VI PHAM HdP DONG TRUdC THdl HAN THl/C HIEN NGHTA VU THEO CONG irdc VIEN NAM 1980 - KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM
I Tl Huy Hoang' Tdm tdt: Cong uae Vien ndm ! 9S ii ve hgp dong mua bdn hung hoa quoc te (CISC) bdi ddu cd hi^u life lgi' H'/ Nam tir OI/OJ/2017 Vi^c dp dyng CISC cd tdc dgng tich cgv tdi vifc hodn thien phdp lugt (li't Sam trong ITnh v(/r mua bdn hdng hoa. Thong qua vi^c nghien ciru. phdn tich cdc quy dinh cua CISC vi vdn de viphgm hgp dong truac thdi hgn thirc hien nghia vu igtn nil la viphgm hgp ddng truac thai hgn). bai viet chi ra nhirng bdt cap trong quy dinh ciia phdp ludl I 'ii;t \am hi^n hdnh vd dinh hudng khdc phgc nhirng bdt cgp do.
Tir khda: Cong udc Vien ndm 1980. huy bo h(rp ddng. Igm ngimg thi^ hi^n hgp dong. vi phgm hgp dong trirdc thai hgn.
Nhgn bdi: JO/05/2020: Hodn thanh bien tgp: 05/06.2020. Duyet ddng: 12/06/2020.
Abstract: The 1980 Vienna Convention on Contracts /or the International Sate of Goods (C/SG) entered into force in Vietnam on January /" 2017. The application of CISC has a positive impact on the improvement of Vietnamese law in the field of goods trading. Through researching and analyzing CISC s regulations on contract breach prior to the time of performance of obligations (referred lo as Anticipatory Breach), the research points out the inadequacies in the regulations, ofthe current law of Vietnam and the orientation to overcome such inadequacies.
Keywords: The 1980 Vienna Convention. Cancellation of Contract. Pause Contract.
Anticipatory Breach.
Date of receipt: 10/05/3020. Dale of revision 05^06/2020. Date of Approval: 12/06/2020.
1. Khdi quat chung ve vi pham hgp dong theo hudng liet ke. iheo do" "Viphgm hgp ddng la Irirdx thdi han vi^c mgt ben khong ihi^ hi^n. thi^rc hi^n khrJng day
Trong khoa hpc phap ly. ly tiiu\LM ve vi du hogc lh\tc hi^n khong diing nghJa vg theo thod phjim hgp dong d3 xuat hi?n tir lau trong cac h? ihugn giira cdc ben hogc theo quy dfnh cua Lugt thong phdp lu^ttren the gidi. Thudl ngiJ vi pham nay". Bg lu^t dan su (BLDS) ndm 2015 khong hgp dong dugc sir dyng trong quy djnh phap luat
ciJa nhieu quoc gia, nhung phap lugt cac quoc gia l^i khong neu djnh nghTa ve vi phgm hgp (Jong, ma theo hudng ii?t ke cac dgng vi pham hgp dong. Vi dy. Bg lugt dan sy Phdp coi chgm ihyc hi^n nghTa vy hgp dong va khong thyc hi?n nghTa vy hgp dong la vi ph^m hgp dong. Bp luat dan sy (sua doi) ndm 2002 ciia Due quy djnh vi ph^m nghTa vy hgp dong la vi pham dudi hinh thiic "ch^m thyc hi?n nghTa \ u" va "khong the thyc hi?n dugc nghTa vy" hay "'khong co khd nftng thyc hi?n nghta vu" Dieu 107 Luat hgp dong Trung Quoc ndm 1999 quy djnh: "Xeu mgt ben khong thuc hi('n nghla vu theo h^rp dong ho^c thuc hien khong phii hgp thi phdi chiu trdch nhi^m do vi phgm hgp dong ".
Trong phdp luat Vi?t Nam. Luat thuong mai nSm 2005 co quy djnh djnh nghia ve vi phgm hgp dong. nhung djnh nghTa ndy cung dugc xay dyng
djnh nghTa Ihe nao la vi phgm hgp dong. Tuy nhien, Khoan 1 Dieu 351 BLDS ndm 2015 c6 quy djnh ve "trdch nhi?m dansydovipham nghTa vy", theo do vi ph^m nghia vy la vj?c mQt ben co nghTa vy khong thyc hien nghTa vu dung thdi hgn, thyc hien khong d:i> du nghTa vy hoac thyc hi^n khong dung npi dung cua nghTa vy. Nhin chung, each hieu ve vi pham hgp dong ciia phap luat Vi?t Nam vd nhieu quoc gia la mcmg dong, theo do vi pham hgp dong la viec khong thyc hi^n. thyc hien khong day dii hoac thyc hien khong dung nghTa vu ma cac ben da thoa thuan uong hgp dong.
