KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY NGANH MO
CNM
DAO TAO CAC KY SirCHUY^N NGANH NO - MOT H i r ^ O CHIEN LtfOC NANG CAO HIEU QUA
• • •
KHAI THAC LO THIEN 6 VIET NAM
KS. NGUVeN AN PHLTONG Cong ty Cong nghiep Mo Viet Bac-TKV
T
rong nhirng nam cudi t h i ky XX, trong nganh md nudc ta, sy xult hien mdt each kha rim rd cac y kiin v i nhung uu diim cua cdng nghe khdng nd (dung may xdi, may xuc cd giu tich eye...), nhung nhan djnh v i phuang hudng phat triin cdng nghe khai thac md Id thien nudc ta khi budc sang t h i ky XXI da lam cho nhiiu ngudi cd cam giac ring, cdng tac nd tren cac md Id thien slp kit thuc su menh cua minh! Nhung thye t i cho thiy nd min vln giCr vai trd chu dao trong viec lam tai da cCrng tren md Id thien hien nay cung nhu thdi gian tdi.Cho din nay, tir Ijch su' va thye trang cua nganh md t h i gidi va nudc ta, cd t h i thiy hai xu hudng Idn trong viec hoan thien cdng tac nd min tren cac md Id thien. Od la:
• Hoan thien vat lieu nd (chit nd va phuang tien nd);
• Hoan thien cdng nghe nd (vi phuang phap no, v i sa dd khdi nd, clu true lupng thude, v i phan bd hpp ly eac lupng thude trong khdng gian va khdi nd theo thdi gian... ma cho din nay, ngudi ta da biit din tren 50 phuang phap khac nhau).
Chung tdi eho ring, doi vdi nude ta, xu hudng thu hai la xu hudng eln dupe quan tam nhiiu han, vi nd cd kha nang mang lai nhung hieu qua rd ret va phu hop han vdi cac diiu kien cua nin cdng nghiep nudc ta ndi chung. Nd lien quan din van d i trinh dp chuyen mdn eua can bd ky thuat. Thye tiin cho thiy rd mdt s i vu nd cd ket qua khdng tdt la do trinh dp chuyen mdn cua ngudi thiit k i vu nd kem nhU nhan xet eCia Tien sT CJ. Konya ddi vdi mdt sd md Id thien nude ngoai,
"mac du da ed eae phUdng tien hien dai, nhung rat nhieu vu nd trong thye te cd the vln khdng bao gid dat tdi cac kit qua tdt nha't, trii khi ed mpt ban thiet ke phu hpp". Do vay van de dat ra la de nang eao hieu qua edng tac nd min tren mo Id thien trudc hit d n nang cao chat lupng cdng tae thiet ke, lap hp chie'u khoan no'.
Cd t h i lly vi du tCr Lien bang Nga trong he thing dao tao cac ky su md (KSM) d day gdm eae nganh: (1) Cdng nghe khai thac md ham Id; (2) Cdng nghe khai
thac md Id thien; (3) Xay dyng cdng trinh nglm va md;
(4) Tuyin khoang; (5) May va Thiet bj md; (6) Cung clp dien; (7) Trie dja md; (8) Cac qua trinh vat ly trong san xult md; (9) Cdng tac nd min; (10) Bao ve mdi trudng chuyen nganh md; (11) An toan cho cac qua trinh cdng nghe va san xult md.
Cac ky su da tdt nghiep eac chuyen nganh N° 1; 2;
3 va N°4 se dupc xem la ndng cdt cua Nghiep doan KSM tai nude nay. Cae ky su thudc cac chuyen nganh N° 5; 6 va N°7 dupc xem la hoat dpng cho cae qua trinh phu trp.
Ngay tu nam 1962, trong cdng tac dao tao dai hpc cho nganh md, tai day, ngudi ta da md them mdt hudng dao tao mdi, nhlm dao tao chuyen sau cac KSM vao cac ITnh vyc: Pha vd da md; Oja ca hpc; Khi ddng hpc md quang; Thuy ddng hpc md quang; Hda- ly md quang.... (tuc la vao pham vi cac khoa hpc ca ban v i md). Hien nay, hudng dao tao chuyen sau nay dupe quy v i 3 chuyen nganh N° 8; 9 va N 10.
