neu khong noi kel dudng sat vdi hf thdng giao thong cong cpng va mang ludi nhanh dudng chuyen tiep khach tu ga den huyen xa se mit di mgt lugng khach rat ldn.
3. Xay dung cac hanh trinh lign vSn cho hanh khach di t v nha den nha, giam bdt 6 td chay dirdng dai, giam ket xe dd thi Nhu cau thidt ydu cua hanh khanh la can mgt hanh trinh lien tuc va tiet kiem tii nha den dich.
Tir thdi 1960, Dudng sit Viet Nam da tiing to chiic cac doan tau lien van ehd khach tir Ha Ngi tdi Ham Rong roi len xe d to chuyen tiep vao Vinh trong mpt ve tau chung.
Nay cd the nghien ciiu ban ve trpn gdi hanh trinh eho khach.
Khi xuong ga la cd bdn xe 6 to ddn khach di ngay den cac quan, huyen, xa. CJ thanh pho nen don khach tii ga ve nha qua 6 to trung chuyen va dudng sat do thi.
Cd the tham khao kinh nghiem d Paris. Tir 1991, tdi da cd dip mua nhiing tam ve Ihang co the di suot ngay khong ban che tiing chuyen, len xuong diing lai ga nao cung dugc, tren cac tuydn xe bus, me tro, tau nhanh (RER), va tiu hoa qudc gia (SNCF) trong thanh phd va ngoai 6. Gia ve theo timg viing ddng tam (zone 1 ddn zone 8) tinh tir trung diem Paris. Cac ga cut Clia dudng sit qudc gia SNCF dua khach vao trung tam Paris each KmO chi 3 den 5km. Xudng ga la cd dii me tro, bus, taxi ngay ke ga hoac cita ga. Mot thang loi tra 385F de tuy nghi di b-ong zon 1 den zon 4, se do cac hang metro, RER va SNCF lieu chia nhau nguon thu ay theo thoa uoc.
©iytei
©PSilKl©Thuc trang thieu ndi kdt dong bO dudng sat voi eac phuang thiic giao thong tiep can da lam giam vi the va doanh thu dudng sSt.
Cac lp trinh ndi kdt dd hut khach di tdi cac ga khong dugc quy hoach thuan tifn, khien cho hanh khach chgn di xe ca nhan hosic di d td eho nhanh. Dieu do Iam khach thd o voi tau hoa.
Tham chi hien nay phat triin xk dong ddng xe dtd dudng dai tir huyen xa mien nam ddn huyen xa mien bac, chay song hanh vdi dudng sat hang ngan km, chilm het thi phan dudng sat.
Td chiic cac hanh trinh lien van cho khaeh, la thien chi phyc vu lgi ich cho khach nhung ciing chinh la nuoi duang thi phan chd khach va giam ket xe do thi.
4. Xay dung cac nha ga thanh cac bieu tirgng van hda va Iden true tieu bieu, cac trung tam thiromg mat du lich va dich v\i cua c$ng ddng dSn cir khu v^c Den nay kinh td thi trudng phat trien nhung nhieu nha ga do thi tir ldn den nhd vin chua gan vdi quy hoach thuong mai va du Iich, chua tan dung xay dung cac nha ga thanh dnng tam thuang mai va dich vu sinh hoat do Ihi, de hanh khach mua sam luu tru va nghi ngoi giai tri.
Nhm chung, he thdng ga duong sit hien nay van chua dugc cai tidn 6k. CO site hip dan hanh khach va cac hoat dpng kinh doanh cdn rit md nhat tt-ong an tugng du khach.
Vi vay, can chinh sira quy hoach dan cu va thuang mai du lich, 13y nha ga lam diem nhan, Iam trung
S6 B nam 2017 !
DAuTLp-PHATTRieN aaaaa
tam cho cac boat dgng thi trudng va sinh hoat van hda cua khu vuc. Cac dd thi va khu dan cu cd nha ga nen danh vi tri xung dang cho nha ga trong bd cue khdng gian tdng thd, diu tu kidn hnc moi nha ga mang d | m sac thai dia phuang.
5. Quy hoach lai hf thdng cang dong bien va cai tao day chuyen boc xep lini kho thu tuc bai quan d§ tan dyng kha nang riit hang bing dircnig sat t^i cang
Bo cue mang ludi Duong sat Viel Nam bi co lap, dau cuoi lirag la, mat kha nang noi ket vdi cac cang bien, cang song, mat di ngudn hang rat ldn.