Tuy nhien. mgt van de dugc d5l ra Id thai diem khong thuc hi?n, thyc hi?n khong day dii hoac thuc hien khong dung nghTa vy la khi nao?
Co hai quan diem khdc nhau ve van de ndy: theo quan diem tru>en thong trudc day. vi pham hgp dong la vi pham cdc nghTa vy trong hgp dong, vay nen phai tdi khi het thai hgn quy djnh trong hgp ' Th?c s5. Giang vien Co so t?i Thinh pho Ho Chi Mmh, Hpc vi?n Tu Phap.
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dong, neu mpt ben khong thyc hi?n nghTa vy ciia minh Ihi mdi xuat hi^n sy vi ph^m hgp dong;
ngugc lai. hien nay co quan diem khac cho rang hanh vi vi pham co the xay ra trudc thdi diem phdi thyc hi?n nghTa vy, quan diem nay chinh la hpc thuyet "\'i pham hgp dong trudc thdi h^n'"
(Anticipatory Breach).
Hpc thuyet vi ph^m hgp dong trudc thdi h^n khdi nguon tir an le cua Anh trong vy ki?n Hochsier V De La Tour (IH53)'-. Noi dung vy kien co the torn tdt nhu sau: De La Tour da ky ket mgt thda thudn de thue ong Hochster lam nhan vien chuyen phat va di du Ijch vdi ong dchau Au vao nga> 01/06/1852.
Den ngay 11/05/1852, De La Tour da thong bao cho Hochster rdng hp khong can djch vy cua ong nura.
Vao ngay 22/05/1852. Hochsier da khcri kien len Toa vcri li do \ iec huy hgp dong ciia De La Tour la vi ph^un hgp dong va yeu cau boi thuong thiet h^i.
Phan bac l^i. De La Tour cho rdng trong thcri gian phai thyc hi?n nghTa vy ma hai ben dd ky thoa thu^n, Hochster phai 6 Ipi cho cu de thyc hi?n mpt nghTa vy toi h^n khac cua minh nen chdc chdn Hochster sfi khong the tham gia chuyen di vong quanh Chau Au vai vai tro huong dan du ljch du'gc.
Ket qua ciia vy ki?n nay la toa an bdc yeu cau ciia Hochster- Tir sau vy ki?n giira Hochster \ De La Tour, Ihuyet vi ph^m hgp dong truoc thcri h^n dd lan toa den cac nuoc theo h? thong phdp !udt Anh - Mj Ban dau, phap lupt Anh - \1> chi chap nhpn truang hgp chua den hpn thyc hi^n nghTa vy nhimg mgt trong cac ben co sy tir choi thyc hien hgp dong tren thyc te (vi dy tuyen bo huy hgp dong). Den sau nay, thuyet vi phpm hgp dong truoc thai hpn con dugc dp dyng ca trong truong hgp su vi pham hgp dong CO the dy dodn truoc.
Vi phpm hgp dong truac thai han co the hieu nhu sau: "uirdc khi den thai hgn thitc hien nghla vu dugc cdc ben thod thugn Uong hgp dong, neu ben CO quyen biit dugc rang nghia vu se khong thi dugc thuc hiin. hodc co cdn cit di nghi nga rdng nghia -vy si khong thi dugc thuc hiin. thi co thi thyc hiin ngay cdc quyen, hodc mgt so quyen md thong thirang chi dugc ddnh cho cdc trudng hgp nghla vy dd khong dugc thuc hiin trin th\rc '. Tir djnh nghTa nay, so sanh vai quan diem vi
vi phpm hgp ddng truac thi^i hpn co nhiing d^c trung sau. ^. ,
Thu nhit. hanh >i M pham hpp dong chua
\.iN ra tren thuc IJ. Theo quan diem truyen thong, th6i diim bat dau tujen bo mpt ben vi pham hpp d6ng la m6c thoi gian phai thuc h.en nghia vy nhung khi den moc thcri gian do ben co nghia vy khong thuc hien. thuc hien khong day du, thuc hi?n khong dung nghia vu. Nhu ^ ay. cac hanh vi vi pham da \ay ra tren Ihuc te. Khac vol quan diim trayjn Uiing. trong Uuong hpp vi pham hop dong truac thoi h?n, giffa thcri diem mpt ben nhjn thay ben kia se gay ra su vi ph?m hpp dong vk thoi diim den han Ihuc hien nghla vy luon CO mpt khoang each vl thoi gian giSa hien tai va tuong lai. Hi?n t?i la thiri diim mpt ben nh|n thay ben kia sc khong thi thuc hien dupe nghla vy, con tuong lai la nghTa vy phai th\rc hien da dupe cdc ben thoa thu^n trong hop dong; do nghTa vy nam a tuang lai nen hanh vi vi pham hpp dong tat nhien chua .\a> ra tren thyc te.