Tir nam 1999, ngudi ta md them mdt chuyen nganh dao tao KSM mdi nua la chuyen nganh N 11;
nhlm dao tao cac can bd nganh md cd nhu'ng kiin thCre chuyen sau trong ITnh vyc bao dam an toan cac he thing cdng nghe md.
Nhu vay, trong eac xf nghiep md, ben canh eac ky su chuyen nganh edng nghe khai thac cdn ed eae ky su chuyen nganh nd min va cac ky sU thude eac chuyen nganh khae. Cae ky sU chuyen nganh nd min dupe dao tao trong thdi gian 5 nam.
v i nhung diim manh, thuan Ipi cua cdng tac nd tren cac md Id thien nudc ta hien nay, cd t h i k i din miy diim sau day:
•> Dpi ngu cdng nhan khoan-no ddng dao, ed kinh nghiem nhieu nam v i thi cdng eae edng trinh nd;
• Dpi ngu ky su chuyen nganh edng nghe khai thac ddng dao, nam dupc cae van de cd ban eua edng tae no;
• Cd md'i quan he tmyin thd'ng vdi cac to/dng dai hpc md eCia LB Nga va mpt sd nudc khae.
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2009
CNM
KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LV N G A N H M 6 Cdng tae nghien cuu nhiiu nam cua chung tdi ehothiy, nhung tai lieu td't nha't ve cdng tac nd min tren md Id thien eua the gidi, dang ed mat tai cac thu' vien Idn nha't cua nude ta la cae tai lieu dupe viet bang tie'ng Nga. Mac du, sau khi LB Xd Viet tan ra, tinh hinh nhap khau sach bao vdi LB Nga cd nhirng thay ddi; nhung mdt sd tap ehi quan trpng vln dupe duy tri deu dan tai mdt vai thu vien. Day la nguon tai lieu tham khae quy gia eho nhung ngudi hoat ddng trong ITnh vyc nay.
v i nhyng khd khan cho viec nang hieu qua cdng tac nd tren cac md Id thien, cd t h i neu ra cac van de d n suy nghT nhu sau:
• Dudng nhu nganh khai thac Id thien nudc ta ehua ed nhan thye dly dii ve vai trd thye sy eua cdng tae nd va tfnh eln thie't eua viec dieu khien ehu ddng cac vu nd?
Trong thye te, ehi phf khoan-nd ed the chiem (25-40) % gia thanh san xuat eCia md; nhung vai trd cua khau cdng nghe nay dudng nhu van ehua dupe danh gia dung myc. Nhan thye khdng day du nhu vay dd tao ra mdt tap quan lau nay la eae ky su chuyen nganh edng nghe khai thac, vdi khd'i lupng kien thye ve cdng tae nd cua 40-60 tiet hpc, se phai dam nhiem ludn viec thie't ke va ehi huy cdng tae nd min tai cac md Id thien eua ehung ta. Thye ra do ehi la nhung khd'i lupng kien thye khai quat nhat eua eac chuyen nganh ed lien quan, ben canh khdi kie'n thye chu y i u eCia hp la edng nghe khai thac.
Do vay, mac cac ky su chuyen nganh cdng nghe khai thac chac chan ehua the la nhung cdng nghe gia thye sy v i cdng tae nd min.
Tinh hinh tren, mot each vd hinh, bay lau da triet tieu
"thj trudng" cua cdng tac dao tao cac ky sU chuyen nganh no min tai cac cd sd dao tao dai hpc cua nude ta.
Thye ra, chinh eae giam dd'c md eln phai la 'ngudi dat hang" diu tien cho eae ed sd dao tao ve va'n de nay;
tyc la hp phai la nhUng ngudi yeu d u eae ed sd dao tao, eung d p cae ky su cd hieu biet chuyen sau ve no' cung tuang ty nhu ve eae ITnh vyc khae.
Trong khi tinh hinh trong nudc v i dao tao can bd cho cdng tac no' min tren md Id thien nhu vay thi, theo tim hieu cua ehung tdi, da rat lau rdi, cdng nghiep md cua nudc ta khdng cdn dupe ddn nhan nhung ky sU dupe dao tao theo eac chuyen nganh "Pha vd da mc"
hoac "Cdng tae nd" ty nudc ngoai ve. Ngoai mpt vai ky su dupe dac tao theo cae chuyen nganh dd dudi thdi Lien Xd ma sau khi v i nudc vao dau nhiJmg nam 1970, phai lam nhung edng viee xa vdi chuyen mdn duppdao tao va nay da eao tud'i, nghi huu thi hinh nhu khdng cdn ai dUdc dao tao chuyen sau v i nd min dang cdn trong dp tudi cdng tac hoac dang thye sy lam viec cho nganh md nira (ke d cac giang vien phu trach cac bai giang ve chuyen nganh no)! Phai chang nguyen nhan chCi
y i u cCia tinh trang nay xuat phat ty nhiJmg nhan thye chua day dCi cCia cdng nghiep md nude ta?