Nam 1978, dudng sit tir ga Sai Gon ra cang Sai Gdn bi xda bo vi cho rang can trd dudng pho, hau qua la hang tir cang ddn vao dudng thanh phd qua dudng bg va xe tai nang gay ket dudng nghiem trgng.
Cac cang song, bien ldn khong CO dudng sat da Iam cho dudng sit tdn thit thi phan hang hda nghiem trgng. Dien hinh la hang loat cang loai Idn nhat nudc tii Tan Cang, Sai Gdn, Nha Be, Hifp Phuac, Thi Vai, Vung Tau, Da N i n g , Vung Ang, Cai Lan... ddu khong dimg dudng sit ma v i n chi c6 dudng bg va xe lai nang.
Nhidu khu cang diu c6 dudng sit chay vao tan cang va kho bai, nhung khach hang van khong hudng ling. Cang Hai Phong CO lugng hang tdi 8,2 trieu tin/
nam nhung tdi 90% dgge van chuydn bing oto, cdn 10% bang duang sit va dudng thuy. Cang
Vat Cach gin do lugng hang 2,3 hieu tin/nam, cd dudng sat nhung cung chi cd 15% lugng hang dung dudng sat.
Tinh hinh thidu dudng sat gay h^u qua u dgng hang hda va ket xe nghiem trgng quanh cac cang, khien chi phi v ^ chuyen tang cao gay ton that cho nen kinh tS.
Didn hinh \k cang Cat Lai (TP HCM) la cang container qudc te Ion nhat Viet Nam, chiem nua thi phin ca nudc va vao TOP25 cang container cd san Iugng Idn nhat the gioi ma van khdng cd dudng sat. Tmh trang ket xe 2017 dang tdi dinh diem tren cac dai lp tiep can, gay ket eung mpt vimg rgng ldn phia dong bac thanh phd. Kd hoach giai ciiu khu vuc cang Cat Lai ton hang chuc ngan ty ddng de xay cac mil giao lap the va md rgng dudng vao cang, ton 5.732 ty xay dung dudng vanh dai tir ciu Phii Hiiu ddn mit giao Binh Thai, 2.955 ty ndi dudng Pham Van Ddng den Gd Dua... Xe container pha hai dudng thanh phd va gay nhieu tai nan nghiem trgng. Chi phi giai toa cang va chong ket xe dgi gia khong ngimg.
Vifc ket noi dudng sat cho cang song, cang bien doi hdi so von rit ldn cai tao ha ting cong nghe bdc xdp cho he thdng cang, can phai quyet tam dau tu dong bg.
6. Chinh stfa quy hoach lai hf thdng cang can ICD cho gan lidn vdi cac ga dirdng sat.
Han chd vifc lap them cac ICD khong ndi vao dirdng sat Tinh trang thieu dudng sat vao cang Iam cho ca hf thdng cang bien Iam vao tinh trang be tac li
dpng nguy ngap, phai tim duong giai cuu bang each xay hang lo^t cac cang can ICD.
Cang can ICD (Inland Container Depot) la mgt bg phan cua kdt ciu ha ting GTVT, la dau mdi td chiic van tai container gan lien vdi cac cang chinh va cd chirc nang la cua khau doi vdi hang hda xudt nhap khau bang dudng bien.
Tiec rang hang loat cang can ICD Idn ra ddi van chi cd dudng bp va xe tai nang, gay qua tai vS luu lugng dudng bg, dem su ket xe ttr cang trai rgng ra cac dudng true va mang ludi dudng bg khap noi.
Phia Bac cd 10 cang can ldn each Hai Phdng trung binh 120km, nhung chi co ICD Lao Cai cd kel noi vdi dudng sat. Tuy nhien hau bet cac container vin di tii Hai Phdng ddn Lao Cai bang 6 to, dudng sit chi chiem 21% thi phin. ICD My Dinh - Ha Ngi va cac ICD khac deu chi dung dudng bg.
Phia Nam, hf thdng cang bien chidm tai 80% hang container ca nudc ciing bi co lap vdi dudng sat. Co hang chuc ICD Idn nhu Sdng Than, Sotrans, Tanamexco, Phudc Long, Transimex, Long Binh, T2n Tao, Trudng Thg, Bien Hda...
ddu dung dudng bg chuyen hang giua Cang bien va ICD.
Su xuat hifn cac ICD cang lam dudng bg khu vgc Ihem qua tai cang thang ket xe.
Tuy nhien da xay dung ICD co lap rdi thi dudng sat rat kho noi theo dd tham gia giai cuu k?t hang ket xe va chia se thi phan.