Thtr hai, \ t p h ^ hpp d6ng truoc thai han mang tinh chat du doan. Khi dupe xem la vi pham truoc thai h^n Ihi hanh vi vi pham chua xay ra Uen thyc te;
va nhu vay, viec cho rSng mpt ben se co hanh vi vi pham hpp dong chi la ket qua ciia su dy doan (dya Uen nhimg co so nh§t dinh) tir ben con lai.
2. Vi pham h ^ dong truac thoi han theo quy dinh cua CISC
Ve ban chit, hpp dong mua ban hang hoa la mpt loai hpp dong song vy: ngucri ban co nghTa vy giao hang cho nguoi mua va ngupc lai nguiri mua CO nghTa vy thanh loan. Hoan toan co thi co nhirng nii ro xay ra cho mpt trong hai ben trong tuang lai khi ben con lai c6 day hieu se khong thuc iiien dupe nghTa vy khi den han. Chinh vi vay, cac quy djnh tai Dieu 71, 72 CISC cho phep mpt trong cac ben cd quyen ap dung nhihig chi tai nhat djnh (tam ngimg thyc hien, hiiy bo hcrp dSng) khi ben con lai CO day hieu vi pham hop dong truoc thoi han.
2.1. yiphgm hap dong tnrdc thdi hftn la casd ap dung che tai tam ngirng thtrc hi(n hfp dong Dieu 71.1 CISC quy dinh: nrpr ben cd quyen tgm ngimg vifc thuc hiin nghia vu ciia minh niu CO dau hiiu cho thdy rdng sau khi h(,p ddng duoc pham hpp dong uuyen Uiong. chung la cd Uie Uiay ky kit. ben kia se khdng thuc hiin mgl phdn chii
• Ngudn: http:/;www.bailii.org ew cases tWHC/QB/1853/J72.hlnil.
\gu6n. https://danlual ihuvienphaplual.vn/vi-pham-hop-dong-mioc-lhoi-han-anlicipaioiy-breach 80847
s6 06C020 • M m ihd i
yeu nhiing nghia vy cua hg bai H: .Mgt su khiem khuvit nghiem ugng trung khu ndng thuc hiin hay trong khi lh\rc hiin hgp dong hogc hdnh dong cua bin kia trong viic chudn bf ihirc hiin hay trong khi thyc hiin hgp dong.
D$c diem chinh ciia Dieu 71 CISC la khong yeu cau phai c6 vi pham thyc te \a> ra. ma chi can mpt ben c6 dau hieu vi ph^m hgp dong. Tuy nhien, khong phai mpi vi ph^m deu co ihc ap dyng Dieu 71, ma vi ph^m do phai anh huong mpt phan chu yeu ciia nghTa vy hgp dong va xuat phat tir mgt khiem khuyet nghiem trpng uong kha nang thyc hifn hgp dong. Do do. nhu'ng khiem khuyet nho thi s8 khong dugc ap dyng dugc Dieu 71. CISG khong giai thich the nao la mpt khiem khuyet nghiem trpng, nhung cac an I? ciia CISG cong tihflin mpt so tnrcmg hgp co the coi la sy khiem khuyet nghiem trpng trong \icc thyc hi^n hgp dong. Vi dy, doi vai ngudi mua, khiem khu>ci nghiem trpng co the la vi^c nguai mua khong cung cap dugc xac nhdn ciia ngan hang ve vi^c se ma mpt thu tin dyng (L/C) dung thai h^n va co the dan idi vi^c khong the thanh todn""; va nguoi ban co the t ^ ngimg viec giao hang khi truong hgp nay xay ra. Doi vai nguai ban. khiem khuyet nghiem Upng c6the !a vi^c nguoi ban lam mat hang hoa chuan bj giao cho ngiroi mua va ngucn ban khong the tim Ifii dugc', khiem khuyet nghiem Ugng ciing co the
\i dinh cong a nha may ciia nguoi ban, nha may bj pha hiiy do chay hay do thien tai. khong lay dugc giay ph^p xuat khau....