• Dudng nhu cac ca sd dao tao trong nudc dang thie'u nhirng chuyen gia va giao trinh du dap Crng yeu c l u cho viec dao tao ra nhu'ng ky sU thye thu v i edng tac nd?
So vdi nudc ngoai, tinh trang lae hau, kem hieu qua eua edng tac no' min tren cae mo Id thien nudc ta the hien rat rd d cdng nghe hien tai cua nd. Try mpt vai tien bd nhd thi ve phUdng phap nd, ca'u true eac lupng thud'c, sd dd no', phUdng phap thiet ke...
trinh dp cac cdng trinh no' tai eae md Id thien nudc ta van b miic eua gan nCra ke k^y" trUde.
Tai eae cd sd dao tao, cdn thie'u nhung chuyen gia va giao trinh dCi dap yng yeu d u cho viec dao tao ra nhirng ky su thye thu v i cdng tae nd min.
Chinh dieu nay eung phin nao can trd viee nhan thye d l y dCi tfnh d n thiet eua viee phai tc chye lai tan gd'c qua trinh dao tao cac chuyen gia gidi cho edng tae nd min - mpt cdng tae rat quan trpng eCia h l u h i t cac mo Id thien nude ta.
can cy vao ehUdng trinh dad tao va thye te, cd the nhan tha'y, mdt bp phan dang ke can bd chuyen mdn ky thuat hien tai deu cd nhung hieu biet tUdng dd'i y i u v i cac qua trinh vat ly xay ra trong khdi dat da khi no, ve viee dieu khien trang thai cua chung.... Do vay, viee 'lam ehu' cac vu nd va viec danh gia, diiu ehinh chat lupng cua chung chi ed tfnh chat be ngoai, thieu nhUng can cii khoa hpc xac dang. Chung tdi eho rang, viee gidi thieu don thuan cac giai phap mang tfnh cdng nghe eao eung se khdng the giai quyet dupe nhieu van d i ton tai bay lau nay, vdi mdt trinh dp hpc van khdng day du eCia eac can bd ky thuat. Chd rien, lpc hau, hieu qua thip, d i n d i n giam kha nang canh tranh; gay khd khan nghiem trpng khi triin khai ap dung cac he thing khai thac tien tiin... cd t h i se la nhirng he qua eua tinh trang neu tren.
Vay, dau la ea hdi cho viee eai thien tinh hinh va chung ta eln lam gi trude mit?
Trong nhung nam sap tdi, nhu d u v i edng tac khoan-nd trong nganh md nudc ta se ngay cang tang, do sd lupng va san lupng eae mo ngay eang Idn; nhiiu yeu d u mdi ddi vdi khau edng nghe nay se xult hien; sy giao luu v i khoa hpc edng nghe tren binh dien qudc t i ngay cang tang... ChCing tdi eho ring, d l y chinh la nhung ca hpi eho viee thay dd'i nhung nhan thye khdng day dCi neu tren. Theo ehung tdi, nhung viec eln lam eu t h i nhu sau:
•:• Dao tao lai hoac thudng xuyen tap huan, to' chye hpi nghj chuyen d i cho nhung can bd lam edng tac thiet ke va chi huy cdng tac no'.
(Xem tiep trang 42)
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 • 2009
CNM
KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY N G A N H M 6 cao Khoa hpc Hdi nghj KHKT Md toan qud'c lan thyXVII, tr. 123-128, Hpi Khoa hpe va Cdng nghe Mo Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
2. Ooan Sinh Huy, 1991. Than bun mien Trung Viet nam. Tap san Khoa hpe va Cdng nghe, sd 4, tr. 8-10. Phan Vien Khoa hpe Viet Nam tai TP Ho ChiMinh.