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cang Iam nhieu cang can xa cac ga thi dudng sit va cang bien cang d l xa nhau, ca hai deu thiet, cudc van tai cang tang cao.
Quy hoach cang can ICD Viet Nam phe duyel 2011 dugc danh gia la khong Ihanh cong, phai Iam Iai. Day la dip de dudng sat t^o bude nhay vgt de nam vai trd xuong song ndi ket cac ICD dang khao khat md ra.
7. Chinh sua lai quy hoach khai thac tai nguyen, tan dung dirfmg sit chuyen chd^ san pham cong nghiep
Dieu dang tiec la cong nghiep khai md va che bien san pham md o Viet Nam con yeu, khidn cho dudng sat mat mdt thi phan quan trpng. Ci cac nudc, dudng sit ndi khu cdng nghiep va viing md cd khdi lugng van lai rit ldn, ngudn thu cao, c6 nhung tuyen m^t dp chay tau lien tidp 5 phiit mgt chuyen.
u Viet Nam co md than ldn nhat lai ebi diing cang bidn ke vinh Ha Long.
Mo apatit Lao Cai thi chua khai thac het kha nang tuydn dudng sat.
Viing md bdxit Bao Lpc thi khong dimg dudng sit, da ve dudng sat Tay Nguyen dai 248km (vdi 52km ciu va 15km him) tir Gia NghTa, Tan Rai xudng Bmh Thuan nhung Iai khong lam.
Van lupng 23,9dieu tin/nam va 0,462trifu khach/nam vin dua vao dudng bp. Nguy co hu hdng dudng bp va QL20 thi ngan sach se phai bao.
Dd la khoang trong cdn bo ngd, cong nghiep khong dua vao dudng sat.
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8. Tan dung khai thac tiem nang du l}ch
Du lich dudng sit hien dang cdn yeu, chua cd cac san pham du lich xiing lam.
Con dudng du Uch va kinh te dudng rung huyen thoai tu Da Lat xudng Phan Rang dai 84km da bi pha dd sau nam 1975, khien ca Da L^t va Dudng sat Viet Nam mat di mgt the manh phat trien.
Dudng sat rang cua Da Lat ndi tieng the gidi leo doc mii cao da mat dau, nhung cac dau may xe lira rang cua thanh ly sat vun lai dugc Thuy Sy mua ve chay tren tuyen du Iich cua hg. Ngudi ta cd the sinh Igi tu nhung eai ma Dudng sat Viet Nam da bo phi.
Ldng ngudi vin luyen tiec va chd mgt ngay kia ducmg sat vugt qua khd khan, khdi phuc va Iam mdi nhieu hanh trinh du lich khap mpi mien dit nudc.
9. Dieu chinh chien lirgc giao thdng vSn tai, sua ddi ludng luyen vain tai dirdng bd va dirdng s i t de k h i c phgc hau qua dau tir lech
Day la cupc "lgi ngugc dong"
cue khd, nhung nhit thidt phai vugt qua.
Do dau hr lech din ddn tinh canh tir 2011 ddn 2015 diu hr cho dudng sat chi cdn 3,18% trong CO cau d i u tu cho nganh GTVT, hong khi dudng bp tai 88,89%.
Su dau tu lech nay dan ddn thj phan dudng sit giam qua sau dSn miic chi con sd Ie, va tinh th6 mat can doi nay da giy tdn thdt nghiem hrpng cho ndn kinh td Viec khae phuc tinh trang nay cang ngay cang khd vi da dEiu tu ldn vao dudng bg, thi cac nha dau tu can don xe hiit h^ng vAo dudng bg de ban ve thu hdi vdn.
Dudng sat dau dugc uu tien rol nhieu tien ciing kho ciinh tranh vi cdn bi khdng che bdi su hien dien cua nhiing san phim ducmg bp da diu tu.
Dudng oto cao tdc Ha Nfi - Lao Cai xong trudc da tao Igi the thu hiit hdt lugng xe dd ban ve hoan von BOT, khien dudng sat mat the. Dudng dtd cao tdc Bac
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DAUTU-PHATTRI£N aaaaa - Nam iam ra eiing cin ddn xe
vao tram ban ve thu hdi vdn, se chiem het thi phin dudng sit.
Hang loat khu edng nghifp kho hang va dan cu da bd tri xa dudng sat tao nen nhidu ludng xe tai nang va cac doan xe tdi tu sam tang vgt. Khong phai trong thdi gian ngin ma cac chu hang bd xe rieng de nhd dudng sat chuyen chd. Tham chi nhidu khu cong nghiep kho tang dan cu kep ngang dudng sat xidt cd hanh lang dudng sat tao nen nhieu dudng ngang nguy hiem va nhieu tai nan tham khdc, khdng dl dang khae phuc.