Ngoai dau hi?u khiem khuyet nghiem trpng, cung each hay each thirc chuan bj thyc hi^n hodc trong khi thyc hi?n hgp dong ciing dugc xem la dau hi?u gay ra vi ph^m hgp dong truoc thai hgn.
Vl dy, ben ban muon giao hang hoa dung thai gian dft djnh trong hgp dong thi can phai chuan bj phuang ti?n chuyen cha,,.. Tuy nhien trong qua trinh chuan bj, ben mua nhan thay ben ban khong thue cac phuong ti?n chuyen cha. uong khi da gan den ngay giao hang hoa; neu bay gio ben ban mdi Ihue phuang ti?n Ihi thai gian con l^i ciing khong du de ben ban cung cap hang cho ben mua dung thdi gian dddjnh.
Ngo.ii ra. vdi trudng hgp ben ban da gOri hang di trudc khi phat hien ra dau hi?u ben mua se vi
pham hgpddngiheoDi^u7I.I,Di^u 71.2 CISC t^o dieu ki^n cho phep ngudi ban da giri hang di khi phat hi^n nhiing dau hieu ben kia vi pham hgp dong trudc thdi han thi hp co the ngdn can khong dc hang hoa dugc giao cho ngudi mua ngav c;i neu ngudi na> giir Uong lav chirng tir cho phep hp nh^n hdng. Quv djnh nay cua CISG la phii hgp vi mgl khi biet chdc chdn rdng ben mua sfi \i phgm hgp dong trudc thdi hgn thi ben ban dugc quyen bao ve lgi ich cua minh.
M(>t trong nhirng nghTa vy cua cac ben tham gia hgp dong mua ban hang hoa la nghTa vy thong bao. Khi mpt ben ap dyng che tai doi vdi hanh v i vi phgm hgp dong cua ben con lgi, nghTa vy thong bao Igi cdng quan trgng. vi vi^c dp dyng che tai sS tac dgng den Igi ich cua cac ben. Chinh vi vgy. Dieu 71 3 CISG veu cau ben tgm ngimg vi^c thyc hi?n hgp dong. khong phy thupc vao vi^c dd \a> ra trudc hay sau khi hang gOri di, thi phai gui ngay mgl thong bao ve viec do cho ben kia. va phai tiep lyc thyc hi^n hgp ddng neu ben kia cung cap nhiing bao dam day du cho v i(;c thyc hi?n nghTa vy ciia hp. Dieu nay cd nghia ben bj vi phgm sS tiep lyc thyc hi^n nghTa vy dd tdi hgn ciia minh. Quy djnh tgi Dieu 71.3 CISG dan den mgt van de: Neu ben vi phgm trudc thdi hgn khong cung cap dugc nhiing bao dam cho v i ^ thyc hi^n nghTa vy ciia hp thi ben bj vi pham s€ tgm ngimg thyc hi^n nghTa vy den khi nao. hgu qua ciia vi^c nay se td gi? CISG khong cd quy djnh nao ve van de nay. Day la dieu dang luu y khi dp dyng vi^c tgm ngimg thyc hign hgp dong trong thyc te. Ngudi viet cho rdng, cac ben khi giao ket hpp dong can chii y van de nay, va nen co sy thoa thugn trudc trong hgp dong mua ban, CO the quy dinh tuang ty nhu Diem b Khoan I Diiu 49 ho$c Di^m b Khoan I Dieu 64 CISG.
Theo do, khi xav ra hanh vi vi pham hgp dong trudc thdi han, ngoai vi?c giri thong bao ve viec tam ngimg thyc hi^n nghTa \u. ben bj vi pham nen an dinh mpt khoang thdi gian cy the de ben kia dua ra dam bao thda dang cho vi?c sfi thyc hi?n dung nghTa vy. Neu qua thdi hgn an djnh ma ben vi phgm
\an khong cung cdp du'gc dam bao thda dang thi ben bj vi phgm cd qu>en hiiy bd hgp dong.