3. Tran Anh ThU, 1997. Anh hudng eua heat dpng khai thac khoang san d i n mdi trudng b tinh An Giang. Tap ehi Kinh te Dia chat va Nguyen lieu khcang, sd 5-6, tr. 45-48. Cue Oja chat va Khoang san Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
4. t r i n Manh Trf, 1991. Nen nghien cyu sCf dung than bun d Viet Nam theo hudng nao?. Tap san Khoa hpe va Cdng nghe, se 4, tr. 31-32. Phan Vien Khoa hpc Viet Nam tai TP Ho Chi Minh.
5. Vd Dinh Ngp, Nguyin Sieu Nhan, Ooan Sinh Huy, 1991. Than bun vung Ty giae Long Xuyen, thudc tinh Kien Giang. Tap san Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe, sd 4, tr. 18-26, Phan Vien Khoa hpc Viet Nam tai TP. Ho Chi Minh
6. boan Sinh Huy, Nguyen Sieu Nhan, 1991.
Some characteristics of peat resources in South Vietnam. Proceedings, Volume 2. The second Conference on geology of Indochina, p. 319-335, Geological Survey of Vietnam, Hanoi.
Ngudi bien tap: Hd Sy Giao
*;ES5Bf»L*l»SBBBB!SSSf
SUMMARY
ire 1990's, peat usually exploited and
•as fuel, but in recent years, it has been Jicatedi for producing fertilizers. Though Sexploitation is in,sfTiall scale, but in some
tions by lack of scheme, it was happened insequenCG to environment,
jssary is applicated by ^ many
^s for reducing environment pollution,
„ s : application qf exploiting method as tup a T n a t ; leaving about some tens
?ters of peat iri;i bottom layer; dipping
|als in surrounding area to protect the Merest zones; exploitation need follow Ind.- needing to avoid for casually, ,.,/Exploiting3ituation;t {;:' ;!^
ioiting :0f coastal peat has important lie-social significance. However, it
^;|antvvatch for having measures of
^ ' ' " ' ' * * " ; ; bad 'influencesfor an lent,"
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DAO TAO CAC KY Sir...
(Tiep theo trang 44)
• CCr mdt sd trong sd cac sinh vien Uu tu nha't di dao tao chuyen nganh pha vd dat 6a tai Lien bang Nga va eac nudc khac.
• Tang cudng trao dd'i thdng tin khoa hpc-ky thuat vdi nudc ngoai. Cac thu vien Idn nhu Thu vien Qud'c gia, Thu vien KHKT Trung u'dng, Thu vien eua Oai hpe Md-Dja chat va eac vien nghien cyu eua nganh mo... quan tam hdn den danh mue eae tai lieu ve edng tac no min khi xay dyng ke hoach trao doi, nhap khau sach bao hang nam.
• Xuc tiin thanh lap ca sd dao tao ky su chuyen nganh cho cdng tac pha vd d i t da.
Tdm lai, nhu mdt hudng chiin lupc nang cao hieu cdng tac nd tren eac md Id thien nude ta, ehung tdi cho ring can khin truang dao tao cae ky su gidi_ cho edng tac thiit k i va chi huy cae edng trinh nd.
SCr dung tai lyc vao viec dao tao cae chuyen gia v i nd, can bp ehi huy edng tae nd cd trinh dp eao cd the se thu dupe nhung hieu qua cao hdn la mua cac phu'dng tien hien dai ma chung lai khdng dupc
SLf dung hdp ly, nhlm ed dupc nhung tac ddng nhanh chdng va thye sy trong viec nang cao hieu qua cdng tac nd min tren cae md Id thien nUdc ta.
Oau tu cho khoa hpc va cdng nghe la dau tU cho phat trien. Do vay, eln khan trUdng xay dyng eae diiu kien can thiet de cd the dae tad chuyen sau cac ky su ve no' min tren md Id thien, ed thdi gian dao tao tUOng dUdng vdi eac chuyen nganh cdng nghe khai thac, tuyen khcang, may va thiet bj mo...
de dan khac phuc tinh trang 'kiem nhiem' khdng dung myc eln thie't nhuda trinh bay.O
Ngudi bien tap: Hd Sy Giao
«Hd sia ..jrikiJli'iasS
»f;"MI«'|«
;the state of blasting pnTthe open pit mining in Vietnam.
|5 oh that, the paper's' author shows bmpt education for blasting profession 'ers is one direction from strategy to fe this efficiency for our country.
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 6 - 2009