Tuy nhien vifc sii dung qua miic dudng bg cung d i n den nhieu he luy.
Trudc het Iugng xe oto tang vgt qua miic, xe qua tai pha hdng cau dudng, ton hai nang n6 den kdt ciu va tudi thg dudng bp.
Do la ton that khd thay nhung lai cue 16n, dang le dimg dugc tram nam nhung chi vira bdn ve thu hoi von thi cau dudng tan ta, quy bao tri va phuc hoi dudng bg khdng kham ndi. Tai nan giao thong tang, 6 nhiem moi trudng n^ng, chi phi van tai cao, lang phi Ion, tieu ton qua mire ddn ngudn Iuc qudc gia, anh hudng ddn tang trudng ndn kinh td, se ddn liic nhidu ngudi phai nhan ra va len tidng.
Do do phai tai co c i u d i u tu, td chiic lai hf thdng van lai, didu chinh chidn luge dd khdi ph\ie vj thd eua dudng sit la xuong sdng cua mang ludi giao thdng, dam nhiin van chuydn cg ly xa.
hang nang, lien kdt vdi dudng bg thanh ludng tuydn toi uu, tda ra thanh mach nhanh ve huyfn xa tdi mgi nha, nham muc tieu chi phi thip, an loan cao, giam chi phi logistic, tiet kiem cho xa hpi.
10. Cd bifn phap hifu quS d i giir dat dang co va md* tuydn moi trong tirong lai Van ban duyet quy hoach nao cimg ghi chii trach nhiem dia phuong phai giii dat cho dudng sat trong tuong lai, nhung ddu thanh ly thuyet trudc su Ian chiem va do thi hoa tu phat khong kim dugc.
Dudng sit cd dd ddc nhd, ban kinh lan khd phdng tuydn khi tranh khu dan cu, qua ddng bing day song rach hay vugt deo giiia ddi mii chap chimg hiem trd. Vi cham dau tu, cae dai dat thuan tien cho md tuyen va co sd vat chat tac nghiep dudng sat da bi dung cho muc dich khac. Nhung trien song khe niii thuan tifn da bi dudng 6 to eao tdc di trudc chidm mit.
Didn hinh nhu vi tri tuyen tot nhit cho dudng sit Ha Npi - Lao Cai du tinh se theo hiiu ngan song Hdng thi da bi dudng cao tdc Ha Npi - Lao Cai sii dung.
Tuyen dudng sat tdc dp cao Ha Ngi - Sai Gon lam sau dudng 6t6 se bupe phai di vao nhiing chd dia hinh bit lgi, khd xay dung, tang chi phi cong trinh va dai them cu Iy van chuydn.
Tham chi ca nhiing tuyen quy hoaeh dat dai danh eho dudng
sat, qua nhieu nam bd trong da bi chuyen chii, do thi hda tu phat lan chiem. Hanh lang dudng sat dang chay ciing hi lin chiem kho nang cap md rpng. Ngay d TR Ho Chi Minh, dit dai danh cho quy hoach dudng sit phan Idn da bi xay cat thanh nha d.
Ga khach ldn da ve tai Binh Trieu cung trd thanh khu pho dong diic khong co khd nang giai tda.
Viec giii dat cho dudng sat phai dugc quan tam trudc bet, tham chi cdn phai di trudc sdm hon tim nguon von.
Nhin Iai lich sii va qua trinh phat trien ta thiy Dudng sat Vift Nam da trai qua mot thdi ky qua dai hut von, suy yeu, co lap, mat ndi ket, mat can doi va mlt vi the.
Vi the, nguon von diu tu de hien dai hda dudng sit phai hdt sue ldn de bu lai thdi ky diu tu lech.
Nhung CO von diu tu va uu dai rdi, mudn "giai ciiu Dudng sat Viet Nam" con cin phai tao ra dugc "budc nhiy vpt ldn", vugt qua dugc "ngudng toi thieu" d6
"vdn mdi ggi them von Idn, tiSn trudc de ra tien sau".
Su phat trien phdn vinh cua dat nudc dat ra yeu cau phai giai cim dudng sat vdi su chung siic cua toan dan. Hy vgng ring nganh Dudng sit Viet Nam se chu dpng td chiic nhieu cupc hgi thao, tao CO hgi &h cong chiing gdp nhidu sang kidn thao go khd khan dd tao ra nhiing budc nhay vgt mai cho Dudng sit Viet Nam •