2.2. Viphgm hfrp dong trudc thai hgn Id ca sa dp dung che tdi huy bd hgp dong 'Ngu6n: http:/cisg\s j-law.pace.edu/cases/95092Igl.html.
' Nguin: http;//cisgw3.law.pace.edu cases/O40720gl.html.
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Dieu 72.1 CISG quy djnh: .\eu trudc thdi hgn thuc hiin nghia vu md cd can cd- ro rang rdng mot ben se vi phgm ca bdn hgp dong thi ben kia CO quyin tuyen bd huy bd hgp ddng ". Huy bd hgp dong dugc xem la che tai nang nhal cho hanh v i vi phgm ciia cac ben tham gia hgp dong. Dieu 81 CISG quy djnh vi?c hu\ bd hgp ddng giai phong cac ben khdi nghTa v u ciJa hg. trir nghTa vy boi thudng thi?l hai; mgt ben dd thyc hi?n loan bp ho|c mgl phan cua hgp dong cd quven veu cau ben kia hoan trd lai nhimg gi ma hg dd thyc hi^n hodc dd thanh loan; neu ca hai ben deu cd nghTa vy hoan tra thi hg phai thyc hien viec hoan tra ciing liic. Tuong ting vdi hau qua ndng ne dd, tir quy djnh ciia Dieu 72.1 CISG, cothe thay quy^n tuyen bd hiiy bd hgp dong trudc thdi hgn chi phat sinh khi thoa mdn du ba dieu ki?n; "trudc thdi hgn thyc hi?n nghTa vy"; "mpt ben sfi gay ra mpt vi phgm CO ban hgp dong" va kha ndng xav ra vi phgm CO ban do phai "rd rang"
CISG CO djnh nghTa ve vi phgm co bdn tgi Dieu 25. Tuy nhien. khi vi phgm ca ban chua xay ra tren thyc te, CISG lai khdng giai thich cy the nhu the nao la "cdn cir rd rang" mgt ben sS vi phgm CO ban hgp dong. Thyc te, ban binh tugn ve CISG cua Ban thu ky INCITRAL dd cd nhftng hudng dan cho vi?c dp dyng Dieu 72 CISG*. Theo do. vi phgm ca ban trong tucmg lai cd the r5 rang do nhirng Idi noi ho§c hanh dpng cua mpi ben cau thanh sy tir choi hgp ddng hodc vi mgt thyc te khach quan, chdng han nhu nha may cua ngudi ban bj hda hogn, sy ap dat lenh cam van hodc kiem soat tien te se khien khong the thyc hien nghla vy Uong tuong Iai. Ngoai ra. khi mgt ben khdng the dua ra mgt sy dam bao thda dang theo Dieu 71.3 CISG de xoa bo nhiing hoai nghi ve dau hi^u the hi?n sy khong chac chan trong kha nang thyc hi^n nghTa vy ciia minh. dieu do cung tgo ra mpt can cu:
rd rang mpt ben sS vi pham ca ban hgp dong.
Ngoai ra. mpt sd binh luan trong cac tai lieu va thyc tien an le CISG cung cho thay mgt sd trudng hgp CO the dan tdi \ iec hiiy bo hgp ddng do vi
phgm trudc thdi hgn thyc lncn "g^Ta ui - D6i vdi ben ban. neu ben mua khong thanh toan cho hgp ddng ddu lien ta mpt dau h,?u ro rang d^ nhan thdy hgp dong thu hai neu tiep tyc dugc thyc h.i-n cung sc xay ra ^ icc.v. pham nghia vy thanh todn thi ngudi ban co the tuyen bo huy bd hgp d6nu cho hcTp ddng thu hai'; hoac truang hgp khi ben mua bdt ddu tien hanh cac thu tyc pha san thi ben ban c6 th^ tuyen bd huy bo hgp dong*; ; . t
- Doi vdi ben mua. ben mua co the tuyen bo huy bd hgp ddng n^u Uudc thdi han thyc hi^n nghTa vy. ben ban co mpt so hanh vi nhu: ben ban khong thue con tdu da dugc quy djnh de chuyen chd hang hoa'; cong ty cung irng hdng cho ben ban (ben thir ba) khong giao hang, ben ban luyen bo se CO gdng tim ngudn cung cap khac, nhung kha ndng tim dugc rat thdp va de nghj ben mua phai chudn bj cho trirdng hop hang khong giao dugc'"; day chuyan san xuSt hang hoa ciia ben ban bj hong hdc va hp khong bao dam co the kjp sira chiia chiing de giao hang dung thdi han";...
Khong nhu vi?c bdt bugc phdi thong bdo khi tgm ngirng thyc hien nghTa vy, Dieu 72.2 CISG chi quy djnh neu co dii thdi gid, ben ndo cd y djnh tuyen bo huy bo hgp ddng phdi gui mpt Ihong bao hgp ty cho ben kia de cho phep hg cung cap nhirng bao dam day du rang hg se thyc hien nghTa vy ciia minh. Tuy nhien, de hieu nhu the nao td
"co dii thdi gid" thi CISG khdng giai thi'ch mpt each cy the. Thyc te, chung ta cd the hieu mpt each CO ban, ngay khi mdl ben muon tuyen bo huy hgp dong thi phdi giri ngay thong bao ve vi^c hiiy hgp dong cho ben kia. Quy djnh tgi Dieu 72.2 CISG CO mpt so y nghTa nhat dinh: thir nhat. trong moi trudng hgp, thong bao trudc "neu co du thai gid" se the hien su thien chi khi thyc hi?n hgp dong, va se lam giam cac nii ro khi dua ra tuyen bo huy hgp dong; thirhai, day cung la mgt phep thir de danh gia xem tieu da cd can cii dii "ro rang " ve viec vi pham ca ban hgp d6ng trudc thdi han hay chua. D i k 72.3 CISG cung quy djnh
" Ngu6n: http:/ v\'ww cisg law.pace.edti'cisg ie\t secomm/secomm-72.html.
'Nguon: http://cisgw3 law.pace.edu/cases940ll4gl.html.
' Nguon http./r^«vvw cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/enderlein-art72.html.
• \gu6n htlp://cisgw3.1aM.pace.eda'cases''990607rl.html NtiULin: http://cisgw3.ia\s pace edu''cases/960130cl.html.
Nguon http:/'cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/950425r3.html.
ihem mgt trudng hgp ngoat I?, neu moi ben dd tuyen bo se khdng thyc hi?n nghTa vy thi ben muon tuven bd hiiy bd hgp ddng trudc thdi han khong can phat giri thong bao hgp t> nua.
Co the thay. cdn cii de dp dyng bien phap tgm ngimg thyc hi?n hgp dong theo Dieu 71 CtSG cd phan tuang ty vdi cdn cu ap dyng bien phap huv bo hgp dong theo Dieu 72 CISG. deu Id vi pham hgp ddng trudc thdi hgn. Tuv nhien. cd mpt sy chech t^ch nhat djnh ve muc do vi phgm uong hai dieu lugt nay, Dieu 71.1 CISG sir dyng cym tir "ud nen r6 rang" {becomes apparent) so vdi cum tir "rd rang" (clear) ciia Dieu 72.1 CISG. Tieu chuan trong Dieu 71 la cd cdn cir "trd nen ro rang" mgt ben khong thyc hi?n "mgt phdn chii yeu" cua nghla vy h ^ dong (co the chua tgo ra vi phgm ca ban); c6n Dieu 72 yeu cau mpt cdn cir "rd rang" se c6 "vi phgm ca bdn " (vcu lo mau chdt de co the hiiy bo hgp dong trong cac c^uy djnh ciia CtSG).
Dieu 72 doi hdi mpt lieu chuan cao han ve sy "ro ring" trong tuong Iai so vdi Dieu 71; chii \eu do tinh chat quyet tiel hon cua che tdi theo Dieu 72, do la hiiy bo hgp dong. Vi^c tam ngimg thyc hi?n nghTa vy theo D i k 71 chi la bi^n phap khdc phyc tgm thdi ma khong lam cham dirt hgp dong nhu bi?n phap hiiy hgp dong ciia Dieu 72.
Tom Igi, tucmg ty h? thong phap lugt Anh - M$ ciing nhu mgt so vdn ban phap tuat quoc te, CtSG chap nhgn hgc thuyel vi phgm hgp ddng trudc thdi hgn. CISG ciing cd sy phii hgp va linh hogt khi dp dyng cac che lai tiiy vao muc dp ciia hanh vi vi phgm. Doi vdi hanh vi se khdng thyc hif n mpt plian chii yeu nghTa \ y hgp dong nhung chua CO cSn cii ro rang se co vi phgm co ban. ben bj VI phgm chi dugc q u y k tgm ngimg thyc hi^n nghia vy cua minh va co the phai tiep tuc thyc hifn nghTa vy khi ben vi phgm cung cap nhung bao dam ddy dii cho vi?c thyc hi?n nghTa vy cua hp: con doi vdi hanh vi gay ra cdn cir ro rang se co vi phgm co ban thi ben bj vi phgm cd quyen huy bo hgp dong de bao v? lgi ich ciia minh.
3. Thuc (ien phap luat Viet ^am doi vdi vi pham hgp dong trudc thdi han va dinh hudng hoan thifn
3.1. n phgm hgp dong trudc thdi hgn theo quy djnh phap lugt Viet Nam
Trong qua khu vd hi?n tgi, phap luat \ iei Nam khdng cd quy djnh nao thira nhan hgc thuyet v i
phgm hgp ddng trudc thdi hgn: luy nhien. cd mgt sd quy djnh phap lugt de cap phan nao tdi v an de na\; xuat phat dau lien Eu cac quy djnh tgi Dicu 67 va Dieu 72 Luat thucmg mgi nam 1997. Cac qu\
djnh ciia Luat thucmg mai ndm 1997 ve v i phgm trudc thdi hgn cd phgm vi dp dyng tuong ddi h?p;
ngudi ban cd quvcn ngirng giao hang trong hai trudng hgp: ngudi mua bj tuven bd pha san ho$c mat kha ndng thanh loan; ngudi mua cGng chi co quyen tam ngimg thanh loan trong ba trudng hgp:
CO bdng chung ve vi^c ngudi ban lira ggt; ho^c khdng cd kha ndng giao hang; hodc hang nay dang la ddi tugng tranh chap giiia ngudi ban vdi ngudi thu ba.
Trong Lugt thucmg mgi ndm 2005, quyen tgm ngimg thanh loan khi co vi phgm trudc thdi hgn cua ngudi mua van dugc quy djnh tgi Dieu 51, nhung quy djnh ben ban co quyen ngung giao hang khi ngudi mua bj tu\ en bo pha san ho$c mat kha ndng thanh toan dd khong cdn. Lugt thucmg mgi ndm 2005 chi co mpt quy djnh ve huy bd hgp ddng trudc thdi hgn. cd phgm vi ap dyng khd hep tgi Khoan 2 Dieu 313: "Truang hgp mgl bin khong thyc hiin nghTa vu doi vdi mgl ldn giao hdng. cung ung djch vu Id ca sa di bin km kit lugn rdng viphgm ca bdn se xdy ra doi vdi nhirng ldn giao hdng. cung img dich vy sau dd thi bin bi VI phgm cd quyin tuyen bd buy bo hgp ddng ddi vdi nhdng ldn giao bang, cung dng dich vu .sau do. vdi diiu klin Id bin do phdi thirc hiin quyen niiv Irong ihdi gian hgp ly "
BLDS ndm 2005 ciing cd quy djnh tgi Khoan 1 Dieu 415, theo dd: "Bin phdi thyc hiin nghia vy tnrdc CO quyin hodn thyc hiin nghia vu, neu tdi sdn ctia ben kia dd bj gidm sut nghiim trgng din mirc khong thi ihxrc hiin dugc nghla vu nhu dd cam IcL't cho din khi bin kia c<> kha ndng thirc hiin dugc nghla vu hodc cd ngudi bdo lanh". Tuy nhien, luong ty Lugt thuang mai, quy djnh ciia BLDS nam 2005 cung cd phgm vi h?p, khi cac ben chi dugc hoan thyc hien chu khdng dugc dp dyng che tai hiiy bd hgp ddng, va vice hodn cung chi Uong trudng hgp "tai san giam siit nghiem trpng".
Thyc te cho Ihay. cd rat nhieu trudng hgp cac ben Ididng bi giam sut tai san nghiem Upng, nhung van khdng CO kha nang thyc hi?n nghTa vy. Vi du nhu mgt trudng hgp da de cgp d phan tren: day chuyen san xuat hang hda cua ben ban bj hdng hdc va hg
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khdng bao dam cd the kjp sua chiia chimg de giao hang dung thdi hgn. Trong tnrdng hgp na\. tai san cua ben ban khdng bj giam sut nghiem trpng. chi Id ben ban khdng sua chiia kip dav chuven san xuat de san xuat va giao hang dung hgn.
D i k 411 BLDS nam 2015 thav th^ cho D i k 415 BLDS ndm 2005 cd sy md rgng hon ve cdn cu xac djnh dieu ki?n hoan thyc hien nghTa vy.
Theo dd, mpt ben dugc quyen hoan thyc hi^n nghTa v u ciia minh neu "khd ndng thuc hiin nghla vu cua bin kia da bf gidm sut nghiim trgng din muc khong the thuc hiin dugc nghia vy nhu dd cam kit cho din khi bin kia co kha ndng thuc hiin dugc nghla vy hogc cd biin phdp bdo ddm thyc hiin nghla vu ". day la quy djnh cd npi ham rpng han nhieu so vdi BLDS ndm 2005. Tuy nhien, chiing ta cd the dan ngay mpt tnrdng hgp rat dten
hinh dugc quv dinh lgi Dieu 72.3 CISG nhung khd long ap dyng quy djnh x c hoan thyc h.?n hgp ddnetheoDik41t BLDS nam 2015. do ta truang hgp "mgt ben tuven bd rdng hp so khdng thyc hi?n nghTa vy" Trone tnrdng hgp nay. kha ndng thgc hien nghTa vy ciia mpt ben co the khdng he giam sut, chi la hg tuven bd rdng se khdng ihyc h i k hgp d k g niia. Tuv nhien. khi chua den thdi hgn thyc hi?n nghTa v y thi phap luat Vict Nam tgi khong cd quy djnh nao de giai quy^i tinh hudng nay. Ngoai ra. BLDS ndm 2015 vdn li^p tyc khdng cd cac quy djnh ve quyk huy bo hgp d k g ciia mpt ben khi ben con Igi vi phgm uudc ihdi hgn. Tyu chung t^i, ngoai mpt so quy djnh vdi phgm vi ap dyng hgn che, phap lugt Vi?t Nam thik vdng cac quy djnh d i k chinh mpt each toan d i k van de vi phgm hgp d k g trudc thdi hgn... (con nira)
PHUONG THUfC XAC MINH DIEU KIEN THI HANH AN DAN SLf Cf MOT SO NUdC TREN THE Gldl VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM
(Tiep theo trang 76) Ngoai ra, thuc t i k cua hoat dgng thi hdnh an ddn sg doi voi bdn dn ve tham nhiing ciing cho thay, viec xac minh dieu k i k thi hdnh dn, ngodi cdc tai san da dugc ke bien. tuyen xir ly Uong ban an, quyet djnh ciia Toa dn. co quan thi hdnh an ddn su kho c6 the xdc minh dugc them tdi san hodc nguon thu nhdp khac, \ i lgi pham tham nhiing thucmg tim mgi each de tau ldn, che giau, hgp lv hoa lai sdn, trong khi do, CO quan thi hdnh an ddn su chi co the cdn cu vdo linh trang phap l\ h i k hanh cua lai sdn de xir ly md khong co tham quyen dieu tra, chting minh nguon goc tai sdn do pham tgi ma co, hon nira, CO chi qudn lv tai san d nuoc la h i k nay con t h i k minh bach, cac giao djch kinh te, dan su h i k nay van chii >eu dugc thuc h i k bdng hinh thuc thanh loan tien mat. do do kho kiem sodt
dugc thu nhdp, tai sdn ciia to chirc, ca nhan vd ciing gay kho khdn cho viec ap dgng cdc bi?n phap phong toa, ke bien tai sdn ciia co quan c6 thdm quyen'^
Vi vay, theo tdc gia cdn co quy djnh th6ng nhat. dong bg vh co ch8 kiem tra, gidm sdt, quan ly nguon thu nhdp, tai sdn cua ngucri phai thi hdnh an thong qua v i k ddng ky, ke khai tai san nhdm tao dieu k i k thuan lgi cho v i k xac minh dieu k i k thi hdnh an va han ch§ dugc tinh trang lau ldn lai sdn ciia ngucri phdi thi hanh an.
Doi voi ngudi phdi thi hdnh dn la doanh nghiep. cdn co mgt co chS d£ qudn ly mgt each hiru h i k tinh hinh hoat dgng san xuit kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep, tir do, &h han chk tinh trang co linh tdu tdn tdi sdn bdng each bao cao tinh hinh hoat dgng thua lo ciia doanh nghiep./.
" Nguven Vin TuSn (2016). Gdvuung trong ihi hanh an cac viv,
vuong-trong-lhi-hanh-an-cac-vu-an-tham-nhung/c/19841076.epi. tham nhiing, http,//www.baomoi.com/go-
